8016767895559

ISBN 978-955-580-167-6

Horizon Printing (Pvt) Ltd.

i

MAjKuz;ghL> ,lg;ngau;T> Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rp:

,yq;ifapd; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ghi~A+u; fpof;F

fpuhkj;jpidg; gw;wpa r%ftpgu Ma;T

jNd]; [ajpyf> Nfhghygps;is mkpu;jypq;fk;> ~pahdh FzNrfu kw;Wk;

eluh[h FUrhe;

jkpohf;fk;: ngh. rptQhdk;

,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyak; (ICES)

Nk 2016

ii

©International Centre for Ethnic Studies (ICES) 2, Kynsey Terrace, Colombo 8, Sri Lanka E-mail: admin@ices.lk URL: www.ices.lk ISBN- 978-955-580-167-6 mr;rplg;gl;lJ : Horizon Printing (Pvt) Ltd.

,e;j Ma;Tg;gzp If;fpa ,uhr;rpa murhq;fj;jpd; ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd

jpizf;fsk; (DfID), fdlhtpd; ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp Muha;r;rp epiyak; (IDRC), Mfpadtw;wpd; epjpAjtpAld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ma;twpf;ifapy;

Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s fUj;Jfs; ,e;epWtdq;fspd; fUj;JfisNah mgpg;gpuhaq;fisNah

ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy.

,jd; gjpg;Gupik ,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyaj;jpw;F cupajhFk;.

fl;Liuahrpupau;> ntspaPl;lhsu;fspd; mDkjpAld; ,f;fl;Liuapd; gFjpfis kPs;gpuRuk;

nra;aKbAk;. NkYk;> ,e;j Ma;twpf;ifapy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghUs; tpsf;fq;fSk;

KbTfSk; fl;Liuahrpupau;fSf;F cupj;jhditNa md;wp> mit

,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyak; my;yJ ,jw;F epjpaspg;Gr;nra;j

nfhilahspfspd; fUj;JfisNah nfhs;iffisNah ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy.

Kfg;G ml;ilg; Gifg;glk;: ghi~êu; kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;jpDs; Eioe;J nfhz;bUf;Fk;

kPd;gpbg;glF – Gifg;gl mDruiz mNry vf;fehaf;f (2015)

iii

fl;Liuahrpupau;fs;

jNd]; [ajpyf mtu;fs; ,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyaj;jpd; (nfhOk;G>

,yq;if) Ma;Tf;FO cWg;gpdu;fspy; xUtuhthu;. ,tu; jw;NghJ nghUspaypy;

fyhepjpg;gl;lf; fy;tpia gapd;WtUfpd;whu;. mj;Jld; ,tu; If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpYk;

gzpGupe;Js;shu;. Nfhghygps;is mkpu;jypq;fk; mtu;fs; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;foj;jpd; nghUspay; Jiwapy;

nghUspay; Nguhrphpauhff; flikahw;Wfpd;whu;. ,tu; cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngah;e;jth;fs;

gw;wpa gy Ma;Tfspy; <Lgl;L mnkhpf;fh> ,q;fpyhe;J> fdlh> Mh;n[d;Bdh kw;Wk; rPdh

Mfpa ehLfspy; ,lk;ngw;w gy khehLfspy; Ma;Tf;fl;Liufisr; rkh;g;gpj;Js;sJld;

gy cs;ehl;L kw;Wk; ntspehl;L rQ;rpiffspYk; gy Ma;Tf;fl;LiufisAk;

ntspapl;Ls;shh;.

~pahdh FzNrfu mtu;fs; mnkupf;fhtpd; Gy;gpiuw; gy;fiyf;foj;jpd; khzt-

Muha;r;rpahsuhthu;. ,tu; ,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyaj;Jld; ,ize;J

jdJ Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;whu;.

eluh[h FUrhe; mth;fs; nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fof nghUspay; gpuptpd; rpwg;G

,sq;fiykhdpg; gl;ljhupahthh;. ,th; fdlhtpd; ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp Muha;r;rp epiyak;

(IDRC) kw;Wk; If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd jpizf;fsk; (DfID) Mfpad epjpaspg;Gr; nra;J ,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyaj;jhy;

Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;w kPs;FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; khw;wplj;jpy; Fbakh;j;jy;: efu

rkj;Jtkpd;ik kw;Wk; tWik gw;wpa ehLfSf;fpilapyhd Ma;tpy; cjtp Ma;thsuhf

nraw;gLfpd;whh;.

iv

,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyaj;jpd; (ICES) njhlf;fepiy Ma;Tf;fl;Liufs;: 1. Kodikara, Chulani. 2012. „Only Until the Rice is Cooked?: The Domestic Violence Act,

Familial Ideology and Cultural Narratives in Sir Lanka‟, ICES Working Paper 1, May 2012.

2. Chaaminda, Sumith. 2012. „Fishing in Turbulent Waters‟, ICES Working Paper 2, September

2012.

3. Kodikara, Chulani. 2012. „Women in Local Government from 2006 to 2011: A

ComparativeAnalysis of Representation of Women and Nominations for Women‟, ICES

Working Paper 3, August 2012.

4. Ismail, Qadri. 2013. „On (not) Knowing One„s Place: A Critique of Cultural

Relativism‟,ICES Working Paper 4, August 2013.

5. Kodikara, Chulani. 2014. „A Quota for Women in Local Government in Sri Lanka:

Questionsof Equality, Modernity and Political Leverage‟, ICES Working Paper 5, July 2014.

6. Kodikara, Chulani. 2014. „Balancing Acts: Counselling for Intimate Partner Violence Against

Women in Two Districts of Anuradhapura and Batticaloa‟, ICES Working Paper 6,

December, 2014.

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nghUslf;fk; fl;Liuahrpupau;fspd; ed;wpAiu vi

Mtzr; RUf;fk; vii jiyg;ngOj;Jr; nrhw;fs; xiv

1. miktplk; 1 2. tuyhW 5

2.1 MAjKuz;ghl;bw;F Kd;duhd rfhg;jk; 5 2.2 MAjKuz;ghL> ,lg;ngau;T> kPsj;jpUk;gptUjy; 6 2.3 kPs;Fbaku;Tk; cs;ehl;LAj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rpAk; 10

3. Ma;TKiw 14 3.1 Ma;Tf;fhd ,lj;njupT 14 3.2 juTfs; 18

3.2.1 Kjy;epiyj; juTfs; 18 3.2.2 ,uz;lhk;epiyj; juTfs; 21

3.3 gFg;gha;T 22 4. efuj;jpd; xU gFjp 24

4.1 fpuhkj;jpd; epyTUt mikg;G 24 4.2 nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%fj; njhlu;Gfs; 29

5. tho;tjw;fhd Xuplk; 30 5.1 tPlikg;Gk; ngsjPfr;#oYk; 30 5.2 td;Kiw> MNuhf;fpak;> csg;ghq;F 32 5.3 tsq;fs;> tha;g;Gtrjpfs;> nfhilahspfspd; cjtp 40

6. xU r%ff;FO 48 6.1 r%f tho;tpYs;s <LghL 48 6.2 Kiwrhu;e;j kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh tiyaikg;Gfs; 49 6.3 rkak;> rhjpak; Ærhjpaikg;G> ghy;epiy 52

7. xU nghUshjhur; r%fk; 56 7.1 kPd;gpbj; njhopy;: tsq;fs;> nray;Kiw> tu;j;jfk; 56 7.2 Gyg;ngau;Tk; Gyk;ngau; r%fKk; 63 7.3 Ntiytha;g;G> Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik> tUkhdk;> tWik 69

8. Xu; murpaw;r%fk; 73 8.1 fl;likg;Gk; gpujpepjpj;JtKk; 73 8.2 murpay; fUj;Jepiyg;ghL 74 8.3 r%f xUq;fikTk; jPu;khdk; Nkw;nfhs;sYk; 76

9. jdpegu; Rje;jpuk; 77 9.1 gpuNjrj;jpYs;s gw;W 77 9.2 fle;jfhy epidTfSk; mDgtq;fSk; 81 9.3 Nguhu;tk; 83

10. KbTiu 85

vi

fl;Liuahrpupau;fspd; ed;wpAiu

,e;j Ma;T “kPs; FbNaw;wk; kw;Wk; khw;wplj;jpy; Fbakh;j;jy;: efu

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“ghJfhg;ghd kw;Wk; gy;tif NtWghLfisf; nfhz;l Fbkf;fisAk; nghUshjhur;

nraw;ghLfisAk; cs;slf;fpa efuq;fs;” vDk; cyfshtpa Muha;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; xU

$whFk;. fdlhtpd; ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jp Muha;r;rp epiyak; (IDRC), If;fpa

,uhr;rpaj;jpd; ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jpf;fhd jpizf;fsk; (DfID) Mfpad ,jw;F

epjpaspg;Gr;nra;jd. Ma;Tf; FOTf;Fj; jiyikjhq;fpaikf;fhfTk; Muha;r;rpf;fhd ngWkjpkpf;f topfhl;liy Nkw;nfhz;likf;fhfTk; ,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjd;ik Ma;thsuhd fyhepjp u[pj; yf;~;kd; mtu;fSf;F fl;Liuahrpupau;fs; kpFe;j ed;wpghuhl;Ljiyj; njuptpf;fpd;wdu;. ,r;nraw;jpl;lkhdJ ,dj;Jtf;fw;iffSf;fhd

ru;tNjr epiyaj;jhy; (ICES) mKyhf;fg;gl;lJ. jdJ KOikahd MjuitAk;

Cf;Ftpg;igAk; toq;fpaikf;fhf ,e;j epWtdj;jpd; epiwNtw;Wg; gzpg;ghsuhd fyhepjp kupNah Nfhk]; mtu;fSf;F ehk; ngupJk; flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;. ,e;j r%ftpgu Ma;it kjpg;gPLnra;J> vkJ mwpf;ifiar; nrOikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; JizGupe;J> ngWkjpkpf;f fUj;Jiufis toq;fpaikf;fhf Nguhrpupau; upAlu; rpy;th mtu;fSf;F ed;wp$w tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ,t;tha;it epiwTnra;tjw;fhd gzpfisg; éu;j;jpnra;tjw;F cjtpaikf;fhf> ,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;ghsuhd mnry Vf;fehaf;f mtu;fs; tpNrl mq;fpfhuj;jpw;F cupj;Jilatuhthu;. epUthf> epjp> jfty; njhopy;El;g> kw;Wk; Áyfr; Nritfspy; nra;j cjtpfSf;fhf> ,dj;Jt Ma;TfSf;fhd ru;tNjr epiyaj;jpd; gzpahsu;fs; midtUf;Fk; fdpthd ed;wp cupj;jhFfpd;wJ. v];. mkyjh];> Nf. fy;ahzp> ~fPdh mypfhd;> Wj; RNue;jpuuh[; MfpNahu; cl;gl> ,e;j mwpf;if ntsptUtijr; rhj;jpag;glr;nra;j Vuhskhd jdpegu;fSf;F ed;wp$wp> ghuhl;Lj;njuptpf;f tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. ,e;j Mtzj;jpd; vOj;Jr; rupghu;g;Gg; gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;likf;fhf rr;rpdp nrdtpuj;jd> ~hdp n[atu;jd> k. tpN[e;jpud; MfpNahUf;Fk;> ,e;j Ma;twpf;ifia jkpopy; EZf;fkhf nkhopngau;j;jikf;fhf ngh. rptQhdk; mtu;fSf;Fk; ed;wpfs; cupj;jhFf. ,e;j Muha;r;rpf;fhd fsMa;Tfs; ghi~êu; kf;fspd; KOikahd gq;Fgw;WjYld; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. Ma;Tf; fhyj;jpy; mtu;fs; toq;fpa fdpthd Mjutpw;Fk;> njhlu;GfisAk; jfty;fisAk; toq;Ftjpy; fhl;ba jahs Fzj;jpw;Fkhf> ghi~êu; kPdtu; rq;fj;jpw;F fl;Liuahrpupau;fs; kpFe;j ed;wp njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ,Wjpahf> Kd;dhs; aho;g;ghz gpuNjrr; nrayhsuhd jpUkjp nja;Nte;jpuk;> Nkyjpf murhq;f mjpgh; jpU nre;jpy;ee;jdd; kw;Wk; ghi~êUf;fhd rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; MfpNahUf;Fk; kpFe;j ed;wpfisj; njuptpj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

vii

Mtzr; RUf;fk;

cs;ehl;LAj;j ,lu;fis mDgtpj;j kf;fshy; mjd; ghjpg;GfspypUe;J ,yFthf

kPl;rpngw KbahJs;sJ. ,jw;F mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l td;Kiw gutpapUe;j msTk;

mtu;fSf;F Vw;gl;l ,og;Gfspd; msTk; fhuzkhFk;. ,e;j Aj;jj;jpd;

jhf;ftpisthdJ jdpegu;> FLk;gk;> r%fk; vdg; gy;NtW kl;lq;fSf;Fk; gutpr;nrd;wJ.

mtu;fs; capupog;GfSld; fhzp> tPL> ngWkjpkpf;f nghUl;fs;> Kjypatw;NwhL jkJ

tho;thjhuj;ijAk; ,oe;jdu;. NkYk; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> foptfw;wy; Nghd;w Nritfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;GfspYk; jkJ nrhj;Jfisg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd

tha;g;GfspYk; gy;NtW ,lu;ghLfis vjpu;nfhz;ldu;. Aj;jk; fhuzkhf epfo;e;j

,lg;ngau;T Kjyhd mjpu;r;rpfs; r%f> fyhrhu eilKiwfspy; (tof;fhWfspy; $l) jlq;fy;fis cz;Lgz;zp> kf;fspd; ghuk;gupa tho;f;ifKiwiag; ghjpj;Js;sd.

,lk;ngau;e;J nrd;w kf;fs; jpUk;gpte;J kPsf;Fbaku;e;jNghJ rpijTw;w jkJ

tho;f;ifia kPsr;rPuikg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fg; gy;NtW

toptiffisr; rhu;e;jpUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,t;tsq;fs; my;yJ %yjdkhdJ

jdpkdpjd;> r%fk; rhu;e;jitahfNth> ,aw;if> kw;Wk; ngsjpf mbg;gilahdjhfNth

my;yJ epjp> murpay; MjuthfNth ,Uf;ff;$Lk;. ,tw;iw jkf;fpilNa gfpu;e;J

nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jNjhL> ez;gu;fs;> FLk;gk;> r%fk; Mfpa %yq;fspypUe;J

ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf;$bajhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,Jjtpu murhq;fk;> kf;fshy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l

mikg;Gfs; (cs;@uhl;rprig> khfhzrig) r%f mbg;gilapyhd rpwpa mikg;Gfs;>

murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> nfhilahspfs; Nghd;w nraw;ghl;lhsu;fisAk;

(fUkfu;j;jhf;fisAk;) kpfg; gaDs;s tifapy; cgNahfg;gLj;jpapUf;f KbAk;.

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miof;fg;gLfpd;w> cs;ehl;LAj;jj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l kPd;gpbf; fpuhkj;jpy; elhj;jg;gl;l

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nraw;ghl;il ntw;wpfukhf epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf mtu;fs; gad;gLj;jpa cghaq;fs;

Mfpatw;iwg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;Fk; tpsf;Ftjw;Fk; Kaw;rpf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; ,e;j

Muha;r;rpahdJ ,t;tplj;Jld; njhlu;Gila gpd;tUk; 6 mk;rq;fspYk; (mjhtJ 1.

efuj;jpd; xU gFjp> 2. tho;tjw;fhd Xuplk;> 3. xU r%ff;FO> 4. xU nghUshjhu

r%fk;> 5. Xu; murpaw;r%fk;> 6. jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk;) fhzg;gLfpd;w> gy;NtW tifg;gl;l

tsq;fs; %yk; fpilf;fpd;w gad;fisAk; Ma;Tf;F cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. Ma;T KbTfs;

xNutpjkhditahf cs;sdth vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;gjw;fhf> kpf Kf;fpakhf>

fyg;GKiwf; fsMa;T Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJld;;> ,t;tha;thdJ Kjd;epiy>

viii

,uz;lhk;epiy> msTrhu;e;j kw;Wk; gz;Grhu;e;j juTfisj; Jizahjhukhff;

nfhz;bUe;jJ. mj;Jld; ,t;tha;T r%fk; gw;wpa KOikahd xU fUj;JepiyiaAk;

Kd;itf;fpd;wJ. jdpegu;fs;> FLk;gq;fs;> kPdtu;fs;> KjpNahu;> cs;@u;r;r%fk;>

kjFUkhu;> tpahghupfs;> Rfhjhuj;Jiw mYtyu;fs;> murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;>

epjpAjtp toq;FNthu; Nghd;wtu;fsplkpUe;J juTfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf gy cj;jpfs;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. fsMa;Tfs; 2014 kw;Wk; 2015 Mz;L fhyg;gFjpapy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

ghi~A+u; fpof;F fpuhkj;jpw;Fk; mjd; kf;fSf;Fk; Nghu;j;Jf;fPru; kw;Wk;

aho;g;ghzj;jpd; filrp kd;dd; MfpNahupd; fhyj;Jld; njhlu;Gil tsk;nrwpe;j xU

tuyhW cz;L. mNjNeuk; 1983 njhlf;fk; 2009 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;> ,yq;ifapd;

ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;> ,e;jpa mikjpfhf;Fk; gilapdu;, jkpoPo tpLjiyg;Gypfs;

Mfpatw;wpw;F ,ilapyhd rku;fSf;F ,ilapy; cs;@u;thrpfs; rpf;fpapUe;j> xU

Jd;gpay; tuyhw;iwAk; ,f;fpuhkk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Fwpg;gplj;jf;fstpyhd cs;ehl;L

,lg;ngau;T> me;epa ehLfSf;fhd Gyk;ngau;T vd;gd ghupastpy; epfo;e;jNghJk;>

fly;ePu; Vupia Nehf;fpathW mike;jpUe;j cau; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpd; gpurd;dj;jpd;

kj;jpapYk; ,q;F kPs;FbNaw;wk; epfo;e;Js;sJ. cs;@u;thrpfSf;Fk; Gyk;ngau;

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kpfKf;fpakhd cjtpfis Aj;jfhyj;jpy; toq;fpaJ. mtu;fs; ntspehl;bypUe;J

njhlu;e;Jk; gzk; mDg;gp tUtJld;> ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; rpwpa kw;Wk; eLj;jur;

nraw;jpl;lq;fis mKyhf;fp tUfpd;wdu;. r%fkl;l mgptpUj;jp epjpAjtp Clhf>

ntspehl;Lf; nfhilahsu;fs; %yk; ghi~A+Uf;F cl;fl;Lkhd trjpfs;

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ix

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tUfpd;wJ.

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gu];guj; njhlu;Gfs; cs;sd. ngUk;ghyhdit fle;j 30 Mz;L fhyj;jpy; Njhw;wk;

ngw;witahFk;. kPd; Vw;Wkjp> kPd;gpbf;fUtp ,wf;Fkjp kw;Wk; ntspaplq;fspy; ,Ue;J

fl;llg; nghUl;fisAk; Mlk;gug; nghUl;fisAk; nfhs;tdTnra;jy; Kjypad

,j;njhlu;GfspDs; mlq;Ffpd;wd. tq;fp> itj;jparhiy> gpugykhd ghlrhiyfs;>

gy;fiyf;fofk;> njhopy;El;gf; fy;Y}up vd;gdtw;wpd; Nritfisg; ngWtjw;fhf>

cs;@u;thrpfs; aho;g;ghz efuj;jpw;Fk; mijr;#oTs;s ,lq;fSf;Fk; nry;fpd;wdu;.

mNjNtis ntspaplq;fisr; Nru;e;Njhu; ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s re;ij> tpisahl;L kw;Wk;

fyhrhu epfo;Tfs;> Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Njthyaj;jpd; rkaepfo;Tfs; Kjypatw;iwg;

ghu;itapLtjw;fhf tUfpd;wdu;. maw;fpuhkq;fs;> mz;kpj;j efuq;fs;> njhiy efuq;fs;>

ntspehLfs; vd;gdtw;wpw;Ff; Fbngau;e;J nrd;Nwhu; fhyxOq;F Kiwapyhd

gazq;fs;> ,ilawhj; njhlu;ghly;> ntspehl;bypUe;J gazk; mDg;Gjy;> r%fr;

nraw;ghLfSf;F epjpaspg;Gr; nra;jy; Nghd;w fUkq;fs; Clhf> xl;Lwitg; NgZtjw;F

jq;fshy; ,ad;wsT Kaw;rp nra;fpd;wdu;.

