88thth Grade GradeChapter 20 Guided NotesChapter 20 Guided Notes

““An Industrial Society”An Industrial Society”

Section 1: “The Growth of Industry”Section 1: “The Growth of Industry” Read “One American’s Story” p. 585.Read “One American’s Story” p. 585.

““The Industrial Revolution Continues”The Industrial Revolution Continues” Factory production expanded in the U.S. Factory production expanded in the U.S.

and had spread beyond the New England and had spread beyond the New England ________ to other regions and industries. ________ to other regions and industries. Several factors encouraged this growth: 1) Several factors encouraged this growth: 1) Plentiful _______ __________. America had a Plentiful _______ __________. America had a large supply of forests, water and large supply of forests, water and ___________________. 2) Growing population. ___________________. 2) Growing population. From 1860 to 1900 the U.S. population From 1860 to 1900 the U.S. population grew from ______________ to ______________, grew from ______________ to ______________, which led to a need for goods and spurred which led to a need for goods and spurred the growth of __________.the growth of __________.

natural

textiles

resources mineral

s31.5 million76

million industry

3) Improved transportation. Steamboats, canals 3) Improved transportation. Steamboats, canals and _____________ made it possible to ship and _____________ made it possible to ship items long distances more quickly. As goods items long distances more quickly. As goods got to markets more quickly, _________ grew. got to markets more quickly, _________ grew. 4) High Immigration. Between 1860 and 4) High Immigration. Between 1860 and 1900, about __________ people immigrated to 1900, about __________ people immigrated to the U.S. Many were skilled, and ____________ the U.S. Many were skilled, and ____________ workers supplied the labor the growing workers supplied the labor the growing industry needed. 5) New Inventions. New industry needed. 5) New Inventions. New machines and improved processes helped machines and improved processes helped industry _____________________ more efficiently. industry _____________________ more efficiently. Inventors applied for a _________, a gov’t Inventors applied for a _________, a gov’t document giving an inventor the exclusive document giving an inventor the exclusive right to make and sell his or her invention for a right to make and sell his or her invention for a sepecific number of years.sepecific number of years.

railroads

industry

14 million unskille

d

patent

produce goods

Investment capital. When businesses made Investment capital. When businesses made ___________, banks and wealthy people lent ___________, banks and wealthy people lent businesses money. 7) Government assistance. businesses money. 7) Government assistance. State and fed. Gov’ts used ___________, land State and fed. Gov’ts used ___________, land grants, and subsidies to help businesses grow. grants, and subsidies to help businesses grow.

““The Business Cycle”The Business Cycle” American industry experienced a patter of ups and American industry experienced a patter of ups and

downs know as the _________________. During downs know as the _________________. During booms, people ____________; during busts spending booms, people ____________; during busts spending and investing decrease. When industries _________ and investing decrease. When industries _________ workers, businesses may shrink or close. This workers, businesses may shrink or close. This period of low economic activity is a period of low economic activity is a __________________________. ________.

In the late 1800s, there were two harsh In the late 1800s, there were two harsh depressions called __________. Overall, man. goods depressions called __________. Overall, man. goods incr. _____incr. _____

a profit

tariffs

Business Cyclebuy

more lay off

depression

panics 6 times

““Steel: The Backbone of Industry”Steel: The Backbone of Industry” The __________ industry contributed to The __________ industry contributed to

America’s industrial growth. In the 1850s, America’s industrial growth. In the 1850s, ___ _________in the U.S. and ___ _________in the U.S. and _________________ in England independently _________________ in England independently developed what became known as the developed what became known as the ___________________. It used less than 1/7 of ___________________. It used less than 1/7 of the coals that the older processes used. the coals that the older processes used. This caused the nation’s steel output to This caused the nation’s steel output to increase ____________ bet. 1867 and 1900.increase ____________ bet. 1867 and 1900.

““Edison and Electricity”Edison and Electricity” By the 1870s, inventors had designed By the 1870s, inventors had designed

efficient _____________, a machine that efficient _____________, a machine that produces an produces an

steel Wlm

.Kelly

Henry Bessemer

Bessemer steel process

500 times

generators

electric current. electric current. The inventor who found the most ways to use The inventor who found the most ways to use

electricity was _________________. His electricity was _________________. His laboratory invented so many things that laboratory invented so many things that Edison received more than _________ patents. Edison received more than _________ patents.

