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• locyAapcrseHHble KpecTbf!He 40-45% KpenocrHble KpeCTbf!He 40-45%

• Mell.\aHcrso 4%

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• npasocnaBHOe AYXOBeHCTBO 1 %

• KyneYecrso 0,5%

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aapo.D;OM H MOHapxoM, C'lHTaJI Yaapoa, acer.D;a cym;ecTao

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ue TOJihKO B u,eHTpe PoccHn, HO n B pSI)l;e uau,HOHaJib

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opraHH3au,HH co~HanucTos. K nx 'IHCJIY npe.m,ZJ;e Bcero

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PoccHB. KpymoK 6hm pa3rpoMJieH, a 21 'leJioBeK npnroBo

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n .SI. 4AA.O.AE Oco6oe MecTo B o6III,eCTBeuuo:H MhlCJIH 11

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Yro 061.l..\ero so B3rnRAax 3anaAHV1KOB 111 cnaBRHOcp111nOB 111 B YeM pa3ni11YV1R?

KaK Bbl Mo>Kere onpeAeflii1Tb Mecro s o61.l..\eCTseHHOM AB111>KeHII1111 1830-1850-x rr n .Sl YaaAaesa? K KaKoMy narep10 Bbl MO>Kere era orHeCTIII?

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POCCIMI 1.-1 PEBO!liOUI.-11.-1 B EBPOnE Ilpn H nKonae I PoccR.H

nrpana ae,n;ym;y10 poJib a .mR3HR Eaporrbi. ,IJ;ayM.H ocaoaHbi MR HaiipaBJieHR.HMR ee BHernHeif IIOJIRTRKR 6biJIR 60pb6a C peBOJIIOD;R..HMR R IIOIIbiTKR perneHR.H BOCTO"<IHO· ro aorrpoca.

IlOCT MRHRCTpa RHOCTpaHHbiX ,n;eJI POCCRR C 1822 r. 3aHRMan K .B. Hecce:n.bpoae, C"<IRTaBrnn:H rnaaHoii :u;eJibiO CBOeH ,n;e.HTeJibHOCTR IIpOTRBO,n;eHCTBRe eaporreHCKOMY peBOJIIOD;ROHHOMY ,li;BR.meHRIO.

H nKona:H I rrnaanpoaan aoeHHbiH rroxo,n; ao <l>paHD;RIO ,li;JI.H IIO,ll;aBJieHR.H peBOJIIOD;RR 1830 r., HO TOr,n;a

.me acrrblxayno aoccTaHne B IIonbrne. IIoacTaHII,bl 3axaaTRJIR anacTb B Baprnaae n rrpoao3rnacnnn co3-,n;aHne Han;noaaJibHOro rrpaanTeJibCTBa so rnaae c KH.H3eM A .A . qapTopbiHCKRM. BcKope rronbcKa.H apMR.H 6biJia HarOJIOBY pa36RTa, a IIOJibCKa.H KOHCTRTy· D;R.H OTMeHeHa.

HnKonaif I c 6oJibrno:H Tpeaoro:H: aocrrpRH.HJI peaoJIIOD;RR 1848 r. B Eaporre. Oa rrpepaan ,n;nrrnoMaTR"<IecKRe OTHOilleHR.H C <l>paHD;Reif H IIpOB03r JiaCRJI 6opb6y «co cMyToif». ,I(n.H 6opb6bl c B03MO.mHoif peaoniOII,ROH· HOH «aapaaoif» HnKonaif ,n;BRHYJI K aarra,n;HbiM rpaHHD;aM

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Bee aTo ae Morno He 3aTparHBaTb HHTepecoa ,n;pyrHx eaporreifcKnx ,n;ep.maa, o6ecrroKOeHHbiX 3Ha"<IHTeJibHbiM ycHJieHHeM PoccHH.

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Koro M~pHoro AOrosopa.

2.6. Poccuucteue no.~t~eoeoiJqw nepeou no.JtOBUHbt XIX e.: a) A.JI. EpMo.~toe; tJ) H.lP. IIacteeeu'l; e) H.H. !(utJu'l

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3ro nocras~no o6e crpaHbt Ha rpaHb BOVtHbl.

aMHnb

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YeM MO>KHO o6bflCHV1Tb 6onbwoe BHV1MaHV1e H~t~Konafl I K

peweHV110 ABOpHHCKoro sonpo ca?

noYeMy, Ha saw B3rnHA, BO~Ha Ha KasKa3e OKa3anac b

cronb TPYAHO~ AM Pocc111V1?

CpaBHVIT€ OCHOBHbl€ nOAXOAbl K peweHV110 KpeCTbflHCKOr O

sonpoca B Pocc 111V1 np111 AneKcaHApe I 111 H~t~Konae I.

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TVI XIX B.?

Cornac Hbt n111 c MHeHV1eM, '-ITO pyccKaH n111reparypa XIX B.

cras111na 111 pewana sa>t<He~wltle sonpocbt pyccKo~ >KV13HV1?

np~t~BeAVITe npV1Mepb1.

rnaaa 111

:~noXA BEnMKMX PE.OPM

• OTMEHA KPEnOGHOro nPABA B POCG1V1

• PE<DOPMbl MEGHOro CAMOYnPABnEHVlfl V1 CYAA

• PE<DOPMbl B 06nACTV1 06PA30BAHV1fl V1 BOEHHOro AEnA

• nPETBOPEHVIE PE<DOPM B >KV13Hb

• COLlV1AnbH0-3KOHOMV1YECKOE PA3BV1TV1E nocnE OTMEHbl KPEnOGHOro nPABA

• 06LltEGBEHHOE ABV1>KEHV1E: nV16EPAnbl V1 KOHCEPBATOPbl

• 3APO>K)J.EHV1E PEBOniOL(VIOHHOIO HAPOAHVIYEGBA

• PEBOJliOL(VIOHHOE HAPOAHVIYEGBO BTOPOiil nonOBV1Hbl 1860-x - HAYAnA 1880-x rr .

• BHEWHflfl nOJlV1TV1KA AnEKCAHAPA II

• PYCCKO-TYPELlKAfl BOiiiHA 1877-1878 rr.

"f ,.,., •

KOPOTKO 0 mABHOM._

8 VICTOpV!VI YenoBeYeCTBa peAKO BCTpeYaiOTOl CTOnb BenVIYeCTBeHHble KapTV!Hbl KOpeHHOrO, HO MVIpHOrO npeo6pa3oBaHVIR rocyAapcrsa, B CMblcne ABVI)I(eHVIR BnepeA no nyTVI ryMaHHOCTVI, npOCBe~eHV!R VI cnpaBeAnV!BOCTVI, YeM Ta, KaKyiO RBVIna Vl3 ce6R 3noxa BenVIKVIX pe¢opM L\apcrsosaHVIR AneKcaHApa 11.

McroplltK H. B. .aaabtAOB

... ..

0 npeAnOCblflKax 111 np111YII1Hax orMeHbl KpenOCTHOro npasa B POCCII1111

0 nOAroTOBKe KpeCTbRHCKOiil pecpopMbl

0 6 OCHOBHbiX nOflO>KeHII1RX KpecTbRHCKOii! pecpopMbl 1 9 cpespaflR 1861 r.

B nOMHMTE B KaKII1X npo1113BeAeHII1RX pyccKolil

n111reparypb1 o6n111Yanocb KpenocrHII1Yecrso?

KaK111e 3aKOHbl, np111HRTble s 4apcrsosaH111e AneKcaHApa I 111 H111KOnaR I, pacwarb1san111 ycro111 KpenocrHoro npasa?

KaKos~ np111YII1H~ nopa>KeHII1R POCCII1111 B KpbiMCKOiil BOiiiHe?

if13MeHII1flaCb 111 arMoccpepa s pycCKOM o6~eCTBe. no o6pa3HOMY Bb1pa>KeHII110 111CTOp111Ka 8.0. KfliOYeBCKOro, «Cesaaononb YAap111n no 3aCTORBWII1MCR yMaM», 3HaYII1TeflbHO paCWII1p111B YII1Cf10 CTOpOHHII1KOB OTMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa. «Tenepb sonpoc o6 ocso6o)I(AeHII1111 KpenocrHbiX so scex yaax, - n111can n~t~6epanbHbllil AeRrenb K.,D,. Kasenii1H B HaYane 1856 r., - o6 3TOM rosopRT rpoMKO, o6 HeM AYMaiOr Aa>Ke Te, np111 KOTOpbiX npe)I(Ae Heflb3R 6blf10 HaMeKHyrb Ha norpewll1renb-HOCTb KpenocrHoro npasa, He npo-1113BeAR B HII1X KOpYb 111 HepB111YeCKII1X np111naAKOB». 3a orMeHy KpenocrHoro npasa aKTII1BHO Bb1crynan111 Aa>Ke 6n111>t<alilw111e POACTBeHH111KII1 4apR - senii1KaR KHRrii1HR EneHa nasflOBHa 111 MflaAW111Iil 6par KoHCTaHT111H.

3.1. Topz Kpenocmnot.lnu Kpecmo.Rna.Mu. XyiJoJKnuK H.B. Heopeo

OTMEHA KPEnOCTHOro nPABA B POCCHH

18 ¢e8pan~ 1855 r ., 8 caMbll71 pa3rap ce8acrononbCKol71 KaMnaHIIIIII, CKOHYanc~ H111KOnal71 I. Ha pOCCIIIi71CKIII i71 npecron scryn111n ero crapw111!71 CbiH - AneKcaHAP II. Ho-8bli71 IIIMneparop He 6bm Hill n1116epanoM, Hill cropoHHIII KOM KOpeHHbiX pecpopM. Ho o6cTaH08Ka, cnO>KIII8Wa~C~ 8 crpaHe, 3acra8111na ero scraTb Ha nyTb pecpopM 111 npe>KAe 8cero orMeHIIITb KpenocrHoe npa8o.

nPE.QnOCblllKIII Ill nPI!I4111Hbl OTMEHbl KPEnOCTHOrO nPABA

Ilopame~rne a KpbiMCKoH: aoime (1853- 1856) ca~eTeJlb

CTBoaa.rro 0 cephe3HOM BOeHHO-TeXBHtleCKOM OTCTa.B8BHH

PocCHH OT ae,zzyii.\HX eaporreiicKHX ~epmaa. Bo3HHKJia yrpo-38 CK8ThlBaHH.H CTPaHhl B pa3p.H~ BTOpOCTenem ~ep)Ka.B.

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KOH OTCTaJIOCTH CTPaHDI HBJIHJIOCh KperrOCTaoe rrpaao.

Pacxo~hi aa ao:Hay cep~>eaBo rro~opaanH ~eBemayro

CHCTeMy rocy~apcTBa. PeKpyTCKHe Ba6ophl, H3~HTHH

CKOTa H cpypama, pOCT IIOBHBHOCTeH p830p.HJIH B8Cene

HHe, npHBO~HJIH K MaCCOBOMY Be~OBOJihCTBY . lf XOT.H

KpeCTh.HHe He OTBeTHJIH Ba T.HrOThl BOHBhl M8CCOBhiMH

BOCCTaHH.HMH, OBH H8XO~HJIHCh B COCTO.HHHH Banp.ameH

HOrO Om~aHH.H u;apCKOrO YK838 06 OTMeBe KpeiiOCTBOrO

rrpaaa.

O~aaKo OTMeaa KpenocTHoro rrpaaa 6hrna O"t.IeHh H e

npoCThlM ~eJIOM, IIOCKOJihKY 38Tp8rHBaJI8 HHTepe Chi BCe X

CJIOeB o6m;eCTB8. IlpH 3 TOM rnaBHa.H onopa BJI8CTH -

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THBHHKOM TI0~06HOH pecpopMhl.

no rOTOBKA KPECTbSIHCKO~ PE<l>OPMbl Bnepsble o Heo6-

xo,D;HMOCTH OTMeHbl KpenocTHOro npasa A.11eKcaH,D;p II OcpHD;H8JibHO 38SIBHJI B pe'IR, npOR3HeCeHHOH 30 M8pTa

1856 1'. nepe,D; npe,D;CT8BHTeJISIMH MOCKOBCKOI'O ,ll;BOpSIH

CTB8. Ilp:H 3TOM OH IIO,l];'lepKHyJI, "t!TO 6y,D;eT 1'0p83,ll;O Jiy<I

me, eCJIH JIHKBH,ll;8D;HSI KpenOCTHH"tleCTBa npOH30H,D;eT

CBepxy, HejKeJIH jK,!J;8Tb, KOI',ll;8 3TO CBepmRTCSI CHH3Y.

A.11eKCaH,D;p II, TaK me KaK R ero npe,D;mecTBeHHRKR,

,D;06HB8JICSI, 'lT06bi npOCb68 0 pemeHHH KpeCTbSIHCKOI'O

sonpoca RCXO,D;HJia OT noMem;RKOB. Ho 6oJibillHHCTBO ,D;BO

PSIH ynopHo YKJIOHSIJIOcb oT KaKHX-JIH6o xo,D;aTaHCTB.

3 SIHBapSI 1857 r. A.11eKCaH,D;p II o6pa30BaJI CeKpeTHLm

KOMHTeT ~,ll;JISI o6cym,D;eHHSI Mep no ycTpOHCTBY 6biT8 IIO

MenJ;H'tfbHX KpeCTbSIH •. 0,D;H8KO MHOI'He 'lJieHbl KOMHTeTa

6biJIH SipbiMH IIpOTHBHHK8MH OCB060jK,l];eHHSI KpeCTbSIH H

BCSI"tJ:eCKH TOPM03HJUI ero pa6oTy. H Tor,D;a A.11eKcaH,D;p II pemHJI npe,!];IIpRHSITb 60Jiee ,D;eHCTBeHHble Mepbl.