,f;fpuhkj;jpd; jw;Nghija rdj;njhif 364 FLk;gq;fshFk;. ,tw;Ws;

xl;Lnkhj;jkhf 1149 jdpahl;fs; ,Ug;gNjhL> mtu;fs; epue;ju> thlif> kw;Wk;

Vidatifg; Gfyplq;fspy; trpf;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; jkJ fpuhkj;jpypUe;J ,lk;ngau;e;J

nrd;W> kPz;Lk; jpUk;gpte;jNghJ> tPLfisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F jkJ nrhe;j ciog;igAk;

epjp tsq;fisANk gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,q;Fs;s tPLfs; ngUk;ghYk; rpwpadthf

cs;sNjhL> epyg;gw;whf;Fiw tPl;LneuprYf;F toptFj;Js;sJ. ,q;F trpg;Nghu;

cs;ehl;LAj;j fhyj;jpy; nfh^ukhd td;Kiw> Nguplu;> ehshe;j tho;f;if njhlu;gpyhd

epr;rakw;wj;jd;ik> td;nfhLik Kjypatw;iw mDgtpj;j mNjNtis> jw;NghJ r%f>

fyhrhu> kw;Wk; csg;ghq;F khw;wq;fSld; njhlu;Gila NtWtifahd xU td;Kiwr;

#oiy mDgtpj;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,jw;F kJ> rpful;> Nghijg;nghUs; vd;gdtw;wpd;

ghtidAk; ,izaj;jsk;> Mghrg;glq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;

$bajhf cs;sikAk; fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd. Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik> Ntiyf;fhd

Cf;Ftpg;Gf; nfhLg;gdT ,d;ik Nghd;w fhuzpfspd; tpisthf> mjpfupj;Js;s

,isQu; kj;jpapyhd td;Kiw> ,isQu;-Fk;gy;fspd; Njhw;wk; vd;gdtw;iwg; Nghd;W>

kJTf;F mbikahjy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fstpy; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. ghypaw;njhy;iy njhlu;gpy;

x

Kw;wpYk; Kuzhd fUj;Jepiyg;ghLfs; cs;sd. Mdhy; ,g;gpuhe;jpaj;jpd; Vida

,lq;fspy; td;Gzu;Tk; nfhiyAk; cl;gl> mjpfupj;jstpyhd %u;f;fj;jdkhd

elj;ijfs; nkJnkJthf CLUTfpd;wd. mNjNtis> Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpd;

epjpaspg;Gld; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; ,aq;fp tUfpd;w xU rpfpr;ir epiyak; FbapUg;ghsUf;F

Fiwe;j nrytpy; kUj;Jt Nritia toq;fptUfpd;wJ. cs;@u;thrpfs; mjpfsthd

Neha;vjpu;g;Gr; rf;jpAld; kpfTk; MNuhf;fpakhf cs;sdu;. mNjNeuk; rpy njhw;wh

Neha;f;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;LfSk; cs;sd. MapDk; r%fj;jpy;> Fwpg;ghf kPdtu;fs; kw;Wk;

epjp neUf;fb fhuzkhf ,f;fl;lhdepiyf;F cs;shNdhu; kj;jpapy;> njhopy; njhlu;ghd

kdf; ftiyfs; cs;sd.

ghi~A+u; fpof;Ff; fpuhkk; fly;> kPdtu;fspd; njhopw;jpwd;fs;> kPd;gpbj;

JiwKfk;> glFfs;> re;ij> filfs;> ghlrhiyfs;> fyhrhu kw;Wk; tpisahl;Lj;

jpwd;fs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdk;> KjpNahu; ,y;yk;> kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;ir epiyak;>

murhq;fj;jpd; tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;> cs;@u; kw;Wk; ntspehl;Lr; r%fq;fspd;

MjuT vd;git cl;gl> gy tsq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,tw;Ws; kPd;gpbj; JiwKfk;>

re;ij> Njthyak;> Gyk;ngau; r%fk; Mfpad ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; r%fr; nraw;ghLfspy; xU

Kd;dzp tfpghfj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sd. fle;j rpy tUlq;fshf gpbf;fg;gLfpd;w

kPd;fspd; msT Fiwtile;J te;Js;sikahy;> flw;gug;G kw;Wk; mjd; nropg;GkpF

kPd;tsq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ,lxJf;fPL mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. jw;NghJ murhq;fr;

Nritfs; toq;fg;gl;LtUtJld;> tPjpfs;> xOq;iffs;> fl;llq;fs; vd;gdTk;

ghtpf;fj;jf;f epiyapy; cs;sd. Fwpg;ghf cs;ehl;LAj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;du;

,e;epiyik Nkk;gl;ljhf cs;sNjhL> Aj;jKbT epu;khzj; njhopw;Jiwapy; tpiuthd

xU tsu;r;rpf; fhyj;jpw;F toptFj;Js;sJ. ,q;Fs;s kf;fs; cs;ehl;LAj;j fhyj;jpy;

If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jplkpUe;Jk; murhq;fj;jplkpUe;Jk; mtru cjtpfisg;

ngw;Wte;jdu;. mijj; njhlu;e;J> ,yq;if murhq;fj;jpd; xUq;fpizg;G Vw;ghL> kw;Wk;

mT];jpNuypa murhq;fj;jpd; epjpaspg;G vd;gdtw;Wld; Gyg;ngau;Tf;fhd ru;tNjr

mikg;gpdhy; (IOM) epu;khzpf;fg;gl;l kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;jpd; %yk;> ,tu;fs;

gadile;Js;sdu;. N[u;kd; murhq;fk;> gpupb]; fTd;rpy; (British Council) Mfpatw;wpd;

vjpu;fhy cjtpAld; KiwNa cs;sf tpisahl;luq;F> E}yfk; vd;gtw;iw

epu;khzpg;gjw;fhd jpl;lq;fs; njhlu;gpy; Gyk;ngau; r%fk; fye;Jiuahly;fis

Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ.

cs;@u;thrpfSf;Fk; ntspapypUe;J tUNthUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd xl;Lwitg;

gyg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf> ,f;fpuhkk; gy r%f epfo;Tfis Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. ghi~A+uhdJ

Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> kPdtu;fs;> ,isQu; KjypNahUf;fhd Vuhskhd fofq;fs;>

rq;fq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpw;Fk;> cs;@u; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; Mjutspj;J tUfpd;wJ. Gyk;ngau;

xi

r%fj;jpd; cw;whu; cwtpdu;fs; ntspehl;bypUe;J xU fhyf;fpuk xOq;fpy; gzk;

mDg;gp tUtjw;F Nkyjpfkhf> kpf neUf;fkhd njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUg;gNjhL>

mtu;fs; mbf;fb tUifje;Jk; nry;fpd;wdu;. tpisahl;Lj; jpwik fhuzkhf>

,f;fpuhkj;jtu;fs; cijg;ge;jhl;lj;jpy; gpugykpf;ftu;fshf cs;sdu;. ghi~A+uhdJ>

Njrpa mzp xd;wpd; jiytd; cl;gl> Njrpakl;l tpisahl;L tPuu;fs; gyiuj;

Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. ,tu;fs; muq;ff;fiy Nghd;w fiyfspy; ehl;lKilatu;fshf

cs;sNjhL> ,f;fiyfSf;fhf ,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Gfo;ngw;wtu;fshfTk; cs;sdu;. kpfr;

rpwpastpyhd ,e;Jf;fisj; jtpu> fpl;lj;jl;l KOikahf fj;Njhypf;fu;fshfTs;s ,e;j

cs;@u;thrpfSf;F Md;kPfKk; kjek;gpf;ifAk; kpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jitahf

cs;sd. cs;@u;thrpfspy; ngUk;ghyhNdhu; xNu kPdtr%fj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshf

,Ug;gjdhy;> rhjpa NtWghLfs; kpff; Fiwthf cs;sd. MapDk; ngz;fs;

rkj;Jtkhf elhj;jg;glhikahy;> fy;tp> tUkhdk;> njhopy; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; ghy;epiy

Vw;wj;jho;Tfs; cs;sd.

kPd;fisg; gOjilahky; gpbj;njLg;gjw;fhfg; (cld; kPd;fshfg; gpbg;gjw;Fg;)

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w 'fsq;fl;b" kPd;gpb El;gj;jpw;fhf ,f;fpuhkk; gpugyk; kpf;fjhf

cs;sJ. ,k;kPd;fs; cs;@u;thrpfSf;Fk; ntspaplf; nfhs;tdthsu;fSf;Fk; tpw;gid

nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. kPd;gpbj;njhopy; jw;NghJ tPo;r;rpaile;J nry;tjhf ,r;r%fj;jpdu;

mr;rkilfpd;wNghJk;> tUlj;jpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehl;fspy; kPd;gpbr; nraw;ghLfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. cs;@u;g; nghUshjhuj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp ,e;j kPd;gpbj;Jiwia

mjd; Kjd;ikf;$whff; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kPd;gpbj;Jiw tUkhdj;jpyhd tPo;r;rpf;F

fhyepiy khw;wk;> Rw;Wr;#oy; ghjpg;Gf;fs;> ,j;njhopy;Jiwapy; fhzg;gLfpd;w

kpifahd Nghl;b> ntspapl kPdtu;fspd; mj;JkPwpa CLUty;> mjpfupj;jstpyhd

nrytPdk; vd;gd fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd vd cs;@u;thrpfs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. kf;fs;

cs;ehl;LAj;j fhyj;jpy; gy;NtW toptiffisg; gad;gLj;jpf; ,f;fpuhkj;ij tpl;L

ntspNawpdu;. mNjNtis Ntiyapd;ik> jpUkzk;> FbapUg;G neupry; vd;gd

fhuzkhf jw;NghJk; rpyu; ntspNawp tUfpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; ntspehL Nehf;fpa

Gyk;ngau;itNa mjpfstpy; tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. ,r;r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j mz;zsthf 600

Ngu; INuhg;ghtpy;> ngUk;ghYk; gpuhd;]pYk; N[u;kdpapYk;> cs;sdu;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpd;

njhopw;guk;giyg; nghWj;jtiu> ngUk;ghd;ikahdtu;fs; kPdtu;fshf cs;sdu;.

mNjNtis VidNahu; cau;njhopy; (thz;ikj;njhopy;) GupNthuhf> murhq;f

mYtyu;fshf> kw;Wk; tpahghupfshf cs;sdu;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; cs;Nshupy; mz;zsthf

20 rjtPjkhd kf;fs; xU tiuaiwf;F cl;gl;l tUkhdj;ijNa ngWfpd;wu;. mj;Jld;

rpyuhy; jkJ tho;f;ifr; nryitr; rkhspf;f KbahJs;sJ. tWik xopg;Gj; jpl;lq;fs;>

khjhe;j Nrkeyf; nfhLg;gdT Nghd;w murhq;fj;jpd; ,lu;fhg;G Vw;ghLfs; cs;sNghJk;>

xii

tUkhdk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;Gg; gpur;rpid fhuzkhf> Fwpg;ghf tpjitfs; mUk;ghLgl

Ntz;bAs;sJ.

,q;Fs;s fpuhkpa epUthff; fl;likg;ghdJ epUthfj; Jiwiar; Nru;e;j rptpy;

(Fbrhu;) Nrit mYtyu;fs;> Nju;jy; %yk; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;

MfpNahiu cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. cj;jpNahfG+u;tkhfg; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l 13 r%f

mikg;Gfs;$l ,q;F cs;sd. ,t;tikg;Gf;fs; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfis

Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Ljy;> fye;Jiuahly;fis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> jPu;khdnkLj;jypy;

nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jjy; vd;gtw;wpw;fhd gy;NtW FOf;fSf;fhd fUj;Jf;fskhfr;

nraw;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> gy;NtWtifg;gl;l r%f> fyhrhu> nghUshjhur;

nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;Lk; tUfpd;wd. Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs;>

kjFUkhu;> kPdt r%fj;jpd; %j;j gpui[fs;> tpahghupfs; Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l rpy

jdpegu;fs; r%fj;jhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w jPu;khdq;fs; njhlu;gpy; kpFe;j nry;thf;Fr;

nrYj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,e;j Ma;T 2015k; Mz;by; eilngw;w [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jYf;F

Kd;dUk;> gpd;dUk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy;> ,uz;lhtJ fhyg;gFjpapy; (Nju;jYf;Fg;

gpd;du;)> jkJ murpay; fUj;Jepiyg;ghL gw;wp kf;fs; vt;thW fye;JiuahLfpd;wdu;

vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; #f;Fkkhd NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j murpay;

fUj;Jepiyg;ghlhdJ Kd;ida murhq;fj;jpd; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy nraw;ghLfisf;

fz;ldk;nra;jy;> Gjpa murhq;fk; kw;Wk; murpay; fyhrhuk; gw;wp Xu; ek;gpf;if

nfhs;sy; vd;gdtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jJ.

cs;@u;thrpfs; ,f;fpuhkj;ij jkJ ,y;ykhfNt fUJfpd;w> gw;Wzu;itAk;

cupikg;ghl;L czu;itAk; ntspg;gLj;Jgtu;fshf cs;sdu;. ,f;fpuhkk; kf;fSf;F

toq;fpAs;s tha;g;GtrjpfSf;fhfTk;> mJ jdpj;Jtk; tha;e;j xd;whf (fly;> kPd;gpbj;

JiwKfk;> Njthyak;> tpisahl;L trjpfs;> ehlff; fiy> xUtifg; ghJfhtydhf

mike;Js;s Gyk;ngau; r%fk; Kjypatw;iwf; nfhz;Ls;sik) mike;Js;sikf;fhfTk;

mtu;fs; fpuhkj;jpd; kPjhd jkJ ed;wpAzu;it mbf;fb ntspg;gLj;Jgtu;fshf

cs;sdu;. cs;ehl;bw;Fs; ,lk;ngau;e;J nrd;Nwhupy; mNdfu; kPz;Lk; jpUk;gptUtjw;Fj;

jPu;khdpj;jdu;. ntspehLfSf;Fg; Gyk;ngau;e;J nrd;Nwhu; ,f;fpuhkj;Jld; njhlu;r;rpahfj;

njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzp tUfpd;wNghJk;> jpUk;gptUtjw;F tpUg;gkpy;yhNjhuhf cs;sdu;.

,f;fpuhkf; FbapUg;ghu;fs; ntt;NtW jug;gpduhy; Gupag;gl;l td;Kiw kpFe;j Aj;jr;

#oiy vjpu;nfhz;Ls;sNjhL> ,lg;ngau;itAk; Vida ,og;GfisAk; mDgtpj;Js;sdu;.

Aj;j mtyk; njhlu;ghd epidTfs; Ntjid kpf;fitahf cs;s mNjNtis> rka

mDl;lhdq;fs; FLk;gf; flikfs;> njhopy; vd;gdtw;wpy; ftdQ;nrYj;jtjd; %yk;>

mtu;fs; jk;ikj; jhNk rkurg;gl;Lf; nfhs;tjw;F Kaw;rpg;gNjhL> jkJ tho;f;ifapy;

Kd;Ndhf;fpAk; nry;fpd;wdu;. MapDk;> jdpegUf;Fk; mtuJ FLk;gj;jpw;Fk;

xiii

Njitg;gLfpd;w rpwg;ghd tho;f;ifj;juj;ij NghJkhdstpy; mila

KbahJs;sikahy;> tho;thjhuk;> fy;tp> Foe;ijfspd; vjpu;fhy tha;g;Gfs;>

tPlikg;gpw;fhd ,ltrjp> fyhrhu khw;wq;fs; vd;git njhlu;gpy; Njhd;wTs;s

gpur;rpidfspd; ajhu;j;j epiyiaAk; mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. Gyg;ngau;Nt>

,yl;rpa Nehf;fpy; Nkiyj;Njr ehL xd;wpw;fhd Gyg;ngau;T> nghJthd xU tpUg;gj;

njupthfTs;sJ.

cs;ehl;LAj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du;> xU r%fk; kPl;rpngWtjw;F ,f;fpuhkhj;jpy; cs;s

gy;NtW tsq;fs; vt;thW JizGupe;Js;sd vd;gij ,t;tha;T njspTgLj;Jfpd;wJ.

mNdfkhd kf;fs;> r%fr; nrhj;Jfis rkr;rPuw;w tifapy; gad;gLj;jp

ed;ikaile;Js;sdu; vd;gij> ,t;tsq;fspd; ,aq;Fjd;ik$l kiwKfkhfr;

Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. xl;Lnkhj;jkhfg; ghu;f;ifapy;> kdpj> ngsjpf> ,aw;if> r%f> epjp

tsq;fs; ahTk; xj;jpirTj; jpwDld; njhopw;gl;L te;Js;sNjhL> mit ,k;kf;fspd;

r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay;> kw;Wk; jdpegu; Rje;jpuk; vd;gdtw;wpyhd kPl;rpiag;

gyg;gLj;jpAk; cs;sd. ,t;tsq;fs; fpuhkj;jpd; ,ay;ig tho;tjw;Fupa XuplkhfTk;>

efuj;jpd; xU gFjpahfTk; khw;Wtjpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sd. xt;nthU nrhj;Jk;

rpf;fy; epiwe;j Nky;ftpTld; (overlap) njhlu;Gila njhlu;r;rpahd rkfhy

tpisTfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fj; njhlq;fpAs;sikahy;> r%f \cyfpy;| jdpg;gz;ghf

mike;Js;s> cs;@u; epfo;r;rpepuy;fs;> kw;Wk; kf;fspd; NjitfSk; gpur;rpidfSk;

Nghd;w rpwpa fUj;J NtWghLfSk; cs;sd. cau;fy;tpj; Jiwapy; cs;Nshu;

Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F tha;g;Gk; tsKk; epiwe;j Xu; ClWg;Gr; Rje;jpukhf ,J

mike;js;sJ. mj;Jld; gy;tifj; jhf;ftpisTfis cz;L gz;zf;$ba>

rPu;g;gLj;Jtjw;fhd jiyaPLfspd; ,ay;G fhuzkhf> nfhs;if tFg;ghsu;fSk; mijr;

nraw;gLj;JNthUk; mj;jiyaPLfis tbtikj;J eilKiwg;gLj;jtjw;fhd xU

re;ju;g;gkhfTk; ,J mike;Js;sJ.

xiv

jiyg;ngOj;Jr; nrhw;fs;

ADP jpl;lkply; cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; CBO r%f mbg;gilapyhd epWtdq;fs; Æmikg;Gfs; CGES mj;jpahtrpa Nritfs; Mizahsu; ehafk; DfID ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jpj; jpizf;fsk; - If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; DFAT ntspehl;L tptfhu kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj; jpizf;fsk; mT];Nuypa

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1

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2

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4 1981k; Mz;bw;fhd Fbj;njhiff; fzpg;gPlhdJ khtl;l> gpuNjrr; nrayf kl;lj; juTfis khj;jpuk; cs;slf;fpapUe;jikahy;> cs;ehl;L Aj;jj;jpw;F Kd;du; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; fhzg;gl;l rdj;njhif gw;wpa KOahd juTfs; fpilf;ftpy;iy. 5 fhyepiy khw;wj;ijAk; mjd; jhf;ftpisTfisAk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf jftYf;F> ghu;f;f: http://sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/doc/GFDRRCountryProfiles/wb_gfdrr_climate_change_country_profile_for_LKA.pdf and http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs17/Climate%20Change%20and%20Fisheries.pdf

3

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6 Njthya> rkaj; jiytu;fs;> fpuhk rpfpr;ir epiya kUj;Jtg; gzpahsu;fSldhd ciuahly;fs;.

4

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khj;jpuk; xU tpjptpyf;fhFk;.

7 cau; ghJfhg;G tiyak; vd;gJ ghJfhg;Gf; fhuzq;fSf;fhf> tu;jkhdp mwptpj;jy; %yk; my;yJ gilapdupd; cs;@u; fl;lisj; jiyikajpfhupapdhy; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w xU gFjpahFk;. 8 tho;thjhuk; kPJ ,lg;ngau;tpd; jhf;ftpisTfs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Amirthalingam, Kopalapillai and Rajith WD Lakshman, “Displaced Livelihoods in Sri Lanka: An Economic Analysis,” Journal of Refugee Studies (2009a): 22 (4): 502–24.

5

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6

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2.2 MAjKuz;ghL> ,lg;ngau;T> kw;Wk; kPsj;jpUk;gptUjy;

ghi~A+u;f; fpuhkKk; ,e;jg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s Vida fpuhkq;fisg; Nghy>

1980fspy; jPtpukile;j td;Kiwahy; ghjpg;gpw;F cs;shdJ. murhq;fj;jpd; jtwhd

nfhs;iffspd; $l;Lr;Nru;f;ifapd; tpisthfj; Njhw;wk;ngw;wNj ,e;j

MAjKuz;ghlhFk;. jkpoPo tpLjiyg; Gypfshy; 13 ,uhZtr; rpg;gha;fs; fz;zpntb

xd;wpd; %yk; nfhy;yg;gl;lik> mijj; njhlu;e;J rpq;fsf; fyff;fhuu;fshy; ehL

KOtJk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l jkpoUf;F vjpuhd td;Kiwf; fytuq;fs;> mj;Jld; ,jd;

tpisthf gy jkpou;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;lik> kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ nrhj;Jf;fs;

11 Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu;fs; gpuhd;]pw;Fk; N[u;kdpf;Fk; Fbngau;e;J nrd;w gpd;du;> Nghu;j;Jf;fy;ypy; cs;s Áyfq;fspy; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; tuyhw;iw Muha;e;J> ,t;tplj;jpd; éu;tPfg; ngaiu fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. 12 Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpYs;s KjpNahUldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;. 13 Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; fpuhkj;jpYs;s rpyUld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ciuahly;fs;. 14 fpuhkj;jpYs;s KjpNahiuAk; jiytu;fisAk; cs;slf;fpa kPdtu; rq;fj;Jldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

7

mopf;fg;gl;lik vd;gd fhuzkhf> mJ 1983y; jpBnud jPtpukile;jJ. ghi~A+upy;

ghz; Nghuizfspy; (ntJg;gfk;) Ntiynra;J nfhz;bUe;j rpy rpq;fstu;fs;

ghJfhg;gpw;fhf cs;@u;thrpfspd; cjtpAld; nfhOk;gpw;Fr; nrd;wdu;.15 1983-84

fhyg;gFjpapy; tpLjiyg;GypfSf;Fk; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;Fk; ,ilapy; njhlu;r;rpahd

MAjNkhjy;fs; ,lk;ngw;W te;jd. mjd;gpd;du; tpLjiyg; Gypfs; ngUk;ghYk;

nghyp]hu; (fhty;Jiwapdu;) kPJ rpWrpW jhf;Fjy;fis Nkw;nfhz;L te;jdu;. ghJfhg;G

epiyik rPu;nfl;Lr; nrd;wikahy;> mLj;J te;j rpy tUlq;fspy;> Nkhjy;fs; njhlu;e;J

nfhz;bUe;jd. ,Wjpahf> td;KiwahdJ kpfj; jPtpukhdjhfTk; mbf;fb epfOk;

xd;whfTk; khwpaJ. mg;NghJ ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; Fbkf;fs; Jg;ghf;fpr;#L> ,uhZtr;

Rw;wptisg;G> gjpybj; jhf;Fjy; vd;gdtw;wpw;F ,ilapy; mbf;fb rpf;fpapUe;jdu;.

,f;fpuhk kf;fspd; cs;thupahd ,lg;ngau;T Kjd;Kjyhf 1987y;> mjhtJ ,e;jpa

mikjp fhf;Fk; gilapd; tUifapd; gpd;du; epfo;e;jJ. ,e;j mikjpg; gilapd; tUif

,e;jpa-,yq;if cld;gbf;ifapd; tpisthf epfoe;jjhFk;. mikjpg;gilf;Fk;

tpLjiyg; GypfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; MAjNkhjy;fs; jPtpukile;jNghJ> tpLjiyg;

GypfSld; njhlu;G itj;jpUe;jtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Rl;Lf; nfhy;yg;gl;likahy;>

ghi~A+u;f; FbapUg;ghsu;fs; G+efupf;F ,lk;ngau;e;J nrd;wdu;. ,tu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb>

MAjNkhjy;fs; epfo;e;j fhyfl;lj;jpy;> cs;@u;thrpfs; kPJ mz;zsthf 20

jhf;Fjy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.16 1989Æ1990 fhyg;gFjpapy; ,e;jpa mikjp fhf;Fk;

gil ehl;il tpl;L ntspNawpa gpd;du;> FWq;fhy Nkhjy; Xa;Tepiy fhzg;gl;lNghJk;>

murhq;fg; gilfSf;Fk; tpLjiyg; GypfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; kPz;Lk; MAjNkhjy;

Muk;gpj;jJld;> kf;fs; kPz;LnkhU jlit ,lk;ngau Ntz;bNaw;gl;lJ. Neubahfg;

ghjpf;fg;gl;l jdpegu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> 1990k; Mz;by;> ve;jtpj Nrkeyd;

nfhLg;gdTfisNah my;yJ cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fSf;fhd Kfhk;fisNah

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;ftpy;iy. mNdfkhf

jq;fisj;jhNk ftdpj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,ijj;jtpu> ez;gu;fSk;

cwtpdu;fSk; cs;slq;fyhd xU r%f tiyaikg;igr; rhu;e;jpUf;f Ntz;ba

mtrpaKk; ,Ue;jJ.17> 18

15 fpuhkj; jiytu;fspd; FOthy; Qhgfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tplaq;fs;. 16 Ibid. 17 xUq;fpizg;Gr; nraw;ghLfSld;$ba kdpjhgpkhd cjtpfSk; gpur;rpidfSk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf

tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Van Hear, Nicholas and Darini Rajasingham-Senanayake, (2006), ‘From Complex Displacement to Fragile Peace in Sri Lanka’ in Catching Fire: Containing Forced Migration in a Volatile World, edited by N Van Hear and C McDowell, 45–71. Lanham: Lexington Books. 18 ,lg;ngau;T fhuzkhf ghjpg;gpw;Fs;shFk; epiyAk; ,lu;fSk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f:

Jayatilaka, Danesh and Robert Muggah. (2004). ‘Where There Is No Information: IDP Vulnerability Assessments in Sri Lanka's Borderlands’, Forced Migration Review, 20: 39–41.

8

tiug;glk; 2: ghi~A+u; kf;fspd; ,lg;ngau;T efh;Tfs;19

tpLjiyg; GypfsplkpUe;J aho;g;ghzf; Flhehl;il kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf

murhq;fj;jhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,uhZtj; jhf;Fjypd;NghJ> 1995y; ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s

Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Njthyak; vwpfizj; jhf;FjYf;F cs;shdJ. mNjtUlk;

murhq;fg; gilfs; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; fiuNahug; gFjp KOtJk; cau; ghJfhg;G tiyak;

xd;iw mikj;jdu; (Gifg;glk; 1Ig; ghu;f;fTk;). ,jdhy;> mt;tplq;fspYs;s tPLfspy;

trpj;j gy FLk;gq;fs; ,lk;ngau Ntz;bapUe;jJ.20 fly;ePu; Vupapd; kWGwj;jpypUe;J

tpLjiyg;Gypfs; CLUTtijj; jLg;gjw;fhfNt ,e;j cau; ghJfhg;G tyak;

mikf;fg;gl;lJ vd;gNj ,uhZtj;jpd; epahag;gLj;jyhFk;. ,e;j fly;ePu; Vupapd; kWGwk;

tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;jJ vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. murhq;fg; gilfs;

aho;g;ghzj;ij kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;wpa fhykhd 1995y; kpfg; ghupastpyhd ,lg;ngau;T

(kf;fspd; KOikahd ntspNaw;wk;) epfo;e;j Ntisapy;> ghi~A+u;f; FbapUg;ghsu;fs;

19 ~fpdh mypfhd; kw;Wk; vk;. vk;. mypfhd; MfpNahuhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ,lg;ngau;T tiuglk;. 20 mUfpYs;s fpuhkq;fs; cl;gl> fiuNahug; gFjp KOtJk; cau; ghJfhg;G tyak; njhlu;ghd fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.