Edison’s most famous invention was practical Edison’s most famous invention was practical ___________________. He figured out how to ___________________. He figured out how to make a safe, steady __________________. He make a safe, steady __________________. He also invented a system to deliver ___________ also invented a system to deliver ___________ to buildings. to buildings.

““Bell and the Telephone”Bell and the Telephone” ________________, a Scottish immigrant who ________________, a Scottish immigrant who

taught deaf students invented the telephone.taught deaf students invented the telephone.

Thomas Edison

1,000

electric lighting light

bulb electricity

Alexander Graham Bell

He and his assistant, Thomas Watson, tried He and his assistant, Thomas Watson, tried to invent a device to transmit to invent a device to transmit ________________ using electricity. He and ________________ using electricity. He and his assistant invented the ______________. his assistant invented the ______________.

““Inventions Change Industry”Inventions Change Industry” The _____________ opened jobs for women. The _____________ opened jobs for women.

_____________________ invented the first _____________________ invented the first practical typewriter in 1867. practical typewriter in 1867.

The _________________ also changed The _________________ also changed American life. __________________ first American life. __________________ first patented it, but _________________ created patented it, but _________________ created on with improvements. It lead to a new on with improvements. It lead to a new _____ ________. Increasingly, people bought _____ ________. Increasingly, people bought clothesclothes

human speech

telephone

typewriterChristopher Latham

Sholes

sewing machine Elias

HoweIsaac Singer in-

dustry

instead of making their own. instead of making their own.

Section 2: “Railroads Transform the Nation”Section 2: “Railroads Transform the Nation” Read “One American’s Story” p. 590.Read “One American’s Story” p. 590. A _____________________, one that spanned A _____________________, one that spanned

the entire country, would encourage people the entire country, would encourage people to _________ the West and develop its to _________ the West and develop its ________. In 1862, Congress approved a bill ________. In 1862, Congress approved a bill that called for two companies to build a that called for two companies to build a _______________ _______________across the _______________ _______________across the U.S.U.S.

The ______________________, led by Leland The ______________________, led by Leland Stanford, was to start in ____________, CA Stanford, was to start in ____________, CA and build east. The __________________ was and build east. The __________________ was to start in __________, NE and build west.to start in __________, NE and build west.

settle

Transcontinental railroad

economy

transcontinentalrailroa

d Central Pacific Sacrament

oUnion PacificOmaha

The gov’t gave these companies The gov’t gave these companies ___________ of public land for every mile of ___________ of public land for every mile of track they laid. track they laid.

The Central Pacific began to lay its first The Central Pacific began to lay its first track in ______, the Union Pacific laid its track in ______, the Union Pacific laid its first rail in July ________.first rail in July ________.

““Building the Railroad”Building the Railroad” The Central Pacific faced a labor shortage The Central Pacific faced a labor shortage

because most preferred to strike it rich as because most preferred to strike it rich as _____. Desperate for workers, the Central _____. Desperate for workers, the Central Pacific’s managers overcame widespread Pacific’s managers overcame widespread prejudice against the __________ and hired prejudice against the __________ and hired several of them. They were efficient, several of them. They were efficient, fearless and hard working. fearless and hard working.

20 miles2

1863 186

5

miners

Chinese

Since they drank ______ instead of unboiled Since they drank ______ instead of unboiled water, they were sick less often too. At the water, they were sick less often too. At the peak of construction, more than 10,000 peak of construction, more than 10,000 Chinese worked on the Central Pacific.Chinese worked on the Central Pacific.

After the Civil War ended, workers flocked to After the Civil War ended, workers flocked to work on the railroad. They included ________ work on the railroad. They included ________ ______, and the largest group of immigrants, ______, and the largest group of immigrants, _____________. _____________.

Both railroads often hired _________________. Both railroads often hired _________________. Washos, ___________ and _____________ all Washos, ___________ and _____________ all assisted the race of the rails across the assisted the race of the rails across the deserts of Nevada and Utah. deserts of Nevada and Utah.

