9.1 the beginnings of industrialization the industrial revolution starts in england and soon spreads...
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9.1 The Beginnings of 9.1 The Beginnings of IndustrializationIndustrialization
The Industrial Revolution starts in The Industrial Revolution starts in England and soon spreads to England and soon spreads to
other countries.other countries.
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Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
New Ways of WorkingNew Ways of Working Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution—greatly increases —greatly increases
output of machine-made goods.output of machine-made goods. Revolution begins in England in the middle Revolution begins in England in the middle
1700s.1700s.
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Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
The Agricultural Revolution Paves the The Agricultural Revolution Paves the WayWay EnclosuresEnclosures—large farm fields enclosed by —large farm fields enclosed by
fences or hedgesfences or hedges Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once Wealthy landowners buy, enclose land once
owned by village farmers.owned by village farmers. Enclosures allowed experimentation with new Enclosures allowed experimentation with new
agricultural methodsagricultural methods
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Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Rotating CropsRotating Crops Crop rotationCrop rotation——
switching crops each switching crops each year to avoid depleting year to avoid depleting soilsoil
Livestock breeders Livestock breeders allow only the best to allow only the best to breed, improve food breed, improve food supply.supply.
Satellite image of rotated crops in Kansas in June 2001
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Industrial Revolution Begins in BritainIndustrial Revolution Begins in Britain
Why the Industrial Revolution Began in Why the Industrial Revolution Began in EnglandEngland IndustrializationIndustrialization—move to machine —move to machine
production of goodsproduction of goods Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, Britain has natural resources—coal, iron,
rivers, harborsrivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages Expanding economy in Britain encourages
investmentinvestment Britain has all needed factors of production—Britain has all needed factors of production—
land, labor, capitalland, labor, capital
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Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Changes in the Changes in the
Textile IndustryTextile Industry Weavers work Weavers work
faster with faster with flying shuttlesflying shuttles and and spinning spinning jenniesjennies
Water frameWater frame uses water uses water power to drive power to drive spinning wheelsspinning wheels
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Spinning Jenny
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Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Power loomPower loom, and , and spinning mulespinning mule (next slide) (next slide)
speed up production, improve quality.speed up production, improve quality.
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Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization Factories—Factories—
buildings that buildings that contain contain machinery for machinery for manufacturingmanufacturing
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Inventions Spur IndustrializationInventions Spur Industrialization
Cotton ginCotton gin boosts boosts American American cotton cotton production production to meet to meet British British demanddemand
"The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving "The First Cotton Gin" - An engraving from from Harper's MagazineHarper's Magazine, 1869. This , 1869. This carving depicts a roller gin, which carving depicts a roller gin, which preceded Whitney's invention.preceded Whitney's invention.
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James Watt
Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Watt’s Steam EngineWatt’s Steam Engine Need for cheap, Need for cheap,
convenient power spurs convenient power spurs development of steam development of steam engineengine
James Watt improves James Watt improves steam engine, financed by steam engine, financed by Matthew BoultonMatthew Boulton
Boulton—an Boulton—an entrepreneurentrepreneur—organizes, manages, —organizes, manages, takes business risks.takes business risks.
Matthew Boulton
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Steam engine designed by Boulton & Watt. Engraving of a 1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine
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Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Water TransportationWater Transportation Robert Fulton builds first Robert Fulton builds first
steamboat, the Clermont, steamboat, the Clermont, in 1807in 1807
England’s water transport England’s water transport improved by system of improved by system of canalscanals
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Fulton’s North River Steamboat as it appeared in 1807, later named Clermont
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Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation
Road TransportationRoad Transportation British roads are British roads are
improved; companies improved; companies operate them as toll operate them as toll roads. These were roads. These were called “turnpike called “turnpike trusts”.trusts”.
The A4 is a historic major road in England, portions of which are known as the Great West Road and Bath Road.
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Improvements in TransportationImprovements in Transportation By the early Victorian period By the early Victorian period
toll gates were perceived as toll gates were perceived as an impediment to free trade. an impediment to free trade. The multitude of small trusts The multitude of small trusts were frequently charged with were frequently charged with being inefficient in use of being inefficient in use of resources and potentially resources and potentially suffered from petty suffered from petty corruption.corruption.
The railway era spelt The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike disaster for most turnpike trusts.trusts.
The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew
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The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Steam-Driven Steam-Driven LocomotivesLocomotives In In 1804, Richard 1804, Richard
TrevithickTrevithick builds first builds first steam-driven steam-driven locomotivelocomotive
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Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated after being rescued circa 1885; from Scientific American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January 3, 1885.
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The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail locomotive for him, but little is known about it, including whether or not it actually ran.
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Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea
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The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins In 1825, George In 1825, George
Stephenson builds Stephenson builds worlds first railroad worlds first railroad line.line.
He is called the He is called the “Father of Railways”.“Father of Railways”.
His rail gauge of 4 feet His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 8½ inches (1,435 mm), sometimes mm), sometimes called "Stephenson called "Stephenson gauge", is the world's gauge", is the world's standard gauge.standard gauge.
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The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Liverpool-Manchester RailroadLiverpool-Manchester RailroadEntrepreneurs build railroad Entrepreneurs build railroad
from Liverpool to Manchesterfrom Liverpool to Manchester
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The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Stephenson’s Stephenson’s RocketRocket acknowledged as the acknowledged as the best locomotive (1829)best locomotive (1829)
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A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of the replica Rocket
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Rocket replica
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The Railway Age BeginsThe Railway Age Begins
Railroads Revolutionize Life in BritainRailroads Revolutionize Life in Britain Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobsRailroads spur industrial growth, create jobs Cheaper transportation boosts many Cheaper transportation boosts many
industries; people move to citiesindustries; people move to cities