9

midtUk; njd;kuhl;rpf;Fk; td;dpf;Fk; ,lk;ngau;e;J nry;YkhW tpLjiyg;Gypfshy;

Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gl;ldu;. mg;NghJ mNdfu; jkJ cilikfisf; iftpl;Ltpl;L> gzk;>

eif> kw;Wk; ifapy; nfhz;L nry;yj;jf;fg; nghUl;fs; vd;gdtw;iw khj;jpuk; vLj;Jr;

nrd;wdu;. njd;kuhl;rpf;F ,lk;ngaUkhW fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;ltu;fs;> kpf tpiuthf jkJ

nrhe;j ,lj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gpdu;. Mdhy; td;dpf;F ,lk;ngau;e;J nrd;Nwhu;> mq;Nf 6

khjq;fs; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. mjd; gpd;du; jkJ nrhe;j ,lj;jpy;

kPsf;FbakUkhW mtu;fs; ,uhZtj;jhy; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gl;ldu;. 1996w;Fs; midtUNk

,f;fpuhkj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gpte;Jtpl;ldu;.

Gifg;glk; 1 kw;Wk; 2: Kd;ida cau; ghJfhg;G tyaKk; rpijtile;j tPfSk;21

ghi~A+u; FbapUg;ghsu;fspd; $w;Wgb> 1995y; ,lk;ngau;e;J kPz;Lk; jpUk;gpte;j gpd;du;

mtu;fs; ve;jtpjkhd mur cjtpiaAk; ngwtpy;iy. 2000Mk; Mz;by; mtu;fs;

tl;Lf;Nfhl;ilf;F ,lk;ngau;e;J nrd;wNjhL> jkJ Kf;fpakhd tUkhd %yq;fis

,oe;jikiaAk; gw;wpf; $wpdu;. mNdfkhd FbapUg;ghsu;fs; kPdtu;fshf ,Ug;gjhy;>

mtu;fspd; tho;thjhuj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhfTs;s njhopw;#oiy tpl;L

ntspNawpaik mtu;fis kpff; fLikahfg; ghjpj;jJ. mtu;fs; <r;rNkhl;ilapYk;

td;dpapYk; 12 khjq;fs; tiu thlif tPLfspy; jq;fpapUe;jNghJk; mt;thNw

epfo;e;jJ. mg;NghJ tpLjiyg; GypfSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUe;jjd; fhuzkhf>

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpyhd kf;fs; ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;F jpUk;gptutpy;iy.22 fhyk; fle;J

nry;yr; nry;y NkYk; mjpfsthd kf;fs; jpUk;gptu Muk;gpj;jdu;. 1995,y; ,Ue;j

eilKiwiag; Nghd;W> Gjpa murhq;fKk; kPd;gpbf;F mDkjpr;rPl;L Kiwia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJ. ,jd; gpufhuk;> cs;@u;thrpfs; fiuapypUe;J 500 kPw;wu; J}uj;jpw;F

21 2015y; vLf;fg;gl;l Gifg;glk;. 22 fy;tp> tpisahl;Lj; Jiwfspy; njhlu;Ggl;Ls;stu;fSld; Nkw;nfhs;g;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

10

mg;ghy; kPd;gpbg;gjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. MapDk; ,tu;fs; xU fpNyh kPw;wu;

J}uj;jpw;F mg;ghy; nry;tjw;F mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy. ,t;nty;iyiaj; jhz;br;

nry;gtu;fis murhq;fk; rpiwapy; milf;fNth my;yJ Rl;Lf; nfhy;yNth KbAk;.

ehd;fhtJ <og;Nghu;> ngUksTf;F td;dpg; gpuNjrj;jpy; epfo;e;J nfhz;bUe;jNghJ>

2004k; Mz;bypUe;J ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; miktplj;jpy; rpwpastpyhd jhf;Fjy;fSk;

kiwKfkhd MAjNkhjy;fSk; njhlu;e;Jk; ,lk;ngw;W te;jd.23 kPsj;jpUk;gp te;J>

cau; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpYy; ,Ue;j jkJ fhzpfspy; FbNaw KbahjpUe;jtu;fisj;

jtpu> ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; Gjpjhf ,lk;ngau;e;jtu;fshf vtUk; ,y;iy. mNjNtis>

2007w;Fg; gpd;du; kPd;gpbf;F Gjpa fl;Lg;ghLfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. MdhYk; 2009y;

cs;ehl;LAj;jk; Kbtpw;F te;j gpd;du; ,f;fl;Lg;ghLfs; gbg;gbahf jsu;j;jg;gl;ld.

2.3 kPs;f;FbNaw;wKk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rpAk;

kf;fs; jkJ nrhe;jf; fhzpfSf;Fk; tPLfSf;Fk; jpUk;gp te;jNghJ> jkJ

tho;f;ifia Gduikg;gjw;fhf gy topKiwfspy; rhu;e;jpUe;jdu;.24 cs;ehl;LAj;jj;jpd;

gy;NtW fl;lq;fspy; eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j kPd;gpbf;fhd mDkjpr;rPl;L Kiw kf;fspd;

elkhl;lj;ijf; Fiwj;jJld; mtu;fsJ tUkhdj;ijAk; ghjpj;jJ. ,J ghi~A+u;f;

fpuhkthrpfs; rhu;e;jpUe;j epjp> ngsjpf> ,aw;if> r%f tsq;fspd; kPJ ghupa jhf;f

tpisTfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. mj;jpahtrpar; Nritfs; Mizahsu; ehafk;> khtl;lr;

nrayfk;> gpuNjrr; nrayfk; vd;gdtw;wpd; xj;Jiog;Gld; cyf czTj; jpl;lKk;

If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd cau; MizahsUk; kf;fSf;F cyu; czT

tbtpyhd mtru cjtpiaAk; Gfypl MjuitAk; ,ilf;fpilNa toq;fp te;jd. ,e;j

epthuzg; nghUl;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Efu;Tf;Fk; Vida ehshe;jj; NjitfSf;Fk;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. ,f;FLk;gq;fSf;F Kiwrhu;e;j tifapy; mur cjtpNah my;yJ

ru;tNjr epWtdq;fspd; cjtpNah toq;fg;gltpy;iy. kPs;FbNaw;wk; epfo;e;j fhyj;jpy;

mtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jkJ nrhe;j Kaw;rpapYk; Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpd; MjutpYNk

rhu;e;jpUe;jdu;. kPs;FbNaw;wr; nray;KiwahdJ tPlikg;G> tho;thjhuk;> czT>

Foe;ijfspd; fy;tp> Rfhjhu kw;Wk; Vida Njitfs; vd;gdtw;iw

cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ.25

23 <og;Nghu; I (1983-87), <og;Nghu; II (1990-94), <og;Nghu; III (1995-2002), <og;Nghu; IV (2006-2009), 2002,y; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l> ru;tNjr MjuTld;$ba Aj;j epWj;j cld;gbf;if xd;W eilKiwapy; ,Ue;jJ vd;gijAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;f. 24 aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk; ,yq;iff;fhd ,lg;ngau;T> kPs;FbNaw;wk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf juTfSf;F> ghu;f;f: http://resettlementmin.gov.lk/site/index.php/en/idps/idps-jaffna.html and http://resettlementmin.gov.lk/site/index.php/en/idps/idps-statistics.html 25 kPs;FbNaw;w MjuT ve;jsTf;Fg; gw;whf;FiwahdJ kw;Wk; FiwghLfSld; tbtikf;fg;gl;l jpl;lkply;

vt;thW tWikf;F toptFf;Fk; vd;gd gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Hammond, L. (2008).

11

jw;NghJ ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; ru;tNjr my;yJ cs;@u; murrhu;gw;w epWtdr;

nraw;ghLfs; ,y;iy. MapDk;> Kd;du; 'mT];Nuypa epjpAjtp" (AusAid) vd

miof;fg;gl;l> mT];Nuypa murhq;fj;jpd; ntspehl;L tptfhu kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj;

jpizf;fsj;jpd; (DFAT) epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lk;> Gyg;ngau;tpw;fhd ru;tNjr mikg;G (IOM) Mfpad kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;ijg; Gduikg;gjw;fhd epjpAjtpiaAk; mKyhf;f

Kaw;rpfisAk; toq;fpd. ,e;j kPd;gpbj;JiwKfk; cs;@u; kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; xU

tsu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ.26 ,r;nraw;jpl;lkhdJ ,q;Fs;s r%fj;Jld;

fye;jhNyhridfis Nkw;nfhz;l gpd;du; mKyhf;fg;gl;lNjhL> ,jw;fhd

xUq;fpizg;Gg; gzpfs; aho;g;ghz khtl;l kw;Wk; gpuNjrr; nrayfq;fSld; ,ize;J

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. mNjNtis ,jw;fhd njhopy;El;g MjuT kPd;gpb kw;Wk; ePupay;

tsq;fs; mikr;R> fiuNahug; ghJfhg;Gj; jpizf;fsk;> ,yq;if kPd;gpbj; JiwKff;

$l;Lj;jhgdk; vd;gdtw;wplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.27 jkJ nrhe;j epjp kw;Wk;

Copa tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> re;ijf; fl;llj;ijAk; kPd; Vytpw;gid kz;lgj;ijAk;

jpUj;jpaikj;jjd; %yk;> cs;@u; kPdtu; r%fk; ,r;nraj;jpl;lj;Jld; njhlu;Gila

nraw;ghLfis epiwTnra;jJ.28

Gifg;glk; 3 kw;Wk; 4: nfhilahspfspd; tpsk;gug;gyif kw;Wk; murhq;fj;jhYk;

nfhilahspfshYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ngau;g;nghwp fy;

‘Strategies of Invisibilization: How Ethiopia's resettlement programme hides the poorest of the poor’. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21 (4), 517-536. 26 If;fpa ehLfspd; nraj;jpl;lr; NritfSf;fhd mYtyfk; (UNOPS)> n`ydpf; va;l; (Hellenic Aid) MfpadTk; ,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; mKyhf;fj;jpy; ,ize;Jnfhz;ld.. 27 Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: http://srilanka.iom.int/iom/sites/default/files/pictures/slides/Passaiyoor-Fact-Sheet-May-2013.pdf 28 mdu;j;jq;fSf;Fg; gpd;du;> ePbj;jpUf;ff;$ba jPu;TfSf;F Mjutspg;gjw;fhd gy;Jiw cjtpfSf;fhd

cjhuzj;jpw;F> ghu;f;f: Sherwood, A., Bradley, M., Rossi, L., Gitau, R., and Mellicker, B. (2014). ‘Supporting Durable Solutions to Urban, Post-Disaster Displacement: Challenges and Opportunities in Haiti’, Brookings Institution, Washington DC.

12

,e;j cl;fl;Lkhd cjtpahdJ kPs;FbNaw;wj;Jld; Neubahf

njhlu;Gglhtpl;lhYk;> r%fj;jpd; nghUshjhu ts mbj;jsj;ij gyg;gLj;jpajd; %yk;>

mJ kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;F Mjutspj;Js;sJ. NkYk; mJ xd;wd;gpd; xd;whf Vida

Jiwfs; kPJ gy;tifj; jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;jp> kf;fspd; tho;thjhu tha;g;Gfis

Nkk;gLj;jpAs;sJ.29>30 kPd;gpb Nghd;w ghuk;gupa njhopy;fs; gyg;gLj;jg;gl;L

tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJld;> mjd; tpisthf tUkhdKk; Nrkpg;Gk; ngUfpd. ,tw;iwf;

nfhz;L tPLfisj; jpUj;Jjy;> tpupTgLj;Jjy;> tPl;bd; cl;gFjpiag; GJg;gpj;jy;>

mj;jpahtrpar; nrhj;Jfis thq;Fjy;> gps;isfis ghlrhiyf;F mDg;Gjy;>

fld;fisj; jPu;j;jy;> KjyPL nra;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis epiwT nra;af;$bajhf

,Ue;jJ. Kd;dNu Fwpg;gplg;gl;lthW> cs;ehl;LAj;j fhyj;jpYk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd

fhyj;jpYk;> Gyk;ngau; r%fkhdJ ,f;fpuhk kf;fSf;fhd kpf Kf;fpakhd xU tskhf

,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. Aj;j td;Kiwf; fhyq;fspy;> rl;luPjpahd kw;Wk; rl;lj;jpw;Fg;

Gwk;ghd Gyg;ngau;Tfs; epfo;e;Js;sjhfj; njupatUfpd;wJ. ,jd; tpisthf>

mtruepiyf; fhyj;jpy; \cz;bay;|> nt];Nud; A+dpad; %ykhd gzg;gupkhw;wy;> Neub

tq;fpg; gzg;gupkhw;wy; Nghd;w gy;NtW Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp> \ts ,ilntspfis|

epug;Gtjd; %yk;> Gyk;ngau; r%fj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,e;j jdpegu;fs; jkJ fpuhk kf;fSf;F

MjuT toq;fp te;Js;sdu;. ,ijj;jtpu Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rpf;Fk; mjw;Fg;

gpd;duhd mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; $l mtu;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Js;sdu;.31 gpuhd;]pYk;

N[u;kdpaYk; cs;s ghi~A+iur; Nru;e;Njhupd; rq;fq;fs; ghi~A+upy; kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;ir

epiyak; xd;iw mikg;gjw;Fk;> fy;tpapy; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapYs;s khztu;fSf;F

Nkyjpf tFg;Gfis xOq;Fnra;tjw;Fk; epjpaspg;Gr; nra;Js;sd. ,j;jifa

cjtptoq;fyhdJ jdpegu; kw;Wk; FLk;g kl;lq;fSf;F mg;ghy; epfo;e;Js;sik

ep&gzkhfpd;wJ. gpupb]; fTd;rpy; (British Council) N[u;kd; J}jufk; vd;gdtw;Wld;

29 Gyg;ngau;tpw;fhd ru;tNjr mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;. 30 MAjKuz;ghl;bw;Fg; gpd;duhd Gzu;epu;khzk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Kelegama, Saman. (2010). ‘Reconstruction and Rehabilitation of the North and East of Sri Lanka: Programmes and Constraints’, Economic Review, People’s Bank, Sri Lanka, February/March: 24–31, see link: http://dl.nsf.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/1/14248/ER-35(11-12)_24.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y 31 cz;bay; Kiwapy;> Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu; xUtu; jdf;F mwpKfkhd xU KftUf;F gzj;ij toq;Fthu;. mtu; jdJ thbf;ifahsuhy; ngau;Fwpf;fg;gLk; egUf;F mg;gzj; njhifia toq;FkhW> ,yq;ifapYs;s mtuJ Jiz KftUf;F mwpTWj;Jthu;. MAjKuz;ghl;Lf; fhyj;jpy;> aho;g;ghzj;jpy; cs;s kf;fs; tpLjiyg; Gypfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Ue;j td;dpg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Clhfg; gpuahzk; nra;J> nfhOk;gpw;F te;J> gjw;wkhd #o;epiyapy; rpwpatpLjpfspy; jq;fpapUe;J> ,t;thW mDg;gg;gLk; gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;L jpUk;gpr;nry;y Ntz;bapUe;jJ. nt];Nud; êdpad; Kiwapy;> Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu; mt;tq;fpapy; gzj;ij itg;gpypl;l gpd;du;> nrhe;j milahs vz; (PIN) xd;iwg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;. ,e;j vz;iz ,yq;ifapy; jhd; ngau;Fwpf;Fk; egUf;F mwptpg;ghu;. mtu; ,e;j vz;izg; gad;gLj;jp> cs;ehl;bYs;s mjpfhuéu;tkhd mDkjpngw;w epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J (tq;fp> Kftu; jghy;epiyak; Nghd;wd) gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.

13

,ize;J ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; KiwNa E}yfk; xd;iwAk; tpisahl;luq;F xd;iwAk;

epu;khzpg;gjw;Fk; ,r;rq;fs; Kaw;rpnra;J tUfpd;wd.32

gbg;gbahf jkJ nrhe;j ,lq;fSf;Fj; jpUk;gpte;j kf;fs; jkJ Kd;ida

tho;f;if eilKiw xOq;Ffisg; GJg;gpj;jNjhL> rpyu; Kd;du; ,Ue;jijtplr;

nry;te;jtu;fshfTk; Mfpdu;. mNjNtis ,g;gpuNjrj;jpYs;s Vuhskhd ,lk;ngau;e;j

kw;Wk; ,lk;ngauhj kf;fshy; mDgtpf;fg;gLfpd;w> jdpegu; kw;Wk; FLk;g

,ayhw;wy;fisr; #o;e;Js;s rpf;fy;fs;> kPs;FbNaw;wr; nray;Kiw kw;Wk; gue;j

khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jf;$ba epfo;Tfs; njhlu;ghd rthy;fs; vd;gd fhuzkhf> jkJ

gioa tho;f;ifj;juj;ij miltjw;fhf rpyu; mUk;ghLgl Ntz;bAs;sJ.33 fpuhkj;jpd;

nkhj;j rdj;njhifahd 1149 Ngupy;> 412 egu;fs; njhopy;GupNthuhf cs;sdu;

vd;gijAk;> mjpy; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; jdpahu;JiwapYk; Ranjhopy; Kaw;rpapYk;

<Lgl;Ls;sdu; vd;gijAk; Gs;sptpguq;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,q;Fs;s 364 FLk;gq;fspy;

207 FLk;gq;fs; rKu;j;jp mD$yq;fisg; ngWgtu;fshfTk;> 68 FLk;gq;fs; murhq;fk;

toq;Ffpd;w cjtpj;njiffis khjhe;jk;; (PAMA) ngWgtu;fshfTk; cs;sdu;.34

,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s 364 tPLfspy;> 284 tPLfs; epue;jukhdit> 41 tPLfs; thliff;Fg;

ngwg;gl;lit> 39 tPLfs; Vida tifiar; Nru;e;jdthfTk; cs;sd. cj;jpNahfG+u;tj;

jfty;fspd;gb> ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; jw;NghJ ,lk;ngau;e;j FLk;gq;fNsh my;yJ

kPsf;Fbaku;tpw;fhd NjitAila kf;fNsh ,y;iy. (,itfspy; mz;zsthf 80

fl;llq;fs; ,d;Dk; jw;fhypf Gfyplq;fshf cs;sd vd;gij khtl;lr; nrayfj;

jfty;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,t;tPLfspd; epiyikfs; rpwe;j juj;jpy; ,y;iy vd;gij

,J kiwKfkhfr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ.) tPjpfs;> kpd;rhuk;> ePu;> foptfw;wy; trjpfs;>

cs;@u; ghlrhiyfs;> nghJg;Nghf;Ftuj;J> cs;@u; epUthfk; Nghd;w cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfs; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f epiyf;F kPz;Lk; te;Js;sd. ,J> MAjKuz;ghL epytpa

fhyj;jpy;> mjpfsthd murNritfSk; nraw;jpl;lq;fSk; ];jk;gpj epiyapy; ,Ue;Js;s

#o;epiyAld; xg;gpLifapy;> ,f;fpuhkk; jw;NghJ mjpfsTf;F khw;wj;jpw;F

Cs;shfpAs;sJ vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,f;fpuhkk; r%f tiyaikg;GfSlDk;

murpay; epWtdq;fSlDk; kPsj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ls;sikahy;>

32 Gyk;ngau; r%fk; kw;Wk; kPdtu; rq;f cWg;gpdu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;. 33 kPs;FbNaw;wk;> nfhs;iffSk; eilKiwAk; vd;gdtw;Wld; njhlu;Gila gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf

tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Muggah, R. (2008). Relocation Failures: A Short History of Displacement and Resettlement in Sri Lanka. Zed Books, London 34 r%u;j;jp juTfs; 2014. ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s FLk;gq;fs; kw;Wk; jdpegu;fspd; vz;zpf;if njhlu;gpy;> ,j;juTfSf;Fk; aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayfj; juTfSf;Fk; rw;W NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

14

mtrufhy epiyapypUe;J xU kPl;rpf; fhyj;ijAk;> ,Wjpahd ePz;lfhy

mgptpUj;jpiaAk; Nehf;fp ,r;r%fj;jhy; efuf;$bajhfTs;sJ.35>36

,k;khw;wq;fSf;F kj;jpapYk;> ghlrhiyfspy; cau;juf; fy;tpia epiwT nra;j

mNdfkhd ,isQu;fshy; Kiwrhu; Jiwfspy; njhopy;tha;g;Gfisg; ngwKbahj

epiyikapy;> mtu;fs; kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; ,ize;J nfhs;tjdhy;> Ntiytha;g;gpd;ik

ghupaNjhu; gpur;rpidahf cs;snjd cs;@u;thrpfs; fUJfpd;wdu;. kPdtu;fspd;

$w;Wg;gb> ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Fiwtile;J nry;Yk; kPd; tskhdJ ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; kpf

Kf;fpakhd nghUsjhu %ykhfTs;s kPd;gpbj; Jiwapd; epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f jd;ikf;F

mr;RWj;jyhf mike;Js;sJ. ,e;j cs;ehl;LAj;jk;> FbapUg;ghsu;fshy; ,yFthf

kwf;f KbahJs;s gy tLf;fisAk; Jd;gpay; epidTfisAk; tpl;Lr;nrd;Ws;sJ.

cz;ikahd ey;ypzf;fk; epfo;fpd;wNghNj jkJ kPl;rp KOikahdjhf ,Uf;Fnkd

mtu;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. KOikahd xU Rje;jpur; #oypy;> ngUe;JaupypUe;J tpLgl;L

Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;tjw;F midtiuAk; mDkjpg;gjd; nghUl;L> ey;ypzf;fk;

mtrpakhfTs;s ,r;#oypy;> gy;NtW Mf;fpukpg;Gr; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhz;Nlhu;>

mtw;iw kf;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; epidtpy; itj;jpUg;gjw;fhd fhy mtfhrj;ij

toq;fpAs;sNjhL> jhk; Nkw;nfhz;l mt;thf;fpukpg;Gr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf kd;dpg;Gk;

NfhUfpd;wdu; vdTk; mtu;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.