““Railroads Tie the Nation Together”Railroads Tie the Nation Together”

tea

formersoldier

s the Irish

Native AmericansShoshon

ePaiutes

By May 10, 1869, Central Pacific workers By May 10, 1869, Central Pacific workers had laid ________ of track. Union Pacific had laid ________ of track. Union Pacific workers had laid ________. Only one span workers had laid ________. Only one span of track separated the two lines at their of track separated the two lines at their meeting point at ________________, Utah.meeting point at ________________, Utah.

Hundreds of spectators arrived to see the Hundreds of spectators arrived to see the transcontinental railroad completed. The transcontinental railroad completed. The last spike, a _________one, was set in last spike, a _________one, was set in place and (attempted to be ) hammered place and (attempted to be ) hammered by the ______ __________of both railroads.by the ______ __________of both railroads.

The Union Pacific-Central Pacific line was The Union Pacific-Central Pacific line was the _______ transcontinental railroad. the _______ transcontinental railroad.

““Railroad Time”Railroad Time”

690 miles1,086

mi.Promontory

goldenpresi-dent

sfirst

The railroads changed American in a The railroads changed American in a surprising way: they ___________________. surprising way: they ___________________. Solar time caused problems for people who Solar time caused problems for people who crossed time zones, so the railroad crossed time zones, so the railroad companies set up ______ _____________. It companies set up ______ _____________. It was a system that divided the U.S. into four was a system that divided the U.S. into four ______________. By 1918, most Americans ______________. By 1918, most Americans saw the benefit of it because following a saw the benefit of it because following a _____________ had become a part of daily life._____________ had become a part of daily life.

““Economic and Social Changes”Economic and Social Changes” The railroads helped create a modern The railroads helped create a modern

America. They: 1) Linked the _____________ America. They: 1) Linked the _____________ of E and W. From the W. the railroads of E and W. From the W. the railroads carried raw carried raw

altered time

stan-dard time time zones

schedule

economies

Materials, which were processed in mid-W. Materials, which were processed in mid-W. cities. From the E. came __________________. cities. From the E. came __________________. 2) Helped people settle the W. Trains 2) Helped people settle the W. Trains brought __________lumber, equipment, food, brought __________lumber, equipment, food, etc. and hauled their crops back to market. etc. and hauled their crops back to market. 3) Weakened the Native American hold on 3) Weakened the Native American hold on the West. They carried buffalo hunters, the West. They carried buffalo hunters, miners, and ____________ who claimed their miners, and ____________ who claimed their land. 4) Gave people more control of the land. 4) Gave people more control of the environment. Railroads allowed people to environment. Railroads allowed people to create cities that had no usable create cities that had no usable _______________._______________.

Section 3: “The Rise of Big Business”Section 3: “The Rise of Big Business” Read “One American’s Story” p. 594.Read “One American’s Story” p. 594.

manufactured goods

farm equip.

settlers

waterways

A _________________ was a business leader A _________________ was a business leader who became wealthy through dishonest who became wealthy through dishonest methods. methods.

““The Growth of Corporations”The Growth of Corporations” One way to raise money to buy new One way to raise money to buy new

equipment was to turn businesses into equipment was to turn businesses into _______________, a business owned by _______________, a business owned by investors who buy part of the company investors who buy part of the company through shares of stock. It has advantages through shares of stock. It has advantages over a privately owned business: 1) By over a privately owned business: 1) By selling ____________, a corporation can raise selling ____________, a corporation can raise large amounts of money. 2) A corporation large amounts of money. 2) A corporation has a special _________________ and has a special _________________ and continues to exist after its founders die.continues to exist after its founders die.

robber baron

3) A corporation limits the risks to its ________, 3) A corporation limits the risks to its ________, who do not have to pay off the corporation’s who do not have to pay off the corporation’s debts.debts.

The lack of regulations led to the growth of a The lack of regulations led to the growth of a few _________________ that dominated few _________________ that dominated American industry. American industry.