B KOHD;e OKTSI6pSI 1857 1'. B IleTep6ypr

npR6biJI BHJieHCKHH reHepaJI-ry6epH8TOp

B.H. Ha3u.Moa, 6LIBmRH: B MOJIO,D;OCTH

a,D;'biOTaHTOM A.11eKcaH,D;pa II. OH npHse3 RMnepaTopy

aApec { o6pam;eHHe) OT ,D;BOpSIH BRJieHcKoii, KoseHcKoii

H rpo,n;HeHCKOH ry6epH:HH. 0HH 6LIJIH CKJIOHHbl OCB0-

60,D;HTb KpeCTbSIH, HO TOJibKO 6e3 Ha,D;eJieHHSI HX 3eM

JieH. B csoeM a,D;pece ,D;BopsrRe npocHJIH y HMnepaTopa

pa3pemeHRSI o6cy,D;HTb aToT sonpoc. A.11eKcaH,D;p II pe

IIIHJI BOCIIOJib30BaTbCSI CHTYaD;HeH, H 20 HOS16pSI 1857 1'.

Ha HMSI Ha3HMOBa 6Lm ,D;aH pecKpHIIT o6 yq:pejK,D;eHHH

H3 'lHCJia MeCTHbiX IIOMenJ;HKOB ry6epHCKHX KOMHTe

TOB ,ll;JISI IIO,ll;I'OTOBKH npoeKTOB KpeCTbSIHCKOH pecpop

Mbl. B pecKpHnTe yKa3LIB8JIHCb paMKH pecpopMbl: oc

so6ojK,D;eHRe KpeCTbSIH C 3eMJieH 38 BbiKyn, ,!];0

BbiiiJI8Tbl KOTOpOI'O OHH ,ll;OJI>KHbl HeCTH IIOBHHHOCTH B

II0Jib3Y IIOMenJ;HKOB. 5 ,D;eKa6psr 1857 1'. IIO,D;06HOe jKe

yKa3aHHe 6hlJIO ,D;aHo neTep6yprcKOMY reHepaJI-ry6ep

HaTopy rpacpy II.H. HrHaTbesy.

BcKope TeKcT pecKpHnTa nosrBHJICSI B ne'laTH H no,D;ro

TOBKa peQ>opMhl CT8Jia rJiacHoii. B cpespaJie 1858 r. CeK

peTHbiH KOMHTeT 6LIJI nepe:HMeHOBaH B rJiaBHbiH KOMHTeT.

B 46 ry6epH:HSIX 6biJIH yq:pem,D;eHbl ry6epHCKHe 4 KOMHTe

Tbl 00 yJiyq:meHHH 6biT8 IIOMenJ;H'lbHX KpecTbSIH•.

B MapTe 1859 r. B Ka"tJ:eCTBe ~pa6o-qero opraHa• npH

r JI8BHOM KOMHTeTe 6biJIH y'lpem,D;eHbl T8K H83biB8eMbie

peOaKZ~tUOH.H.bLe KO.MUCCUU, KOTOpbie 38HHM8JIHCb pac

CMOTpeHHeM MaTepHaJIOB, npe,D;CTaBJieHHbiX ry6epHCKHMH

KOMHTeTaMH, H COCTaBJieHHeM H8 HX OCHOBe 06m;er0 npo

eKTa 38KOH8 06 OCB060jK,l];eH:HH KpeCTbSIH. Ilpe,D;Ce,D;aTeJieM

KOMHCCHH 6hlJI H83Ha"tJ:eH reHepaJI Jl.H. PocmOBZ~teB.

neKcaHAP II 1818-1881

V1Mneparop BcepoccL~~IilcKLillil ( 1855-1881 ). V1HLIIL.4LilaTOp npoBeAeHLIIR WLII poKoMacwra6HbiX pe<popM e crpaHe. B AOpesoniOULIIOHHolii 11Li1Teparype

, YAOCToeH 3nL~~rera «Oceo6oAL~~Tenb» (3a OTMeHy KpenocrHoro npaea 1861 r. ).

4 neHbl peAaK~LiiOHHbiX KOMLIICCL~~iil 6~nL~~ Ha3saH~ cospeMeHHL~~KaML~~ «KpaCHbiMLil 6tapOKpaTaML!I», TaK

KaK BbiCTynanL~~ 3a ocso6o)f(AeHL~~e KpeCTbfiH C 3eMneiil 3a BbiKyn Lil

npespa~eH~e ~x s MenK~x 3e

MenbHbiX co6crseHHL~~KOB npL~~ co

x paHeHII1111 noMe~ll14bero 3eMne

snaAeH111fl. 3TII1 111Aell1 KOpeHHbiM

o 6pa30M OT111114aJ1111Cb OT 6 0JlbW111H·

CTBa npeAnO)KeH111iil, BbiCKa3aHHbiX

ABOpfiHCTBOM B ry6epHCK~X KOM~TeTaX, 111 )KeJlaHII1iil noAaBJlfltO~eiil

4acr111 noMe~II1KOB, nonarasw~x.

4TO y)K ecn111 111 ocso6o)f(AaTb

KpeCTbfiH, TO 6e3 3eMn~.

3.2. CfJteHbt peiJaK!{UOHHbtX KOMUCCUU: a) JO_cp_ CaMapun; 6) H A. M U.!t/Omun; e) II.II. Ce.Menoe; z) JI.H. PocmOB!{ee

-== MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE C::::

HCCJIE)l;OBAHH.H c::::

npoaHallH3Hpy~Te OCHOBHble C::::

nono.>KeHHSI KpecTbHHCKO~ pe- c:::: «f>opMbl 1861 r. c::::

c:::: c::::

-== KaKV1e nVIYHble 111 V1My~easeH- c=::: Hble npasa nonyYanV1 KpeabflHe c=::: nocne orMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa? c:::: ...J KaKoe KOnw-leaso 3eMnV1 OHV1 c:=: nonyyan111? Yro raKoe BbiKyn 111 or- .:::::::: pe3KV1? -=c: J Kro raKV1e speMeHHoo6R3aHHble c::::=: KpeCTbflHe? -=t=

Cran n111 pyccKV1ill KpeabRHVIH ~~~::;:: co6aseHHV1KOM csoeill 3eMnV1? -==

PocToB~eB rrpnBneK K pa6oTe KOMHCCHM rrocne~o

BaTenhHhiX CTOpOHHliKOB rrpoBe~eHHH pecpopM H3 "'HCna

nn6epanhHhiX "!HHOBHHKOB H rroMe~HKOB - H.A. Mu.a10muna, IO.cJJ. CaM.apuna, B.A. qep1wcc1eozo, .H.A. Co.aoebeea, II.JI. CeM.enoea (6y,zzym;ero TaH-IllaHcKoro ).

B OKTH6pe 1860 r. pe~aK~HOHHb!e KOMHCCHH 6h!nH

3aKphiThl. Pa6oTa no ~oBe~eHmo pecpopMhl ~o KoHu;a 6hlna

rrepeHeCeHa B rnaBHhiH KOMHTeT. 3aTeM rrpoeKT pe<}lopMbl

6hln YTBep)K~eH B rocy~apCTBeHHOM COBeTe.

OCHOBHbiE nonmKEHI..UJ KPECTbSIHCKOJil PE<l>OPMbl 1861 r. 19 lf>eBpaJIH 1861 r. ArreKcan~p II rro~rrncan ManncpecT

«0 BCeMHnOCTHBeMmeM ~apOBaHHH KperrOCTHbiM niO~HM

rrpaB COCTOHHH$1 CB060~Hb!X cenhCKHX 06h!BaTeneif H 06

ycTpoiicTBe HX 6hiTa», a TaK)Ke «<Iono)KeHHe o KpecTha

Hax, Bhlme~mHX H3 KperrOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH».

KpecThHHe, paHee rrpHHa~ne)KaBmne rro

Me~HKaM, 06'bHBnHnHCb CB060~HhiMH H

Ha~enanHCb rpa)K~aHCKHMH rrpaBaMH.

IlpH OCB060)K~eHHH OHH ITOny"'MH 3eMniO, HOB OrpaHH

"leHHOM pa3Mepe H 3a BhlKyrr na oco6hlx ycnoBHHX. Pa3-

Mep 3eMenbHOrO H~ena, KOTOpbrn ITOMe~HK rrpe~OCTaB

nan KpeCTbHHaM, He MOr 6b!Tb Bhlme YCTaHOBneHHOH

3aKOHOM BOPMhl. B pa3HhlX ry6epBnax aTa HOpMa

KOne6MaCb OT 3 ~0 12 ~ecHTHH.

3.3. Manu(/Jecm AILeKcanopa II o6 omMene Kpenocmnozo npaea

3.4. Cfmenue Manwpecma 1861 z. Xyoo;J~Cnwc B.M. Kycmoouee

ECJIH K MOMeHTY OCB060:>K,ll;eHHH B

KpeCTbHHCKOM llOJib30BaHHH HaxO,li;HJIOCb

60JibiDe ycTaHOBJieHHOH 3aKOHOM HOpMbi,

TO llOMe~HK HMeJI npaBO OTpeaaTb H3JIH

IDeK. IlpH 3TOM y KpeCTbHH 06bi'1HO OT-

6HpaJIH aeMJIH ~IDero Ka'1eCTBa. BoJib

IDHe rpyiTITbi KpeCTbHH B006~e He

ITOJIY't!HJIH 3eMJIH: ,li;BOpOBbie, KpenOCT

Hbie pa60'1He MaHy<}>aKTyp, KpeCTbHHe

MeJIKOITOMeCTHbiX BJia,ll;eJihiT;eB.

CornacHo pe<}>opMe, KpecTbHHe

.D,OJI:>KHbl 6biJIH BbU<:ynaTb y ITOMe~HKOB

CBOIO aeMJIIO. BbiKYIIHBIDHe ee Ha3biBa

JIHCb KpeCTbHHaMH-C06CTBeHHHKaMH.

KpeCTbHHe MOrJIH nOJIY'tJ.HTb aeMJIIO H 6ecnJiaTHO, HO

JIHIDb 1 I 4 onpe.n.eJieHHoro aaKoHoM Ha.n.ena. ,Il;o BbiKyna

CBOHX 3eMeJibHbiX Ha,ll;eJIOB KpeCTbHHe, CTaHOBHBIDHeCH

8pe~teHH006.FL3aHHbt.MU, ,li;OJI:>KHbl 6biJIH ITJiaTHTb o6pOK

HJIH OT6biB8Tb 6ap~HHY B ll0Jib3Y ITOMe~HKOB. PaaMepbi KpeCTbHHCKHX H8,ll;eJIOB, a TaK:me o6poK H

6ap~HHa BpeMeHH006H3aHHbiX ,li;OJI:>KHbJ 6biJIH 6biTb T0'1HO

onpe.n.eJieHhl cornameHHeM Me:m.n.y noMe~HKOM H KpecTb

HHaMH - ycTaBHbiMH rpaMOTaMH. CpoK no.n.nHCaHHH yc

TaBHbiX rpaMOT onpe.n.eJIHJICH B 2 ro,11;a . BpeMeHH006HaaH

Hoe COCTOHHHe KpeCTbHH MOrJIO npO,li;OJI:>K8TbCJI B Te'1eHHe

9 JieT. B aTo BpeMH KpecThHHHH He Mor OTKaaaTbCH OT

cBoero Ha.n.ena aeMJIH.

PaaMep BhlKyna onpe.n.enHJICH TaKHM o6paaoM, '4T06b1

llOMeiiT;HK He JIHIDHJICH TeX ,ll;eHer, KOTOpbie OH ITOJiy<IaJI

OT KpeCTbHH paHee B <}>opMe o6poKa. IIoaTOMY BhlKynHaH

CyMMa TipHpaBHHBaJiaCb K KaiTHTaJiy, ITOJIO:>KeHHOMY B

6aHK, KOTOpbiH H3 paC't!eTa 6% ,ll;aB8JI llOMeiiT;HKY ,li;OXO,ll;,

paBHbiH cyMMe nony-qaeMoro paHee o6poKa.

KpecTbHHHH ,li;OJI:>KeH 6hiJI ynJiaTHTb noMe~HKY cpaay

20- 25% 3THX ,ll;eHer. l.JT06b1 ,li;8Tb B03MO:>KHOCTb ITOMe

In;HKY llOJiy<IHTb BCIO BbiKYIIHYIO CYMMY e,li;HHOBpeMeHHO,

npaBHTeJibCTBO BbiDJia'1HBaJIO eMy OCT8JibHble 75-80% . KpecTbHHHH :me ,li;OJI:>KeH 6hiJI OT,ll;aBaTh rocy.n.apcTBY aTOT

,li;OJir B Te'1eHHe 49 JieT C Ha'1HCJieHHeM 6% rO,li;OBbiX.

IlpH 3TOM rocy.n.apCTBO BeJIO paC'1eTbl He C K8:>K,ll;biM

KpecThHHHHOM, a c KpeCTbHHCKOH o6~HHOH. IIoaTOMY

3eMJIH CTaHOBHJiaCb He JIH'1HOH C06CTBeHHOCTbiO KpeCTb.H

HHHa, a C06CTBeHHOCTbiO KpeCTbJIHCKOH 06In;HHbi.