3. Ma;TKiw

3.1 Ma;Tf;fhd ,lj;njupT

,e;j Ma;thdJ> gpuNjrr; nrayhsu;> cjtpj; jpl;lkply; gzpg;ghsu;> kw;Wk;

aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpd; ,U gpuNjrr;nrayfg; gpupTfspy; cs;s rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk

cj;jpNahf];ju;fs; MfpNahupd; cjtpAld;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;j egu;fs; kw;Wk;

,lk;ngauhj egu;fs; gw;wp 2013y; elhj;jg;gl;l ghupastpyhd xU %d;whz;L Ma;Tr;

nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; xU gFjpahFk;.37 aho;g;ghz khefurig epUthf vy;iyapDs;

mike;Js;s ,t;tplq;fspd; miktplk;> mtw;wpd; rdmlu;j;jp> aho;g;ghz efUf;F 35 cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngau;e;Njhu; kPl;rpngWjy; njhlu;gpy;> mtu;fSf;fhd cjtpapd; tfpghfKk; ghJfhg;Gk;

kw;Wk; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;tjw;fhd gupe;Jiufs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Ferris, Elizabeth. (2014). ‘Ten Years After Humanitarian Reform: How Have IDPs Fared?’, Brookings Institution, Washington DC. 36 ,Wjp ,yf;F gw;wpa gy;NtW tpsf;fq;fis Nkk;gLj;jp tUfpd;w cau;fy;tpj;Jiw rhu;e;Njhu; kw;Wk; epWtdq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu ‘kPl;rpiag;’ Gupe;Jnfhs;tJ$l kpfTk; njsptw;wjhf ,Ue;JtUfpd;wJ. Nkyjpf tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Maier, R. (2010). ‘Early recovery in post-conflict countries: a conceptual study’, Clingendael Conflict Research Unit, see link: http://www.clingendael.nl/sites/default/files/20100201_cru_paper_rmaier.pdf 37 ghu;f;f: ‘Involuntary Resettlement: A Cross-Country Study on Urban Inequality and Poverty’ at http://www.idrc.ca/EN/Documents/SAIC-107361-EN.pdf and http://www.ices.lk/a-cross-country-study-on-urban-inequality-and-poverty/

15

mUfpy; cs;sik vd;gd fhuzkhf> ,t;tha;tpw;F cupa ,lq;fshf aho;g;ghz kw;Wk;

ey;Y}u;g; gpuNjrr; nrayfg; gpupTfs; milahsk; fhzg;gl;ld. 25 fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju;

gpupTfspy; my;yJ fpuhkq;fspy;> 1000 FLk;gkl;l Neu;fhzy;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.

mg;NghJ tPLfspd; juepiy> ,og;Gf;fs;> mtu;fs; mDgtpj;j td;Kiwfs;> nrhj;Jf;fs;>

tUkhdKk; nryTk;> Fbrhu; elj;ijfs;> r%f tiyaikg;Gf;fs;> mtu;fs; ngw;w

cjtpfs;> mtu;fspd; kfpo;r;rpepiy vd;gd gw;wpa juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;gpl;l

Xu; ,lj;jpNyNa ,e;j r%ftpgu Ma;it elhj;j Ntz;bapUe;jikahy;> jfty;fs;

NghJkhdstpy; cs;s xU my;yJ ,U fpuhkq;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

mNjNtis mJ Mu;tj;jpw;Fupa Fbj;njhifiaf; nfhz;ljhfTk; mike;jpUf;f

Ntz;bapUe;jJ. nghJthd Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhdJ njhopy;> tWik kl;lk;> rkak;>

rhjpak;> fiuNahuj;jpw;F mz;ikapy; fhzg;gl;lik> ,lg;ngau;tpd; msT> Aj;jk;

fhuzkhf cl;fl;Lkhd trjpfSf;F Vw;gl;l Nrjk; (,it midj;JNk xU r%f tpgu

Ma;tpw;F gytpjkhd tpgupg;Gf;fis toq;ff;$bad) vd;gdtw;wpy; NtWghLfisf;

nfhz;bUe;jikahy;> kpfg; nghUj;jkhd fpuhkk; xd;iwj; njupTnra;jy; rthy; epiwe;j

xU gzpahf ,Ue;jJ.

tiuglk; 3: aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayfg; gpuptpYs;s fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupTfs;

fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju;> rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; MfpNahUldhd

fye;Jiuahly;fspd; gpd;du;> ghi~A+u; fpof;fhdJ (J/64) Ma;Tg; gpuNjrkhfj; njupT

nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,f;fpuhkk; MAjKuz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpiaAk; Aj;jj;jpw;Fg; gpd;duhd kPl;rp

16

gw;wpa mjpfsthd tpguq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s r%fj;

jiytu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fspd;NghJ> ghi~A+u; kPdtu; rq;fj;jpd; Clhf

fpuhkpag; gpujpepjpfspd; KOikahd xj;Jiog;ig Ma;thsu;fshy; ngw;Wf;

nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. mg;NghJ mtu;fs; jfty;fis toq;Ftjw;Fk; Ma;tpw;Fj;

Njitahd nraw;jpwd;kpf;f nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; toq;fy; Vw;ghLfis

Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk; cjtpGuptjhf xj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;.38 ,J kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;ijAk;

re;ijiaAk; cilikahff; nfhz;l xU kPd;gpbf; fpuhkkhFk;. cs;@u;thrpfspy;

ngUk;ghyhNdhu; fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fshfTk;> kPd;gpbj; njhopypy;

<LgLgtu;fshfTk;> ,j;njhopYld; njhlu;Ggl;l rhjpiar; Nru;e;jtu;fshfTk; cs;sdu;.

jw;NghJ mfw;wg;gl;Ls;s cau; ghJfhg;G tyaj;jpd; gpurd;dj;jpd; kj;jpapYk;>

Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mstpyhd kPs;FbNaw;wk; epfo;e;Js;sJ. kPs;FbNaw;wr; nray;Kiwiag;

Nghd;W> mtu;fs; vjpu;nfhz;l td;Kiw mDgtq;fSk; cl;fl;likg;G trjpfSf;F

Vw;gl;l Nrjq;fSk; ngUk;ghYk; xNutpjkhdjhf ,Ue;Js;sd. xU r%fj;jpw;Fs; epjp

kw;Wk; Vida cjtpfis cl;nrYj;Jtjd; jhf;ftpisTfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjpy;

ftdQ;nrYj;j Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd tplaq;fshf> ,f;fpuhkk; INuhg;ghtpYs;s

Gyk;ngau; r%fj;Jld; nfhz;Ls;s capu;j;Jbg;Gk; Cf;fKk; epiwe;j njhlu;GfSk;>

ru;tNjr epjpaspg;Gld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;s Gdu;epu;khzr; nraw;jpl;lq;fSk; cs;sd.

ghi~A+upy; Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jp kpf mjpfkhdjhf ,y;yhjNghJk;> mJ

aho;g;ghzj;jpYs;s Fbj;njhif mlu;j;jpkpf;f> efukakhf;fg;gl;l rpy fpuhkq;fSf;F

mUfpy; cs;sikahy;> Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l ,t;tplk; efuj;jpw;F kpf mUfpy; mike;Js;s

Kf;fpakhd xU Gwefu;g; gFjpahf cs;sJ (tiuglk; 4 kw;Wk; 5Ig; ghu;f;fTk;).

gy;NtW fhuzpfspd; $l;Lr;Nru;f;if ,e;j r%ftpgu Ma;tpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJk;

Mu;tj;jpw;Fk; cupa Xu; ,lkhf ,f;fpuhkj;ij Mf;fpAs;sJ.

38 Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj ntspg;gilahd kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;wy; mZFKiw filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L te;jJ. ,jd;gb> Ma;thsu;fs; fpuhkj;jpd; FO cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; Vida gpujpepjpfSld; Ma;Tf; Fwpf;Nfhs;> mjd; tha;g;ngy;iyAk; tiuaiwfSk;> kw;Wk; Ma;Tf;F ghi~êu; njupTnra;ag;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; vd;git cl;gl> Ma;T gw;wpa KO tpguq;fisAk; gfpu;e;Jnfhz;ldu;.

17

Gifg;glk; 5 kw;Wk; 6: njupTnra;ag;gl;Ls;s Ma;Tg;gpuNjrk; kw;Wk; Muha;r;rpahsu;fs;>

cs;@u; Vw;ghl;lhsu;fspd; fye;Jiuahly;

tiug;glk; 4 kw;Wk; 5: aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayfg; gpuptpYs;s fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju;

gpupTfspy; fhzg;gLk; rdj;njhif mlu;jpAk; guk;gYk;

%yk;: aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayfk;

tsq;fs;> Njitfs;> kw;Wk; r%fj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;w Vida gpur;rpidfs;

Kjypadtw;iw cs;slf;Ftjd; nghUl;L> r%f tpguq;fs; kpfTk; gue;jstpy; ,Uf;f

Ntz;Lnkdf; fUjg;gl;lJ. kf;fs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;Gfspy;>

mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; cs;s ntt;NtWgl;l rpwg;gpay;Gfis fpwp];uhnfhngsNyh

kw;Wk; VidNahuhy; [Christakopoulou et al (2001)] tFf;fg;gl;l topfhl;ly;

18

tpjpKiwikfs; Muha;fpd;wd. NkYk; mit ,lk; njhlu;gpy; Muha;tjw;F mtrpakhd

Kf;fpakhd 6 mk;rq;fisg; gupe;Jiuf;fpd;wd. mjhtJ> 1) efuj;jpd; xU gFjp> 2)

tho;tjw;fhd Xuplk;> 3) xU r%ff;FO> 4) xU nghUshjhu r%fk;> 5) Xu;

murpaw;r%fk;> 6) jdpegu; Rje;jpuk; vDk; mbg;gilapy; Xu; ,lj;ij Muha;jy;.39 czT

kw;Wk; tptrha epWtdk; (FAO) mj;jifa Ma;TfSf;fhf xU fyg;G Kiwia

MNyhridahf Kd;itg;gJld;> Ma;T KbTfs; xNutpjkhditahf cs;sdth

vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;g;gjw;fhf> Vuhskhd El;gq;fisAk; toq;Ffpd;wJ.40

ntt;NtWgl;l Kiwfs; mjw;Fupa mD$yq;fisAk; gpujp$yq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;s

mNjNtis> gy;NtW KiwfisAk; $l;lhfg; gad;gLj;JtJ gaDilajhf ,Uf;Fk;

vd;gij mwpQu;fs; Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpf; fhl;bAs;sdu;. ,e;j NtWgl;l Kiwfs;

msTrhu;e;j kw;Wk; gz;Grhu;e;j juTfs;> Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; ,uz;lhk; epiyj; juTfs;

Kjypatw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;sd. NghJkhdsT jfty;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fk;

r%fk; gw;wpa mjpfsT gy;Jiwg; gz;Gila fUj;Jepiyfisf; nfhz;bUg;gjw;Fk; ,J

fhuzkhf mikfpd;wJ.41

ghi~A+upy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,e;j Ma;thdJ ngUksTf;F Kjd;epiyj;

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KOikahd fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F ,e;j $l;LmZFKiw mD$ykhf

mike;Js;sJ. NkYk; fle;jfhy> epfo;fhy> kw;Wk; vjpu;fhy $Wfs; rpytw;iw

cs;slf;fpAs;s tuyhw;W> nghUshjhu> r%f> murpay;> Gtpapay;> cl;fl;likg;G> kw;Wk;

epUthff; fl;likg;Gf;fis ,t;tha;T ftdj;jpy; nfhz;likahy;> ,jw;F gue;j Xu;

Ma;TKiw mtrpakhf ,Ue;jJ. mt;tz;zNk> epUthfj;Jiwiar; Nru;e;Njhu; kw;Wk;

Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cs;@uhl;rp rig cWg;gpdu;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf> FLk;gq;fs;>

r%fj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs;> r%f kw;Wk; kjj; jiytu;fs;> r%f mbg;gilapyhd

mikg;Gf;fs;> epjpAjtp toq;FNthu;> tu;j;jf r%fk; MfpNahupd; xU njhif

khjpupfSld; njhlh;ghliy Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhf> Ma;thsu;fs; xU njhFjp Ma;Tf;

fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,it Kf;fpakhd FOf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;>

Kf;fpakhd jfty;fis toq;ff; $batu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;> FLk;g

Neu;fhzy;fs;> jutupirg;gLj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;> gUtfhy epfo;r;rpfisAk;

nraw;ghLfspd; fhy ml;ltizia ftdj;jpw;nfhs;sy;> mtjhdpg;GfSk; fpuhkj;jpy;

elkhLjYk; Nghd;w gy;NtWtif Ma;T Kiwfis cs;slf;fpapUe;jd. ,J jtpu> 39 ghu;f;f: Christakopoulou, S., Dawson, J., & Gari, A. (2001). ‘The community well-being questionnaire: Theoretical context and initial assessment of its reliability and validity’. Social Indicators Research, 56 (3), 319-349 40 ghu;f;f: ‘Doing the Community Profile’ at http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5084e/y5084e06.htm 41 ghu;f;f: Hawtin, M., & Percy-Smith, J. (2007). Community Profiling: A Practical Guide: Auditing social needs. McGraw-Hill Education (UK).

19

$f;fps; epyTUtg; glk; (Google Earth Imaging) Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik (GIS) tiuglq;fs;> Gifg;glq;fs; vd;gdTk; ,t;tha;tpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,t;tha;tpw;F fzprkhdsT tbtikg;Gk; jpl;lkplYk; Njitg;gl;lJld;> mit

2014k; Mz;L rpj;jpiu–Mdp fhyg;gFjpapy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. fsMa;Tfs; Mb 2014y;

Muk;gpj;jJld;> mit ngUk;ghYk; 2015k; Mz;L Mdp> Mb khjq;fSf;Fs; epiwT

nra;ag;gl;ld. 2015k; Mz;bd; Muk;gj;jpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l juT Nrfupg;Gld; ,ize;j

tifapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l mwpf;if jahu;g;gLj;jy;> 2015 Mtzpapy; epiwTw;wJ.

3.2 juTfs;

3.2.1 Kjd;epiyj; juTfs; Kjd;epiyj; juTfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf> Ma;thsu;fs; gy;NtW mZFKiw

khjpupfSld;$ba gz;Grhu;e;j gyEl;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. Fwpj;j Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf

cUthf;fg;gl;l ,e;El;gq;fs;> r%fj;jpd; gy;NtW mk;rq;fisg; gupNrhjpg;gijAk;

Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz 2 ,t;tha;tpd; nghUl;L

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l nraw;ghLfspd; guk;giyAk;> Ma;Tf; fUtpfisAk; gl;baypl;Lf;

fhl;Lfpd;wJ.

ml;ltiz 2: Fwpg;gpl;l #o;epiyapy; Kjd;epiyj; juTfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf

gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Ma;Tf;fUtpfs;

cs;slf;fg;gl;l

mk;rq;fs; jfty; %yq;fs; Ma;Tf;fUtpfs;

efupd; xU gFjp vDk; mbg;gilapy; Muha;jy;

gpuNjrr; nrayhsu;> jpl;lkply; cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu;> fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju;> khefuÆkhfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;> r%fj; jiytu;fs;

Neu;fhzy;> rpWFOr; re;jpg;Gfs;> Kf;fpa jfty; toq;FNthUldhd Neu;fhzy;

tho;tjw;fhd Xuplk; vDk; mbg;gilapy; Muha;jy;

gpuNjrr; nrayhsu;> jpl;lkply; cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu;> fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju;> r%fj; jiytu;fs;> FLk;gq;fs;> Kf;fpa jfty; toq;FNthUldhd Neu;fhzy;

Neu;fhzy;> Neub mtjhdk;> $f;fps; epyTUt tiuglk;> Gifg;glk;

xU r%ff;FO vDk; mbg;gilapy; Muha;jy;

r%fj; jiytu;fs;> rkaj; jiytu;fs;> ,isQu; fofq;fs;> r%f mbg;gilapyhd epWtdq;fs;

Neu;fhzy;> rpWFOr; re;jpg;Gfs;> kf;fs; fUj;jwpjy; fye;Jiuahly;

xU nghUshjhu r%fk; vDk; mbg;gilapy; Muha;jy;

FLk;gq;fs;> gpuNjrr; nrayhsu;> jpl;lkply; cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu;> fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju;> rKu;j;jp Kfhikahsu;fs;> tu;j;jf r%fk;

FLk;gq;fs;Æ epUthf cj;jpNahfj;ju;Sld; Neu;fhzy;> rpWFOr; re;jpg;Gfs;> kf;fs; fUj;jwpjy; fye;Jiuahly;> juTfis

20

jutupirg;gLj;jy;> gUtfhy tpgug;gl;bay;

Xu; murpaw; r%fk; vDk; mbg;gilapy; Muha;jy;

khefuÆkhfhz rig cWg;gpdu;fs;> r%fj; jiytu;fs;

Neu;fhzy;> rpWFOr; re;jpg;Gfs;> Kf;fpa jfty; toq;FNthUldhd Neu;fhzy;

jdpkdpj Rje;jpuk; vDk; mbg;gilapy; Muha;jy;

FLk;gq;fs;> Kf;fpa jfty; toq;FNthUldhd Neu;fhzy;

Neu;fhzy;> Neub mtjhdk;> Kf;fpa jfty; toq;FNthUldhd Neu;fhzy;> Neuf;Nfhl;L ml;ltizfs;

fsj;jpy; epd;W Ma;tpy; gq;nfLj;Njhu;> Fwpg;ghf rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSk; kPdtu;rq;fg; gpujpepjpfSk;> jty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjpy; kpf

Kf;fpakhdtu;fshf ,Ue;jNjhL> r%fj;ijAk; fpuhkj;ijAk; ,yFthf mZFtjw;F

mtrpakhdtw;iw Ma;thsu;fSf;F toq;fpdu;. NkNyAs;s ml;ltizapy;

fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW> juTfspd; juepiyia cWjpg;gLj;jpj; jplg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf>

tpdhf;nfhj;JfSf;F xNutpjkhfg; gjpyspg;NghUld;> $l;L El;gq;fisAk; Nru;j;Jg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd Njit ,Ue;jikahy;> Fwpg;gpl;l rpytifj; jfty;fisg; gy;tif

%yq;fspypUe;J jpul;l Ntz;bapUe;jJ. r%ftpgu Ma;TfSf;F ngUk;ghYk; jplkhd

r%f<LghL mtrpakhfpd;wJ. jw;Nghija Ma;Ttplaj;jpy;> Ma;tpd; xt;nthU

fl;lj;jpYk; Ma;tpy; gq;nfLj;NjhUld; fye;Jiuahly;fs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lNjhL>

mNdfkhd nraw;ghLfs; $l;lhfNt elhj;jg;gl;ld. Ma;Tfs; 'ajhu;j;j cyFlDk;"

cs;@u; epfo;r;rpepuYlDk; cWjpahfg; nghUe;JtijAk;> cs;@u;g; gpur;rpidfspYk;

NjitfspYk; njhlh;GgLtijAk; epr;rag;gLj;Jtjw;F> gq;Fgw;wy; mZFKiwfs;

JizGupfpd;wd vd mwpQu;fs; $wpAs;sdu;.42 elhj;jg;gl;l 20 re;jpg;Gf;fspYk; kpfTk;

ntspg;gilahfTk; KOikahfTk; jfty;fis toq;fp> tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fSf;F

gjpyspj;Njhupd; khjpupfis fPNoAs;s ml;ltiz gl;baypl;Lf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,t;thW

ntspg;gilahfj; jfty;fisf; $wpaikf;F> ,UrhuhUf;Fk; ,ilapy;

fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;bUe;j ek;gpf;ifNa fhuzkhFk;. jplkhd tiyaikg;igj;

Njhw;Wtpg;gjd; %yk;> tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gjpyspg;NghUld; njhlu;Gfis

Vw;gLj;JjyhdJ> re;Njfj;jpw;F ,lkpd;wp r%f Ma;Tfspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd xU

tfpghfj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. Ma;Tr; nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ tpUj;jpnra;ag;gl;l

njhlu;GfSk; gu];gu kjpg;gspj;jYk; mj;jifa gpuNahfq;fSf;fhd rhd;Wfshf

mike;Js;sd.

42 Ibid

21

ml;ltiz 3: re;jpg;Gfs; kw;Wk; Neu;fhzy;fs; gw;wpa tpguq;fs;

re;jpg;Gfs;ÆNeu;fhzy;fs; tpguq;fs; vz;zpf;if

r%fj; jiytu;fs; (KjpNahu;> fpuhkj; jiytu;> Njthyaj;Jld; njhlu;GilNahu;> kPdtr;rq;fj; jiytu;)

rpWFOr; re;jpg;G(3Æ4 Ngu;)> Neu;fhzy;

1

rkaj; jiytu;fs; (kjFU Nghd;Nwhu;) Neu;fhzy; 1 ,isQu; fofq;fs; (tpisahl;Lf; fofk;> njhopw;gapw;rp epWtdq;fs;)

rpWFOr; re;jpg;G 1

r%f mbg;gilapyhd epWtdq;fs; (kpfr; rpwpa r%f epWtdq;fs;> cjhuzkhf ngz;fs; FOf;fs;> kPdtu; FOf;fs;> yad;]; fofk;> Ez;ghf epjpf; FOf;fs;> tho;thjhu tYël;ly; FOf;fs;)

rpWFOr; re;jpg;G(3Æ4 Ngu;) 2

rKu;j;jp Kfhikahsu;fs;Æ rKu;j;jp mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

Neu;fhzy; 2

mNj egu;fs; rpWFOr; re;jpg;G 1 tu;j;jf r%fk; (tu;j;jf mikg;Gfs;> tu;j;jfu; rq;fk;> tu;j;jfu;fs;)

Neu;fhzy; 1

mNj egu;fs; rpWFOr; re;jpg;G(3Æ4 Ngu;) 1 FLk;gq;fs; (kPsf;Fbaku;e;Njhu;> cs;ehl;by; ,lk;ngauhNjhupd; tPLfs;)

kf;fs; fUj;jwpjy; fye;Jiuahly;> ngz;fs; (4Æ6 Ngu;)

1

mNj egu;fs; kf;fs; fUj;jwpjy; fye;Jiuahly;> Mz;fs; (4Æ6 Ngu;)

1

murpay; gpujpepjpfs; (gpuNjr rig> khefu rig> khfhz rig Nghd;wd)

Neu;fhzy; 1

fpuhkj;Jld; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s cs;@u; murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> ru;tNjr murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fs;> nfhilahspfs;

Neu;fhzy; 1

gpuNjrr; nrayhsu; Neu;fhzy; 1 jpl;lkply; cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; Neu;fhzy; 1 fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; Neu;fhzy; 1 Rfhjhu cj;jpNahfj;ju; Neu;fhzy; 1 Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu;fs; Neu;fhzy; 2 nkhj;jk; 20

3.2.2 ,uz;lhk;epiyj; juTfs;

,uz;lhk;epiyj; juTfs; (msT rhu;e;jitNah my;yJ gz;G rhu;e;jitNah)

ngUk;ghYk; cldbahff; fpilf;ff; $bajhf cs;sd. ,Ue;Jk;> ngUk;ghyhd

re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mit Njitg;gLk; tbtj;jpy; my;yJ Jy;ypakhd miktplj;jpw;F

Vw;wjhff; fpilg;gjpy;iy. mj;jifa re;ju;gq;fspy; Ma;tpd; ntw;wpf;F kjpg;gPl;lha;tpd;

Njit Vw;gLfpd;wJ. my;yJ Ma;tpid NkYk; gyg;gLj;j gz;Grhu;e;j Ma;T

El;gq;fshd epfo;TfSf;Fg; Gifg;glk; vLj;jy;> ahtUf;Fk; fpilf;ff;$ba nghJthd

22

tiuglq;fis gFg;gha;Tnra;jy;> my;yJ jahu;epiyapy; cs;s thu;GUf;fspy;

(templates) fzpdp nkd;nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuglq;fisAk; Vida

tpguq;fisAk; tiujy; Kjypa nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;bAs;sJ. gpd;tUk; 4

tifahd msTrhu;e;j ,uz;lhk;epiyj; juTfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld:

1. aho; khtl;lj;jpw;fhd Gs;sptpguf; ifE}y; - ,J aho;g;ghz khtl;lr;

nrayfj;jhy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

2. ts tpguq;fs; - ,J aho;g;ghzk; kw;Wk; ey;Y}u; gpuNjrr; nrayfq;fshy;

toq;fg;gl;lJ.

3. ghi~A+Uf;fhd rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk juTfs; - ,J khtl;l kw;Wk; gpuNjr

rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk mYtyfq;fshy; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

4. ghi~A+u;f; fpuhkj; juTfs; - ,J ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;juhy;

toq;fg;gl;lJ.

