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23 three chapter Oral biolms and trans erable antibiotic resistance Adam P. Rober ts Contents Introduction: The oral cavity .......................................................................... 23 Dental plaque.................................................................................................... 24 Diseases caused by dental biolms ............................................................... 25 The use o antibiotics to treat periodontal disease ...................................... 26 Intrinsic biolm-mediated antibiotic resistance .......................................... 27 Mechanisms o bacterial-mediated resistance in oral biolms .................. 28 Resistance ound in oral biolms................................................................... 30 Mechanisms o gene transer among oral bacteria...................................... 32 Mobile elements involved in the transer o antibiotic resistance ............ 33 Evidence or horizontal gene transer o antibiotic resistance in the oral cavity ......................................................... 34 Transormation in the oral cavity ................................................................... 34 Transduction in the oral cavity....................................................................... 36 Conjugation in the oral cavity ........................................................................ 36 The eects o antibiotics on horizontal gene transer within the oral cavity ..................................................................................... 37 Concluding remarks ........................................................................................ 38 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................... 39 Reerences.......................................................................................................... 39 In troduct ion: T he oral c avity The oral cavity is one o the most extensively colonized environments in the human body. This is due to the act that the oral cavity contains many distinct ecological habitats, such as the tooth surace, both above and below the gi ngival margin; sal iva ; and the various mucosal suraces, such as the surace o the tongue. Also, the oral cavity oten comes into contact with a wide variety o growth substrates through the inges- tion o dierent oods. The number o species o bacteria contained in

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