CJie,li;HTh aa ocy~eCTBJieHHeM pe<}>opMhi Ha MecTax

.n.on:>KHhi 6hiJIH oco6bie .MUpOBbte nocpeanwcu, a TaK:me

ry6epHCKOe ITO KpeCThHHCKHM ,ll;eJiaM npHCyTCTBHe B COCTa

Be ry6epHaTopa, MHHHCTepCKOrO '1HHOBHHKa, ry6epHCKOrO

npe,li;BO,li;HTeJIH ,li;BOpHHCTBa, npoKypopa, ,li;BYX na6paHHbiX

'1JieHOB OT ,li;BOpHH H ,li;BYX npe,li;CT8BHTeJieH ITOMe~HKOB,

Ha3Ha'1eHHbiX IIpaBHTeJibCTBOM.

3.5. lloJLiJenb e iJepeene. XyiJoJICnwc II A. CyxoiJoJLbC/Cuil

H anpV1Mep, eCJlV1 e:>Kero.n.Ho noMell.lV1K nonyYan or KpeCTbf!HV1Ha o6pOK, paBHbliil 1 0 py6mlM, TO BbtKynHaf! CYMMa B TaKOM cnyYae .n.on:>t<Ha cocrasnf!rb: 10 py6nelil- 6%, X py6nelil - 100%. 1 0 ·1 00:6 = 166 py6nelil 66 KoneeK

BOnPOCbl M 3AAAH KaKOBbl 6btnV1 rnaBHbte npV1Yii1Hbl

orMeHbl KpenocrHoro npasa?

KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy AneKcaHAP II raK ynopHo .n.o6111sancfl, YT06bt npocb6a o6 orMeHe KpenocrHoro npasa V1CXOAV1na or noMell.lV1-Kos?

Ha KaKV1X yCJloBii1f!X orMeHbt KpenocrHoro npasa ocraHOBV1nCfl V1Mneparop? KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy 6btnli1 onpe.n.eneHbl V1MeHHO 3TV1 ycnoBV1fl?

B YeM Bbl Bli1AV1Te nntoCbl V1 MV1-HYCbl KpeCTbf!HCKOLil pecpopMbt?

~ .t •• \ -." ~ •. ,• I • ~ • • • _:. ":

06 1-13MeHeHt.-HlX B CI-1CTeMe MeCTHOro ynpasneHI-1R

0 CyAe6Hotil pe¢opMe

HHTE YTO TaKOe BOTYI-1HHbttil cyA?

3 eMCTBa 6btnl-1 BBeAeHbl He BO scex ry6epH1-1RX Pocc1-11-1. Vlx He 6btno B ApxaHrenbcKotli, AapaxaHCKotli 1-1 0peH6yprCKOtli ry6epH1-1-RX, B C1-161-1p1-1, B CpeAHetli A31-11-1, T.e. TaM, rAe ABOpRHCKOe 3eMneBnaAeHI-1e oTcyrasosano 1-1n1-1 6btno He3HaYI-1TenbHbtM. OpraHbt MeCTHoro caMoynpasneHI-1R He Aetliasosanl-1 B nonbWe, ni-1TBe, 5enopyCCI-11-1, npaso6epe)KHOtil YKpa1-1He, KaBKa3e, TaK KaK TaM nOMeu.(I-1KI-1 He 6btnl-1 pyCCKI-1MI-1.

3.6. 3 e.M.cm8o o6eiJaem. Xyoo:HCH.UIC r.r. M.R-coeiJo8

PE.OPMbl MECTHOro CAMOYnPABnEHHR H CYAA

O TMeHa KpenocTHoro npasa, KOpeHHbiM o6pa30M v13 -MeHII1B COU,II1anbHO- nOnii1TII1YeCKYIO CII1TyaU,II110, noTpe6osana nposeAeHII1H u,enoro pHAa APY1111X npeo6pa3osaHII1ii1, BKntOYatOW,111X KpeCTbHHCTBO 8 o6w,eCTBeHHYIO >KII13Hb CTpaHbl.

3EMCKASI PEct>OPMA K Ha'-!aJiy 1860-x rr. npemHee

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TeJibHOCTb. 0TMeHa KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaBa II03BOJI.HJia ITpH

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3eMenbHbte co6crseHHIIIKiil

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opraHbi - 3eMCKHe ynpaaLI, KOTOpble pa6oTan:u: 3 ro.n;a.

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6biJI OrpaHH"tleH MeCTHbiMH .n;eJiaMH: CTpOHTeJibCTBOM nyTeH

coo6IIJ;eHHH, coopy.>KeH:aeM :a co.n;ep.>KaH:aeM mKOJI, 6onb

HHD;, pa3BHTHeM MeCTHOH TOprOBJIH H npOMbiiiiJieHHOCTH.

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npe.n;eJieHHe no KypHHM .n;aaano npe:aMyrn;ecTBa .n;aopHHaM;

Kpyr aonpocoa, pemaeMbiX 3eMCTBaMH, 6biJI orpaHH"tleH.

Ho HecMOTPH Ha He.n;ocTaTKH, co3.n;aH:ae

3eMCKHX yqpe.>K)I;eHHH 6biJIO no6e.n;OH CTO

pOHBHKOB KOHCTHTYIJ;HOHHOI'O lipaBJieHHH.

BoKpyr 3eMCTB crpynn:apoaanacb HaH6onee ::meprH"tiHaH,

.n;eMOKpaTH"tleCKH H3CTpOeHH3SI HHTeJIJIHI'eHD;HH. 3a I'O

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rOPOACKASI PE<l>OPMA B 1870 r. ITO THITY 3eMCKOH 6bi

Jia rrpoBe,ZJ;eHa ropo,ZJ;cKa.H pe<PopMa. 0Ha 3aMeHHJia

rrpemHRe COCJIOBHhie rOpO,D;CKHe ,ZJ;YMhi BCeCOCJIOBHbiMH

Bhl60pHhlMH ropO,ZJ;CKHMH yqpem,ZJ;eHH.HMH - rop O,ZJ;CKHMH

.zzyMaMH R r opO,ZJ;CKH MH y npaBaMH .

IIp aBoM Bhi 6opa B ropo,ZJ;cKyro ,ZJ;YMY rrOJih30BaJIHCh

Mym~HHhi, ,D;OCTHriiiHe 25 JieT H ITJiaTHBIIIHe ropO,ZJ;CKHe

HaJiorH. Bee H36HpaTeJIH B cooTBeTCTBRR c BeJIH~RHOH

yrrJia~HBaeMhiX B rrOJih3Y ropo,ZJ;a c6opos p;eJIHJIHCh Ha

TPH KYPHH. IIepByro KYPHIO cocTaBJI.HJia He60Jihiiia.H

rpyrrrra HaH6oJiee KpyrrHhlX BJia,n;eJih~eB p;oMoB, rrpo

Mhi iiiJieHHhiX H TOpr OBhlX rrpe,ZJ;rrpH.HTHH, KOTOphie ITJia

TRJIH B ropo,n;cKyro Ka3HY 1 I 3 Bcex HaJioros. Bo BTopyro

KypHIO BXO,ZJ;HJIH 6oJiee MeJIKHe HaJIOrOITJiaTeJib~HKR,

BHOCHBIIIRe e~e 1/a ropo,n;CKRX c6opoB. TpeTh.H KYPH.H

COCTO.HJia H3 BCeX OCTaJibHhiX HaJIOrOITJiaTeJih~HKOB .

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HhiX B ropO,D;CKYIO ,D;YMY.

II H36HpaTenbHaH KypHH {cpeAHHe

HanoronnaTeflbU4HKH)

Ill H36HpaTenbHaH KYPHH {MenKHe

HanoronnaTenbU4HKH)

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peiiieHHeM X03.HHCTBeHHhlX BOITpOCOB: 6JiaroycTpOHCTBOM

ropo,ZJ;a, pa3BHTHeM MeCTHOH TOprOBJIH H ITpOMhiiiiJieH

HOCTH, 3p;pasooxpaHeHH.H H Hapop;Horo o6pa3oBaHH.H.

,li;e.HTeJihHOCTh ropo,n;cKoro caMoynp aBJieHR.H KOHTpo

JIHposaJiach rocy,n;apCTBOM. H36paHHhiH ropO,ZJ;CKOH p;yMoii

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MHHHCTp OM B H yTpeHHHX p;eJI . 8TH me 'lHHOBHHKH MOrJIR

HaJIO)KHTb 3aiTpeT Ha JII060e peiiieHHe ,D;yMhl.

IlpH BCeH CBOeH orpaHH~eHHOCTR ropo,ZJ;

CKa.H pe<PopMa 6hma IIIaroM Bnepep; B ,n;e

Jie ropo,n;cKoro caMoyrrpasJieHH.H. 0Ha,

KaK R 3eMcKa.H pe<PopMa, crroco6cTBoBaJia npHo6~e

HRIO IIIHpOKHX CJIOeB HaCeJieHH.H K peiiieHRIO BOIIpO

COB ynpaBJieHR.H, 'ITO CJiymHJIO npe,D;IIOChlJIKOH <Pop

MHpOBaHH.H B PoccHH rpam,n;aHcKoro o6~ecTBa B

npaBoBoro rocy,ZJ;apcTBa.

CY.QE6HAR PE<l>OPMA CaMhiM rrocJie.n;oBaTeJihHhiM rrpeo6pa30BaHHeM A.rreKcaH.n;pa II CTaJia Cy.n;e6Haa pec]lopMa, IlpOBe,ll;eHHaH Ha OCHOBe HOBhiX cy.n;e6HhiX ycTaBOB, IIpHH.HThiX B Hoa6pe 1864 r. Cy .n; CTPOHJIC.H Ha rrpnHu;nrrax 6ypmya3Horo rrpaBa: paBeHCTBe Bcex cocJIOBHH rrepe.n; 3aKOHOM, rJiaCHOCTH cy.n;a, He3aBHCHMOCTH cy.n;eif, COCT.H3aTeJibHOCTH 06BHHeHH.H H 3aiD;HThi, Bbi60pHOCTH HeKOTOpbiX cy.n;e6HbiX opraHOB.

BhlJIH C03,ll;8Hh1 ,ll;Be CHCTeMhi CY,ll;OB - MHpOBhie H o6:w;ne. MnpOBhie cy.n;hx paccMaTpHBaJIH MeJIK.He yroJIOBHhle H rpam.n;aHCKHe ,ll;eJia. 0HH C03,ll;aBaJIHCh B ropo.n;ax H ye3.n;ax . MnpoBhie cy.n;hn BepmHJIH rrpaBocy.n;ne e.n;nHoJIWIHO. 0HH Bhl6HpaJIHCh 3eMCKHMH C06paHHHMH H ropo.n;

CKHMH AYMaMH. CncTeMa o6m;nx cy.n;oB BKJIIO~aJia OKpymHhie cy.n;hi H

cy.n;e6Hbie rraJiaThi. qJieHhi oRpymHoro cy.n;a Ha3Ha~aJIHCh HMrrepaTOpOM H paCCMaTpHB8JIH yrOJIOBHbie H CJIOmHhie rpam.n;aHCKHe .n;eJia. PaccMoTpeHne yroJIOBHhiX .n;eJI rrponcxo.n;HJIO c yqacTneM 12 rrpncamHhiX 3ace.n;aTeJieH. llpnc.HmHhiM Mar 6hiTh rro.n;.n;aHHhiH Poccnn B B03pacTe OT 25 ,ll;O 70 JleT, rrpomHB8IOID;HH B ,ll;aHHOH MeCTHOCTH He MeHee 2 JieT. CrrHCKH rrpHc.HmHhiX yTBepm.n;aJIHCh ry6epHaTopoM.

AneJIJUI~HH no rroBo.n;y pemeHH.H OKpymHoro cy.n;a

rro.n;aBaJIHCh B cy.n;e6Hyro rraJiaTy. llpn'leM aneJIJiarvra no rroBo.n;y rrpnroBopa, BhiHeceHHoro cy.n;oM rrpncamHhiX, He .n;orrycKaJiaCh. BwcmeH: cy.n;e6Hoii HHCTaHu;neH: 6biJI CeHaT.

3.10. PoccuucTCue JOpucmbt emopou no;weunbt XIX e.: a) <P.H. n JleBaTCo; 6) B.!{. CnacOBU'l,' 8) A.<P. Konu

Pec]lopMa ycTaHaBJIHBaJia rJiaCHOCTh Be.n;eHHH cy.n;oB. 0HH CTaJIH rrpoBO,ll;HThC.H OTKphiTO. CocT.H3aTeJihHOCTh CTOpoH o6ecrre'IHBaJiaCh rrpncyTCTBHeM Ha cy.n;e6HOM pa36npaTeJihCTBe rrpoKypopa - rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJI.H o6BnHemra n a.n;soKaTa, 38Iu;Hill;aBIDero HHTepeCbi 06BHH.HeMOPO.

XoT.H HOBaa cy.n;e6Haa cncTeMa e:w;e coxpaHaJia p.H.n; rrepemHTKOB rrpOIIIJIOPO ( OC06hie BOJIOCTHbie cy ,ll;hl ,ll;JIH KpeCTb.HH, CY,ll;hl ,ll;JIH .n;yXOBeHCTBa, BOeHHhiX H BhiCIIIHX 'IHHOBHHKOB), TeM He MeHee OHa OKa3aJiaCb CaMOH rrepe,ll;OBOH B TO BpeM.H.