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l tsq;fisr; Nrfupj;jjw;F Nkyjpfkhf> Muha;r;rpahsu;fs;

aho;g;ghz msitj; jpizf;fj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W> mq;fpUe;J gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gpuNjr

tiuglq;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;. fpuhkj;jpDs; Ma;Tg;gaz eilfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lNjhL> ehshe;j kPd;gpbAk; mtw;iw Vw;wpapwf;FjYk;> NgusT VyKk;

gfpu;e;jspg;Gk;> nghJr; re;ijapy; epfOk; rpy;yiw tpw;gid KjypadTk;

mtjhdpf;fgl;ld. kf;fspd; tho;f;if KiwiaAk; to;thjhuj;ijAk;

gbkq;fshf;Ftjw;fhf> mjpfsthd Gifg;glq;fs; vLf;fg;gl;ld. ,g;Gifg;glq;fs;

kf;fspd; mbf;fl;Lkhdkhf mike;Js;s Kf;fpakhd epWtdq;fs;> fl;llq;fs;

Kjypadtw;iw gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L vLf;fg;gl;ld. Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; ,r;r%f

cWg;gpdu;fspd; cjtpAld; ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ,lq;fspd; miktplk;>

epyTUt miktplk; gw;wpa tpguq;fs; vd;gdtw;Wld; $ba ifahy; tiuag;gl;l

tiuglq;fisf;$lj; jahupj;jdu;. ,r;r%fk; KOikahf vt;thW ,aq;Ffpd;wJ

vd;gijf; fhl;Lk; xU tpsf;fg;glj;ij tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf> ifahy; tiuag;gl;l

tiuglq;fs; Gtpapay; jfty; Kiwik (GIS) tiuglkhf khw;wg;gl;lNjhL> $f;fps;

epyTUtg; glj;Jld; xg;gpl;L Muhe;Jk; ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ.

23

tiuglk; 6: fpuhkj;jpDs; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy ,lq;fspy; Ma;Tg;gaz eiliag; gad;gLj;jp>

ifahy; tiuag;gl;l glk;

3.3 gFg;gha;T

kf;fsJ tho;thjhuk;> ghuk;gupak;> kw;Wk; eilKiwfs; Kjypadtw;iwj;

njspTgLj;jp Ma;it epiwTnra;fpd;wNghJ> r%fj;jpy; ahu; ahu; cs;sdu;> mtu;fs;

vd;d nra;fpd;wdu; vd;gijnay;yhk; ntspg;gLj;Jtjd; nghUl;L> kf;fs;> #oikTfs;>

njhlu;Gfs; Mfpadtw;iw KOikahfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F> r%ftpgu Ma;Tfs;

Kaw;rpf;fpd;wd. Ma;thsu;fs; juTfspd; tsk;kpf;f khjpup xd;iwj; jpul;Ltij

ghi~A+upy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l> gue;jJk; #oiktpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdJkhd mZFKiw

rhj;jpag;glr; nra;jJ. juTtiffSf;F cs;NsAk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilNaAk; cs;s

jfty;fs; xNu tpjkhditahf cs;sdth> vd;gijg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;f;Fk; mNjNtis>

gz;Grhu;e;j kw;Wk; msTrhu;e;j juTfSf;fhf jdpj;jdpg; gFg;gha;Tfs; elhj;jg;gl;ld.

Ma;thsu;fs; gjpNtLfisj; juk;gpupj;J xOq;FgLj;Jtjw;fhf fzprkhdsT Neuj;ijr;

nrytpl;ldu;. ,jdhy; mtu;fshy; gaDs;s tifapy; gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhs;sf;

$bajhf ,Ue;jJld;> r%ftpgu Ma;tpd; ntt;NtW tpjkhd $Wfis tpUj;jp

nra;aTk; Kbe;jJ. Ma;T njhlu;ghd Mtzq;fs; ,yj;jpudpay; (nkd;gpujp) tbtpYk;

mr;R (td;gpujp) tbtpYk; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sNjhL> 10 Ma;thsu;fs; kw;Wk;

,r;nraw;jpl;lj;jpd; Kf;fpakhd 5 gzpg;ghsu;fs; ,ilapy; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sf;$bathW

juTf; Nfhg;Gf;fspYk; Nrkpj;J itf;fg;gl;ld.

ngUk;ghYk; ,uz;lhk;epiyj; juTfis gFg;gha;T nra;jyhdJ mYtyfg;gzp

(fsj;jpy; md;wp) tbtpy; epfo;e;jJ. mg;NghJ RUf;fkhd juTfs;> tpgupg;Gg;

24

Gs;sptpguq;fs; Kjypad cl;gl> mj;jpahtrpaj; jfty;fis mOj;jkhfj;

njuptpg;gjw;fhf> juTfs; Mokhfg; gFj;Jk; njhFj;Jk; guprPypf;fg;gl;ld. murhq;f

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fshy; toq;fg;gl;l rpy mwpf;iffs;$l ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; gpd;dzpiag;

Gupe;J nfhs;tjw;F gaDs;sitahf ,Ue;jd. mjhtJ mUfpy; cs;s fpuhkq;fSlDk;

khtl;lj;JlDk; ,f;fpuhkj;ij xg;gpl;lhuha;tjw;fhf> gpuNjrr; nrayhsu;>

rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk cj;jpNahfj;ju; MfpNahuhy; toq;fg;gl;l rdj;njhif> tWik>

njhopy; vd;gd gw;wpa tpguq;fs;> my;yJ njhopypy; <LgLNthupd; ,yhgj;ijAk;

tUkhdj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhf> kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;fhd KjyPl;Lr;nryTf;

fl;likg;G kw;Wk; gpbf;fg;gLfpd;w kPd;fSf;F tpiyFwpj;jy; vd;gd gw;wp tha;nkhop

%yk; Nfl;lwpe;j jfty;fs;. r%ftpgu Ma;tpd;NghJ kpf ,Wf;fkhd Gs;sptpgug;

gFg;gha;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gNjhL> Fwpg;ghf mj;jifa Ma;Tr;

nraw;ghLfSf;fhf FLk;gq;fs; gw;wpa Ma;T elhj;jg;glTk; ,y;iy.

cs;slf;f kw;Wk; Ma;Tg;nghUs; rhu;e;j gFg;gha;T mZFKiwfisg;

gad;gLj;jp> kpf mjpfsthd %yfq;fspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l xU tupirahd gz;Grhu;

juTfs; gupNrhjpf;fg;gl;ld. Muha;r;rpahsu;fs; Fwpg;ghd #oikT> jfty; %yk;

vd;gdtw;NwhL> ,tw;wpd; fupridf;Fupa tplaq;fs;> kw;Wk; Vidatw;NwhL ,tw;wpw;Fs;s

njhlu;Gfs; Mfpadtw;iwf; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L> kpf Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; mtw;Wld;

njhlu;Gila tplaq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhz;ldu;. Gjpjhfj; Njhw;wk;ngw;w Ma;Tg;

nghUs;fs; ,U jlitfs; tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lNjhL> ,lj;Jld; njhlh;Ggl;l Ma;tpd; 6

JiwfSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhf xOq;Fg;gLj;jTk;gl;ld. MfNt Ma;thsu;fshy;

gpur;rpidfs;> ntspg;gLk; vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Jyq;fypd; ghq;Ffs; vd;gdtw;iw

milahsk; fhzf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ. Fwpj;j tbtj;ijg;ngw;w gbkk; (cUtk;> Njhw;wk;)

fhyxOq;fpy; epfo;e;j rk;gtq;fs;> nray;Kiwfs;> Kf;fpakhd epfo;Tfs; vd;gdtw;Wld;

njhlu;Gila Fwpg;ghd gpw juTj;njhFjpfshy; mit Fiwepug;Gr; nra;ag;gl;ld.

,tw;Ws; ngUk;ghyhdit cs;@u; kf;fspd; jdpegu;> FLk;g> r%f kl;lq;fspyhd

mgpg;gpuhaq;fs;> epidTfs; vd;gdtw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ldthFk;.

juTfis Xu; mLf;F Kiwapy; xOq;FgLj;jy; kw;Wk; Ma;T KbTfs;

xNutpjkhditahf Cs;sdth vd;gij xU rPuhd fhy ,ilntspapy; guPl;rpj;Jg;

ghu;j;jy; vd;gdtw;wpd; %yk;> ,f;fpuhkj;ijg; gw;wpa Rthu];akhd xU fij

Njhd;wpaJ. tiuaiwf;Fl;gl;l nrhj;JfisAk; tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jtjw;F

ghi~A+u; kf;fs; ifahz;Lte;j topKiwfs; kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l #oiktpy; mtu;fs;

vt;thW cghaq;fis tFj;J> jkJ tha;g;Gf;fis rhj;jpag;glj;jf;fsT tpiuthf

mjpfupj;jdu; vd;gdtw;iwf; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;ifapy;> ,g;gFg;gha;it Nkw;nfhz;l

fhyj;jpy;> ru;tNjr mgptpUj;jpj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; epiyj;jpUf;fj;jf;f tho;thjhuf;

25

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tho;thjhuj;ijg; ghjpf;fpd;w gy;tiff; fhuzpfs;> cs;@u; mgptpUj;jpapy;

epWtdq;fSk; nray;KiwfSk; nfhz;bUf;Fk; jhf;ftpisT vd;gdtw;iwg; gw;wp kpf

Mokhd gFg;gha;it elhj;Jtjw;F> Ie;J tho;thjhu %yjdq;fisf; (kdpj> ngsjpf>

,aw;if> r%f> epjp) nfhz;l ,f;fl;likg;gpy; cs;s nrhj;J Iq;Nfhzk; Jiz

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jplkhdjhf khw;wpaJ my;yJ kl;Lg;gLj;jpaJ vd;gdtw;iw mq;fPfupj;jy; ,jd; %yk;

rhj;jpakhapw;W.43

4. efuj;jpd; xU gFjp

4.1 fpuhkj;jpd; epyTUt mikg;G

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fpNyhkPw;wu; njhiytpy; mike;js;sJ.44 aho;g;ghz efuj;jpypUe;J ,f;fpuhkj;ijr;

nrd;wiltjw;F xUtUf;F 5 njhlf;fk; 40 epkplq;fs; Njitg;gLk;. ,J mtu;fsJ

Nghf;Ftuj;J tifiag; nghWj;jjhFk;; (fhu;ÆNkhl;lhu; irf;fps;: 5-10 epkplq;fs;> g];:

15-25 epkplq;fs;> igrpf;fps;: 15-25 epkplq;fs;> ele;J nry;tjw;F: 30-40 epkplq;fs;).

,f;fpuhkk; jiutpopk;gpy;> fly;ePu; Vupia vjpu;Nehf;fpathW mike;Js;sJ. mjd; kpf

Kf;fpakhd fl;likg;ghf kPd;gpbj; JiwKfk; cs;sJ (tiu glk; 7Ig; ghu;f;fTk;).

43 ghu;f;f: Department for International Development (DfID) Sustainable Livelihoods Framework (SLF) on http://www.eldis.org/vfile/upload/1/document/0901/section2.pdf 44 $f;fps; tiuglj;jpd;gb> <r;rNkhl;il Clhf 2.3 fP.kPw;wUk;> nfhOk;Gj;Jiw tPjpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjhapd; 2.5 fP.kPw;wUk; MFk;.

26

tiug;glk; 7: ghi~êu; fpof;fpd; $f;fps; epyTUtf; fhl;rp (Google Earth View)

fpuhkj;jpd; epyg;gFjp 0.40 rJuf; fpNyhkPw;wuhFk;. ,jpy; FbapUg;Gf; fhzpfs;>

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Kfj;jpw;Fk; Vy tpw;gid tshj;jpw;Fk; mLj;jjhf mike;Js;sNjhL> mJ fliyAk;

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45 aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayfj; juTfs;. aho;g;ghzg; gpuNjrr; nrayfg; gpuptpd; nkhj;jg gug;gsT 10.92 rJu fP.kPw;wuhFk;.

27

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fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

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Mr;rpuk Gjpa tPjp> Rthkpahu; tPjp> Kjyhk; FWf;Fj; njU> ,uz;lhk; FWf;Fj; njU>

Gdpj nrg];jpahu; tPjp Mfpad ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s Kf;fpakhd tPjpfshFk;.

28

cj;jpNahfG+u;t vy;iyAld; jkJ r%fj;jpw;Fupa ,lkhf mk;kf;fs; fUJfpd;w

xU \fw;gidg;| gpuNjrKk; cs;sikahy;> ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; vy;iyNahuk; Rthu];akhd Xu;

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Nkk;gLj;jg;gl;L> tpupTgLj;jg;gl;l Xu; vy;iyfshFk;. ,t;tplaj;jpy; ghi~A+u; fpof;F

kf;fs; ghi~A+u; fpof;F> ghi~A+u; Nkw;F> nfhOk;Gj;Jiw fpof;fpd; xU gFjp

vd;gdtw;wpd; epUthf vy;iyf;F cl;gl;l gFjpfis jkJ ehshe;jr; r%f tho;Tf;fhd

xU jdpf; fpuhkkhf milahsk; fhz;fpd;wdu;.46 mNjNtis> gpuNjrr; nrayfKk; fpuhk

cj;jpNahfj;jUk; jkJ epUthf Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf %yKjy; vy;iyNahuq;fisg;

NgzptUfpd;wdu;. tiug;glk; 8 kw;Wk; 9 vd;gd xd;Nwhnlhd;W njhlu;Gila tsq;fspd;

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tiuglk; 8: ghi~A+u; fpof;F kw;Wk; mUfpYs;s fpuhkq;fspd; vy;iyfs;

46 gpuNjrr; nrayf mwpTWj;jy;fSf;F Vw;g> msitj; jpizf;fsj;jhy; vz;zpay; tbtpy; jahupf;fg;gl;l> fpuhk vy;iy tiuglq;fs;.

29

tiuglk; 9: ghi~A+u; fpof;F fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; gpupTk; r%f tsq;fs; gw;wpa

tpguq;fSk;47

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mYtyfk;> ez;L gjdpLk; rpwpa njhopw;rhiy vd;gd ghi~A+u; Nkw;fpy; mike;Js;sd.

47 ~fpdh mypfhd; kw;Wk; vk;. vk;. mypfhd; MfpNahuhy; jahupf;fg;gl;l r%f tsq;fs; gw;wpa tiuglk;.

30

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31

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<LgLfpd;wdu;.52

5. tho;tjw;fhd Xu; ,lk;

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52 ngz;fs; FO kw;Wk; kPdtu; rq;f CWg;gpdu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

32

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53 efuj;jpw;F mUfpy; mike;Js;s Xu; ,lj;ij tiuaiwnra;jy; Nkyjpf tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f:

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33

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55 cs;thupahd ,lg;ngau;tpd; NghJ kf;fs; jkf;Fj; jhNk vt;thW epjpaspg;Gr; nra;jdu; vd;gJ gw;wpa

Nkyjpf tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Amirthalingam, Kopalapillai and Rajith WD Lakshman, ‘Financing of Internal Displacement: Excerpts from the Sri Lankan Experience’, Disasters (2010): 34 (2): 402–25 and Korf, B. (2004). ‘War, Livelihoods and Vulnerability in Sri Lanka’, Development and Change 35, 275-295 56 nfhOk;Gj;Jiwf;F ,t;tPLfs; xJf;fPLnra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. ghu;f;f: http://www.unhabitat.lk/project13.html 57 nfhilahspfspd; tPL toq;fy; Vw;ghL rpyNtisfspy; gLfld; mjpfupg;G Nghd;w gpur;rpidfSf;F

toptFj;Js;sd> ghu;f;f: Romeshun, K, Vagisha Gunasekara, and Mohamed Munas (2014), Life and Debt: Assessing Indebtedness and Socio-Economic Conditions of Conflict Affected Housing Beneficiaries in Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu Districts. Colombo: Centre for Poverty Analysis. 58 tPl;Lg; gadhspfs; kj;jpapyhd gLfld; gw;wpa Nkyjpf Muha;r;rpfSf;F> ghu;f;f: Gunasekara, V., Nadhiya Najab, and Mohamed Munas (2015), No Silver Bullet: An assessment of the effects of financial counseling on decision-making behavior of housing beneficiaries in Jaffna and Kilinochchi , Colombo: Centre for Poverty Analysis. 59 MAjKuz;ghL> ,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fs;> mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; tpisthf epfOk; ,lg;ngau;T fhuzkhf> cilikahsu;fshy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;> kw;Wk; nfhilahspfshy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lq;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w xU tuyhW ,yq;iff;F cz;L> ghu;f;f: Vithanagama, R., Alikhan, M., Jayatilaka, D., and Lakshman, R.W.D. (2015). ‘Planned relocations in the context of natural disasters: The case of Sri Lanka’, Brookings–LSE Project on Internal Displacement, Washington DC. Link http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2015/06/planned-relocations-climate-change-sri-lanka-cmrd 60 ‘,y;yk;’ vd;gJ jiu> Rtu;> $iu vd;gdtw;wpw;Fk; mg;ghw;gl;l xd;W vd;gjhy;> tPLfs; toq;fg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ cz;ikahapDk;> mit ,y;yq;fshf ,y;iy vd;gij$l Ma;Tfs;

vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ghu;f;f: Brun, Cathrine, and Ragnhild Lund (2009), ‘“Unpacking” the Narrative of a National Housing Policy in Sri Lanka’. Norwegian Journal of Geography 63 (1): 10–22.

34

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35

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36

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65 fle;j %d;W tUlfhyj;jpy; ntspg;gilahd ,uz;L> %d;W rz;ilfNs epfo;e;jd vdTk;> kf;fspd; rka <LghL fhuzkhf> mtu;fs; Ju;elj;ijfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy vdTk; $wpa kUj;Jt cj;jpNahfj;jUk;> fpuhkj; jiytu;fSk; Fiwe;jstpNyNa ntspg;gilahd td;Kiw rk;gtq;fs; epfo;e;jjhf rhd;whjhuj;Jld; $Wfpd;wdu;. 66 ghu;f;f: http://www.ceylontoday.lk/51-93657-news-detail-pornography-takes-toll-in-the-north.html 67 http://nation.lk/online/2015/06/27/report-on-sexual-violence-against-children-in-jaffna-district/ and

http://www.dailynews.lk/?q=features/watchful-eye-under-palmyra-grove

37

ntspg;gilahf> kpfTk; Rje;jpukhfr; nraw;gLtjw;F njhlu;Ggl;l ,f;FOitAk;

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cs;sdu; vd ,r;rpfpr;ir epiyaj;jpy; Nritahw;Wk; itj;jpau; fUJfpd;whu;.

68 ghu;f;f: http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Post-War-Systemic-Breakdown-Blamed-For-Jaffna-Rape-and-Mayhem/2015/05/22/article2827962.ece 69 r%fj;jiytu;fSldhd Neu;fhzypd; gpufhuk;> fle;j 5 tUlfhyj;jpy;> 100w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l nghyp]hu; ,lkhw;wk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sdu;. 70 Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu;fs; kw;Wk; rpfpr;ir epiyag; gzpahsu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;. 71 nghUj;jkhd Neuj;jpy; xd;iwr; nra;Ak; rhku;j;jpak; ,q;Nf Kf;fpakhdjhFk;> Vnddpy; kPdtu;fs; flypypUe;J fhiyapy; jpUk;gpte;J epj;jpiunra;fpd;wdu;. ,tu;fs; kjpaNeuk; tpopj;njOtjhy; khiyNtisapy; aho;g;ghzg; Nghjdh itj;jparhiyf;Fr; nry;y KbahJs;sJ> Vnddpy; mq;Nf khiyNeuj;jpYk; ,utpYk; ntsp Nehahsu; gpupT ,aq;Ftjpy;iy. MfNt gpw;gfy; 4 kzp njhlf;fk; 7 kzp tiu ,aq;Ffpd;w ghi~êu; kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;ir epiyak; mtu;fSf;F kpfTk; nrsfupakhf cs;sJ.

38

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39

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KjyPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; vd;gdtw;wpd; tpisthf ,Wjpapy; xU fld; nghwpf;Fs;

tPo;fpd;wdu;.77

\kf;fs; VidNahiug;Nghy tho tpUk;Gfpd;wdu;. cjhuzkhf> xUtu; LED njhiyf;fhl;rpg; ngl;b itj;jpUe;jhy;> VidNahUk; mjpy; xd;iwr; nrhe;jkhf;fpf;

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76 rkaj; jiytu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;. 77 ghu;f;f: http://www.sundaytimes.lk/141207/news/north-in-a-debt-trap-131679.html

40

kfpo;thf tho tpUk;Gtjhy;> fld; ngWfpd;wdu;. ,r;#o;epiyiar; rhjfkhfg;

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gpur;rpidfSk; Njhw;Wtjw;F ,J fhuzkhf mike;Js;sJ.81

78 ,ufrpaj;jd;ikiag; NgZtjw;fhf tpdhf;nfhj;JfSf;Fg; gjpyspj;Njhupd; ngau;fs; Ma;twpf;ifapy; khw;wg;gl;Ls;sd. 79 Fbrd kjpg;G kw;Wk; Gs;sptpguj; jpizf;fsj; juTfspd;gb> NjrpauPjpahd Gs;sptpguq;fSld; xg;gpLkplj;J> aho;g;ghzk; cl;gl> tlf;fpy; jpUkzkhfhj> tpjit> tpthfuj;Jg;ngw;w> jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;du; gpupe;j ngz;fs; kpf mjpfstpy; cs;sdu;: jpUkzkhfhNjhu; (NjrpauPjpapy; 22%> tlf;fpy; 27.4%> ahopy; 29.1%)É tpjitfs; (NjrpauPjpapy; 8.7%> tlf;fpy; 11.4%> ahopy; 12%)É tpthfuj;Jg;ngw;Nwhu;

(NjrpauPjpapy; 0.3%> tlf;fpy; 0.2%> ahopy; 0.2%)É jpUkzj;jpd; gpd;du; gpupe;Njhu; (NjrpauPjpapy; 1.1%> tlf;fpy; 1.9%> ahopy; 1.9%)> ghu;f;f: link http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=Northern&gp=Activities&tpl=3 80 kPd;gpb kPjhd ,lg;ngau;tpd; jhf;ftpisTfs; gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Amirthalingam, Kopalapillai and Lakshman, Rajith (2015), ‘Impact of Internal Displacement on Agricultural Livelihoods: Evidence from Sampur, Sri Lanka’, Migration and Development, 4 (1): 143-162. 81 Mok;Fiwe;j flypy; kPd;gpbj;jy;> kw;Wk; capu;tho; ePs; cUisfis (oxygen cylinders) nfhs;tdT nra;a gzk; nrytpl KbahJs;sik fhuzkhf> cs;@u; kPdtu;fs; mf;fUtpiag; gad;gLj;Jtjpy;iy.

41

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mT];NuypahtpYk; fdlhtpYk; cs;sd.

42

\ehk; ,lu;ghLfs; ,d;wp ,Ug;gjw;fhf> mk;kf;fSf;F ehq;fs; ed;wp $wf;

flikg;gl;Ls;Nshk;. cs;ehl;L Aj;j fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;bypUe;J ehk; ngw;w

epjpAjtpfs; kpFe;j gaDilaitahf ,Ue;jd.| (ghi~A+u; kPdtu; rq;fk;)

,f;fpuhkj;jpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd kdpj tsj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;Js;s epGzj;Jtk;kpf;f

kPd;gpbj; jpwd;fSld; Nru;e;J> kPd;gpbj; JiwKfk;> re;ij vd;gdTk; ,t;tiktplj;jpy;

cs;s jdpr;rpwg;G tha;e;j ngsjpf tsq;fshFk;. ,e;j kPd;gpbj; JiwKfkhdJ

Kjd;Kjyhf 1930 kw;Wk; 1940fspy; mg;Nghija nry;thf;Fkpf;f murpay;thjpahd

[P.[P. nghd;dk;gyj;jpd; Mjutpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,ijj;njhlu;e;J mz;ikapy;

cs;ehl;LAj;jk; KbTw;w gpd;du;> murhq;fj;Jld; ntspehl;L epjpAjtp toq;FNthUk;

Nru;e;J mijg; GJg;gpj;jdu;. mNjNtis> re;ijAk; kPd; Vytpw;gid kz;lgKk; kPdtu;

rq;fj;jhy; Gjpg;gpf;fg;gl;ld. nfhilahspfspd; G+uz xj;Jiog;gpd;ik njhlu;gpy;

Vkhw;wk; ,Ue;jNghJk;> ,r;nrhj;Jfspd; ngWkjpiaAk; tho;thjhuk; njhlu;gpy; mtw;wpd;

tpisTfisAk; ,r;r%fk; Gupe;J itj;Js;sJ. glFfisg; ghJfhg;ghf eq;$ukpl;L

epWj;jp itj;jpUg;gjw;F ,e;j kPd;gpbj; JiwKfk; gaDilajhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.

mNjNeuk;> re;ij thuj;jpy; vy;yh ehl;fspYk; ,aq;fp tUfpd;wJ. glF ,ae;jpuq;fisj;

jpUj;Jtjw;fhd ,lq;fSk; kPd;gpbf; fUtpfis tpw;gidnra;Ak; filfSk; mjpfstpy;

cs;sd. mj;Jld; efuj;jpy;> glFjpUj;Jk; Xu; ,lKk; glFjahupf;Fk; Xu; ,lKk; $l

cs;sd. ,it midj;JNk kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;fhd Njitfis epiwTnra;fpd;wd.

