8th Grade Review

3rd Trimester

Immigrants and Urban Challenges

►The population of the United States grew rapidly in the early 1800s with the arrival of millions of immigrants – especially the Irish and Germans.

Reforming Society►Reform movements in the

early 1800s affected religion, education, and society.

The Movement to End Slavery

►In the mid-1800s, debate over slavery increased as abolitionists organized to challenge slavery in the United States.

Women’s Rights►Influenced by the abolition

movement, many women struggled to gain equal rights for themselves.

Compromise of 1850►The Compromise of 1850 tried to

solve the disputes over slavery.

► The Result of the Compromise of 1850 CA – free state The rest of the Mexican Cession:

would be decided by popular sovereignty

Slave trade, but not slavery, outlawed in DC

Stronger fugitive slave law

Fugitive Slave Act►The Fugitive Slave Act caused more

controversy.

Antislavery Literature►Abolitionists used antislavery

literature to promote opposition.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act►The Kansas-Nebraska Act allowed

voters to allow or prohibit slavery.

Bleeding Kansas►Pro-slavery and antislavery groups

clashed violently in what became known as “Bleeding Kansas.”

Dred Scott Decision►The Dred Scott decision created

further division over the issue of slavery after it ruled that the Missouri Compromise and Popular Sovereignty were unconstitutional.

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

►The Lincoln-Douglas debates brought much attention to the conflict over slavery and made Lincoln well known.

Raid on Harpers Ferry►John Brown’s raid on Harpers Ferry

intensified the disagreement between free states and slave states.

Election of 1860

►The outcome of the election of 1860 divided the United States and led southern states to secede from the Union.

Americans Choose Sides►Following the outbreak of war at Fort

Sumter, Americans chose sides.

War in Virginia

►Union and Confederate forces fought for control of the war in Virginia.

Battle of Antietam►The Battle of Antietam gave the North

a slight advantage.

Breaking the Union’s Blockade

►The Confederacy attempted to break the Union naval blockade, but the blockade was mostly a success.

Union Strategy in the West►The Union strategy in the West

centered on control of the Mississippi River.

Emancipation Proclamation►The Emancipation Proclamation freed slaves

in Confederate states.

Battle of Gettysburg►The Battle of Gettysburg in July of

1863 was a major turning point in the war.

Union Campaigns Cripple the Confederacy

►During 1864, Union campaigns in the East and South - including the Wilderness Campaign and Sherman's March, dealt crippling blows to the Confederacy.

Effects of the Civil War

►The Civil War had the following effects: 620,000 Americans dead Billions of dollars in damage African Americans freed Bitter feelings created in the South The National Government was

Strengthened

Rebuilding the South►President Lincoln and

Congress differed in their views as Reconstruction began.

Opposition to President Johnson►Black Codes led to opposition to

President Johnson’s plan for Reconstruction.

Fourteenth Amendment►The Fourteenth Amendment ensured

citizenship for African Americans.

Congress Takes Control of Reconstruction

►Radical Republicans in Congress took charge of Reconstruction and President Johnson was impeached.

Fifteenth Amendment►The Fifteenth Amendment gave

African Americans the right to vote.

Reconstruction and Scalawags

►Reconstruction governments helped reform the South with help from scalawags and carpetbaggers.

Ku Klux Klan

►The Ku Klux Klan was organized as African Americans moved into positions of power.

Reconstruction Ends

►As Reconstruction ended, the rights of African Americans were restricted.