8th GradeChapter 24 Guided

Notes

“World War I”

Section 1: “War in Europe Breaks Out”

“Stalemate in the Trenches”

•On August 4, 1914, the Germans invaded __________ with ________ as their goal. The ____________________ stopped the Germans.

•The soldiers were fighting a new kind of battle, ________________. Lines of trenches stretched across France from the ___________ ____________ to the border of ___________. For more than 3 years, the battle lines remained ___________________.

•When soldiers tried to attack enemy lines, they ran into a hail of ____________ and clouds of _______________.

•When battles did take place, they cost many thousands of lives, often without gaining _____ _________. In the Battle of the Somme there were___________ casualties. Despite this, the Allies gained only about ______________.

“A War of New Technology”

•__________________ raised the death toll. The _________ smashed through barbed wire, soldiers used machine guns that fired _______ a minute, and _____________ burned and blinded both sides.

•The Germans used submarines they called _________to block trade. They were equipped with guns and __________. U-boats sank over ___________ Allied ships.

“America’s Path to War”

•When the war started in 1914, President _________ announced a policy of _________, refusing to takes sides in the war.

•In 1914, the British set up a ______________ of German ports, seizing all goods bound for Germany. In response, German subs sank all Allied __________________ they found off the British coast. In May 1915, a German U-boat sank the ______________, killing 1,198

people, including _____Americans.

•Wilson demanded the Germans halt ________ ___________________________, keeping the U.S. neutral. Germany agreed. The 1916 Democratic Party’s slogan was, “__________ ______________.”

•Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. Its military leaders knew this would bring ________into the war, but they hoped to ____ before that happened.

•The ____________________ further strained German-American relations.

“Revolution in Russia”

•Czar ________________ poor leadership was blamed for more deaths. By 1917, food shortages led to riots and soaring __________ led to strikes by angry workers.

•In March 1917, the czar was forced to ______ ______, or step down. A temporary gov’t con’t the war until Nov. when the _____________, a communist group led by _________________, took command. _________________ is a political system in which the government owns key parts of the economy, and there is no private property.

•Because the war had devastated Russia, Lenin began ___________ with Germany.

In March 1918, Russia withdrew from the war by signing the ______________________. German troops could now turn from Russia to the ______________. This made U.S. entry into the war more urgent.

Section 2: “Americans Join the Fight”

“Raising an Army and a Navy”

•The American Army was not ready for war. It consisted of fewer than ___________ soldiers, many of them recent recruits. To meet this need, Congress instituted the ____________ ____________. By the end of 1918, nearly __ _________ had been drafted.

•Soldiers served under __________________

as the American Expeditionary Force (AEF). President Wilson chose to keep American forces ______________ from French and British troops. He thought it would guarantee the U.S. a major role in the _______________.

•For the first time, women served in the war. Some were ___________workers and others performed clerical jobs for the Navy. The Marine Corps accepted women recruits, and 1,000 joined the Army.

•Around _________ African Americans served, more than ___ of them in France. They faced discrimination from _________ soldiers. The Army took African American _________ after

receiving pressure from African American groups. The military created 2 ____________ combat divisions.

“Americans Ships Make a Difference”

•Rear Admiral _________________ convinced the Allies to adopt a system of protection from German U-boats. In a ________________, a heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships across the Atlantic in groups. It _______ the loss rate.

•Allies also laid a barrier of __________ in the North Sea as protection from U-boat attacks. The North Sea minefield made boat access to the _______________ almost impossible.

“American Troops Enter the War”

•The small force of 14,000 Yanks boosted the ____________ of the battle-weary Allies.

•The ___________ tried to end the war before the Americans arrived by launching an offensive in France in March 1918.

•In May, fresh American soldiers arrived and within 2 hours had taken the city of _________ _____________. This battle, along with a costly victory in _______________, allowed Americans to prove themselves in combat.

“Pushing the Germans Back”

•The ____________________ in the summer

of 1918 was the turning point of the war. For the rest of the war, the Allies advanced steadily. By ______________, the Germans were retreating.

• The Meuse-Argonne offensive made a hero out of American soldier _______________. He attacked German machine gunners and killed ___ of them. The soldiers surrendered and he returned to American lines with ___ prisoners.

•Another American hero was ______________ an “ace of aces” who shot down a total of ___ planes. His actions just before the Meuse- Argonne offensive won him the Medal of Honor.

•The ________________ African American

regiments were recognized for their valor by the French and were awarded their highest honor, the _________________.The _____ spent more continuous time on the front lines than any other American unit. Although under intense fire for ________, it never lost a foot of ground.

•The Americans had helped to shift the balance in favor of the ____________.

“Germany Stops Fighting”

•After the defeat of the __________________, General Erich Ludendorff advised the German government to seek peace. In early November, Germany’s navy ____________ and its allies

dropped out. On Nov. 9, the German Kaiser stepped down, and 2 days later, Germany agreed to an _____________. On Nov. 11th on the __________________________________ ______________ all fighting ceased.

•About _____________ soldiers died in the war, and about ___________ were wounded. Millions of civilians in Europe, Asia and Africa also died in the war from _________________ ___________.

Section 3: “Life on the Front”

“Mobilizing for War”

•Americans helped pay for almost 2/3 of the war with _____________, low interest loans by

civilians to the gov’t meant to be repaid in a number of years. ___________ and ________ ______ helped encourage people to buy bonds.