Nkhl;lhu;fisr; rPu;nra;tjw;Fk; tpw;gid Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk;> glF Nkhl;lhu; tpw;gidf;

fk;gdpfisr; Nru;e;Njhu; 6 khjq;fSf;F xU jlit ,q;F tUif jUtjhfj;

njupatUfpd;wJ. vdpDk;> ,q;Nf rpwe;j kPd;gjdply; njhopw;rhiyNah fsQ;rpag;gLj;jy;

tha;g;G trjpfNsh ,y;iy vd;gjhy;> jhk; gpbj;j kPd;fis gOJglhky; ghJfhf;fNth

my;yJ cw;gj;jpj; njhlupy; (rq;fpypapy;) ngWkjpr; Nru;f;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sNth

KbahJs;sJ.82 ,jdhy;> nkhj;j tpahghupfSk;> ,ilj;jufu;fSk; njhlu;e;Jk;

ghupastpy; ,yhgkPl;Lk; mNjNtis> jkJ njhopiy tpupTgLj;jp> tUkhdj;ij

mjpfupj;J> ,j;Jiwia mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; jkf;Ff; FiwthfNt

cs;sd vd ngUk;ghyhd kPdtu;fs; fUJfpd;wdu;.83

82 Neu;fhzy;fspd; gpufhuk;> cs;@u;j; njhopy; Kaw;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf ve;j MjuTk; toq;fg;gltpy;iy. 83 kPdtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> Vytpw;gidapy; ,why; xU fpNyhfpuhk; 700 &ghtpw;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNtis ,J Gj;jsj;jpy; ntspaplf; nfhs;tdthsu;fshy; 1500 &ghtpw;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;tifahd ,yhgtPjk; ez;L (xU fpNyhfpuhk; 500 &ghtpw;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ)> #iukPd; (xU fpNyhfpuhk; 600 &ghtpw;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ) vd;gdtw;wpw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;. kPdtu;fs; tpiyia mjpfupf;f Kaw;rpj;Js;sdu;. ,jdhy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLk; kPd;fspd; msT fzprkhff; FiwtilAk;.

43

Gifg;glk; 8 kw;Wk; 9: ghi~êu; kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;jpy; glFfs; epWj;jp

itf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,lKk; re;ijAk;

Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Njthyak; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; cs;s kpf Kf;fpakhd xU r%f>

Md;kPf> ngsjpf tskhFk;. 250 tUlq;fs; goikahd gpurpj;jpngw;w ,e;epWtdj;ij

fhyQ;nrd;w tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa nlyhd; mtu;fs; epu;khzpj;jpUe;jhu;. mtuJ G+jTly;

,j;Njthyaj;jpw;Ff; fPNo Gijfg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;F mtu; toq;fpa jdpr;rpwg;G

tha;e;j Nritf;fhf> kf;fs; mtiug; ghrj;Jld; epidT$Ufpd;wdu;.84 tPjpfs;> kUe;Jtr;

rpfpr;ir epiyak;> ghlrhiyfs; (,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; ngz;fs;

ghlrhiy kw;Wk; mUfpy; cs;s Gdpj N[hrg; Mz;fs; ghlrhiy) Nghd;w jkJ

fpuhkj;jpd; ngsjpf tsq;fs; njhlu;gpy; ghi~A+u; kf;fs; jpUg;jpailfpd;wdu;. Gdpj

N[hrg; KjpNahu; ,y;yk; ghi~A+u; kw;Wk; Vida fpuhkq;fisr; Nru;e;j %j;j

gpui[fspd; Njitfis epiwT nra;fpd;wJ. khdpa mbg;gilapyhd kUj;Jtr; nryT>

kPdtu;fspd; njhopYf;F ,ilA+W tpistpf;fhj tifapy; mike;Js;s rpfpr;ir

epiyag; gzpNeuk; vd;gd fhuzkhf> Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpd; MjuTld; nraw;gLk; ,e;j

kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir epiyakhdJ ,f;FbapUg;ghsu;fSf;F xU tug;gpurhjkhFk;.85 rpfpr;ir

epiyaj;jpd; njhopw;ghl;bw;fhd nrytPdj;jpy; ngUk;gFjp> Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jhy;

epjpaspg;Gr; nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ. mNjNtis Nehahspfsplk; rpW njhifNa

mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,r;rpfpr;ir epiyaj;ij epWtpaikf;fhd Muk;gpr;nryT 260>000

&ghthfTk; khjhe;j ,af;fr; nrytPdk; 160>000 cs;sJ. ,J xt;nthU

84 tzf;fj;jpw;Fupa fhyQ;nrd;w nlyhd; mtu;fs; gpuhd;]pypUe;J ,q;F te;J gpurpj;jpngw;w Njthyaj;ijf; fl;bdhu;. jdpj;Jtkhd ,e;j kPd;gpb Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpajd; %yk;> mtu; tho;thjhuj;jpw;Fk; JizGupe;Js;shu;. jw;NghJ ,q;Fs;s kf;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; NjthyaKk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,e;j kPd;gpb KiwAk; Kf;fpakhd tfpghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sd. 85 ,e;jr; rpfpr;ir epiyaj;jpy; 100 &gh fl;lzk; mwtplg;gLtJld; (mNjNtis jpUr;rpYit Rfkspg;G epiyaj;jpy; 350 my;yJ 400 &gh mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ)> mq;F toq;fg;gLk; midj;JNk ,ytrkhf toq;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk;> kPdtu;fs; ,utpy; gzpGupe;Jtpl;L khiy 3 kzptiu epj;jpiunra;tjhy;> 4 kzpf;Fg; gpd;du; aho;g;ghz efupYs;s murhq;f itj;jparhiyapd; ntsp Nehahsu; gpuptpw;Fr; nry;y KbahJs;sikahy;> khiyapy; ,aq;Ffpd;w ghi~êu; kUj;Jtr; rpfpr;ir epiyak; mtu;fSf;F mz;ikapypUe;J> nrsfupakhd Nritia toq;FtJld;> Neuj;ijAk; gzj;ijAk; Nrkpg;gjw;Fk; cjTfpd;wJ.

44

itj;jpaUf;Fkhd khjhe;jr; rk;gsk; (25>000 &gh)> jhjpau;fSf;F (3500)> Vida

gzpahsu;fSf;F (3000) vDk; mbg;gilapy; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tUlk; KjpNahUf;F

25 %f;Ff; fz;zhbfs; md;gspg;Gr; nra;tjw;Fk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ. kUe;Jg;

nghUl;fis nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fk; rpfpr;ir epiyaj;jpd; ,af;fr; nryTfspy; xU

gFjpf;Fnkd Gyk;ngau; r%fk; xt;nthU khjKk; gzk; mDg;gp tUfpd;wJ. Gdpj

N[hrg; KjpNahu; ,y;yk; Neubahd Maupd; fz;fhzpg;gpd; fPo; ,aq;fp tUtNjhL> mJ

cs;ehl;bYk; ntspehl;bYk; ,Ue;J cjtpfisg; ngw;W tUfpd;wJ. KjpNahu;

,y;yj;jpy; ,Ug;Nghupy; rpyNu ghi~A+iur; Nru;e;jtu;fshtu;. ,q;F jq;fpapUg;Nghupy;

ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu; Vida fpuhkq;fisr; Nru;e;Njhuhthu;.

cs;@u;thrpfs; fly;> kw;Wk; mjd; nropg;ghd kPd;tsk; vd;gd cl;gl jkJ

,aw;if tsq;fisg; gw;wp kpFe;j fuprid nfhz;Ls;sdu;. mz;ika tUlq;fspy;

kPd;gpbtsk; Fd;wpg;NghAs;sikf;F 2004y; epfo;e;j Mopg;;Nguiy (Rdhkp) mopT> 2008y;

epfo;e;j ep~h #whtsp> ,e;jpa kPdtu;fs; mj;JkPwpg; gpuNtrpj;J kPd;gpbj;jy;> ghi~êu;f;

flw;gug;gpw;Fs; mjpfsthd NrWgbtjw;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;Js;s fhyepiy khw;wk;

Kjypad fhuzq;fshFk; vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;jpa kPdtu;fspd; CLUty; ,yq;iff;

fiuapypUe;J 15 njhlf;fk; 20 fpNyhkPw;wUf;F ,ilg;gl;l J}uj;jpy; epfo;tjhff;

fUjg;gLtNjhL> mtu;fspd; ghupa kPd;gpb ,Oitg;glFfs; gtsg; ghiwfisr;

rpijtilar; nra;fpd;wd vdTk; njupatUfpd;wJ.86 ,e;jpa ,Oitg;glFfs; kPd;gpbf;f

tUfpd;w jpq;fs;> Gjd;> nts;sp Mfpa jpdq;fspy; cs;@u; kPdtu;fs; flYf;Fg;

Nghtijj; jtpu;f;fpd;wdu;. ghi~A+u; kPdtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> Kd;ida re;ju;g;gq;fspy;

,e;jpa kPdtu;fspd; ghupa kPd;gpb ,Oitg;glFfs; jkJ kPd;gpb tiyfisr;

Nrjkhf;fpAs;sd. ghupa kPd;gpb ts;sq;fisf; nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa gzk;

,d;ik> kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;jpw;F mUfpy; Mok; Fiwe;j ePiuf;nfhz;l fly;

mbthuj;jpy; ghiwfs; mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLjy; vd;gd fhuzkhf> cs;@u;thrpfs;

ghupa kPd;gpbg; glFfis cilikahff; nfhz;bUf;ftpy;iy. jkJ ,e;epiyf;F

murhq;fk;> khfhzrig> kPd;gpbj;Jiw mikr;R Mfpad cs;@u; kPd;tsq;fisg;

ghJfhg;gjw;fhd Mjuit my;yJ gaDs;s topfhl;liy toq;ftpy;iy vDk;

ajhu;j;jepiy njhlu;gpy; cs;@u; kPd;tu;fs; kpFe;j kdNtjidAld; ,Ue;J

tUfpd;wdu;. mNjNtis ,e;jpau;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; ,t;tsq;fisr; Ruz;b tUtNjhL>

jkJ nrhe;j tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;Jk; tUfpd;wdu;.

\,e;jpahtpy; mtu;fs; Mb khjj;jpy; flYf;Fr; nry;tjpy;iy> Vnddpy;

,g;gUtfhyj;jpy;jhd; kPd;fs; ,dg;ngUf;fk; nra;fpd;wd. ,f;fhyj;jpy; mtu;fsJ

86 kPdtu;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ kidtpau;fSldhd ciuahly;fs;.

45

murhq;fk; kPdtu;fSf;F cjtp toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;j Kiw ,q;F

gpd;gw;wg;gLkhdhy;> kpfr; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.| (kPd;gpbj;njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s

tu;j;jfuhd jpU uh[h)

cs;@iur; Nru;e;j Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk; tUkhdj;ij toq;Ffpd;w>

rpwpjsNt kjpg;Gs;s gy;NtW nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;fpd;w xU njhFjpf; filfSk;

cs;s mNjNtis> tpUj;jp nra;ag;glf; $ba> Nkyjpf tUkhdj;ij <l;bj; juty;y

Jiwfisg; gw;wp kf;fs; Ngrp tUfpd;wdu;. ijay; epiyaq;fs;> rikay; kw;Wk; czT

gupkhwy; ghj;jpuq;fis thliff;F tpLjy;> Nfhop tsu;g;G> fapW jpupj;jy;> kPd;gpb tiy

gpd;Djy; Nghd;wd ,tw;Ws; mlq;Fk;. ,it midj;JNk tho;thjhu tiffisg;

ngUf;Fk; mNjNtis> ,jd; %yk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s kdpj tsj;ijg; gad;gLj;jf;

$bajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. jw;NghJ ,f;fuhkj;jpYs;s kf;fspy; 25 rjtPjkhdtu;fs;

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l tUkhdj;ijg; ngWtJld;> tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;L elhj;Jtjw;F

mUk;ghLgLfpd;wdu;. MfNt rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk jpl;lk; cs;@u;thrpfSf;fhd xU epjp

MjuTj; jskhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; fPo;> tUkhdk; Fiwe;j gpuptpdu;

Row;rp mbg;gilapy; fld; ngWtjw;F jFjpAilatu;fshf cs;sdu;.87 ,j;jpl;lq;fs;

twpatu;fSf;Fk; eypTw;wtu;fSf;Fkhd> Fwpg;ghf fpuhkq;fspy; trpf;fpd;w

tpjitfSf;fhd> Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU r%fg; ghJfhg;G tiyaikg;ghf ,Ue;J

tUfpd;wd.88

87 ghi~êu; kPdtu; rq;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngz;fspd; Ez;ghfepjpf; FOtpd; $w;Wg;gb> ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; 48 Ez;ghfepjpf; FOf;fs; cs;sd. xt;nthU FOtpYk; mz;zsthf 5 cWg;gpdu;fs; cs;sNjhL> mtu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; thuhe;jk; 20 &ghit nrYj;jp tUfpd;wdu;. rKu;j;jp tq;fpapypUe;J mtu;fs; tl;b ngWfpd;wdu;. mtu;fspd; tq;fpf; fzf;fpy; 25>000 &gh ,Uf;Fkhapd;> Row;rp mbg;gilapy; 100>000 &gh tiuapy; fld; ngwKbAk;. gzitg;gpw;F 5 rjtPj tl;bAk;> flDf;F 8 rjtPj tl;bAk; mwtplg;gLfpd;wJ. 88 rKu;j;jp %yk; khjhe;j mbg;gilapy; khdpak; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. xU FLk;gj;jpy; MWf;F Nkw;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Ug;ghu;fshapd; 1500 &ghTk;> mjw;Ff; Fiwthf ,Ug;gpd; 750 &ghTk; toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

46

Gifg;glk; 10 kw;Wk; 11: Ez;ghff; fld;jpl;lj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;Ls;s ngz;fs; FO

kw;Wk; fpuhkj;jpYs;s ngz;fs; ghlrhiy

,f;fpuhkj;jpy; mjpfsthd jhu; ,lg;gl;l tPjpfSk; xOq;iffSk; cs;sd. ,it

kf;fspd; elkhl;lj;ijAk; nghUl;Nghf;Ftuj;ijAk; ,yFgLj;jpAs;sd.

cs;@u;thrpfspd; $w;Wg;gb> mit fzprkhdstpw;F jpUg;jpfukhfg; Ngzg;gLfpd;wd.

Njthyak;> re;ij> rdr%f epiyak;> ghlrhiy> KjpNahu; ,y;yk; vdj; njhlq;fp

gy;NtW tu;j;jff; fl;llq;fs; tiu ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s xU njhFjp murhq;fÆnghJ

fl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; gFjpastpy; jdpahUf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fl;llq;fs; Kjypad

ntt;NtWgl;l epiyfspy; cs;sd. mit ed;F Ngzg;gLk; epiyapNyh my;yJ

NrjKw;w epiyapNyh ,y;iy. Mdhy; ,e;j epiyapy; ,Ue;J nfhz;L> mit

kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;Wfpd;wd. Gdpj gw;wpf;]; fy;Y}up> Gdpj N[hd;]; fy;Y}up> Gdpj

ngh];Nfh fy;Y}up> Mq;fpy fd;dpau;klk; (English Convent), aho;g;ghzg; Nghjdh

itj;jparhiy> aho;g;ghz E}yfk; vd;gdtw;wpd; Nritfisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;fhf

,f;fpuhkf; FbapUg;ghsu;fs; mbf;fb gazk; nra;fpd;wdu;. fpuhkthrpfs; cs;@u;r;

Rw;Wr;#oYld; njhlu;gila nghJg;gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs;

njd;Nky; gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; te;jilfpd;w fiuNahu ghrp tiffisAk; jhtuj;

njhFjpiaAk; jkJ nrhe;j epjpiar; nrytpl;L Jg;guT nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,Jjtpu>

fly;ePu; Vupf;F mz;ikapy;> jho;epyj;jpy; mike;Js;s mz;zsthf 50 tPLfs;

kiof;fhyj;jpy; nts;sj;jhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

47

Gifg;glk; 12 kw;Wk; 13: ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s gpujhd tPjpAk; rpW tPjpfSk;

Kd;dNu tpthjpf;fg;gl;lthW> kPd;gpbj;JiwKfj;ijj; jtpu> ,r;r%fj;jpw;F

kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l nfhilahsp cjtpNa fpilj;Js;sJ. ey;tpisit Vw;gLj;jty;y

jiyaPLfs; jdpegu; my;yJ FLk;g kl;lq;fistpl r%f kl;lj;jpNyNa epfo;e;jd.

,t;tha;T elhj;jg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; murrhu;gw;w epWtdq;fspd;

nraw;ghLfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. mNjNtis> cs;ehl;LAj;j fhyj;jpy; If;fpa ehLfspd;

mfjpfSf;fhd cau; Mizahsu;> cyf czTj; jpl;lk; Mfpad gpuNjrr;

nrayfj;Jld; ,ize;J mtrufhy cjtpfs; rpytw;iw toq;fpd. ,Jjtpu>

rk;ge;jg;gl;l mikr;Rfs;> kw;Wk; jpizf;fsq;fSld; ,ize;J> mT];jpNuypa

murhq;fj;jpd; ntspehl;L tptfhu kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj; jpizf;fsk;> Gyg;ngau;tpw;fhd

ru;tNjr mikg;G> If;fpa ehLfspd; nraw;jpl;lr; NritfSf;fhd mYtyfk;> n`ydpf;

va;l; (Hellenic Aid) vd;gd $l;lhf kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;ijg; Gduikj;jd.

,r;nraw;wpl;lk; 2010k; Mz;L Mdp khjk; njhlf;fk; 2013 Mb tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy;>

59>000>000 &gh nrytpy; mKy;g;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.89 cjtp toq;Fk; mikg;Gfs; jdpegu;kl;l

cjtpfistpl r%fkl;l cjtpfis toq;FtijNa jkJ tpUg;gj;njupthff;

nfhz;bUe;jdh;. Vnddpy; r%fkl;l cjtpfNs gad;kpf;fit vdf; fUjg;gLtNjhL>

mJ cs;@u; kf;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly; %yKk; cWjpg;gLj;jTk;gl;lJ.90 murhq;f

jpl;lq;fs;> kpf Kf;fpakhf tWiknahopg;Gr; nraw;ghLfs;> eilKiwapy; cs;sd.

Mdhy; kf;fspd; Kf;fpakhd Njitfisf; ifahLtjpy; mtw;wpd; gad;tpisT

njhlu;gpy; gy;NtWgl;l fUj;Jepiyg;ghLfs; cs;sd. cs;ehl;LAj;jk; Kbtile;J 5

89 kPd;gpbj; JiwKfj;jpd; Gduikg;gpw;fhf> Gyg;ngau;tpw;fhd ru;tNjr mikg;gpw;F toq;fg;gl;l> mT];Nuypa murhq;fj;jpd; ntspehl;L tptfhu kw;Wk; tu;j;jfj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; epjpaspg;ghdJ mT];Nuypa r%fg; Gduikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; Clhf toq;fg;gl;ljhFk;. 90 Gyg;ngau;tpw;fhd ru;tNjr mikg;gpd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

48

tUlq;fs; fle;j gpd;dUk;$l> jhk; ghuhgl;rkhf elhj;jg;gLtjhfTk;> gy;NtW

mgptpUj;jpr; nraw;jpl;lq;fspYk; murhq;fg; gjtpfSf;Fk; kw;Wk; Vida NtiyfSf;Fk;

Ml;fis epakpg;gjpy; rpq;fstu;fSf;Nf Kd;Dupik toq;fg;gLtjhf

tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fSf;F tpilaspj;Njhupy; rpyu; fUJfpd;wdu;.

\Gifapuj epiyaj;jpy; xNunahU jkpo; cj;jpNahfj;jNu cs;sNjhL> murhq;f

Mtzq;fs; rpy ,d;Dk; rpq;fsj;jpNyNa mr;rplg;gLfpd;wd.| (kjj; jiytu;fs;)

NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,f;fhuzj;jpdhy;> ,f;fpuhk kf;fspy; Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpw;F

cs;s njhlu;r;rpahd <LghlhdJ rf;jptha;e;j xU r%ftskhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;w> nray;

Mu;tk; kpf;f xU tiyaikg;igj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. epjp kw;Wk; nghUs; cjtpfSf;F

Nkyjpfkhf> Gjpa tiyaikg;Gf;fis Vw;gLj;Jjy;> cstpay; MjuT vd;gdtw;wpd;

%yk; mJ cs;@u;thrpfSf;Fj; JizGupe;Js;sJ. ,r;#o;epiyapy;> Gyk;ngau;

r%fkhdJ ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;fhd xU nfhilahspahfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy;>

nray; <LghLilajhf ,Ue;JtUfpd;w N[u;kdp kw;Wk; gpuhd;]py; cs;s Gyk;ngau;

r%fj;jtu;fspd; rq;fq;fSld; ,ize;j tifapy;> ghi~A+u; fy;tp> fiy> fyhrhu

mgptpUj;jpr; rq;fk; vDk; ngaupy; xU Gjpa rq;fk; tpiuthf Muk;gpf;fg;glTs;sJ.

,r;rq;fj;jpd; jiytu; N[u;kdpapypUe;Jk;> cgjiytu; mT];jpNuypahtpypUe;Jk;>

nrayhsu; gpuhd;]pypUe;Jk; njupT nra;ag;glTs;sdu;.

gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s rq;fq;fs;> ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;fhd cs;sf

tpisahl;luq;F xd;iw epu;khzpj;jy;> E}yfk; xd;iw mikj;jy; Mfpa ,U

Kf;fpakhd nraw;wpl;lq;fisg; gw;wpj; jw;NghJ fye;jhNyhrpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

Gyk;ngau; r%f mq;fj;jtu; xUtupd; $w;Wg;gb> ,yq;ifapy; N[u;kd; J}jufk; ,e;j

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mq;fj;jtupd; $w;Wg;gb> tprh toq;Ftjw;nfd njhlf;fj;jpy; epu;khzpf;fg;gl;bUe;j>

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gpupb]; fTd;rpy; (British Council) thf;FWjpaspj;Js;sJ. xU E}yfj;ijj; jpwe;J

itg;gjd; %yk;> gpuhd;]py; cs;s Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpd; tpUg;gj;ij epiwT nra;tjhf

,J mikAk;. ,jw;F N[u;kd; Mjuthsu;fs; 30>000 E}y;fis toq;fTs;sdu;. NkYk;>

fdlhtpy; trpf;fpd;w xU jdpg;gl;l nfhilahsp ,e;j E}yfj;jpw;fhf fhzp xd;iwAk;

md;gspg;Gr; nra;Js;shu;. E}yfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; nghUl;L aho;g;ghz efuj;jpw;Fg;

gpuahzk; nra;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf> ,f;fpuhkr; rpWtu;fs; jkJ tPLfSf;F mUfpNyNa

49

cs;s xU E}yfj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd tha;g;ig ,J mtu;fSf;F toq;Fk;.91

ngUe;njhifahd E}y;fs; cs;@u;thrp xUtuhy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L>

cs;ehl;LAj;j fhyj;jpy; N[u;kdpf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. jw;NghJ ,e;j

eyd;tpUk;gp cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;E}yfj;jpw;F ,e;E}y;fs;fis md;gspg;Gr; nra;a

Kd;te;Js;shu;. ,g;Gjpa Kaw;rp gw;wpa Nkyjpf tpguq;fs; ,e;j Ma;twpf;ifapy; gpd;du;

fye;Jiuahlg;gLk;.

