9.1 manipulating dna set up cornell notes on pg. 19 topic: 9.4 genetic engineering essential...

9.1 Manipulating DNA•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 19

•Topic: 9.4 Genetic Engineering

•Essential Question:

1.Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?

2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules

9.4 Cloning

1. Why is the offspring of asexual reproduction a clone?

KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

9.4 Genetic Engineering

Click and Clone Questions

1. What two types of cells do you need in order to create a clone?

2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?

4. Will the clone always look and act identical to its genetic donor?

Please copy down the questions on p.18. Leave room for the answers.


KEY CONCEPT DNA sequences of organisms can be changed.

CC= Copy Cat or Carbon Copy


Entire organisms can be cloned.

• A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism.

CC- The first cloned cat

Born Dec 22, 2001 after 86 unsuccessful tries


Cloning occurs in nature:

– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)– Identical twins


Planaria- “Regeneration”• Planaria can be cut into pieces, and each piece can regenerate into a complete

organism.

• Cells at the location of the wound site regenerate the missing parts

• It's this feature that gave them the famous designation of being "immortal under the edge of a knife."

• Very small pieces of the planarian, estimated to be as little as 1/279th of the organism it is cut from, can regenerate back into a complete organism over the course of a few weeks.


• Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer.– TRANSFERRING of a NUCLEUS


1. Nucleus is removed from the egg cell of a donor female

Eggcell


2. nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the donor egg

Skin cell


3. Electricity or special chemicals are used to stimulate the egg to begin division leading to the development of an embryo

* NO SPERM in cloning


4. The embryo (blastocyst) is then implanted into a surrogate mother


5. (Human) Clone will then take 10 months (40 weeks) to gestate


6. Clone will be born


Draw this picture on the bottom of p. 18

Donor

Donor DNA for clone


Clone Mimi the Mouse

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/cloning/clickandclone/


Answer your “Click and Clone” Questions


2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?



Click and Clone Questions


• Somatic cell and egg cell

2. How many organisms does it take to make a clone?• 3: Somatic cell donor (who we are cloning), egg donor,

and surrogate mother (who carries the baby)

3. Which two mice will be genetically identical?• The somatic cell donor and the clone


• No. The behavior may be very different from the original.


Review


In 1996 Dolly became the first mammal to be cloned using an adult somatic (body) cell. She was born on the 277th try.

Dolly and her lamb Bonny

MEET DOLLY

•She was derived from a mammary gland

•She was named after Dolly Parton

Did you know?


Issues with Dolly

•She developed and grew normally, but she had health problems

•Did not live as long as typical sheep


Known animals to have been cloned as of 2012:


• Benefits– Maybe use organs from cloned mammals

for transplant into humans saving millions of lives

– save endangered species by increasing population #s

• Concerns– low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are

successful)– clones “imperfect” and less healthy than

original animal– decreased biodiversity because the clones

would be genetically identical to other organisms in the community


Pet owners expecting to clone an exact copy of their furry friend will be disappointed…

May not look, act, or behave like the original. Likely to have health issues, and a shorter life span.

*CC does not have the health issues normally associated with other clones.


I Cloned My Dead Dog (6m30s)

9.4 Genetic Engineering•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 21


•Essential Question: Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?


9.4 Types of Cloning

Why do so many people oppose both reproductive and therapeutic cloning?


Ethics Involved in Cloning

Ethics: the branch of knowledge that deals with moral principles•What are some ethical principles that we must consider when cloning?


Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning• Reproductive cloning: involves creating an animal that is

genetically identical to a donor animal through somatic cell nuclear transfer. – (In reproductive cloning, the newly created embryo is placed back into

the uterine environment where it can implant and develop)

– Dolly the sheep is perhaps the most well known example.


Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning• Therapeutic cloning: an embryo is created in a similar way,

but the resulting "cloned" cells remain in a dish in the lab; they are not implanted into a female's uterus– Sole purpose: To create stem cells with the same DNA as

the donor cell– Used to understand disease/developing new treatments– ***Embryo will be destroyed


Therapeutic vs. Reproductive Cloning


Cloning in movies and books

The Island (2005)

•People on the island are told what to eat, wear, and how to act.•They are clones. Held prisoner to be used for spare parts or as surrogates

The Boys from Brazil

•After WWII, Nazis create 94 Hitler clones in hopes that one will grow up to be like the original Hitler and create a fourth Reich


The Eyes of Nye: Cloning (25 mins)

• Please answer the questions as the video plays

• You will be writing an essay about EITHER

– Genetically engineering humans Pros/Cons

OR– The ethics behind cloning humans

Pros/Cons


Table Talk- Eyes of Nye: Cloning

• Benefits of cloning:– Full organisms or only genes?– Real life examples?– Possibilities for medical treatments?

• PROBLEMS with cloning:– Success rate?– Health of clones?– Religious or personal beliefs?– Ethical questions?

********Be ready to share out with the class********


National Human Genome Research Institute Article

• Please read/highlight the NHGRI article on cloning

• This information will help you prepare to write your Cloning/Genetic Engineering Essay that you will be assigned on Friday

HOMEWORK:


1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature?

2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning?

3. Please write a paragraph explaining the pros and cons of human cloning in your opinion.

The Clone Age Questions (50 mins)


The Clone AgeWhen watching the video, please consider the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans.

•Religion•Medical advances•Ethics•Health of human clones


The Clone Age Answers

1. What types of cloning occur naturally in nature?

2. What are a few of the concerns with cloning?

– bacteria (binary fission- makes a copy of itself)– some simple animals and plants (budding, regeneration)– Identical twins

• low success rate (approx. 1-3 % are successful)• clones “imperfect” and less healthy than original

animal• decreased biodiversity

9.1 Manipulating DNA•Set up Cornell Notes on pg. 23


•Essential Question:

1.Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms.



1. Explain how recombinant DNA is used to make transgenic organisms.

GET OUT YOUR “EYES OF NYE”

QUESTIONS

9.1 Manipulating DNA

Divide pg. 22 in half

9.1 Manipulating DNA

Genetic Engineering 4m

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZmZ161njr8


Open your biology book to page 225, and on the top section of pg. 22 write a paragraph explaining how genetic engineering is responsible for making this mouse glow.


• The mouse’s green glow comes from the green fluorescent protein GFP. Scientists put a gene from a glowing jellyfish into a virus that was allowed to infect a mouse egg. The jellyfish gene became part of the mouse’s genes. As a result the mouse cells produce the same protein.


Table Talk

• What do you think genetic engineering involves?– Examples?

• What sorts of things can we genetically engineer?– Plants– Animals– Bacteria


• Genetic engineering involves changing an organism’s DNA to give it new traits by inserting cloned genes from one organism into a different organism.

– Possible because the genetic code is shared by all organisms (all living things share the same 4 nucleotides A,T,C,G)


• Genetic engineering uses Recombinant DNA (think re-combination) which is DNA that contains genes from more than one organism. • Bacterial plasmids are often used to make recombinant

DNA. • Plasmids are closed loops of DNA found in bacteria

Foreign DNA

Original DNADraw/label/

color code on pg. 23

Recombinant DNA

Plasmid from

bacterial cell


1. Restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA

2. foreign gene inserted into plasmid

3. Plasmid put back into bacteria

4. Bacteria will multiply–*Result: New proteins will be expressed in the bacteria!


Designing Genes 2m44s


Genetic engineering produces organisms with new traits!

• A transgenic organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted into its genome.