•Others supported the war in different ways. Some people planted “______________” so that more food could be sent to soldiers. Women’s groups _______________________ and sewed hospital gowns.

•Citizens also cut on gas by stopping Sunday _______________. The government also limited the use of __________.

•The war brought more gov’t control of the ___________. President Wilson set up the

__________________ to produce war supplies. With the president’s approval, the board also set ________. Another gov’t agency, the ___________________ settled conflicts between workers and factory owners.

•The _______________________ was created to produce propaganda.

“Intolerance and Suspicion”

•The war’s anti-German, anti-foreign focus fueled __________.

•On June 15, 1917 Congress passed

the _________________and the ___________ _____ followed in 1918. These laws set heavy fines and long prison terms for antiwar activities such as encouraging _________________. The laws made it illegal to criticize _________. U.S. courts tried 1,500 _____________, _____ __________ and other war critics.

•The gov’t ignored complaints that its laws were __________________ and even upheld the Espionage Act in the Supreme Court decision, __________________________.

“New Jobs and the Great Migration”

•The war caused a ___________. N. factories were now willing to hire workers they had once

____________.

•Between 1910 and 1920 about __________ African Americans heeded the call of N. factories. This movement became known as the _______________________.

•New jobs also opened in the SW. They were fueled by ______________ and ___________ _________. A revolution in ____________ forced many of its citizens to flee to the U.S. Most became _____________.

•The labor shortage also meant better jobs for _________. They replaced men in the factories an in other jobs. There were few ___ ___________________, but the jobs gave

the public a wider view of women’s abilities. Their contributions helped them win the right to __________.

“The Flu Epidemic of 1918”

•Another result of the war was a ___________. It killed more than __________ people on ___ continents before disappearing in 1920. The virus was spread around the world by _______. Everywhere, __________________ shut down.

•In the army, more than _____ of the soldiers caught the disease. In some AEF units, ____ of the troops died.

Section 4: “The Legacy of World War I”

“Wilson’s Fourteen Points”

•In Jan. 1918, President Wilson told Congress of his goals for ________. His speech became known as the ____________________. Most of the changes in national boundaries he recommended gave independence to peoples in the __________________ and the _______ ________________.

•For Wilson, the ____ Point mattered the most. He called for an association of nations to peacefully settle disputes. It was to became the __________________. Wilson believed that acceptance of his 14 Points would bring “_____________________________.”

“The Treaty of Versailles”

•Many Europeans considered __________ a hero, but conference leaders did not. Britain, France, and Italy wanted Germany to _______ _________ for its part in the war.

•The _________________ forced Germany to accept full blame for the war. Germany was stripped of its _________ and most of its armed forces. it was also burdened with $33 billion in reparations, money paid by a defeated nation for destruction caused by a war. It divided empires and created Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia and recognized ___________ independence.

Treaty v. TreatyTreaty of Versailles

• Germany to blame for the war.

• Ger. no colonies, armed forces.

• Ger. must pay $33 billion in reparations

• Created Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia; recognized Poland.

Treaty v. TreatyTreaty of Versailles

• Germany to blame for the war.

• Ger. no colonies, armed forces.

• Ger. must pay $33 billion in reparations

• Created Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia; recognized Poland.

•Wilson managed to include the ____________ ____________ into the treaty. He firmly believed it would help keep _____________. He returned to the U.S. to seek approval for the treaty, but the ______________________ Congress kept delaying votes on the treaty.

•Wilson decided to take his case to _________. In Sept. 1919, he began a cross-country speaking trip to build support for the League.

•After weeks of traveling and speaking, Wilson collapsed from the strain, suffering a _______.

•Americans were tired of _________________ and supporters of Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge offered a compromise: accept the treaty if

changes were made in the League. Wilson refused and the U.S. did not ratify the _______ _________________. The _______________ _________ was formed without representatives from the U.S.

•The war and the Treaty failed to make Europe “_______________________.” The treaty planted the seeds for __________________.

“Strikes and the Red Scare”

•Some Americans saw efforts to organize labor unions as the work of _____________. Labor strikes caused fears of a _________________ _________ like the on that toppled Czar Nicholas II. This fear caused a wave of panic

called the ________________. Public fear escalated with the discovery of ____________ sent to gov’t offices. Many believed the bombs were sent by ________________.

•In Jan. 1920, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer ordered __________________, where federal agents and police raided the homes of suspected radicals. His agents arrested at least 6,000 people . Without _____________, federal agents burst into homes and offices and took citizens to jail.

•The Red Scare was also ________________. Two Italian-born anarchists, _______________ and ____________________ were arrested for killing 2 men in an armed robbery. They

claimed they were innocent. Both were found ______________ and _____________.

“Racial Tensions Increase”

•Because of the ________________________, blacks and whites competed for factory jobs and housing. On July 2, 1917, the tensions erupted in race riots in East St. Louis. It began when blacks were brought in to replace white factory workers who were ______________. A shooting incident touched off the riot.

•When African American soldiers returned home from the war, they found their plight _________________. They were still _______ citizens.

•During the summer of 1919, more race riots flared in 25 cities around the country due to over housing, job competition, and __________ _________. Before it ended, ______ people were dead.

“Longing for Normalcy”

•By the election of 1920, Americans were worn out. Republican candidate Warren Harding’s promise of a “_________________________” appealed to voters. He won the election in a landslide.