Gifg;glk; 14: Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpduhy; Áyfkhfj; jpUj;jpaikf;f cj;Njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;s

NrjKw;w fl;llk;

6. xU r%ff; FO

6.1 r%f tho;tpy; cs;s <LghL

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Kf;fpakhd gq;if tfpf;fpd;wd. kPd;re;ijAk; NjthyaKk; ngUk; vz;zpf;ifahd

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mNjNtis> Njthyaj;jpw;F tUNthu; nra;tha;f; fpoikfspy; eilngWfpd;w G+irfspy;

(Muhjidfspy;) fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;. kuf;fwpfs;> gpsh];bf; nghUl;fs; (nefpop)

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50

Kjypadtw;iw re;ijapy; tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf> Vida fpuhkq;fspypUe;J$l rpW

tpahghupfs; tUif jUfpd;wdu;.

ml;ltiz 4: fpuhkj;jpd; gpujhd r%fr; nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa fhytpgug; gl;bay;

epfo;Tfs; fhyk;

tpisahl;Lfs; ij> rpj;jpiu> Mdp> khu;fop

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gw;wp Vida FO cWg;gpdu;fSf;F ngUk;ghYk; vJTk; njupa tUtjpy;iy.

51

Gifg;glk; 15: fpuhk rdr%f epiyak;

6.2. Kiwrhu;e;j kw;Wk; Kiwrhuh tiyaikg;Gfs;

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itj;jpUg;gjw;Fj; JizGupe;Js;s mNjNtis> mtu;fs; xUtUld; kw;nwhUtu;

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tUlq;fSf;F xUKiw njupT nra;ag;gLfpd;wJ.92 cs;@u; kPdtu;fSf;F MjuT

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vd;gdtw;wpd; nraw;ghLfis Kfhiknra;jy;> Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; Kjypad

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52

NghJkhd Ml;fs; mtu;fSf;Ff; fpilg;gjpy;iy. jkJ ez;gu;fs; njhopiyf;

iftpLthu;fshapd;> jhKk; iftpl Ntz;Lnkdf; fUJfpd;wdu;.| (jptpneFk

cj;jpNahfj;ju;)

Gyk;ngau; r%fKk; rhjid Gupe;j tu;j;jfu;fs;> (kPd; tpahghupfs;Æ

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,f;fpuhkj;ijr; Nru;e;j MSikAila jdpegu;fSk; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; r%f tpopg;Gzu;it

Vw;gLj;jp> njhlu;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;Js;sdu;.93 r%fj;jpd; xj;jpirTj; jpwidf; fhj;Jg;

NgZtjpy; gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp Mfpa ,lq;fspy; cs;s Gyk;ngau; r%fk; Jizahf

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Nkyjpfkhf> ,uT Neug; ghlrhiyfis elhj;Jtjw;Fk; %d;whk;epiyf; fy;tpiaj;

njhlUfpd;w (aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fofk; Nghd;wtw;wpy; fy;tpfw;fpd;w) 46

khztu;fSf;F epjpAjtp toq;Ffpd;wdu;.94 Gyk;ngau; r%f mq;fj;jtu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb>

tsu;e;NjhuhfTs;s ,k;khztu;fs; ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; ,Njtpjkhd nraw;ghLfis

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,f;fpuhkj;jpw;F tUif jUfpd;wdu;.96

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53

mtu;fs; fhy;ge;J tpisahLtNjhL> ,t;tpisahl;by; ty;yikAilatu;fshfTk;

tpsq;Ffpd;wdu;. NkYk; ,f;fpuhkk; Njrpakl;l tpisahl;L tPuu;fs; gyiuj;

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Kjd;ikahd ,U tpisahl;L mzpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. ,t;tpU mzpfSk; 1940k;

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tUfpd;wd.

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54

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100 rkaj; jiytu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;. 101 ghu;f;f: St. Anthony’s feast in Passaiyoor https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sTluCccX8Iw.

55

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,UNtisg; G+irfspYk; fye;J nfhs;fpd;wdu;.

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56

nraw;ghLfis Njthyak; Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wJ. ,e;j Md;kPfj;Jldhd xl;LwthdJ

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cWg;gpdu;)

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,jd; fhuzkhf midj;Jf; FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; kpf neUf;fkhd cwT cz;L.

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jpUkzq;fNs epfo;e;Js;sd.

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,y;iy vd;gijAk; Neu;fhzy;fspy; ngUk;ghyhdit Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,sk; ngz;fs;

jkf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; gy neUf;fbfs; cs;sd

103 ,lg;ngau;tpd; ghy;epiy mbg;gilapyhd jhf;ftpisTfisg; gw;wpa tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Amirthalingam, Kopalapillai and Rajith WD Lakshman. (2012). ‘Impact of Displacement on Women and Female-headed Households: A Mixed Method Analysis with a Microeconomic Touch’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 26 (1): 26-46. 104 ghy;epiy mbg;gilapyhd mdu;j;jq;fs;> ngz;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; tpfpjrkkw;w jhf;ftpisTfs; kw;Wk;

<LnfhLg;gjw;fhd mtu;fsJ cghaq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: De Mel, Neloufer and Kanchana N. Ruwanpura. (2006). Gendering the Tsunami: Women’s Experiences from Sri Lanka. International Centre for Ethnic Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka

57

vd;gij tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fSf;F gjpyspj;Njhu; Rl;bf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. mt;tzNk> f.ngh.j

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gopRkj;Jfpd;wdu;.107 ,uhZtk; kw;Wk; ,g;gFjpapy; cs;s Kul;Lj;jdkhd ,isQu;fs;

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jaq;Ffpd;wdu;.

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tbtpyhd nry;tkhfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. vjpu;ghuhj ntspthup tpistpw;fhd Xu;

105 ngz; Copag; gq;Fgw;wYk; mJ nraw;gLk; KiwAk; gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Gunatilaka, Ramani (2013), Women’s Participation in Sri Lanka’s Labour Force: Trends, Drivers and Constraints, ILO. Link http://www.ilo.org/colombo/whatwedo/publications/WCMS_215445/lang--en/index.htm 106 Neu;fhzy;fspd; gpufhuk;> 10 tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; 22 ngz; gps;isfs; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; fy;tpfw;wdu;> Mdhy; ,g;NghJ 5 NgNu cs;sdu;. 107 ngz;fs; rq;fk; kw;Wk; Ez;ghf epjpf; FOTldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;. 108 MAjKuz;ghL> ,lg;ngau;T> Gyg;ngau;T vd;gd fhuzkhf jkpo; r%fj;jpy; rpf;fyhd khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;s> kw;Wk; njhlu;e;Jk; gupzhk tsu;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;w rPjd eilKiw. Nkyjpf

jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Jayatilaka, D., and Amirthalingam, K. (2015). ’The Impact of Displacement on Dowries in Sri Lanka’, Brookings–LSE Project on Internal Displacement, Washington DC. Link http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2015/02/04-dowries-displacement-sri-lanka

58

cjhuzkhf mjpfupj;jstpyhd fhzp tpiyfs; cs;sd. ,J ntspehl;Lg; gzk;

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Kf;fpakhd fhuzkhFk; vdTk; Neu;fhzy; xd;wpd;NghJ fpuhkpaj; jiytu;fs;

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Mz;fSf;F mjpfkhfTs;sd. MfNt Mz; gps;isfs; cau;jug; guPl;irfspy; rpwe;j

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mgpg;gpuhag;gb> Mz;fs; ngUk;ghYk; jdpahu; JiwapNyNa Ntiy NjLfpd;wdu;.

mNjNtis ngz;fs; murhq;fj; njhopy;fspy; Mu;tk; cilatu;fshf cs;sdu;. mur

njhopy; mjpfsTf;F kjpg;G tha;e;jjhf cs;sJ vdf; fUjg;gLtNj ,jw;fhd

fhuzkhFk;.109 fzprkhdsT ngz;fs; fy;tp fw;W> rpwe;j njhopy;fspy; cs;sdu;.

vdpDk; Fwpg;gpl;l cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fye;Jiuahly;fspd;gb>

ngz;fs; Ntiyf;Fr;nrd;W ciof;fpd;wNghJk;> mtu;fs; rkj;Jtkhf

elhj;jg;gLtjpy;iy.110

7. xU nghUshjhr; r%fk;

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gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;. ,e;j kPd;gpb El;gk; Kjd; Kjypy; ,f;fpuhkj;jpNyNa Njhw;wk;

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109 fpuhkpaj; jiyth;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;. 110 ngz;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhd jilfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Sarvananthan, Muttukrishna. (2014). ‘Impediments to Women in Post-Civil War Economic Growth in Sri Lanka’. Point Pedro Institute of Development, Point Pedro, Jaffna , Sri Lanka, 2014. 111 ghi~êupy; Nrw;Wkz; fhzg;gLtjhYk;> fly; Mokw;wjhf ,Ug;gjdhYk;> ,e;j kPd;gpb Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. kPdtu;fshy; kPd;fis capUld; gpbj;J tpw;gid nra;af;$bajhfTs;sJ.

59

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Njitg;gLtJld;> cs;@u; kPdtu;fs; Vida kPd;gpb El;gq;fspy; Mu;tk; fhl;Ltjpy;iy.

,g;gpuNjrj;jpy; Vida njhopy;El;gq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w mNjNtis> ,e;El;gkhd

xg;gPl;lstpy; nryT Fiwe;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F Muk;gKjyPlhf 1>000>000

&gh NghJkhdjhFk;. mij %d;W $Wfshfg; gpupj;J> mjhtJ glfpw;F 300>000 &gh>

112 cs;Su; kPdtu;fSf;F kPd;fs; nraw;gLk; KiwfSk; mtw;wpd; elj;ijfSk; gw;wpa KO tpguj;Jld; $ba mwpT cz;L. 113 kPdtu; rq;f cWg;gpdu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

60

Nkhl;lhUf;F 300>000 &gh> kw;Wk; tiyfSf;F 400>000 &gh vd nrytpl

Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,jw;F Nkyjpfkhf kPz;nlOk; vupnghUs;> Copa> kw;Wk; gOJghu;j;jy;

nryTfSk; cs;sd. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; 250 glFfs; cs;sd. ,it midj;JNk

ngUk;ghYk; cs;@u;thrpfSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhditahFk;. xU kPd;gpbg; glfpw;F

cilikahf ,Ug;gtuhy;> ,af;fr; nryT> Mo; nryT vd;gd ePq;fyhf khjk; xd;Wf;F

Fiwe;j gl;rk; 40>000 &ghit ciof;f KbAk;. mNjrkaj;jpy;> kPd;gpbf;

$ypj;njhopyhsp xUtuhy; khjnkhd;wpw;F 15000 &gh ciof;f KbAk;. ,jpy;

mz;zsthf 5000 &gh mtuJ nrytPdq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tpLk;.114

ghi~A+u; mjp Kf;fpaj;JtKila xU kPd;gpbf; fpuhkkhf ,Ug;gjdhy; cs;@u;g;

nghUshjhuj;jpd; ngUk;gFjp ,e;j kPd;gpbj;JiwiNa Kjd;ikf; $whff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

tiyfisAk; kPd;gpbj; njhopYld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l Vida nghUl;fisAk; tpw;gid

nra;fpd;w filfs; thuj;jpd; 7 ehl;fspYk; jpwe;jpUf;fpd;wd. ,it jtpu> khjhe;jk;

mz;zsthf 20>000 &gh ,yhgkPl;lf; $ba> kPdtu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fsJ FLk;gq;fSf;Fk;

gy;NtW tPl;Lg; ghtidg; nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;fpd;w> 10 rpwpa filfs;>

cs;@u;thrpfSf;F czT toq;Ffpd;w 5 rpwpa cztfq;fs;> khjnkhd;wpw;F

mz;zsthf 15>000 &ghit ,yhgkhf <l;lf;$ba Mu;t ehl;lj;jpw;Fupa

(moFgLj;jYf;fhd) nghUl;fisAk; tpisahl;Lf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nghUl;fisAk;

tpw;gid nra;fpd;w ,U filfs;> glFfisAk; Nkhl;lhu;fisAk; gOJghu;g;gjw;fhd

,uz;L my;yJ %d;W ,lq;fs; MfpadTk; cs;sd. ,f;fpuhkj;jpDs; ,U tPLfspy;

fUthL gjdplg;gLtNjhL> ,jd; %yk; khjnkhd;wpw;F mz;zsthf 30>000 &gh

ciof;fpd;wdu;. NkNy Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ,e;j tpahghu Kaw;rpfspd; nkhj;j tpw;gidAk;

,yhgKk; ngUk;ghYk; kPdtu;fspd; tUkhdj;Jld; neUf;fkhfj; njhlu;Ggl;L

(xd;iwnahd;W rhu;e;jjhf) cs;sd. mjhtJ kPd;gpb Fiwthf cs;sNghJ

filfSf;fhd tUkhdk; FiwthfTk;> kPd;gpb jhuhskhff; fpilf;Fk;NghJ

filfSf;fhd tUkhdk; $LjyhfTk; fpilf;fpd;w nghJthd xU Nghf;F

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,f;fpuhkj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyakhfTs;s re;ij xt;nthU ehSk; fhiy 7 kzpf;F>

jpwf;fg;gl;L> kjpaNeuk; tiu ,aq;Ffpd;wJ. mjpy; mz;zsthf 50 tpw;gidr;

rhtbfs; (rpW filfs;) cs;sNjhL> mtw;wpy; xUtu; my;yJ ,U kPdtu;fs; mtu;fsJ

FLk;g cWg;gpdu;fs; tpahghuk; nra;fpd;wdu;. re;ij mUNf tPjpNahuq;fspy; mjpfsthd

kuf;fwp tpahghupfSk; Vida rpWtpahghupfSk; jkJ nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;J

tUfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy; fhiy Ntisapy; re;ij #oy; rdneupry; kpf;fjhfTk;> kpFe;j

114 kPdtu;> kw;Wk; rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSldhd ciuahly;fs;.

61

nraw;ghl;L epiyapYk; cs;sJ. ,r;re;ijf;F mUfpy; cs;s Vytpw;gid epiyakhdJ

,U tifapy; epfOfpd;w kPd; tpepNahfj;ij cWjp nra;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ

,t;tpepNahfkhdJ xd;wpy; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;W tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhf rpy;yiw

tpahghupfshy; rpwpa mstpy; Vyj;jpy; kPd;fs; nfhs;tdT nra;ag;gLjy;> my;yJ Vyk;

$WNthuhy; tpiy jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;L> kPd;fs; ghupastpy; ruf;$u;jp (van) kw;Wk;

,Ug;G+u;jpfspYk; (truck) Vw;wg;gl;L gpw ,lq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLjy;.115

re;ijahdJ Vy tpw;gid epiyaj;jpw;F mUfpy; ,aq;Ftjhy;> rpyNtisfspy;

mq;NfAk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l mstpyhd xU njhFjp kPd;fs;> kw;Wk; Fwpg;gpl;l rpy tif

kPdpdq;fs; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. capu;g;G kPd;fis tpw;gid nra;tjw;fhd

juepu;zaj;ij tFg;gjw;F (jPu;khdg;gjw;F) kPdtu;fs; Kaw;rpf;fpd;wdu;. ngUk;ghyhd

kPd;fs; cs;@upy; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLtNjhL> ez;L> fztha;> ,why; vd;gd

nfhOk;Gf;F my;yJ mjw;F mz;kpj;j ,lq;fSf;F mDg;gp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.116

Vytpw;gidapd;NghJ mz;zsthf 150 egu;fs; r%fkspj;jpUg;gu;. kPd;fs;

nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;w me;j Neuj;jpy; 5 njhlf;fk; 10 tiuapyhd Vyk;$WNthu;

njhlu;e;Jk; tpiyfis mwptpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gu;.117 Vyk;$WNthu; fl;lhak;

kPdtu;fshfj;jhd; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;wpy;iy. fld; nfhLg;gjd; %yk; my;yJ

epjpAjtp nra;Ak; egu;fshfr; nraw;gLtjd; %yk; ,tu;fs; kPdtu;fSf;F mbf;fb

cjTgtu;fshf ,Ug;gu;. ,yhgj;jpy; ,tu;fSf;Fk; gq;F cz;L.118 kPd;gpbg; glFfs;

vt;thW fiuia te;jilfpd;wd> kPd;fs; vt;thW glFfspypUe;J ,wf;fg;gLfpd;wd>

mit re;ijapy; vt;thW Vykplg;gLfpd;wd> my;yJ vt;thW tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd

Nghd;w tpguq;fis Gifg;glq;fspd; ,j;njhFjp fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,it tPL tPlhfr; nrd;W

tpw;gid nra;Ak; cs;@u; tpahghupfs;> efuj;jpypUe;Jk; Vida khtl;lq;fspypUe;Jk;

kPd; nfhs;tdT nra;a tUNthu; MfpNahiuAk; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

115 kPdtu;fs;> kw;Wk; murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;. 116 ghupastpy; kPd;fs; gpbgLfpd;wNghNj mit nfhOk;Gf;F mDg;gpitf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,y;yhtpby;> mit cs;@upy; my;yJ ,g;gpuNjrf; nfhs;tdthsu;fSf;F tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;wd. 117 glFfs; fiuf;F te;Jnfhz;bUg;gJld;> kPd;fs; tpiuthf ,wf;fg;gLfpd;wNghNj> rpy epkpl

Neuj;jpDs;NsNa tpw;gid nra;ag;gl;LtpLtNjhL> Gjpa njhFjp kPd;fs; tuj;njhlq;Ffpd;wd. 118 ,e;jg; gzf;fhu tpahghupapd; fPo; 50 glFfs; cs;sd. mtu; kPdtu;fspd; tpahghuj;jpw;fhf mtu;fSf;F tl;bapy;yhf; fld; mbg;gilapy; gzk; toq;Ffpd;whu;. tpw;gid nra;ag;gLfpd;w xt;nthU 100 &ghg; ngWkjpahd kPDf;Fk; mtu; 8 &ghit juFg;gzkhfg; ngWfpd;whu;.

62

Gifg;glq;fs;; 20>21>22> kw;Wk; 23: kPd;gpbr; nraw;ghLfs;

jkJ kPd;gpbj; njhopy; khw;wj;jpw;F cs;shfp tUfpd;wJ vd;gij cs;@u;thrpfs;

Vw;Wf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. Kd;du;> ,f;fpuhk kf;fspy; 100 rjtPjkhNdhu; kPd;gpbj; njhopypy;

<Lgl;L te;jdu;. jw;NghJ mjpfsthNdhu; ,uz;lhk;epiyj; njhopyhf NtW Jiwfisj;

Nju;e;njLj;Js;sik my;yJ kPd;gpbj; njhopiy KOikahff; iftpl vz;zpAs;sik

fhuzkhf> kPd;gpbapy; <LgLNthupd; vz;zpf;if mz;zsthf 90 rjtPjkhf

Fiwtile;Js;sJ.119 tpQ;rpa vjpu;ghu;f;iffs;> Fiwtile;J nry;Yk; tUkhdk;>

mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yk; cw;gj;jpr; nryT Nghd;w $l;Lf; fhuzpfs; ,g;gpur;rpidf;Ff;

fhuzkhf mike;Js;sd. ,yhgkhdJ mjpfupj;Jr; nry;Yfpd;w tho;f;ifr; nrytpw;F

,izahdjhf ,y;iy vd mjpfsT tUkhdk; ngWNthu; $lf; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,jdhy;

119 kPdtu; rq;f cWg;gpdu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

63

mtu;fSf;F Efu;T> kPs;KjyPL my;yJ Nrkpg;G Mfpatw;wpw;fhfr; nrytplf;$ba

rpWnjhif tUkhdNk vQ;Rfp;d;wJ.

\ehk; 100 fpNyhfpuhk; epiwAila kPd;fisg; gpbg;gij Kd;du; tof;fKiwahff;

nfhz;bUe;Njhk;. Mdhy; ,g;nghOJ 50 fpNyhfpuhk; mstpNyNa gpbf;ff;

$bajhfTs;sJ. kPd;gpb mstpy; Vw;gl;l ,k;khw;wj;jpdhy; vkJ tUkhdk;

tPo;r;rpaile;Js;sJ.| (kPdtu;)

flypy; cs;s kPd;tsk; Fiwtile;J nry;tNjhL> jhdhf mjdhy; kPs cUthf

KbahJs;sJ vdTk; kPdtu;fs; mr;rkilfpd;wdu;. mtu;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; kPd;fisg;

gpbg;ghu;fshapd;> kPd;gpbj;njhopy; NkYk; Nkhrkhd epiyia milAk; vd

mNdfkhNdhu; mgpg;gpuhak; nfhz;Ls;sdu;. Mopg;NguiyAk; (Rdhkp) ep~h #whtspAk;

fliyAk; kPd;fspd; thoplq;fisAk; ghjpj;Js;sd vd;gJ midtupdJk; nghJthd xU

ek;gpf;ifahFk;. ,J flYf;Fs; njhiyJ}uj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W kPd; gpbg;gjw;F kPdtu;fis

epu;ge;jpe;Js;sNjhL> mtu;fs; Vida kPdtu;fSlDk; kpfg;ngupa kPd;gpb ,Oitg;

glFfSlDk; Nghl;bapl Ntz;bapUg;gjdhy;> mtu;fSf;F kpFe;j nryT Vw;gLfpd;wJ.

,ul;ilkb tiy> ildikl; ntbkUe;J Nghd;w Fwpg;gpl;l tif kPd;gpb tiyfSk;

El;gq;fSk; flw;#oYf;Fg; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;JtNjhL> kPdpd; thoplq;fisg;

ghohf;Ffpd;wd vd;gjdhy;> ,Wf;fkhd fl;Lg;ghLfisAk; xOq;FtpjpfisAk; mwpKfk;

nra;tjd; %yk;> mtw;iw KOikahfj; jilnra;a Ntz;Lnkd

tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fSf;Fg; gjpyspj;Njhu; fUJfpd;wdu;.120 mt;tz;zNk> Fwpg;gpl;l rpy

topfhl;ly; tpjpKiwfs; cs;sNghJk;> mit Nju;jy; fhyq;fspy; jsu;j;jg;gl;bUe;jd

my;yJ ngUk;ghYk; rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; fzpf;fg;gltpy;iy.

cs;ehl;LAj;jk; KbTw;w gpd;du; murhq;fk; fl;Lg;ghLfisj; jsu;j;jpaikahy;

NkYk; mjpfsthd kPdtu;fs; $basthd kPd;fisg; gpbg;gjd; fhuzkhf> kPd;gpbj;

njhopypd; njtpl;ly;epiy (cr;rfl;lg; Nghl;b) ghupanjhU gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;J

tUfpd;wJ. ,f;fpuhkj;jpd; fiuapypUe;J ,uz;L iky; njhiytpDs;> FUefu;>

jiykd;dhu;> Ngrhiy Nghd;w ,lq;fisr; Nru;e;j cs;@u; kPd;gpb ,Oitg;glFfs; rpy

kPd;gpbj;J te;Js;sjhfj; njupatUfpd;wJ. MapDk; mit jw;fhypfkhf

epWj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jpa kPdtu;fs; jkJ vy;iyf;Fs; mj;JkPwpg; gpuNtrpj;J>

rl;ltpNuhjkhf kPd;gpbg;gJ njhlu;gpy;> cs;@u; kPdtu;fs; frg;Gzu;T nfhz;Ls;sNjhL>

tPo;r;rpaile;J nry;Yk; jkJ tUkhdk;> tho;thjhug; ghJfhg;gpd;ik vd;gdtw;wpw;fhd

120 ,j;jifa jilnra;ag;gl;l tiyfSk; ,ul;ilkb tiy KiwAk; ‘flyb ,Oit’ vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wJ. ,k;Kiwapy;> kpFe;j ghug;nghUl;fSld;$ba ghupa tiyfs; flypd; mbj;jsj;jpy; Nghl;L ,Of;fpd;wNghJ> mt;tplq;fspy; cs;s midj;Jk; thup vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jdhy; kPd;Kl;ilfs;> gtsg;ghiw> kw;Wk; kPd;fs; trpf;Fk; Vida ,lq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw mopg;gjhfj; njupa tUfpd;wJ.

