1014 F. General OLR (1987) 34 (1 I)

someday to target fishing areas, submarines, and even to explain why whales beach themselves. (wbg)

87:6682 Perrine, Doug, 1987. The strange case of the

freshwater marine fishes. Sea Frontiers~Sea Se- crets, 33(2): 114-119.

The sight of silvery crevall¢ jacks (Caranx hippos, normally marine predators) swimming among perch and bass in fresh, potable, Florida spring water was as astonishing to this author as seeing 'a pig flying.' Fresh- and saltwater fishes rarely comingle for the two face opposite salt- and water-balance problems; the saltwater fish is threatened by dehydration and the freshwater fish by drowning and each has developed defenses against these problems. How do jacks adapt to the change in milieu and maintain their osmotic balance? Apparently calcium ions reduce the permeability of their membranes to salts and water, and Florida spring water is rich in calcium. (wbg)

87:6683 Radtke, R.L., 1987. Brine shrimp: curious crusta-

ceans. Sea Frontiers~Sea Secrets, 33(2):128-133.

Brine shrimp (Artemia salina), primitive crustaceans belonging to the same phylum as shrimps, lobsters, and crabs yet not true shrimps themselves, are noted for a variety of remarkable characteristics. The female, which can reproduce with or without a male, produces both eggs (which hatch in a few days) and cysts which are 'almost immortal' (largely owina to their ability to survive desiccation for years by lying dormant in the soil and hatching within 24 hours after hydration). They are both eurythermal and euryhaline; and valuable experimental creatures for testing the effects of environmental contaminants. (wbg)

87:6684 Williams, G.C., 1986. What are corals? Sagittarius,

1(2):11-15.

Corallium rubrum are invertebrates of the phylum Cnidaria which includes jellyfish and sea anemones. Most corals are colonial organisms and live attached to hard substrata, although some species prefer sand or mud. Corals are found in a variety of habitats and have a long fossil history. The four major groupings, hydrocorals, octocorals, stony corals, and black corals, are briefly described. (lit)

F420. Miscellaneous

87:6685 Clifford, S.M., 1987. Planetary science: 1983-1986.

Revs Geophys., 25(2):245-250.

During the 1960s and 1970s some fifty interplanetary spacecraft were launched from the U.S. The 1980s have not seen a single launch. Those entities currently active in planetary science (Russia, Japan and the European Space Agency) all sent spacecraft on Halley fly-bys, but the U.S. did not. Current U.S. activities and findings (centered on data analysis of previous missions) and those of other countries are briefly overviewed. Lunar and Planetary Inst., Houston, TX 77058, USA. (fcs)

87:6686 EngstrOm, F. et al., 1987. Columbus II. Proceedings

of the Second Columbus Workshop, Hannover, 9-11 June 1986. Space Technol., Ind. comml Applics, 7(1-2): 192pp; 28 papers.

The Columbus Programme is the outgrowth of the European Space Agency's response to President Reagan's invitation to participate in an international space station project. This document includes a comprehensive selection of papers presented at the second workshop of ESA participants. It covers the technical details of ESA's proposed participation, as well as organizational, operational and legal matters addressed or to be addressed. (fcs)