KO MeCTHbllil >K111Tenb He MOnO>Ke 25 ner. YaaHasnll1sancfl BbtCOKII11i1 o6pa30BarenbHblli1 111 111Myll..leaBeHHblli1 l..leH3: Bbtcwee 111n111 cpeAHee o6pa3osaHII1e 111 snaAeHII1e HeABII1· >KII1MbiM 111Myll..leCTBOM, BABOe 6qnbW111M, YeM np111 Bbt60pax B 3eMcrsa no 3eMnesnaAenbYecKoli1 Kyp111111. np111 3roM M111posbte cyAb111 nonyYanll1 AOBOnbHO BbiCOKYIO 3apa60THYIO nnary - OT 2,2 AO 9 TbiC. py6neli1 B roA.

B pyccKOM o6ll..lease B03HII1K He· 06btYali1Hblli1 111HTepec K aABOKaTCKOti1 AeflrenbHOall1. Ha 3TOM nonp111ll..le npocnas111n111cb BbtAatoll..lll1ecfl 10p111c Tbl <D.H nnesaKO, KHfl3b A.lll . Ypy· cos, B.)J. . Cnacosii1Y, A.<D. KOHII1 111 Apyr111e, 3ano>K111BWII1e ocHOBbt pyccKoVI WKOnbl aABOKaTOB-oparopOB.

a on noYeMy nocne orMeHbt Kpenocr

Horo npasa rocyAapcrso oKa3anocb nepeA He06XOA111MOCTbiO npoBeAeHII1fl Apyrii1X pecpopM?

KaKII1MII1 o6aoHrenbcrsaMII1 6btno o6ycnOBJleHO C03AaHII1e MeCTHOrO caMoynpasneHII1fl? KaKOBbt nntocbt 111 MII1HYCbl 3eMCKOii1 pecpopMbi?

KaK111e np111Hl..lll1nbt 6btnll1 nono>KeHbt B OCHOBY CyAe6Holi! pecpopMbi? KaK Bbt AYMaere, noYeMy 111MeHHO CyAe6Hafl pecpopMa OKa3anacb Hall1-6onee nocneAosarenbHolil?

0 pecpopMV1posaHV1V1 HaYanbHolil

06 OCHOBHbiX HanpaBn€HV1f'IX BO€HHOii1 pecpopMbl

KaKyiO nonV1TV1KY nposog111n HV1-Konali1 I s o6nacr111 npocsell.\eHV1f'l 111 o6pa3osaHV1f'l?

KaKosa cyrb CV1CT€Mbl peKpyrcKV1X Ha6opos?

npV1YV1Hbl nopa>KeHV1f'l Pocc111V1 s KpbiMCKolil soli!He?

8 rV1MHa3V1V1 npV1HV1ManV1 gerelil «scex cocnos1111i1, 6e3 pa3nV1YV1f'l 3BaHV1f'! 111 sepoV1cnosegaHVIf'!», npasga, np111 3TOM ycraHasnV1sanacb BbiCOKaf'l nnara 3a o6y4eHV1e.

3 .11. Kypcucm1ea. Xyao.HCHUK HA. JipowenKo

PE.OPMbl B O&IIACTH O&PA30BAHHA H BOEHHOro AEnA

J1 V16epanbHble npeo6pa3o8aHV1fl 8 o6w,ecr8e, crpeMneHV1e npa8V1TenbCT8a npeoAonerb orcra8aHV1e 8 80eHHoiil o6naCTV1, a TaiOKe COKpaTV1Tb 80eHHble paCXOAbl 8bl38anV1 He06XOAV1MOCTb np08eAeHV1fl KOpeHHbiX pecpOpM 8 apMV1V1. 3Ha'-lV1TenbHOVi nepecrpoVIKe noA8eprnacb CV1CTeMa o6pa3o8aHV1fl.

PE<l>OPMbl B 0611ACTI!1 nPOCBEU4EHI!1st B MIOHe 1864 r. 6hi

no yTBepm.n;eHo IIonomeHMe o Ha~aJihHhiX Hapop;HbiX

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o6m;eCTBeHHhiMM y~pemp;eHM.HMM M ~aCTHbiMH JIMIJ;aMM.

9TO npMBeJIO K C03p;aHMIO Ha~aJihHhiX IIIKOJI pa3JIR'!HhiX

TMIIOB - rocy,ZJ;apCTBeHHhiX, 3eMCKMX, u;epKOBHo-npMXO,ZJ;

CKMX, BOCKpeCHhiX. CpOK o6~eHM.H B TaKMX IIIKOJiaX He

npeBhima.rr, KaK npaBnno, Tpex .rreT.

C HO.H6p.H 1864 r. OCHOBHbiM TMIIOM y~e6Horo 3aBe

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JIMCh Ha K.rraccM~eCKMe M peaJibHbie. B KJiaccn~ecKMX

rHMHa3HJIX 60JibillOe MeCTO OTBO,li;MJIOCb ,ZJ;peBHMM .H3bi

KaM - .rraTMHCKOMY M ,ZJ;peBHerpe~ecKoMy. B HMX roTOBM

JIM Mono,ZJ;emh ,ZJ;JI.H nocTynneHM.H B yHMBepcaTeTbi. CpoK

o6y~eHM.H B KJiaCCM~eCKMX rMMHa3M.HX CHa~aJia 6biJI Ce

MMJieTHMH, a C 18 71 r. - BOCbMMJieTHMH.

PeaJihHbie rHMHa3MM 6biJIM npM3BaHhi roTOBMTh <<K 3a

H.HTM.HM pa3JIM~HbiMM OTpaCJI.HMM npOMhiiTIJieHHOCTM M

ToproBJIH>>. 06~eHMe B HMX 6hiJIO ceMMJieTHHM. OcHOBHoe

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B MIOHe 1864 r . 6biJI YTBepm,ZJ;eH HOBbiH ycTaB ,IJ;JI.H

YHMBepCHTeTOB, KOTOph!H BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJI aBTOHOMMIO

3TH X ~e6HhiX 3aBe,ZJ;eHMH.

BhiJio nonomeHo Ha~a.rro meHCKOMY cpe.n;

HeMy o6pa30BaHMIO - IIO.HBMJIHCb JKeHC

KMe rMMHa3MM, HO ypoBeHb IIO,ZJ;rOTOBKM B

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rMMHa3H.HX. IlOCKOJihKY BblnyCKHMIJ;bi rMMHa3MH He MOr

JIM IIOCTyiiaTb B YflMBepCMTeTbl, ,ZJ;JI.H HMX 6biJIM OTI<pb!Thl

Bbicmne meHCKMe KYPChi B MocKBe, IIeTep6ypre, Ka3a

HM, KneBe. B ,ZJ;aJihHelirneM ,ZJ;eBymeK CTaJIM ,ZJ;onycKaTh H

B YflHBepCMTeThl, HO B Ka~eCTBe BOJihHOCJiyiiiaTeJieH.

BOEHHbiE PE<l>OPMbl B HOSI6pe 1861 I'. BOeHHhlM MHHH

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B 1863-1864 rr. 6LIJIO npose.n;eHo pe<PopM:aposaH:ae

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I'HMHa3HSIX, a npo<PecCHOHaJILHYIO - B BOeHHbiX yq:a

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DPETBOPEHME PECIJOPM B >KM3Hb

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no'-leMy speMR, KOrAa JlOpVICMenVIKOB HaXOAVIJlCR BO mase BHyrpeHHe171 nonVITVIKI-1 rocyAapcrsa, 6biJlO Ha3BaHO COBpeMeHHVIKaMI-1 «AVIKTarypoliJ cepAI..la »?

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06 3801110~1-11-1 CO~I-1aJlbH0-3KOHO· MI-1YeCKOrO CTpOSl POCCI-11-1 nOCJle

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0 n p1-1YI-1Hax MeAJleHHoro ne

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nOJlO>KEHLIIE B CEJlbCKOM X03SHI'ICTBE BoJibHee acero

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OH BbiCTynaJI 3a KpeCTb.HHCKYIO peBOJIIO~HIO, pa3BIIBaJI

11,11;e11 06 406~11HHOM~ CO~HaJIII3Me, paTOBaJI 3a C03,l1;aHHe

peBOJIIO~HOHHOH Opl'aHH3~HH.

B HIOJie 1862 r . 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI apec

TOBaH H llOMe~eH B IleTponaBJIOBCKYIO

KpellOCTb, r,n;e npoBeJI OKOJIO ,ll;BYX JieT.

TaM oH Hrurnca.rr poMaH «'llTo ,n;eJiaTb?~ . B

pOMaHe 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH H3JIO:>KHJI CBOII B3l'JI.H,l1;bi Ha

6y ,n;y~ee CO~HaJIHCTHqecKOe ycTpOHCTBO 06~eCTBa, Ha

HOBYIO MOpaJib II HpaBCTBeHHOCTb. 8Ta KHHra CTaJia

HaCTO.H~eil «6n6JIIIeH~ ,n;JI.H pyccKHX peBOJIIO~HOHepoB.

H.n;eu 11 o6pa3 :>KH3HM repoeB poMaHa CTaJIH Ha ,n;oJirlle

ro,n;~>I npiiMepoM ,n;JI.H poccHiicKoii MoJio,n;emM. B 1864 r .

'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI npHrOBOpeH K KaTopre H llOCJie

,n;yro~eMY noceJieHHIO B CH6HpH.

B 1861 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HRKJia TaiiHa.H peBoJiro

~MOHHa.H opraHH3a~R.H. ,[(JI.H ee Ha3BaHH.H 6biJIII B3.HTbl

KJiroqeB~>Ie cJioBa o,n;Hoil 113 cTaTeii H.II. OrapeBa -

t3eMJI.H 11 BOJI.H~. OpraHM3a~II.H o6'he,n;HHIIJia JIIO,n;eil 1'13

pa3HbiX o6~eCTBeHHbiX rpynn H COCJIOBIIH - «JIM~

pa3HOI'O qHHa II 3BaHHih (pa3HOqiiH~eB).

IIporpaMMa «3eMJIH 11 BOJIII~ BKJIIO'laJia Tpe6oBaHII.H

C03biBa napJiaMeHTa H YCTaHOBJieHII.H ,n;eMOKpaTIIqecKOH

pecny6JIHKII, IDHpOKOl'O MeCTHOrO CaMOynpaBJieHII.H.

Bbi,n;BMraJiacb TaK:me 11,n;e.H nepe,n;aq11 KpeCTb.HHaM Bceil

3eMJIH II 06'be)1;11HeHH.H HaCeJieHH.H B CaMOynpaBJI.HIO~ReC.H

06~11Hbi. ,[(e.HTeJibHOCTb opraHR3~1111 CBO,ll;IIJiaCb K 113,n;a

HHIO II pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO peBOJIIO~IIOHHOH JIHTepaTypbl,

co,n;eHCTBIIIO no6eraM peBOJIIO~HOHepOB 113 TIOpeM, MaTe

pllaJibHOH llOMO~H CCbiJibHbiM.

t3eMJI.H II BOJI.H~ l'OTOBHJiaCb HaqaTb OTKpbiTOe Bbi

CTyllJieHHe B 1863 r . , HO y:me B 1862 r. MHOrlle llJieHbl

opraHM3~MII 6biJIH apecTOBaHbi. BecHoii 1864 r. «3eMJI.H

11 BOJI.H~ npHH.HJia pemeHHe o caMopocnycKe.

TEOPIIISI PEB01110UIIIOHHOrO HAPOAHIII~ECTBA M,n;eH <•o6-

~HHHoro•> COII,HaJIH3Ma A.M. repii,eHa H H.r. l:JepHbi

UieBCKOro CTanH TeopeTH"t!eCKOH OCHOBOH CBOeo6pa3HOrO

nonHTH"t!eCKOI'O Te"t!eHHH pyCCKOH pa,AHK3RbHOH HHTennH

reHIJ;HH - Hap O,ZJ;HJPJeCTB a. H apo,ZJ;HHKH paccMaTpHBaJIH

Hapo,n;, npem,n;e acero KpecThHHCTBO, KaK pe-

anhHYIO nORHTH"t!eCKyiO CHRY H C"t!HT3RH

CBOeH rnaBHOH 33JJ;3"t!eH C,ZJ;enaTb 3TY CH

ny C03HaTeRbHOH H opraHH30B3HHOiL

PeaoniOIJ;HH ,n;onmHa 6hrna ,n;aTb B03-

MOmHOCTh POCCHH MHHOB8Tb CT3J];HIO

KanHT3RH3Ma H ycTaHOBHTb HOBblH

CTpOH, OCHOBaHHhiH Ha npHHIJ;Hnax pa

aeHCTBa H cnpaaeJJ;nHaocTR. KpynHhiMH

TeopeTHK3MH peBORIOII,HOHHOI'O HapO,AHH

"t!eCTB8 a 1870-e rr. 6hrnH M A. Ba~eynun, II.JI. Jiaepoe H II.H. T~ea'leB.