64

gopia ,e;jpau;fNs Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vdTk; fUJfpd;wdu;. ghi~A+u; kf;fSf;F

jkJ fiuapypUe;J 15 njhlf;fk; 20 fpNyhkPw;wu; njhiytpw;F te;J kPd;gpbj;Jr;

nry;Yfpd;w ,e;j ntspehl;ltu;fSld; vj;njhlu;ghlYk; ,y;iy. MdhYk;> ,ul;ilkb

tiyfSld; kPd;gpbf;fpd;w ghupa ,Oitg;glFfs; flypd; Rw;Wr;#oy; njhFjpapy;

cs;s kPdpdq;fs;> flw;ghiwfs;> jhtuj; njhFjpfs; vd;gdtw;wpw;Fg; Nguopit

Vw;gLj;jp> ,aw;ifahfNt tsk; kpf;fjhfTs;s rKj;jpuj; jsj;ij (,JNt ghi~A+u;

kf;fspd; kpf Kf;fpakhd tskhFk;) KO mstpy; ghohd Xuplkhf khw;Wfpd;wJ

vd;gij mtu;fs; njupe;J itj;Js;sdu;.

\ehk; Xu; ,f;fl;lhdepiyapy; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. Vnddpy; kPd;gpbg;gjw;fhf midtUk;

,q;F tuj;jahuhfTs;sdu;. khfhz rigapypUe;J ehk; ve;j cjtpiaAk;

ngwtpy;iy. mt;thNw kPd;gpbj;Jiw mikr;ruplkpUe;Jk; vt;TjtpiaAk;

ngwtpy;iy.| (kPdtu;)

\,e;jpa kPdtu;fs; 15 njhlf;fk; 20 fpNyhkPw;wu; njhiytpw;F te;J

kPd;gpbf;fpd;wdu;. gtsg; ghiwfisAk; flypy; cs;s jhtuj; njhFjpiaAk;

Nrjg;gLj;jf; $ba kPd;gpb ,Oitg;glFfis mtu;fs; gad;gLj;Jtjhy;>

kPd;tsk; Fiwtilfpd;wJ.| (ghi~A+u; kPdtu; rq;fk;)

jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij tpUj;jp nra;J ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cs;@u; kPdtu;fs;

fld;ngWtjw;Fj; jahuhfTs;s mNjNtis> mtu;fsJ ghjfkhd tUkhd epiy

fhuzkhf> fld;fis kPsr; nrYj;JjyhdJ gpur;rpidf;Fupa xd;whf cs;sJ.121

mtu;fsJ vjpu;fhyk; ek;gpf;ifA+l;Ltjhf ,y;iy vd;gijj; njupe;J itj;Js;sikahy;>

mjpfsthd cs;@u;thrpfs; ftiyaile;Js;sNjhL> jkJ kPd;gpb tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd

khw;Wj; njupTfisg; gw;wpf; $u;e;J Muha;e;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,j;njhopy; ngUk;ghYk;

FOthf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtjhy;> njhopw;Njhou;fs; njhopiyf; iftpl;L ntspNaWfpd;w

NghJ> mtu;fsJ tiyaikg;Gk; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mtu;fs; ek;gpf;if

,oe;jtu;fshfTk;> Mjutw;wtu;fshfTk; MFtNjhL> VidNahiug; gpd;gw;wp

njhopypUe;J $l ntspNaWfpd;wdu;.122 rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk cj;jpNahfj;jupd; $w;Wg;gb>

jw;NghJk; Ml;fs; ,j;njhopw;Jiwapy; ,izfpd;w mNjNtis> gpw njhopy;fspy;

Nru;jy;> FbapUf;Fk; ,lj;ijtpl;L ntspNaWjy;> ntspehLfSf;Fg; Gyk;ngau;jy;>

njhopypUe;J Xa;T ngWjy; Nghd;w fhuzq;fSf;fhf> xt;nthU tUlKk; mz;zsthf

25 kPdtu;fs; kPd;gpbj; njhopiy tpl;L ntspNaWfpd;wdu;. kPd;gpbj; Jiwapd; mjpfupj;Jr;

121 rkaj; jiytu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;. 122 Neu;fhzy;fspd; gpufhuk;> Kd;du; xU glfpy; 5 kPdtu;fs; flYf;Fr; nry;tu;> Mdhy; mJ ,g;NghJ %d;whff; Fiwtile;Js;sJ.

65

nry;Yfpd;w ,e;j fl;LWjpaw;w epiyahdJ> NkYk; NkYk; mjpfsthd ngw;Nwhu; jkJ

gps;isfis ed;whf fy;tp fw;FkhW Cf;Ftpg;gjw;Fj; J}z;bAs;sJ. ,jdhy; mtu;fs;

guPl;irfspy; rpj;jpaile;J> kPd;gpbj; njhopYf;F ntspNa> NtW Jiwfspy;

njhopy;fisg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sf; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;.

7.2 Gyg;ngau;Tk; Gyk;ngau; r%fKk;

kf;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> mtu;fsJ cWg;gpdu;fspy; mz;zsthf 600 Ngu;

,f;fpuhkj;ij tpl;L ntspNawp> Vida ehLfspy; Fbaku;e;Js;sdu;.123 ,jpy; 90

rjtPjj;jpdu; INuhg;ghtpw;Fk; kPjp 10 rjtPjj;jpdu; kj;jpa fpof;F ehLfSf;Fk;

nrd;Ws;sdu;.124 ghi~A+iur; Nru;e;j mz;zsthf 500 jdpegu;fs; INuhg;gpa

ehLfspYk;> Fwpg;ghf gpuhd;]pYk;> N[u;kdpapYk; trpf;fpd;wdu;. mNjNtis>

kPjpahfTs;s Gyk;ngau; r%fj;jpdu; mT];jpNuypah> fdlh> If;fpa ,uhr;rpak; Mfpa

ehLfspYk; trpf;fpd;wdu;.125 cs;ehl;LAj;j #o;epiy fhuzkhf ntspNawpNahUf;F

Nkyjpfkhf> jpUkzkhdJ ,f;fpuhkj;jpypUe;J kf;fs; Gyk;ngau;e;J nry;tjw;fhd

Kf;fpakhd xU fhuzkhf MfpAs;sJ. mtu;fs; gpuhd;]; my;yJ N[u;kd; Nghd;w

ehLfSf;Fr; nrd;W tho my;yJ ehl;bw;Fs;NsNa nfhOk;G> aho;g;ghz efuk;> kd;dhu;>

tTdpah> ,uizkL> khdpg;gha;> kz;iljPT Nghd;w ,lq;fSf;Ff; Fbngau;e;J

nry;yf;$Lk;.126 ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w FbapUg;Gf; fhzpfSf;fhd gw;whf;Fiw

njhlu;r;rpahd xU gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; xNu tPl;by; ,uz;L

my;yJ %d;W FLk;gq;fs; trpj;J tUfpd;wd. ,e;j kpifahd rdneupry; gpur;rpidAk;

mtu;fsJ njhopypy; cs;s ghJfhg;gw;w epiyAk; aho;g;ghzj;jpd; cl;Gw

miktplq;fis Nehf;fp efu;tjw;F kf;fisf; fl;lhag;gLj;Jfpd;wd. rpwe;j tho;f;ifj;

juKk; njhopy;tha;g;GfSk; fhuzkhf ehl;bd; cl;Gwj;jpy; epfOk; Gyk;ngau;Tld;

xg;gpLkplj;J> ntspehl;il Nehf;fpa Gyg;ngau;Nt mjpfsTf;F tpUk;gg;gLfpd;wJ.127>128

123 Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> jkJ rq;fj;jpy; cj;jpNahféu;tkhfg; gjpT nra;Js;s> gi~êiur; Nru;e;j N[u;kdpapy; trpf;fpd;w 100 FLk;gq;fSk;> gpuhd;]py; trpf;fpd;w 250 FLk;gq;fSk; cs;sd. 124 ntspNehf;fpa Gyg;ngau;T gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Institute of Policy Studies (2013), Migration Profile: Sri Lanka, Institute of Policy Studies, Colombo, Sri Lanka. Link http://www.ips.lk/ips_migration/publication/migration_profile/migration_profile_ips.pdf 125 rpfpr;ir epiya kUj;JtUldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;> ,J fpuhkj;jpYs;s KjpNahupd; rhd;WfSld; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 126 nfhOk;ig Nehf;fpa Gyg;ngau;T gw;wpa Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Collyer, M. (2011). When Does Mobility Matter for Migrants to Colombo? In The Migration-Displacement Nexus: Patterns, Processes, and Policies, (Eds) Khalid Koser and Susan Martin: 61-78, Berghahn Books: New York. 127 njhopy;Guptjw;fhf fpuhkj;ij tpl;L ntspNaWfpd;w xUtu;> cjhuzkhf nfhOk;gpy; Ntiynra;Ak; xUtuhy; mz;zsthf 30>000 &ghit $ypahr; rk;ghjpf;f KbAk;. mNjNtis ntspehl;by; ,f;$ypj;njhif kpf cau;thdjhf ,Uf;Fk; ($ypahdJ xUtupd; fy;tpj;juk;> jpwd;fs;> Fwpj;j egu; kj;jpa fpof;fpyh my;yJ INuhg;ghtpyh njhopy;Gupfpd;whu; vd;gdtw;iwr; rhu;e;jjhFk;).

66

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gpufhuk;> kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Nrkpg;Gf; fyhrhuk; fhzg;gltpy;iy vd;gNjhL> nrytplf;$ba

tUkhdj;jpy; KOtijANk nryT nra;tij mtu;fs; xU tof;fKiwahff;

nfhz;Ls;sdu;.129 mj;jifa Neuq;fspy; ntspehl;bYs;s jkJ r%f cwg;gpdu;fshy;

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fhzg;gLfpd;w Fiwtile;J nry;Yk; tUkhdk; fhuzkhf> ,q;Fs;s FLk;gq;fs;

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Gifg;glk; 24: gpuhd;];> kw;Wk; N[u;kdpapypUe;J te;j Gyk;ngau; r%f

cWg;gpdu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;

128 neUf;fbfspd; tpisthf epfo;fpd;w Gyg;ngau;tpy; ‘rpwpa khw;wq;fSk; rk;gtq;fSk; kpf Kf;fpakhd

ghupaNjhu; khw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf mikfpd;w xU epiy’ fhzg;gLtJld;> jpBu;j; ‘Àz;Ljy;’ rk;gtk; xd;W> Kd;dNu fhzg;gLfpd;w mOj;jj;ijf; nfhLf;Fk; Àz;ly;fSld; ,ilj;jhf;fKWk;. mj;jUzj;jpy; xU fhuzpiaj; jdpikg;gLj;JtJ fbdkhFk; - mJ ngUk;ghYk; njhlu;r;rpahdJk; gy;NtW epfo;Tfspd; $l;Lr;Nruf;ifAkhFk;. Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: McAdam, Jane. (2014). Conceptualizing ‘crisis migration’: A theoretical perspective, in Humanitarian Crisis and Migration: Causes, Consequences and Responses . (Eds) Martin, Susan F and Weerasinghe, Sanjula and Taylor, Abbie, 28-49, Routledge. 129 cs;@u; tpahghupfSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

67

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68

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69

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tUfpd;wd. Gyk;ngau; r%fkhdJ cs;@u; mgptpUj;jpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhd rpwpa

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70

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nghwpapayhsu;fs; (,Utu; njhopy;GuptJld;> kw;iwa ,Utu; fw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;)>

135 Rpfpr;ir epiyaj;jpid cUthf;Ftjw;F &gh 260>000 nryT nra;ag;gl;lJld; mjd; ,af;fj;jpw;F khjhe;jk; &gh 160>000 nrythfpd;wJ. 1989 Mk; Mz;L khjhe;jk; &gh 2>500 rk;gsj;Jld; tFg;Gf;fis elj;Jtjw;F ehd;F Mrphpah;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldh;.

71

kw;Wk; 4 tq;fp Kfhikahsu;fs; MfpNahu; ,jpy; mlq;Ftu;. 20 khztu;fs; aho;g;ghzg;

gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gy;NtW ghlj;Jiwfspy; gbg;ig Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;.

cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; rk;gsq;fisg; nghWj;jtiu> Mrpupau;fs;> epUthfj; njhopy;fspy;

cs;Nshu; Nghd;w murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; khjk; xd;wpw;F 25>000 njhlf;fk; 30>000

&gh tiu Ntjdkhfg; ngWfpd;wdu;. mNjNtis> itj;jpau;fs;> rl;lj;juzpfs;> tq;fp

Kfhikahsu;fs;> nghwpapayhsu;fs; KjypNahu; fzprkhdsT $ba rk;gsk;

ngWfpd;wdu;.136 ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; murrhu;gw;w epWtdk; vJTk; ,y;yhjNghJk;> NtW

,lq;fspy; cs;s mj;jifa epWtdq;fspy; gzpGupNthu; khjhe;jk; mz;zsthf 30>000

&gh ciof;fpd;wdu;. tu;j;jfj; Jiwapy; cs;s jdpegu;fs; xt;nthU khjKk; 15>000

njhlf;fk; 30>000 &gh tiuapy; rk;ghjpf;fpd;wdu;.137 kPdtu;fspd; tUkhdk;

gUtfhyq;fisr; rhu;e;Js;sikahy; Vw;wapwf;fq;fSf;F cl;gl;litahFk;.138 xU

glfpw;F cilikahsdhfTs;s kPdtd; xUtdhy; khjhe;jk; ruhrupahf 30>000 &gh

rk;ghjpf;f KbAk;. ,Ue;jNghjpYk;> mJ 100>000 &ghthf mjpfupj;jpUe;j re;ju;g;gq;fSk;

cs;sd vd mtu;fs; $Wfpd;wdu;. ,f;fpuhkj;jpy; ghupastpyhd kPd;gpbia

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nfhz;bUg;gjhy;> ,tu;fshy; ngUe;njhif tUkhdk; <l;lf;$bajhfTs;sJ.139

\,J vdJ je;ijapd; tpahghuk;. ehd; mij ,g;NghJ epUtfpj;J tUfpd;Nwd;. 50

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tpahghuj;ijr; nra;fpd;w NkYk; 8 Ngu; cs;sdu;. ,q;F nlhNahl;lh mypad;

Nkhl;lhu; fhiu (Toyota Allion) cilikahff; nfhz;Ls;s xNunahU egu;

ehd;jhd;.| (jpU uh[h> kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; <Lgl;Ls;s tpahghup)

136 rKu;j;jpÆjptpneFk cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;. 137 kPdtu;> mtu;fspd; FLk;gk;> murhq;f cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; MfpNahUldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;. 138 rpy Ntisfspy; kPdtu;fshy; gzk; rk;ghjpf;f KbahjpUf;Fk;> tUkhdk; vupnghUs; nrytpw;F khj;jpuNk NghJk;. 139 kPdtu;fis 4 tifahfg; gpupf;f KbAk;: 1. Kf;fpakhd tpahghupfs;> 2. mtu;fspd; fPo; gzpGupAk; kPdtu;fs;> 3. RNal;irahd kPdtu;fs;> 4. gFjpNeu kPdtu;fs; (,tu;fs; NtW njhopy; %yk; Kf;fpakhd tUkhdj;ijg; ngWtu;).

72

Gifg;glk; 25 kw;Wk; 26: ghi~êupy; njhopw;nraw;ghLfs;

jpU uh[htpd; $w;Wg;gb> ,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s Ntiytha;g;gw;w 600 ,isQu;fspy;>

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,f;fpuhkj;jpYs;s ngz;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifr;#oy; kpf Nkhrkhdjhf cs;sij

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jahupj;jy; Nghd;w Ranjhopy;fspy; <LgLfpd;wdu;.142 tq;fpfs; ngUk;ghYk;

fld;ngWNthuhy; toq;f KbahJs;s milkhdk; my;yJ gpizg;gj;jpuk; Nghd;wtw;iwf;

140 ,J GjpaNjhu; ,lkhFk;. MfNt ,t;tplj;ij Nehf;fp tUkhdk; Fiwe;j FLk;gq;fs; efu;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;wd. kPdtu;fisg; Nghyy;yhJ> tpjitfs; ghi~êupYs;s flw;fiuf;F mUfpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;bapy;iy. murhq;fk; tpjitfSf;F khjnkhd;Wf;F 250 &gh toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,NjNghy; 70 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;ltu;fs; ,Ug;gpd; mtu;fSf;F 1000 &gh toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,g;gFjpapYs;s FLk;gq;fs; ,e;jpa tPlikg;Gj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; tPLfisg; ngw;Ws;sd. 141 ,lefu;thdJ mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;du; <LnfhLf;ff;$ba Xu; cghakhf cs;s mNjNtis> kf;fspd; elkhl;lj;ijf; Fiwf;ff;$ba epfo;Tfs; ,lk;ngWk; tifapy; NtW jpirapy; nry;Yk; Nghf;FfSk; mikaf;$Lk;. ,J Gwf;fzpf;fg;gl;l kf;fisg; nghwpf;Fs; rpf;fitf;Fk;. gy;NtW tifg;gl;l epu;g;ge;jf; fhuzpfspd; tpisthf> ,J fl;lhag;gLj;jg;gl;l xU efu;tpd;ik tbtkhf ,Uf;Fk;. Nkyjpf jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Collyer , Michael and Black , Richard. (2014). “Trapped” populations: Limits on mobility at times of crisis, in Humanitarian Crisis and Migration: Causes, Consequences and Responses. (Eds) Martin, Susan F and Weerasinghe, Sanjula and Taylor, Abbie, 287-305, Routledge. 142 ghi~êu;g; ngz;fs; rq;f cWg;gpdu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;.

73

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kpFe;j gaDila Muk;gepiy %yjdkhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd. kPd;gpbj; Jiwapy; cs;s

jkJ fztd;khUf;F Mjutspj;jy;> jkJ FLk;g tUkhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;

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fld;fis kPsr;nrYj;Jjy; Mfpa Nehf;fq;fSf;fhfTk; ,tw;iwg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;.143

\ehd; vLj;j fld;fisf; nfhz;L xU rpwpa tpahghuj;ij elhj;jp tUfpd;Nwd;.

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(ghi~A+u; ngz;fs; rq;f cWg;gpdu;)

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tUkhdk; <l;Lk; gpw nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl KbAk;.144

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74

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nghJthd eilKiwahf cs;sJ.

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75

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,y;iy.

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76

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tplaq;fs; vt;thW elhj;jg;gl;ld vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; Vw;gpd;ikAk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

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jiyapLjy;> murpay; jiyaPLfs;> FLk;g Ml;rp> kpul;Ljy; Kjypa mlq;Fk;. mg;NghJ

rpy Ntisfspy;> jhk; Rje;jpukhf njhopy;fSf;Fr; nry;yNth my;yJ Rje;jpukhd

jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sNth mDkjpf;fg;gltpy;iy vd;gJld;> Kd;ida Ml;rpf;

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gfpu;e;jspj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fspy;$l Rje;jpukhd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s jhk;

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epfo;e;jjy;y.

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jFjpAilNahiu cs;slf;fpa xU gl;baiy ehk; jahupj;Jf;

149 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy; 2015 [dtup 8k; jpfjp eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp k`pe;j uh[gf;~ Njhy;tpaila> ikj;jpghy rpupNrd mtu;fs; [dhjpgjpahfj; njupTnra;ag;gl;lhu;. mj;Jld; nghJ[d If;fpa Kd;dzpapd; $l;L murhq;fj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp jiyikapyhd $l;L murhq;fk; Ml;rpf;F te;jJ. 150 tlf;fpd; murpay; nghUshjhuk;> mur njhiyNehf;F> kw;Wk; Ml;rpf; fl;likg;gpYk; eilKiwapYk;

cs;s gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpa jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Saparamadu, Chamindry and Aftab Lall. (2014). ‘Resettlement of Conflict-Induced IDPs in Northern Sri Lanka: Political Economy of State Policy and Practice’. Working Paper 10. Colombo: Centre for Poverty Analysis.

77

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78

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79

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,ilapYs;s njhlu;Gfs; gw;wpa jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Brun, Cathrine and Ragnhild Lund. (2008). ‘Making a Home during Crisis: Post-Tsunami Recovery in a Context of War, Sri Lanka’. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 29 (3): 274–87. 156 gy;NtW jdpegu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;. 157 MapDk;> kPdtu; rq;f cWg;gpdu;fspd; $w;Wg;gb> tpLjiyg; GypfSld; ,Ue;j njhlu;Gfs; fhuzkhf jkJ fpuhkj;jpw;Fj; jpUk;gptuhjtu;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;.

80

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81

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159 kfpo;r;rpapd; msT my;yJ mftakhd MNuhf;fpa epiyahdJ KOikahd tUkhdk;> xg;gPl;L mbg;gilapyhd tUkhdk;> Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;w FOTk; NeuKk;> Nguhu;tk;> vjpu;fhyg; nghUshjhu vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; Kjypadtw;iw cs;slf;fpAs;s fhuzpfspd; xU fyitahf ,Ug;gjdhy;> mJ rpf;fyhdjhfTs;sJ. Nkyjpfj; jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Knight, John and Gunatilaka, Ramani. (2011). ‘Does economic growth raise happiness in China?’ Oxford Development Studies, 39(01): 1-24. 160 kf;fs; vt;thW kdjpy; vz;zk; nfhs;fpd;wdu;> njhopw;gLfpd;wdu;> kw;Wk; tho;f;ifia vt;thW kjpg;gpLfpd;wdu; vd;gdtw;wpw;F toptFf;fpd;w rlg;nghUl;fs;> r%f kw;Wk; mwpT rhu;e;j mk;rq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpa Nkyjpfj; jfty;fSf;F> ghu;f;f: Pouw, N., & McGregor, A. (2014). “An Economics of Wellbeing: What Would Economics Look Like if it were Focused on Human Wellbeing?” IDS Working Papers, 2014(436), 1-27 161 mt;tz;zNk> tPLfs; rpwpadthf cs;s mNjNtis> kf;fsplk; mjpfsthd nrhj;Jfs;> Mlk;gug; nghUl;fs;> ifapYs;s fhR vd;gd cs;sNjhL> NjitNaw;gbd; NkYk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba epiyapYk; ,Uf;fpd;wdu;. 162 fpuhk cj;jpNahfj;ju; ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtuhf ,Ug;gjhy;> kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mw;wit vd $Wtjw;F mtu; tpUk;gpapUf;ff; $Lk;. 163 tpisahl;Lf; fof> kw;Wk; Gyk;ngau; r%f cWg;gpdu;fSldhd fye;Jiuahly;fs;.

82

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nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.165

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83

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168 kPdtu; rq;f cWg;gpdu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;. 169 For more information on embargos, see Muttukrishna Sarvananthan. (2007). ‘Economy of the Conflict Region in Sri Lanka: From Embargo to Repression’. Policy Studies 44, East-West Centre. Link http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/ps044.pdf

84

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170 rkaj; jiytu;fSldhd Neu;fhzy;fs;.

85

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86

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87

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88

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8016767895559

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