94121374 張蕙蘋

94121333 陳怡璇

94121305 王文謙

94121322 何宜璁

94121317 劉姿吟

94121372 曾美娸

a language which uses manual communication instead of sound to convey meaning - simultaneously combining hand shapes, orientation and movement of the hands, arms or body, and facial expressions to express fluidly a speaker's thoughts.

commonly develop in deaf communities, which can include interpreters and friends and families of deaf people as well as people who are deaf or hard of hearing themselves.

also used by people with speech impairments such as aphasia.

to popular belief, sign language is not universal.

Wherever communities of deaf people exist, sign languages develop, but as with spoken languages, these vary from region to region.They are not based on the spoken language in the country of origin; in fact their complex spatial grammars are markedly different.various signed "modes" of spoken languages have been developed, such as Signed English and Warlpiri Sign Language.Hundreds of sign languages are in use around the world and are at the core of local Deaf cultures.Some sign languages have obtained some form of legal recognition, while others have no status at all.

The linguistic sign was first defined by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure in his Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century.

Saussure addressed the seemingly obvious but also somewhat revolutionary insight that words are not the things they attempt to represent.

Language does not function through some sort of special connection between words and things; rather, language, for Saussure, is a relatively self-contained system with its own rules.

Language is made up of signs, which have little to do with the referent, the actual objects in the world.

The signs themselves are composed of two parts: the signifier (the letters on the page or the sound that bounces off our eardrum) and the signified (the concept that appears on our brain when we read or hear the signifier).

A common misconception is that sign languages are somehow dependent on oral languages, that is, that they are oral language spelled out in gesture, or that they were invented by hearing people. Hearing teachers of deaf schools, such as Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as inventors of sign language.

The Manual Alphabet is used in sign languages, mostly for proper names and technical or specialized vocabulary. The use of fingerspelling was once taken as evidence that sign languages are simplified versions of oral languages, but in fact it is merely one tool among many. Fingerspelling can sometimes be a source of new signs, which are called lexicalized signs.

On the whole, deaf sign languages are independent of oral languages and follow their own paths of development.

Similarly, countries which use a single oral language throughout may have two or more sign languages; whereas an area that contains more than one oral language might use only one sign language.

Oral language is linear. Only one sound can be made or received at a time. Sign language, on the other hand, is visual; hence a whole scene can be taken in at once. Information can be loaded into several channels and expressed simultaneously. in English one could utter the phrase, "I drove here". To add information about the drive, one would have to make a longer phrase or even add a second, such as, "I drove here along a winding road," or "I drove here. It was a nice drive." in American Sign Language, information about the shape of the road or the pleasing nature of the drive can be conveyed simultaneously with the verb 'drive' by inflecting the motion of the hand, or by taking advantage of non-manual signals such as body posture and facial expression, at the same time that the verb 'drive' is being signed. Therefore, whereas in English the phrase "I drove here and it was very pleasant" is longer than "I drove here", in American Sign Language the two may be the same length.In fact, in terms of syntax, ASL shares more with spoken Japanese than it does with English. Karen Nakamura,1995)

Sign language differs from oral language in its relation to writing. The phonemic systems of oral languages are primarily sequential: that is, the majority of phonemes are produced in a sequence one after another, although many languages also have non-sequential aspects such as tone. As a consequence, traditional phonemic writing systems are also sequential, with at best diacritics for non-sequential aspects such as stress and tone.Sign languages have a higher non-sequential component, with many "phonemes" produced simultaneously. For example, signs may involve fingers, hands, and face moving simultaneously, or the two hands moving in different directions. Traditional writing systems are not designed to deal with this level of complexity.These systems are based on iconic symbols. Some, such as sign writing and HamNoSys, are pictographic.

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ASL is a complete and refined language which contains it's own grammar, syntax and culture. With all other Sign Languages, ASL's grammar do differ completely from written English.

Standardized Sign Language dates back from the early 1700s which also forms part of ASL's origins

In 1755, Abbé de l'Épée founded the first public school for deaf children in Paris.

Laurent Clerc, a graduate and former teacher of the French School, went to U.S.A. with Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to found the first permanent school for the deaf. It was established in Hartford, Connecticut.

Subject-Object-Verb Ex. I am fine, thank you.

most commonly used in Taiwanheavily influenced by Japanese Sign Language during Japanese rule and thus has some mutual intelligibility with both Japanese Sign Language and Korean Sign LanguageThe first International Symposium on Taiwan Sign Language Linguistics was held on March 1-2, 2003, at Chung Cheng University in Minhsiung

Object-Subject-Verb

Ex. Long time no see

two main sign languages in Japan: Japanese Sign Language and Japanese Oral Sign Language.

JSL used by Deaf people and JOSL is mainly used by volunteers and is a pidgin signed Japanese. The main difference between the two is the sequence of the words.

In 1862, the Edo government dispatched envoys to various European schools for the deaf. The first school for the deaf wasn't established until 1878 in Kyoto, and it wasn't until 1948 that deaf children were required to attend formal education.

JSL: Subject-Verb-Object JOSL: Subject-Object-Verb Ex.1 I like you

http://homepage3.nifty.com/shuwa-world/

Ex. 2 Let’s go flower-viewing.

http://homepage3.nifty.com/shuwa-world/

Baby Sign involves using sign language to communicate with infants and toddlers

Children of an early age have a desire to communicate their needs and wishes, but lack the ability to do so clearly. With practice parents, infants and toddlers can communicate fluently and clearly.

Babies in deaf families, immersed in a signing environment, use simple signs from as early as 6 weeks.

Use of baby sign language is growing, but still not widespread, partially due to the fear that children who sign will not learn to speak properly later on

A small set of signs are usually adopted first, based of common objects and terms, that would be familiar to the child's everyday life.

Parents who have some enthusiasm for sign language may already know the local adult signs for "eat", "sleep", "more", "play". It is common for parents to teach their babies non-simplified signs from adult sign language such as American Sign Language rather than specialized, or made up Baby Sign.

MOREMORE~~

the gestural communication system developed by a deaf child who lacks input from a language model in the family. This is a common experience for deaf children with hearing parents who are isolated from a sign language community. home sign systems show some of the same characteristics of signed and spoken languages, and are quite distinguishable from the gestures that accompany speech Words and simple sentences are formed, often in similar patterns despite different home sign systems being developed in isolation from each other.

in 1973, a WFD committee ("the Commission of Unification of Signs") published a standardized vocabulary. there is a dominant influence from American Sign Language and European sign languages, and African and Asian signers find IS considerably more difficult to understand. The name "Gestuno" was chosen from Italian, meaning "the unity of sign languages", but the name has fallen out of use in favor of the phrase "International Sign".

International Sign does not have a fixed grammar, so some argue it's better defined as a vocabulary rather than a complete language. Signers may use the IS signs with the grammar of their own native sign language

Bill, Please

ASL: Children who sign actually speak earlier than

kids who don’t sign Children who sign tend to have a larger

vocabulary It enhances their self-esteem They have an increased interest in books It improves their emotional development They engage in more sophisticated play It builds greater brain function It is a good introduction to a second language Some studies show that children who sign

have an IQ that is as much as 10-12 points higher

Baby’s: Babies who Sign tend to be happier

and less frustrated Babies who Sign tend to verbalize

sooner Sign Language can strengthen fine

motor skills Sign Language can improve reading

scores

Sign Language may help build and reinforce creativity

Sign Language is a fun way for young children to get excited about different languages and cultures