M .A . BaKyHHH 6brn HJ];eonoroM anapx:H:qeCKOro Kphrna

HapOJ];HH"t!eCTBa. ,ll;nH BaKyHHHa BblCUIHM 3ROM HBRHROCb

rocyJJ;apcTao. 0TaepraH u;eHTpanH30BaHHOe ynpaaneHHe,

COCpeJ];OTO"t!eHHOe B OJ];HHX pyKaX, HJJ;y~ee CBepxy BHH3,

OH npe,ZJ;nara.n: B3aMeH rocy,n;apcTaa cao60JJ;HYIO opraHH3a

IJ;HIO CHH3Y BBepx - pa60"t!He 8CCOIJ;H3II,HH (COI03bl),

rpynnhr, o6~HHhi, aonocTH, o6nacTH H Hapo,n;hr. Cao6o,n;

Hoe o6r.u;ecTao, no MhiCnH BaKyHHHa, - 3TO o6r.u;ecTao, a

KOTOpOM OCyr.u;eCTBHRCSI 6hl n p HHIJ,Hll C8MOynpaaneHHSI

Hapo,n;a. BaKyHHH ynoaan na CTHXHHHhiH Hapo,ZJ;HhiH 6yHT

npOTHB caMOJJ;epmaBHSI . PyccKHH napoJJ; on C"t!lua.n: H3Ha

"tianbHO HapoJJ;oM-6yHTapeM, HO ero ,n;onmHa 6hrna pa36y

JJ;HTh HHTeJinHI'eHIJ,HSI.

ll.n. naapOB 6hln HJJ;eOROI'OM nponaraHJ);HCTCKOI'O

Kphrna a HapoJJ;HH"t!eCTBe. On C"t!HTan, "'ITO HapOJJ;HaSI pe

aoniOII,HSI HymJJ;aeTCSI a ,n;nHTenhHOH noJ);rOTOBKe. Ocy~e

CTBHTh TaKyiO llOJ];I'OTOBKY MOrna, no MHeHHIO naapoaa,

JJ;ame He6onhUiaSI rpynna nyqUinx JIIOJJ;e.H: o6r.u;ecTaa. 0HH

J];OR)KHbi 33ll3CTHCb TepneHHeM, HJ];TH B HapOJ]; H llpH no

MO~H nponaraHJ];bl llOMO"t!b eMy YSICHHTb ero IIOTpe6HOC

TH H CHny.

ll.H. TKa"t!eB SIBRSIRCSI HJ);eOnOr OM 33I'OBOp~H"t!eCKO

ro HanpaaneHHSI a HapoJJ;H H"t!eCTBe. OH nonaran, "'ITO

KpeCTbSIHCTBO He CnOC06HO C8MOCTOSITeRhHO OCy~eCT

BHTb peaoniOu;HIO. PeaoniOII,HSI JJ;onmna npHHHTh cpopMy

nepeaopoTa, KOTOpbiH COBepUIHT CTpOrO 33KOHCIIHpHpo

B8HH8SI opraHH33IJ;HSI peaoniOu;HoHepoa. Ho npe,n;aapH

TenhHO aTa opraHH3aii,IUI JJ;OnJKHa 6brna «pacUiaTaTb•>

cy~ecTayiOr.u;yiO anacTh rryTeM Teppopa. TKa"llea C"'IHTan

neao3MOmHhiM paapyUieHHe rocyJJ;apcTaa. B xoJJ;e peao

niOu;HH, no ero MHeHHIO, JJ;OnmHa 6brna npOH30HTH aa

MeHa CTRpblX I'OCyJJ;apCTBeHHbiX HHCTHTYTOB HR HOBbie,

peaoniOD;HOHHhre.

3.22. H oeoJLozu pe60JLI04UOH l l020 ~tapoo H.u 'lee mea: a) MA. B aKyH.uH; 6) II.JI. Jlaopoe; o) II.H. T Ka'liiO

B npo~3BeAeH~~x ~Aeonoroa pesonto~~OHHoro HapOAHW-IeCTBa 6blna c~nbHa ~Ae~ AOnra ~Hrenn~

reH~~~ nepeA HapOAOM. BeAb ~Hrenn~reH~~~ nonyY~na o6pa3osaH~e ~ Apyr~e >K~3HeHHbte 6na ra ronbKO 6naroAap~ rpyAaM ~ n~weH~~M MHor~x noKOneH~i1 HapoAa. no3roMy, nocrpo~s cnpa BeAn~soe co~~an~cT~YecKoe o6-ll(easo, OHa CMO>KeT B03BpaT~Tb CBOi1 A011r HapOAY-

BOnPOCbiM HMR: KaKosa ponb H .r. LJepHbtweacKo

ro B peBOJliO~~OHHOM AB~>KeH~~?

,IJ.ai1re xapaKrep~CT~KY Ae~renb

HOCT~ opraH~3a~~~ «3eMJ1fl ~ BOll~».

B YeM CXOACTBO ~ pa3n~Y~e

B3rfl~AOB M.A. 6aKyH~Ha, n .n . naapoaa, n .. H. TKaYeaa?

KaKOBbl xapaKrepHbte YepTbl HaPOAH~Yeasa?

0 nOR8fl€H~~ nOAnOflbH~X HapOAH~Y€CK~X opraH~3al(~i71. ~X nporpaMM€ ~ TaKT~K€

0 np~Y~Hax nepexoAa K raKT~Ke «XO)f(AeH~R 8 HapOA»

0 AeRrenbHOCT~ HapoAH~YecK~x opraH~3al(~t71 «3eMnH ~ 80nR», «HaPOAHaR 80nR»

BCnOMHMTE KaK~e rai71Hble o6ll.\eCT8a ~ opra

H~3al(~~ cyll.\eCT808an~ 8 nep8ol71 nono8~He XIX 8.?

B KaK~x ~3 H~x o6cy~ancR 80-npoc o L(apey6~171a8e?

H eYae8 coCTa8~n « Karex~3~c pe-80fltOL(V10Hepa » - C80A npa8V1fl, KOTOpbiM~ AOfl>KHbl 6blfl~ pyK080ACT80BaTbCf! ero CTOpOHHV1K~ . .[\nfl

HeYae8a pe80fltOI..I~OHep - 3TO «o6peYeHHbll71 Yeno8eK. OH He ~MeeT n~YHbiX ~Hrepeco8, Aen, Yy8CT8, npV18H3aHHOCTet71, C06CT8eHHOCTV1, Aa>Ke ~MeH~. Bee 8 HeM 3aX8aY€HO OAH~M VlCKfltOY~Teflb

HbiM ~HTepeCOM, OAHOI71 MbiCflbtO, OAHOiil apacrbta: pe8ontal(V1el71».

3.23. Apecm nponazanaucma. Xy{}o:JICHUK H .E. Penun

PEBOniOI.IHOHHOE HAPOAHH'IECTBO BTOPOH nonOBHHbl 1860-x - HA'IAnA 1880-x rr.

r JlaBHOill U,eJlbiO HapO,lJ,HiiiKOB rlBilr!JlaCb no.o.rOTOBKa

KpeCTbrlHCKOill peBOiliOL.I,il1111 B PoCCII1111. npe.o.crasneHillrl 0

cnoco6ax .o.ocTII1>KeH111rl ::noll! u,en111 y HapO.lJ.HII1YecKII1X op

raHII13au,ll1111 He pa3 1113MeHHilii1Cb no Mepe np111o6pereH111r1

OnbiTa peBOiliOL.I,iiiOHHOil! ,lJ,erJTeJlbHOCTII1.

HAPOAH1114ECKII1E OPfAHII13AU111111 BTOPOLit no.nOBII1Hbl 1860-x-HA4A.flA 1870-x rr. B 1863- 1866 rr. cnomHJiacb rpyrr

rra H A. Hw.ymuna - H A . Xya-HKOBa. Ee tiJieHhi cTa

BHJIH 38.ZJ;atiy ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKH peBOJIIOD;HOHHOrO rrepeBOpOTa .

BHyTpH 3TO:iii: opraHH38D;HH .n;e:iii:CTBOBana TeppopHCTHtie

CKa.a rpyrrrra <<A.ZJ;>>, KOTOpa.H BeJia ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKY n;apey-

6HifcTBa. B arrpene 1866 r . tiJieH 3To:iii: rpyrrrrhi ,IJ;.B. Ka

paK030B coaepiiiHJI rroKyiiieHHe Ha AneKcaH.n;pa II . B 1 869 r. C.F. Hellae6 OCHOB8JI B MOCKBe o6~eCTBO

<<Hapo.n;Ha.H pacrrpaBa>>. OH nnaHHpoaan rroKpbiTb PoccHIO

CeTbiO peBOJIIOD;HOHHbiX opraHH38D;HR, HO ero o6~eCTBO

BCKOpe 6hlJIO pa3rpOMJieHO.

B 1869 r . B IleTep6ypre cnomznc.a KpymoK <<tiaii

KOBD;eB>> (no HMeHH o.n;Horo H3 ero tiJieHoB - H.B. fJauKOBCKozo). LfJieHaM opr8HH38D;HH Y.ZJ;8JI0Cb C03.ZJ;8Tb BCe

pOCCHRCKyiO CeTb CBOHX rpynn, B KOTOpbiX H8'18JI8Cb

.ZJ;e.HTeJibHOCTb MHOI'HX BH.ZJ;HbiX rrpe.ZJ;CT8BHTeJieif Hapo,n;

HHtieCTB8.

C<XO>KAEHII1E B HAPOA~> B cepe.ZJ;HHe 1870-x rr. Hapo.n;HH

KH npHIIIJIH K BbiBO.ZJ;Y, 'ITO eCJIH He rrpOH30ii.ZJ;eT HeMe.ZJ;

JieHHOR peBOJIIOD;HH, TO Ha6HpaiO~HR CHJibi KaiTHTaJIH3M

H3MeHHT, I1pHCI10C06HT K CBOeMy pa3BHTHIO KpeCTb.HHCKyro

06ID;HHY. Il03TOMY, ITO HX MHeHHIO, He06XO.ZJ;HMO H.ZJ;TH B Ha

po.n;, tiT06bi BHOCHTb B ero C03HaHHe <<H.ZJ;e8Jibl Jiyqiiiero,

CllpaBe.ZJ;JIHBOI'O 06ID;eCTBeHHOI'O CTpO.H >} •

B 1874-1875 rr. COTHH rrporraraH.ZJ;HCTOB

no.n; BH.ZJ;OM Bpaqeif, HHmeHepoB, ytiHTe

ne:iii: pa36peJIHCh no PoccHH. 0HH TOJIKO

BaJIH c KpecTb.HHaMH o peBOJIIOD;HH H co:o;HaJIH3Me. Ho

MymHKH He l10HHM8JIH <<68p>> C HX I'OCllO.ZJ;CKOR petibiO.

LfaiD;e BC€1'0 HMeHHO KpeCTb.HH€ H .ZJ;OHOCHJIH Ha nporra

raH.ZJ;HCTOB B rroJIHD;HIO . BnacTH OTBeTHJIH Ha <<xom.n;e

HHe B HapO.ZJ; >> BCepOCCHRCKOM 06JiaBOM H l10K838TeJib

HhlMH CY.ZJ;8MH.

Heyp;aqa arHTau,HOHHoro ,n;BIDKeHH.H 3aCTaBHJia peBOJIIOU,HOHepOB nepeHT.H K C03,ll;aHIUO CTpOrO U,eHTpaJIH30BaHHbiX H 3aKOHCIIHpHpOBaHHhiX rpynn.

B KOHU,e 1876 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HHKJia opraH.H3aU,H.H «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•>, Ha3BaHHa.H TaK B rraMHTh 0 rrepBOM peBOJIIOU,HOHHOM 06'be,ll;lfHeHHH 1860-x rr. Cpep;H ee yqacTHHKOB 6biJIH M.A. HaTaHcoH, A.,n:. MMxa:H:noB, r.B. IInexaHOB, C.M. KpaB'llfHCKlfH, B.H. <l>HrHep, C.JI. IIepoBCKa.H, H.A. Mopo30B.

)J;JIH no.n;roTOBKH Hapo.n;Horo BOCCTaHM.H npe.n;nonaraJIOCb lfCIIOJib30BaTb KaK nponaraH,ll;HCTCKHe MeTO,ll;hl pa-60Thi, TaK H .n;e3opraHH3aTopcKne - yHH'lTomeaHe HaM-6onee << Bpep;HbiX >> 'lHHOBHHKOB (liH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHbiH Tep

pop). ,[l;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyrrrre HapO,ll;HHKOB yp;aJIOCh IIpOBeCTlf p.Hp; rpOMKHX TeppopHCTH'leCKHX aKTOB.

B .HHBape 1878 r. Bepa 3acymt.'l coBepWMJia IIOKymeHMe Ha IIeTep6yprCKOrO rpa.n;oHa'laJihHHKa <l>.<l>. TpenoBa. B aB-

rycTe 1878 r. 6hiJI y6MT me<P maH.n;apMoB H.B. Me3eHu,eB, B <PeBpane 1879 r. - reHepaJI-ry6epHaTop XaphKOBa ,[I;.H. KponoTKHH. B MapTe 1879 r. 6biJIO COBepWeHO IIOKyWeHHe Ha HOBOrO we<Pa JKaHp;apMOB A.P. ,[I;peHTeJihHa. 2 arrpen.H 1879 r. A.K. ConoBheB COBepWMJI HOBOe IIOKyWeHHe Ha AJieKCaHp;pa II.