TransgenicBacteria

TransgenicPlants

TransgenicAnimals

• What are they produced for?• Real life Examples of each

TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS


• Transgenic bacteria can be used to produce many useful chemicals

– Cancer drugs– Pesticides– Insulin

*Ex: Insulin is made by introducing human recombinant DNA into a plasmid allowing it to multiply

• It is then collected and used to treat people with diabetes


*Bacteria used to produce artificial sweeteners

• Aspartame- Widely used artificial sweetener– Diet soda– Sugar-free gum and candy– Sugar-free desserts– Sugar-free condiments


Transgenic plants

– transgenic bacteria infect a plant– many crops are now genetically modified(GM)

– Ex: resistance to frost/diseases/insects

***In order for plants to “pass down” the genetic trait to their offspring they must be sure that the gene is present in the seed of the plant!***


• Farmers use pesticides to get rid of “pests”• Farmers use herbicides to get rid of weeds

– If we spray a “herbicide” on a crop full of weeds what might happen?

– Scientists have developed genetically engineered plants that are resistant to the herbicides


Manipulating Plant Genes 2m25s


Genetically Modified Food (Docu) UK 13m15s

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bx3vu7fd2n8


• Transgenic animals are used to study diseases and gene functions.

– *The hope is to treat/cure diseases in humans– Hard to produce!

– Must get a fertilized egg-insert the foreign DNA back into female

– Only a small % of these will mature normally– Only some will be transgenic


• The animals that are transgenic will have the foreign gene as part of their DNA

• *Gene will be in ALL of their cells, including the sperm/egg, and therefore they can pass it on to their offspring


Manipulating Animal Genes 1m43s


Jurassic Park Clip (3m10s)

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMsJe3TymqY


Jurassic Park Questions

• Why does John need a drop of blood from John?

• What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?

• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?

• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)

• Do we need a surrogate?

• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?


• Why does John need a drop of blood from John?

• To extract DNA from

• What is inaccurate about the cloning of John?

• A real clone would not be the same age, it would be a baby

• How do the Jurassic Park scientists manipulate the dinosaur DNA to make transgenic dinosaurs?

• They fill in the “gaps” in the dinosaur DNA with frog DNA

• What type of egg do they use to allow the dinosaurs to develop in? (Very quiet, in the background)

• They use unfertilized ostrich eggs (This is why there is no need for a surrogate.

• Do we need a surrogate?

• No. Just the egg donor (ostrich) and DNA from the animal

• Why were the dinosaurs unable to breed?

• They were all female.


• Scientists have concerns about some uses of genetic engineering.

– Possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods

– Possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity (will they kill other organisms)

– Ex: GM plants- side effect- kill certain insects

– Other unknown side effects????? cause allergies/cancer?

Concerns with Genetic Engineering


Bottom of P. 22 :

Draw a double bubble map comparing and contrasting cloning and genetic engineering. Give examples.


CloningGenetic

Engineering

Changes DNA to give it new traits

Genetically identical copy of a gene or

organism

Mouse that has jellyfish

DNA

Biotechnology

May involve manipulating

DNAWeather/drought

resistant fruits and veggies

Dolly the Sheep, CC

the cat

Uses nuclear transfer


Genetic Engineering/Cloning Essay

• To Clone or Not to Clone?• Designer Genes- Designer Babies?

Feel free to change the specifics of your essay. The prompts call for specifically CLONING HUMANS or the GENETIC ENGINEERING of HUMANS, but you can feel free to write an essay on a few other topics as well:

• Reproductive vs. Therapeutic Cloning (pros/cons of each-opinion)• Genetic engineering of our food sources: crops/animals (pros/cons-

opinion)


GATTACAIn the “Not-too-distant future” humans genetically engineer babies to posses the best qualities of both parents


GATTACA Trailer

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpzVFdDeWyo


The movie focuses on the potential consequences of genetically engineering our offspring


• Created humans are considered valid

• Have “professional” jobs

• While natural born humans are considered in-valid

• Work “labor” jobs

9.1 manipulating dna set up cornell notes on pg. 19 topic: 9.4 genetic engineering essential...

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