““The Oil and Steel Industries”The Oil and Steel Industries” Two men dominated these industries, Two men dominated these industries,

_______ __________ led the oil industry and _______ __________ led the oil industry and _________ ___________ led the steel industry. _________ ___________ led the steel industry.

Rockefeller decided that the best way to Rockefeller decided that the best way to make money was to put his competitors make money was to put his competitors __________ ___________. A company that __________ ___________. A company that wipes out itswipes out its

John Davison Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie: The King of Steel

competitors and control an industry is a competitors and control an industry is a _______ ___________. _______ ___________.

Rockefeller’s most famous move to end Rockefeller’s most famous move to end competition was to develop a _________, a competition was to develop a _________, a legal body created to hold stock in many legal body created to hold stock in many companies, often in the same industry. He companies, often in the same industry. He convinced other companies to join his convinced other companies to join his _______ _______________. By 1880, the trust _______ _______________. By 1880, the trust controlled _______ of all oil refining in the controlled _______ of all oil refining in the U.S.– and was able to set a high price for U.S.– and was able to set a high price for oil. oil.

Businessmen in other _____________began to Businessmen in other _____________began to follow Rockefeller’s example. Many people follow Rockefeller’s example. Many people thought the trusts were unfair, but the gov’t thought the trusts were unfair, but the gov’t

slow to regulate them. slow to regulate them. By contrast, ___________ tried to beat his By contrast, ___________ tried to beat his

competition in the steel industry by competition in the steel industry by making the _________ and the __________ making the _________ and the __________ product. To do so, he sought to control product. To do so, he sought to control all the processes related to the all the processes related to the ________________________. His company ________________________. His company dominated the _______________ from 1889 dominated the _______________ from 1889 to 1901, when he sold it to _____ to 1901, when he sold it to _____ _________, the nation’s most prominent _________, the nation’s most prominent banker.banker.

Rockefeller and Carnegie were also Rockefeller and Carnegie were also _________ _______, people who gave large _________ _______, people who gave large sums of money to charities. sums of money to charities.

““The South Remains Agricultural”The South Remains Agricultural” Although some industry grew in the South, Although some industry grew in the South,

most of it remained _________________. The most of it remained _________________. The price of ____________ was very low. ______ price of ____________ was very low. ______ ________ made little money from selling cotton ________ made little money from selling cotton and paying off what they owed. Because the and paying off what they owed. Because the sharecroppers had little education, merchants sharecroppers had little education, merchants _________ them, increasing their debt. _________ them, increasing their debt.

Section 4: “Workers Organize”Section 4: “Workers Organize” Read “One American’s Story” p.600.Read “One American’s Story” p.600.

““Workers Face Hardships”Workers Face Hardships” Business owners of the late 1800s wanted to Business owners of the late 1800s wanted to

keep their __________ high, so they ran theirkeep their __________ high, so they ran their

factories as cheaply as possible. factories as cheaply as possible. Instead of building new factories due to Instead of building new factories due to

overcrowding, the owners sent part of the overcrowding, the owners sent part of the work to be done by smaller businesses work to be done by smaller businesses called ______ ____________, or places where called ______ ____________, or places where workers labored long hours under poor workers labored long hours under poor conditions for low wages. conditions for low wages.

Because they did the same jobs all day, Because they did the same jobs all day, sweatshop workers grew _______. Further, sweatshop workers grew _______. Further, their wages were kept low; weekly wages their wages were kept low; weekly wages were less than ____, which barely paid a were less than ____, which barely paid a family’s expenses. Discontented workers family’s expenses. Discontented workers formed _______________-- groups of workers formed _______________-- groups of workers that negotiated for better wages and that negotiated for better wages and working conditions.working conditions.

““Early Unions”Early Unions” The first labor unions began in the _________, The first labor unions began in the _________,

but were unable to form nat’l org. Because but were unable to form nat’l org. Because of a __________ in 1873, railroad workers of a __________ in 1873, railroad workers went on strike. It didn’t prevent a _________, went on strike. It didn’t prevent a _________, but it showed how angry American workers but it showed how angry American workers had become. In 1884-1885, railroad workers had become. In 1884-1885, railroad workers again went on strike, winning and attracting again went on strike, winning and attracting ______ ___________ of new workers to the ______ ___________ of new workers to the union.union.