B 1879 r. «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•> pa3p;eJIHJiaCh Ha p;Be caMOCTO.HTeJihHhie opraHH3ail,MH - << -qepHbiH rrepep;eJI>>, Kyp;a BOWJIH CTOpOHHHKH nporraraH,ll;.HCTCKOH pa60Thi, B03rJiaBJIHeMhie r .B. IInexaHOBhiM, If <cHapo.n;HyiO BOJIIO>>, 06'be,ll;HHHBWYIO CTOpOHHHKOB HH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHOrO Teppopa.

<<HAPO.QHASI BOJUfn EIIJ,e B HIOJie 1878 r. aaH6onee aKTHBHhre 'lJieHhi p;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyiiiihi «3eMJIH H BOJIH» BhiHeCJIM cMepTHhiH npHroBop AJieKcaH,u;py II. llcnoJIHHTeJihHhiH KOMHTeT <•HapO,ll;HOH BOJIH>> Ha'laJI HaCTO.HIIJ,YIO OXOTY Ha HMIIepaTopa, TIIJ,aTeJibHO C06JIIO,ll;a.H KOHCIIHpail,HIO H IIpOHBJI.HH <lJaHTaCTH'leCKyiO H306peTaTeJibHOCTb.

1 MapTa 1881 r. Ha HMrrepaTopa 6hiJIO coBepweHo oqepe.n;Hoe noKyweHHe. AJieKcaH.n;p II 6biJI cMepTeJihHO paHeH H qepe3 HeCKOJibKO 'laCOB CKOH'laJICH.

IJO'lTH BCe 'lJieHhi llCIIOJIHHTeJibHOrO KOMHTeTa «Hapo.n;Ho:H: BOJIH» 6hiJIH apecToBaHhi. B 1881 r. IIHTepo Hapo.n;OBOJihil,eB 6hiJIH Ka3HeHhi (A.ll. menH60B, C.JI. IIepOBCKa.H, A.,[I;. MHxa:H:JIOB, H.ll. Kn6aJih'lH'l, H.ll. PbrcaKOB). O.n;HaKo n;apey6HHCTBO ae cTaJio Ha'laJIOM KpeCTh.HHCKOH peBOJIIOil,HH. Hapo,n;HH'lecKoe p;BHmeHne 3aWJIO

B TYIIHK.

3.24. PyccKue peBOJt/OU,UOH.epbl H.apoanuKu: a) B.H. 3acyJtu'L; 6) A.H. )Ke;ul606

3.25. Be'Lepuwca. Xyaa)l(ftuK K.E. MaKo6cKuu

BO POCblfrt KaKV1e MeTOAbl V1cnonb3osanV1 s

csoelil npaKTV14eCKolil AesnenbHOCTV1 HapOAHV1KV1 1860-X rr.?

KaKV1MV1 npV14V1HaMV1 6b1no Bbi -3BaHo «xo)t(JJ.eHV1e s HapoA»? B YeM 6blnV1 oco6eHHOCTV1 :noro ABV1)KeHV1fl 111 ero pe3ynbTaTbiJ

noYeMy HapOAHV1YeCKOe ABI.1>KeHI-1e np111o6peTano see 6onee paAV1-KanbHbli1 xapaKrep?

06 OCHOBHO~ ~en~ ~ rnaBH~X HanpasneH~Hx BHewHe~ non~T~K~

Pocc~~ s 1860- 1870-x rr .

KaKosa 6bJJ1a pacaaHOBKa npor~

so6opasyJOLu,~x CTOpOH B KpblMCKO~ so~He? KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ ycnos~H nap~>t<CKOrO M~pHOrO AOrOBOpa?

KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ np~4~Hbl KasKa3-CKO~ BO~Hbl ~ ee OCHOBHbJe 3Tanbi?

repp~rop~~ nonyY~n~

Ha3BaH~e PyccKaH AMep~Ka?

Op~aKOB

AileKcaHAP MHxa&ilnosH~ 1798-1883

Pocc~~tikKV!iil rocyAapcreeHHbJiil Aefl r enb, A~~tnnoMaT, KaHunep. Bocn~~tTaHHV!K l.J,apCKOCeJ1bCKOrO J1111UeR,

l Apyr A c. nywK~~tHa. MV!HIItCTp V!HOIX AeJ1 B 1856- 1882 rr.

B 1856 r. HeKoropble apaHbJ EsponbJ pew~n111 npVIHHTb Mepbi npoms 3noynorpe6neHV1~ HeanonVITaHcKoro npaBV1TeJ1bCTBa. rop4aKOB yKnOHV1J1CH or yYaCTVIH s AV1nnoMaTV14ecKV1X Mepax. W111poKo V13BeCTHbJ aan111 era cnosa: «PoccVIJO ynpeKaJOT B TOM, 4TO OHa ~30!1V1pyeTCH VI MOJ14V1T nepeA J1V1~0M TaKVIX

1 cpaKTOB, KOTOpble He rapMOHVIPYJOT HVI c npasoM, HVI co cnpaseAn~BOCTbJO. rosopHT, 4TO POCCVIH cepAVITCR. POCCVIH He cepAVITCH, POCCVIH COCpeAOTa4 VISa eTCH».

BHEWHAA nonHTHKA AnEKCAHAPA II

B HeWH$1$1 nomm.1Ka AneKcaHApa II noYTIII Ha scex csoIIIX HanpaBJ1eHIII$1X HOCIIIJla aKTIIIBHbllil xapaKTep. PocCIIIIilCKOMY rocyAapcTBy yAanocb pewiiiTb CT0$1BWI!Ie nepeA HIIIM BHeWHenOiliiiTIIIYeCKIIIe 3a,[J,a'-llll, BOCCTaHOBIIITb csoe nono>KeHIIIe KaK sen111Kolil gep>KaBbl.

OCHOBH~E HAnPABnEH~R BHEWHE~ non~T~K~ POCC~~

B 1860- 1870-x rr . Ycrrex BifYTpeHHHX pecpopM An:eKcaH

.n;pa II B HeMaJIOH CTerreHH 3aBHCeJI OT BHeiiiHeH o6CTa

HOBKH: BORHa MOrJia copBaTh rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH. Mcxo.n;H

H3 3Toro, 6hiJIH orrpe.n;eJieHhi rJiaBHhie HarrpaBJieHHH

BHeiiiHeH IIOJIHTHKH: BhiXO,ll; H3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOH H30JIH

D;HH, BoccTaHOBJieHne pOJIH Poccnn KaK BeJIHKo:H: .n;epJKa

Bhi, OTMeHa yHH3HTeJihHhiX cTaTeif IIapnJKCKoro MHpHo

ro .n;oroBopa. 8TM CJIOJKHhie 3a,n;a-qn 6hiJIM pemeHhi

MMpHhiM rryTeM BO MHOrOM 6Jiaro,n;apH 6JieCTH:ru;eMy ,ll;MII

JIOMaTH"t!eCKOMy TaJiaHTY A.M. ropqaKOBa.

EBPOnE~CKAR non~T~KA rJiaBHhie YCMJIM.H pyCCKOH .n;nrr

JIOMaTHM 6biJIM HarrpaBJieHhi Ha IIOMCK COI03HMKOB B EB

porre, BhiXO,ll; M3 M30JIHD;MH H pa3BaJI aHTMpyCCKOrO 6JIO

Ka, B KOTOphrif Bxo,n;MJIM <f>paHn;H.H, AHrJIHH M ABCTPH.H.

CMTyan;HH, CJIOJKMBIIIaHCH Tor.n;a B EBporre, 6hiJia Ha py

KY PoccMM. BhiBIIIMX coro3HMKOB no aHTnpyccKoif KOaJI:a

U:MM pa3,ll;MpaJIM OCTpbie pa3HOrJiaCMH, ,ll;OXO,ll;MBIIIHe IIO

poif ,ll;O BOOpyJKeHHhiX CTOJIKHOBeHHH.

B ceHT.H6pe 1857 r. cocToHJiach BCTpe-qa An:eKcaH,n;pa IT c cppaHn;y3CKMM MMrrepaTopoM HanoJLeOI-WM III, a B

cpeBpaJie 1859 r. 6hiJI rro.n;m-IcaH .n;oroBop o cppaHKO-pyc

CKOM coTpy,n;HMqecTBe. O.n;HaKo 3TOT coro3 He cTaJI ,n;JIM

TeJihHhiM M rrpO"t!HhiM. M Kor.n;a B arrpeJie 1859 r. Ha"tJa

JiaCh BOifHa MeJK.n;y <f>paHn;Meif M ABcTp:aeH: , PoccMH

YKJIOHMJiaCh OT IIOMO:ru;M <f>paHD;HM, cephe3HO IIO,ll;OpBaB

TeM CaMhiM cppaHKO-pyCCKHe OTHOIIIeHMH. 3aTO 3Ha"tJM

TeJihHO yJiyqrnMJIHCh OTHomeHMH Pocc:aM c ABcTpMeii.

8TMMM ,n;eRCTBMHMM rop"t!aKOB cpaKTH"t!eCKM pa3BaJIMJI aH

TMpyCCKMR COI03 M BhiBeJI PoCCMIO H 3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOR

M30JIHD;HM.

liOJihCKOe BOCCTaHHe 1863-1864 rr. M IIOIIhiTKM

AHrJIMM H <f>paHD;HM BMemaThCH rro.n; rrpe.n;JioroM 3Toro

BOCCTaHMH BO BHyTpeHHHe ,n;eJia POCCMM Bhl3BaJIH OCTphiH

KpH3 MC B MX OTHOIIIeHHHX, 3aKQHqMBIIIHRCH C6JIMJKeHH

eM PoccMH M IIpyccHM. B .n;aJihHeifmeM PoccMH 3aHHJia

II03HD;MIO 6JiaroJKeJiaTeJihHOrO HeifTpaJIMTeTa B OTHOIIIe

HMH IIpyccMM BO BpeMH ee BOHR rrpOTHB ABCTpMH ..-\...

(1866) H <f>paHD;HH (1870- 1871). ..,.

3apy'IHBIDHCh no~~epmKOR ITpyccHH, rop'IaKOB H8'!8R aTaKy H8 He6naronpHSITHbie ~RSI PoccHH cTaTbH ITapHmcKoro

MHpHoro ~oroaopa. B OKTSI6pe 1870 r. OH 3aSIBHR, 'ITO PoccHSI 6onhme He C'IHTaeT ce6SI CBSI3aHHOH o6SI3aTenhCTBaMH ITapHmcKoro ~oroaopa B 'IaCTH «HeRTpaRH3aiJ,HH>> l!epHoro MopSI. HecMoTpSI Ha npoTeCThi AHrRHH, ABcTpHH H TypiJ,HH, PoccHSI npHCTynHna K C03~8HHIO Ha l!epHOM MOpe BOeHHOI'O cpROTa, BOCCTaHOBReHHIO pa3pymeHHbi X H CTpOHTeRbCTBY HOBbiX BOeHHbiX yKpenneHHH.

ITopameHHe ct>paHIJ,HH a aoifHe c ITpyccHeif H o6'he~HHeHHe repMaHHH H3MeHHRH COOTHOilleHHe CHJl B Eapone. Ha 3ana~Hhlx py6emax PoccHH noSIBHnach MO~HaSI BOHHCTBeHHaSI ~epmaaa. Oco6yiO yrpo3y npe~cTaBnSIR COI03 repMaHHH C ABCTpHeR (c 1867 r. - ABCTpOBeHrpHSI). qT06bi He ~onyCTHTb 3TOI'O COI03a, rop'IaKOB opraHH30Ban B 1873 r. BCTpeqy HMnepaTopoB PoccHH, repMaHHH H AacTpo-BeHrpHH. ITo cornameHHIO, no~rrHcaHHOMY TpeMSI MOHapxaMH, OHH 06SI3biB8RHCb OK83biB8Tb ~pyr ~pyry IIOMO~b, B TOM 'IHCRe H BOeHHyiO. Ho KOI'~a CIIYCTSI ~Ba I'O~a repM8HHSI BHOBb B03H8MepHR8Cb HanacTb Ha ct>paHIJ,HIO, PoccHSI BhiCTyrrHna rrpoTHB HOBOH BORHhi. 0KOH'IaTenhHo <<Coi03 Tpex HMnepaTopoB>> .,.\.. pacnancSI B 1878 r. ...,.

3ABEPWEH~E KABKA3CKO~ BO~Hbl CTpeMSICh 3aBepmHTh npHcoe~HHeHHe KaaKa3a, pyccKoe npaBHTeRbCTBO HarrpaBHRO Ha 6opL6y c ropiJ,aMH 3Ha'IHTenhHhie CHRhl. B anpene 1859 r. rrana <<CTORHIJ,a>> lllaMHRSI - ayn Be~eHo. CaM lllaMHRb 6eman B ayn ryHH6, KOTOpbiR 25 aarycT8 1859 r. 6biR B3SIT.

Ha ceBepo-3ana~e KaaKa3a aoeHHbie ~eifCTBHSI npoTHB pyccKHx BORCK Ben copaTHHK lllaMHRSI MyxaMe~ AMHHh. 3~ecb rronomeHHe pyccKHX BORCK o6nerqanocb pa306~eHHOCTblO qepKeCCKHX H a6xa3CKHX IIReMeH. B HOSI6pe 1859 r. C~8RHCb OCHOBHbie CHJihl qepKeCOB. K arrpeniO 1864 r. pyccKHe aoRcKa 3aHSIRH ace l!epHoMopcKoe rro6epemhe A6xa3HH. 21 MaR 1864 r. 6hiR no~aaneH IIOCJle~HHR 0'!81' COIIpOTHBReHHSI 'IepKeCCKHX IIJieMeH. 8TOT ~eHh C'IHTaeTcSI ~aToM- OKOH'IaHHSI KaBK83CKOR .,.\.. BOHHhl. ...,.

