9. fisiologi otot
DESCRIPTION
membahas tentang otot-otot yang ada di tubuh manusia ,mulai dar fungsi ,struktur dllTRANSCRIPT
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Muscle Physiology
(muskuloskeletal)
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Muscle Tissue• Skeletal Muscle• Cardiac Muscle• Smooth Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
• Long cylindrical cells• Bbrp nucleus tiap
sel• Striated/bergaris• Voluntary/sadar• Rapid contractions
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Cardiac Muscle
• sel bercabang• 1 or 2 nukleus per sel • Striated• Involuntary• Medium speed
contractions
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Smooth Muscle
• Fusiform cells• 1 nukleus per sel• Nonstriated• Involuntary• Slow, wave-like
contractionsPenyusun organ visceral
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Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle
sel otot = serabut otot yg mengandungmyofibril
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• Tiap serabut otot terdiri dari ribuan myofibril
• Tiap myofibril terdapat 1500 filamen meosin dan 3000 filamen aktin
• Tiap filamen meosin terdiri dari molekul meosin BM 33.200 dan molekul aktin BM 70.000
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• Dengan mikroskup cahaya : nampak gambaran gelap terang kepadatan relatif dan ada bagian yang tumpah tindih dr aktin dan miosin
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Pita cahaya I • Terdiri filamen aktin saja (nampak terang)• Sifat terhadap cahaya yg terpolarisasi
(berkas cahaya yg datang dipancarkan ke semua jurusan krn kepadatan sama)
I band
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Pita A• Terletak dimana aktin dan meosin
tumpang tindih (shg nampak gelap)• Sifat anisotropik (cahaya dipancarkan
tdk merata)
A band
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Sarkomer• Terbentuk oleh 2 garis Z (protein
nonkontraktil) atau sebuah pita A dan 2 belahan pita I
Sarkoplasma• Sitoplasma sel2 otot• Terdapat retikulum sarkopasma agranuler
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Z line Z line
H band
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Filamen meosinTediri 2 utas peptid yg satu sama lainnya saling melilit dalam suatu heliks yg ujungnya membntuk kepala.
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Filamen aktinTerdiri 3 unsur : troponin, tropomeosin, aktin
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• Active site : suatu molekul ADP dimana filamen meosin saling mengadakan interaksi dgn filamen aktin shg terjadi kontraksi otot
• Tropomeosin : merupakan protein yg akan “menutupi” active site shg tdk terjadi kontraksi
• Troponin : akan berikatan dgn Ca utk permulaan kontraksi
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H Band
Ilustrasi sarkomer
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Sarcomere Relaxed
Pita I nampak lebih lebar
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Sarcomere Partially Contracted
Pita I lebih pendek
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Sarcomere Completely Contracted
Kontraksi yg sempurna menyebabkan pita H tidak nampak, pita I pendek sekali
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Ilustrasi relaksasi dan kontraksi otot
Terlihat bahwa filamen meosin tidak berubah, yg bergerak adalah aktin
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Teori kontraksi otot:• Ion Ca akan aktifkan
filamen aktin• Kepala meosin akan
terikat pd active site filamen aktin, akan dihasilkan energi
• Kepala jadi miring ke pertengahan meosin (disebut power stroke)
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• Kmdn secara otomatis kepala dilepaskan dr active site kembali tegak lurus
• Kmdn berikatan dgn active site berikutnya, kmdn miring (power stroke) sehingga filamen aktin bergerak
• Begitu seterusnya langkah demi langkah tarik filamen aktin ke pertengahan meosin
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Binding Site Tropomyosin
Troponin
Ion Ca
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Myosin
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Retikulum sarkoplama simpan Ca, mitokondria hasilkan ATP utk kontraksi
Mikroanatomi otot skelet
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Asetilkolin dilepaskan dari ujung saraf motorik
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Mekanisme umum kontraksi otot• Potensial aksi berjalan di
sepanjang saraf motorik sampai ujungnya pada saraf otot
• Pada setiap ujung saraf mensekresi neurotransmitter (y.i asetilkolin) dlm jumlah sedikit.
• Asetilkolin bekerja pd membran serabt otot dan akan membuka saluran bergerbang asetilkolin
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• Terbukanya saluran asetilkolin memungkinkan ion Na mengalir ke bag. dalam membran serabut otot pada titik terminal saraf sehingga timbul potensial aksi dalm serabut otot.
• Potensial aksi berjalan di sepanjang membran serabut otot shg sbabkan retikulum sarkoplasma lepaskan ion Ca.
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• ion Ca akan berikatan dgn troponin utk memulai terjadi kontraksi
• Kepala meosin berikatan dgn active site dan terjadi power stroke (lihat teori kontraksi !!)
• Setelah kurang dr 1 detik ion Ca dipompa ke dalam retikulum endoplasma (disimpan sampai potensial aksi yang baru datang lagi) sehingga kontraksi berhenti
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Motor UnitAll the muscle cells controlled by one
nerve cell
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Muscle Fatique/kelelahan otot
• Tidak adanya oksigen sehingga ATP yg dihasilkan sedikit
• Respirasi anaerob menyebabkan terbentuk asam laktat (terasa pegal)
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Muscle Atrophy
• Mengecilnya ukuran otot • Dapat disebabkan karena : 1. Immobilization2. Loss of neural stimulation
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Muscle Hypertrophy
• Peningkatan ukuran sel otot • Banyak kapiler • Banyak mitochondria• Dapat disebabkan karena :
– Sering latihan– Steroid hormones
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Steroid Hormones
• Stimulate muscle growth and hypertrophy
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Muscle Tonus
• Tightness of a muscle• Some fibers always contracted
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Tetany
• Sustained contraction of a muscle• Result of a rapid succession of nerve
impulses
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