““Union Setbacks”Union Setbacks” Frightened business leaders blamed strikes Frightened business leaders blamed strikes

on _________ and ____________. Socialists on _________ and ____________. Socialists believe in _____________, an economic system believe in _____________, an economic system

where all members of a society are equal where all members of a society are equal owners of all businesses—they share the owners of all businesses—they share the work and the profits. Anarchists want to work and the profits. Anarchists want to _________ all forms of gov’ts. _________ all forms of gov’ts.

Fearing that unions would spread such Fearing that unions would spread such ideas, gov’t leaders tried to break ideas, gov’t leaders tried to break _______________. In 1886, business leaders _______________. In 1886, business leaders locked out striking union members and locked out striking union members and hired _____________ in their place. hired _____________ in their place.

When a protest meeting was held in When a protest meeting was held in ________ ________, violence erupted ________ ________, violence erupted between police and union members when between police and union members when an unknown person threw a _________, an unknown person threw a _________, killing 7 police and killing 7 police and

wounding about 60. In what became wounding about 60. In what became known as the ___________________, the known as the ___________________, the police opened fire and killed several police opened fire and killed several people and wounding about 100. people and wounding about 100. Afterward, police arrested ___________ of Afterward, police arrested ___________ of union leaders, socialists, and anarchists. union leaders, socialists, and anarchists.

““The Homestead and Pullman Strikes”The Homestead and Pullman Strikes” In 1892, _______________ reduced wages In 1892, _______________ reduced wages

at his steel mills in Homestead, PA. The at his steel mills in Homestead, PA. The union went on strike, so the business union went on strike, so the business hired ___________ labor and 300 armed hired ___________ labor and 300 armed guards. The union workers responded by guards. The union workers responded by gathering weapons, and when the guards gathering weapons, and when the guards arrived, a arrived, a

battle broke out, leaving _____ people dead. battle broke out, leaving _____ people dead. The PA militia began to escort The PA militia began to escort ___________ to the mills. After 4 months, ___________ to the mills. After 4 months, the strike collapsed, breaking the union. the strike collapsed, breaking the union.

During another __________, the Pullman During another __________, the Pullman Palace Car Company cut workers’ pay Palace Car Company cut workers’ pay ____, but did not lower the rent it charged ____, but did not lower the rent it charged workers to live in company housing. workers to live in company housing.

The Pullman workers began the The Pullman workers began the ____________ ________, which spread ____________ ________, which spread through the rail industry in 1894. When through the rail industry in 1894. When the Pullman Co. refused to negotiate, the the Pullman Co. refused to negotiate, the union president, ____________ called on all union president, ____________ called on all railroad workers to railroad workers to

Refuse to handle Pullman cars. This brought Refuse to handle Pullman cars. This brought rail traffic to a stop throughout much of rail traffic to a stop throughout much of ________ _____. President ______________ ________ _____. President ______________ called out federal troops, which ended the called out federal troops, which ended the strike. Debs was put ___________.strike. Debs was put ___________.

““Gompers Founds the AFL”Gompers Founds the AFL” Not all companies treated their workers Not all companies treated their workers

badly. ______________ gave its employees an badly. ______________ gave its employees an extra ½ day off and began a ______________ extra ½ day off and began a ______________ plan where a company gave part of its plan where a company gave part of its profits to its workers. profits to its workers.

However, workers at most companies However, workers at most companies received _____________ and few ____________. received _____________ and few ____________. So, So,

spite of opposition to unions, the _______ spite of opposition to unions, the _______ __________ did not die. In 1886, leader __________ did not die. In 1886, leader ________________ helped found a nat’l org. ________________ helped found a nat’l org. of labor unions called the of labor unions called the ___________________ ________ (AFL). ___________________ ________ (AFL).

The AFL focused on improving working The AFL focused on improving working cond. By using strikes, ____________ and cond. By using strikes, ____________ and negotiation, the AFL won shorter working negotiation, the AFL won shorter working hours and better ______ for workers. In hours and better ______ for workers. In the next few decades, helped change the the next few decades, helped change the way _____ ___________ worked. way _____ ___________ worked.