Bxom~eHHe Hapo~oa KaBKa3a B cocTaB PocCHH cnoco6cTBOBaJIO HX 3KOHOMH'!eCKOMY H KYRbTYPHOMy pa3BHTHIO. B KOHIJ,e XIX B. 3~ech noSIBHnach caoSI ToproBorrpoMhimJieHHaSI 6ypmya3HSI. B Ha'IaJie 1890-x rr. 6Lwa rrpoae~eHa BJI~HKaBKa3cKaSI mene3HaSI ~opora, 6hlcTphlMH TeMIIaMH pa3BHB8JI8Cb ~06bi'I8 HecpTH.

3.26. Co/03 mpex u.Mnepamopoe: a) .A.n.eKcanap II; 6) Bu.ll.beeJLb.M I; B) cf>panl{-Hocul}J

W aMIIInb CAancSl 8 nneH Ha no-4€THbiX ycno8111SlX. EMy 6b1n111 no>Kano8aHbl IIIMeHIIIe 8 Kanyre, no>K1113HeHHaSl neHCIIISl. B 1859 r . COCTOSlnaCb 8CTpe4a WaMIIInSl Ill AneKcaHApa II, Ha Koropo~ Wa MIIInb no11y4111n pa3peweHIIIe co-8epw111Tb nanoMHV14ea8o 8 MeKKy.

3 .27. KaBICa.JcKoe yw,eJLbe. Xyao:JICH.UIC JI.cf>. Jlazopuo

3.28. BcmynJLenue pycc~eux 6oilc1C 6 Ca.Map~eano. Xyoo:JtCnuiC H.H. Kapa3un

,,

8.29. M l f C~eo6eJLe6

MOH HCTOPJiqECKHE llCCJIE,li,OBAHHli

npoaHal11113lllpyi.1Te BHeWHIOIO nolliiiTIIIKY Pocc111111 s CpeAHeH A3111111 B 1860- 1870-e rr.

«nOMO~HIIIK»

HaL71Aii1Te Ha Kapre repp1i1TOp11110 CpeAHeC1 A31i1111.

nepeYii1cnii1Te rocyAapaaa, cyw,easosaawlile raM B cepeAII!He XIX B .

..., OnpeAenii1Te HanpasneHiilfl HaaynneHV1fl pycCK111X BOL71CK B CpeAHeL71 A31i1111.

YKa>KV1Te repp111TOpV1111 CpeAHeL71 A31i11i1, BOW€AWii1€ B COCTaB PocCii1C1CKOC1 V1Mnep111111 B 1860-1870-e rr.

nOJlL'1Tir1KA POCCitWI 8 CPE.QHEiil A3111111 B HIOHe 1865 r. pyCCKHe BORCKa IIO,ll; KoMaH,n;oBaHHeM reHepaJia M.r. Tf epn.R.eBa OBJia,n;eJIH KpyrrHeRIIIHM ropo,n;OM Cpe,n;HeH: Aa:aH TamKeHTOM :a pH,n;OM ,n;pyrHx ropo,n;oB . 3,n;ecb 6biJIO o6paaoBaHo TypKeCTaHCKoe reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopCTBO (TypKeCTaHCKHR KpaH:) . B OTBeT Ha 06~HBJieHHYIO 6yxapCKHM 3MHpOM <<CBSim;eHHYIO BORHY>> pyccK:ae BORCKa B Mae 1868 r. OBJia,n;eJIH CaMapKaH,n;OM :a BbiHY,D;HJIH 3MHpa B 1873 r. rrpHaHaTb

aaBHCHMOCTb OT PoccHH. B TOM me ro,n;y B aaBHCHMOCTb IIOIIaJI H XHBHHCKHR xaH.

B 1875 r. pyccKHe oTpSI,D;bi rro,n; KOMaH,D;OBaHHeM reHepana M .Jl,. CKo6eJLeBa paarpoMHJIH BORCKa KOKaH,n;cKoro XaHCTBa. B cpeBpaJie 1876 r. oHo 6biJIO yrrpaa,n;HeHo, a ero TeppHTOPHH 6brJia BKJIJOqeHa B cocTaB TypKecTaHCKOro reHepaJI·ry6epHaTopcTBa.

B 1869 r . BoiicKa reHepaJia H.r. CToJieTOBa Bbrca,n;HJIHCb Ha BOCTOqHOM 6epery KaCIIHRCKOrO MOpS! H OCHOBaJIH ropo,n; KpacHoBo,n;cK. ,lJ,anbHeH:mee rrpo,n;BHJKeHHe BCTpeTHJIO yrropHoe corrpoTHBJieHHe TYPKMeHCKHX rrJieMeH. Hx OIIJIOTOM CTaJI Oa3HC reoK-Terre. IlOIIbiTKH pycCKHX w\_ BORCK OBJia,n;eTb oaa:acoM TeprreJIH Hey,n;aqy. ..,.

B 1880 r. KOMaH,n;yrom;HM pyccKHMH BORCKaMH Ha aarra,n;e TypKMeHHH 6brJI HaaHaqeH M.,IJ;. CKo6eJieB. BbrJia

rrpoJiomeHa meJieaHo,n;opomHaH BeTKa OT KpacHoBo,n;cKa B CTOpOHY reoK-Terre. 12 HHBapH 1881 r. IIOCJie OJKeCTOqeHHOrO 60H pyCCKHe BORCKa OBJia,D;eJIH reoK-Terre, a qepea He,n;eJIIO - Amxa6a,n;oM.

3asoeBaHHe PoccHeH: Cpe,n;Heii AaHH JIHIIIHJIO rocy,n;apCTBeHHOCTH HaceJIHBIIIHe ee Hapo,n;bl. Ho rrpH 3TOM rrpeKpaTHJIHCb Mem,n;oyco6Hbie BORHbi, 6biJIH JIHKBH,n;HpoBaHbi pa6cTBO :a pa6oToproBJIH. BbiCTpo CTaJIH paaBHBaTbCH xJiorrKOBo,n;cTBO H IIIeJIKOBO,ll;CTBO, HaqaJIHCb JKeJie3HO,D;OpOJKHOe CTpOHTeJibCTBO, ,D;06bNa HecpTH, yrJIH, D;BeTHbiX MeTaJIJIOB.

Ha rrpHcoe,n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX pyccKoe rrpaBHTeJibCTBO IIpOBO,ll;HJIO rH6KyiO IIOJIHTHKY, He BMeiiiHBaSICb B HaD;HO· HaJibHYIO KYJibTypy H peJIHrH03Hble OTHOIIIeHHH.

3 .3 0. Topzo6bLe p.RObL 6 Ca.MapiCanoe

fAAflbHEBOCT04HA~ non~T~KA POCC~~ )J;o cepe~HHbl XIX B. PoccHH He HMeJia o<PHu;HaJibHO npH3HaHHbiX rpa

HHD; co CBOHMH coce~HMH Ha )J;aJibHeM BocTOKe. PyccKHe

nepBonpoxo~u;hl npo~oJimaJIH pacceJIHTbCH Ha aTHX 3eMJISIX, a TaKme Ha CaxaJIHHe H KypHJibCKHx ocTpoBax.

B Mae 1858 r. Mem~y PoccHeii H KHTaeM 6biJI no~nHcaH Ailzync1euil aozoaop, no KOTopoMy rpaHHu;a c KHTaeM ycTaHaBJIHBaJiacb no peKe AMypy ~o Bn~eHHSI B Hero peKH YccypH. YccypHMCKHH Kpa:ii Mem~y peKoii YccypH H THXHM oKeaHoM o6'bSIBJIHJICSI coBMeCTHbiM pyccKo-KH

TaiicKHM BJia~eHHeM. B 1860 r. 6biJI no~nHcaH HOBbiH, Ile1CUHC1CUil aozoaop, corJiacHo KOTopoMy Yccy- ...\..

pmicKmi Kpa:ii 6biJI o6'bSIBJieH BJI~eHHeM PoccHH. ..,..

CJiomHo mJIH neperoBOpbi no onpe~eJieHHIO rpaHHD;bi Mem~y PoccHeii H .HnoHHeii. ITo ~oroBopy, 3aKJIIOTieHHOMY

B HnOHCKOM ropo~e CHMO~a B 1855 r., KypHJibCKHe ocTpoBa npH3HaBaJIHCb TeppHTOpHeii PoccHH, a ocTpoB CaxaJIHH - COBMeCTHbiM BJI~eHHeM ~Byx CTPaH. IIocJie no~nHcaHHH ~oroBopa Ha CaxaJIHH ycTpeMHJIOCb 3HaTIHTeJibHOe KOJIHqeCTBO HnOHCKHX nepeCeJieHD;eB. B 1875 r., qT06bl

H36emaTb ocJio.mHeHHH c .HnoHHeif, PoccHH corJiaCHJiacb no~nHcaTb HOBbiH ~orosop. CaxaJIHH nOJIHOCTbiO OTXO~HJI

K PoccHH, a ocTpoBa KypHJibCKOH rpSI~bi- K .HnoHHH.

nPOAA>KA AflSICK~ K cepe~HHe XIX B. B PyccKyiO AMepHKy - Ha AJIHCKY - CTaJIH npOHHKaTb aMepHKaHCKHe npe~npHHHMaTeJIH, TOprOBD;bi, 6paKOHbepbi. 3~HIIJ;aTb H CO~epmaTb 3TY TeppHTOpHIO CTaHOBHJIOCb BCe CJIOmHee.

O~HOBpeMeHHO npaBHTeJibCTBO AJieKcaH~pa II cTpeMHJIOCb yKpenHTb ~pymeCTBeHHbie OTHOI.ITeHHH, CJIO)KHB·

mHecH Mem~y CiliA H PoccHe:H. MMnepaTop npHHSIJI peI.ITeHHe npo~aTb AJISICKY npaBHTeJibCTBY AMepHKH 3a

He3HaTIHTeJibHYIO ~JISI C~eJIKH TaKoro MaCmTa6a CYMMY B 7,2 MJIH ~OJIJiapOB.

HeJib3H He y'!HThlBaTb H To o6cTOHTeJibCTBO, 'ITO rJiaBHble npoTHBHHKH PoccHH B EBpone - AHrJIHSI H <f>paHD;HSI - 6biJIH B TO BpeMH Ha BOJIOCOK OT BOHHbl C

CiliA. IIpo~ama AJISICKH B 1867 r . SIBJIHJiacb ~eMoH

cTpau;Heii no~~epmKH CiliA co CTOPOHhl PoccHH.

20 V110HH 1860 r. pyCCKV1e MOpHKV1 nOA KOMaHAOBaHV1eM A.K. WecpHepa sownV1 B 6yxry 3onoroii1 Por. 3AeCb 6bln OCHOBaH ropOA BnaAV1-BOCTOK, CTaBWV1ii1 KpynHbiM BOeHHO-MOpCKV1M nopTOM POCCV1V1 Ha ,lJ,anbHeM BOCTOKe.

H a reppV1ropV1V1 AnHCKV1 coxpaHV1nocb AO HaWV1X AHeii1 MHOrO ropOAOB, OCHOBaHHbiX pyCCKV1MV1 noceneH~aMV1. CpeAV1 KpynHeii1 -WV1X - KaAbHK, HV1KOnaescK, HosoapxaHrenbCK, YHanawKa.

3 .31. PyccKa.R. AMepuKa

0npeAenV1Te OCHOBHble HanpaBneHV151 BHewHeii1 nonV1TV1KV1 PoccV1V1 B ~apcrsosaHV1e AneKcaHApa II.

KaKOBbl 6blnV1 rnaBHble AOCTV1:>KeHV1H POCCV1V1 Ha esponeii1CKOM HanpasneHV1V1? YAanocb nV1 PocCV1V1 npV1o6peCTV1 coi03HV1KOB B Espone?

KaKoBa 6blna nonV1TV1Ka PoccV1V1 B CpeAHeii1 A3V1V1? Coorsercrsosana nV1 oHa rocyAapcrseHHbiM V1HrepecaM POCCV1V1?

KaK pa3BV1BanV1Cb B3aV1MOOTHoweHV1H PocCV1V1 c KV1raeM V1 s:lnoHV1eii1?

KaKV1e o6CTOHrenbcrsa no6yAV1nV1 AneKcaHApa II npV1HHTb peweHV1e o npOAa:>Ke AflHCKV17

'..-.. ...... . .. , .

0 npV1YV1Hax V1 xapaKrepe pyccKorype[4Kollt soii!Hbl

0 XOA€ pyccKo-rype[4KOIIf BOIIfHbl V1 ee V1TOrax

KaKoso 6blno nonV1TV1YecKoe nono>KeHV1e HapoAOB 6anKaHCKoro nonyoaposa?

B YeM 3aKn10Yanacb rpaAV11..\V10HHaH ponb PocCV1V1 Ha 6anKaHCKOM nonyoapose?

KaKOBbl 6blnV1 OCHOBHbl€ nono>KeHV1H soeHHOi:1 pecpopMbl?

Pacnpas~ rypel\KV1X snacrellt, s KOTOpbiX OC06eHHO 0TnV1YV1nV1Cb OTPHAbl V1pperynHpHollt nexoTbl -6awV16y3yKV1, Bbi3BanV1 B03MYU\€HV1e pyccKoro o6ll\ecrsa. WV1pV1-nocb ABV1>KeHV1e B 3all\V1Ty IO>KHOcnaBHHCKV1X HapoAOB. B cep6cKyiO apMV110 HanpasnHnV1Cb TbiCH'-lV1 A06-pOBOnb[4eB. lnaBHOKOMaHAYIOU\V1M cep6cKollt apMV1eill aan pyccKV1ill OTCTaBHOill reHepan, yYaCTHV1K o6op0Hbl CesaaononH, 6b1BWV111t soeHHblill ry6epHarop TypKecraHcKollt o6naaV1 MI. lfepHRea.

3.32. I!JLennote 6awu6y3y1Cu. Xyao:J/Cnu" B.B. Bepew,azun

PYCCKO-TYPEQKAR BOMHA 1877-1878 rr.

B cepe,o.111He 1870-x rr. Me.>K,LJ.YHapo,o.HbiVt asrop111rer 111 nono.>t<eHII1e Pocc111VIcKoV! 111Mnep111111 3aMeTHO yt<pen111n111cb. B TO .>t<e speM~ npereH,lJ,OBaTb Ha ponb se,lJ,yw,eV! M111posoV! ,[J,ep.>t<aBbl 111 nOCTO~HHO yKnOH~TbC~ OT BOVtH 6blnO see 6onee 3arpy,lJ,HII1TenbHO.

6AnKAHCK~~ KP~3~C JleTOM 1875 r. B TypeiJ;KHX npo

BHHD;HSIX BOCHHSI If rep:u;erOBHHa BCITbiXHYJIH BOJIHeHHSI,

KOTOphle 6biJIH mecToKo no.n;aBJieHbi TypKaMH. B anpeJie

1876 r. B BoJirapHH TaKme HaqaJIOCb BoccTaHHe npoTHB

ocMaHCKoro Hra. 0Ho 6I>IJIO mecToKo no.n;a.BJieHo. B oT

BeT, B HIOHe 1876 r., BOHHY Typ:o;HH o6'bHBHJIH Cep6HSI

If l:JepHOrOpHSI, CTpeMHBIIIHeCSI He TOJibKO ITOMOqb 6oJira

paM, HO If peiiiHTb CBOH HaD;HOHaJibHhle If TeppHTOpHaJib

Hbie npo6JieMbi. Ho Hx MaJioqHcJieHHbie H nJioxo o6~eH

Hhle apMHH 6biJIH pa3rpOMJieHbi.

ITo npe.n;JiomeHHIO A.M. ropqaKOBa PocCHSI, repMa

HHSI H ABCTPHH noTpe6oBaJIH ypaBHeHHSI xpHCTHaH B

npaBax c MYCYJII>MaHaMH. PoccHSI, IIbiTaSICb paapeiiiHTb

BOllpOC MHpHhlMH cpe.ZJ;CTBaMH, opraHH30BaJia HeCKOJibKO

KOHcpepeHD;HH eBponeHCKHX .n;epmaB, Ha KOTOpbiX 6biJIH

Bhlpa60TaHhl npe.n;JiomeHHSI ITO yperyJIHpOBaHHIO IIOJIO)Ke

HHSI Ha BaJIKaHax. Ho Typ:o;HH, o6o.n;peHHaa no.n;.n;epm

Koii AHr JIHH, Ha BCe npe.n;JiomeHHSI OTBeqaJia JIH60 OTKa-

30M, JIH60 BbiCOKOMepHbiM MOJiqaHHeM.

liTo6I>r cnacTH Cep6Hro OT OKOHqaTeJII>Horo pa3rpoMa,

B OKTSI6pe 1876 r. PoccHSI npe.n;'bHBHJia Typii,HH Tpe6oBa

HHe npeKpaTHTb BoeHHbie .n;eiicTBHSI B Cep6HH H 3aKJiro

qHTb nepeMHpHe. Ha'!aJiocb cocpe.n;oToqeHHe pyccKHX

BORCK Ha romHbiX rpaHHu;ax.

llMnepaTop noJiaraJI, qTo aTHMH MepaMH y.n;acTCSI

npHHYAHTb Typii,HIO npHHSITb npe.n;JiomeHHa eBponeiicKHX

.n;epmaB H TeM caMbiM Ha6emaTb 6oJibiiiOM BOHHbi. OH

onacaJICH, qTo BORHa c Typii,Heii MomeT npeBpaTHTbCSI B

BOHHY eBponeiicKHX .n;epmaB npoTHB PocCHH. l:JT06hl

y.n;epmaTb ABcTpo-BeHrpHro OT BCTynJieHHSI B BOMHY Ha

CTopoHe Typ:o;HH, AJieKcaH.n;p II AaJI corJiacHe Ha OKKyna

D;HIO BOCHHH If rep:u;erOBHHbl a.BCTPHHCKHMH BOHCKaMH.

HA"'AnO PYCCKO-TYPEUKO~ BO~Hbl 12 anpeJIH 1877 r., HCqepnaB BCe ,ll;HllJIOMaTHqecKHe B03MO)KHOCTH ,ll;JIH MHp

HOrO yperyJIHpoBaHHSI 6aJIKaHCKHX npo6JieM, AJieKcaa.n;p II o6'bSIBHJI Typii,HH BOHHY.

llMnepaTop noHHMaJI, qTo KaMnaHHSI He cyJIHT Poc

CHH HHKaKHX MaTepHaJibHbiX BbirO,ll;, OHa JIHIIIb YCJIO)K

HHT ee SKOHOMifqeCKOe ITOJIOmeHHe. Ho Bepx B3SIJIH HHbie

coo6pa>KeHHH. OH He Mor )l;onycTHTh, qTo6hi BHOBh 6biJia

IIOCTaBJieHa ITO)]; COMHeHHe pOJib POCCHH KaK BeJIHKOH

)l;ep>KaBbi. K TOMY >Ke eMy npHXO)l;HJIOCh cquTaTbCH H c

Tpa)l;HII;HOHHOH )l;JIH Poccuu pOJihiO 3anJ;HTHHII;bi cJiaBHH

CKHX Hapo)l;OB Ha BaJIKaHax. 06~ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe Poc

CHH B :o;eJIOM IIO)l;)l;ep>KHBaJIO IIpaBHTeJibCTBO.

CoOTHomeHHe CHJI CKJia)l;bmaJIOCh s rroJib3y PoccHH, so

eHHbie pe<J>opMbl HaqaJIH )l;aBaTb CBOH IIOJIO>KHTeJihHhie pe-

3YJibTaTbl. PyccKaH apMHH, s cpasHeHHH c nepHO)l;OM

KpbiMCKoii soii:Hbi, 6bma Jiyqme o6yqeHa H soopy>KeHa,

CTaJia 6oJiee 6oecrroco6Hoii. TeM He MeHee He3asepweHHOCTb

peq>OpM CKa3hiBaJiaCb B OTCYTCTBHH )l;OJI>KHOrO MaTepHaJib

HOrO o6ecneqeHHSI, B He)l;OCTaTKe HOBeHIDHX THIIOB BOOpy

>KeHHH, HO CaMOe rJiaBHOe - B HeXBaTKe KOMaH)l;HblX Ka,ll;

pos, crroco6HbiX secTH cospeMeHHYIO soii:ey. B oco6eHHOCTH

aTO KaCaJIOCb KOMaH)l;HpOB BbiCmero 3BeHa. rJiasHOKOMaH

)l;YIO~HM pyccKoii apMueii Ha BaJIKaHax 6bm Ha3HaqeH

JIHIIIeHHbrH BOHHCKHX TaJiaHTOB 6paT HMIIepaTOpa BeJIHKHH

KHSI3h liHKOJiaH HHKOJiaesuq.

60EBbiE .QEii!CTBL<tSI JlETOM 1877 r. BoeHHbre )l;eiicTBHH Ha

qaJIHCb JieToM 1877 r. PyccKaSI apMHH no rrpe)l;sapuTeJib

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BaJiaxHSI u MoJI)l;aBHSI o6'he)l;HHHJIHCb s aTo rocy)l;apcTso,

ocTasasmeecH s 3aBHCHMOCTH oT Typn;uu) rrpowJia qepe3

ee TeppHTOpHIO H B HIOHe 1877 r. B HeCKOJibKHX MeCTaX

neperrpaBHJiaCb qepe3 ,IJ;yHaH. BoJirapbi BOCTOp>KeHHO

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HHH, KOMaH)l;YIO~HM KOTOpbiM CTaJI pyCCKHH reHepaJI

H.r. CToJieTos. Ilepe)l;osoii: oTpSI)l; reHepaJia H .B. Fyp1eo ocso6o,D.HJI )l;peBHIOIO CTOJIHII;Y BoJirapHH TbrpHoso. He

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Ha CTaM6yJI.

3 .33. llepenpaea pyccKoil apMuu 'lepe3 /{yHail e 1877 z. Xyoo:HCHuK H .J(. /{Mumpuee·OpeH6ypzcKuil

f eHepan <D.<D. Pa.QeUK111ii1, BOii1CKa

KOToporo o xpaHRnll1 nepesanbl Ye

pe3 6anKaHbl, B TOM Yll1cne 111 nepe

san W111nKa, B CTOn111u,y perynRpHO

)J.OHOCII1n 0 TOM, YTO «Ha Wll1nKe

BCe CnOKOii1HO», XOTSl B 3TO speMSl

pyCCKII1e COn.QaTbl, 1113MyYeHHbl€ 111

nnoxo 3KII1n111posaHHble, 3aMep3anll1

B CHery, HaXO)J.SlCb no.Q noCTOSlH

HbiM o6crpenoM rypoK. 3Ta cppa3a

CTana CII1MBOnOM OqJII1U,11103HbiX pe

nRU,II1ii1, CKpb1BaiOll.I111X 111CTII1HHOe,

He3aBII1.QHOe nono>KeHII1e .o.en.

3.34. <cHa Illumce BCii cn01COUH.0>) .

Xyoo::HCnuK B.B. Bepew,azun

3.35. IIepeo wmypMOM II JteB nbt.

Xyoo::HCnuK B .B. Bepe~ntazun

0,D;HaKO nocJie nepBbiX ycnexoB nocJie,D;OBaJIH Hey ,D;atJH.

BeJIHKHR KHH3b HHKOJiaR HHKOJiaeBHlJ c MOMeHTa nepe

xo,D;a ,ll;y HaH cpru<TJPiecKH noTepHJI ynpa.BJieHHe BORCKaMH.

KoMaH,D;yJO~He OT,D;eJibHhiMH oTpH,D;aMH cTaJIH ,D;eRCTBo

BaTb caMOCTOHTeJibHO. 0TpH,D; reHepaJia H.II. KpH,D;eHepa

BMeCTO aaxBaTa BamHeRmeR KpenocTH IIJieBHhl, KaK 3TO

npe,D;yc MaTpHBaJIOCb nJiaHOM BORHhl, B3HJI HHKOITOJib,

Haxo,D;HBmHRCH B 40 KM OT IIJieBHbi.

IIoKa pyccKoe KOMaH,D;OBaHHe BbiHCHHJIO MecTonoJio

meHHe CBOHX OTpH,lJ;OB, Typen;KHe BORCKa 3aHHJIH IlJieB

HY, OKa3aBillYIOCH B ThiJIY HalliHX BORCK, H ITOCTaBHJIH

no,D; yrpoay OKpymeHHH OTPH,D; reHepaJia I'ypKo.

3HalJHTeJibHhle CHJibi 6biJIH 6pomeHbi

npOTHBHHKOM Ha TO, lJT06hl OT6HTb

illHnKHHCKHR nepeBaJI. Ho BCe nonhiTKH

Typen;KHX BORCK, HMeBmHx nHTHKpaTHoe npeBocxo,D;

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lJeHn;eB. IIpe,D;npHHHThle B TO me BpeMH pyccKHMH

BORCKaMH TPH mTypMa IlJieBHhl oKa3aJIHCb otJeHh Kpo

BonpoJIHTHbiMH, HO OKOH'IHJIHCb Hey,D;a<reR.

nAAEHII1E nJJEBHbl. nEPEJIOM 8 XOAE BOIIIHbl ITo uacTO.HHHJO

BOeHHOI'O MHHHCTpa ,l];.A. MHJIIOTHHa HMnepaTOp npHHHJI

pemeHHe nepeRTH K ITJiaHoMepHoR oca,D;e IlJieBHhl, pyKo

BO,D;CTBO KOTopoR 6hiJIO nopyqeHo repo10 o6opoHbi CeBacro

noJIH HHmeuep-reHepany 3.H. ToTJie6eay. Typewme BORC

Ka, He llO)l;I'OTOBJieHHhle K ,li;JIHTeJlbHOR OOOpOHe B yCJIOBHHX

HaCTynHBmeR 3HMhl, BbiHYJK,D;eHhl 6biJIH B KOHD;e HOH6pH

1877 r . c.n;aTbCH.

C nap;eHHeM IIJieBHhl npoHaomeJI nepeJioM B xo,11;e BOR

Hhl. t.:ITo6hl He ,D;aTb Typn;HH c noMOID;blO AHrJIHH H

ABcTpo-BeurpHH co6paTbC.H K Becae c HOBhiMH CHJiaMH,

pyCCKOe KOMaH,li;OBaHHe pemHJIO npO,D;OJIJKHTb HaCTynJieHHe

B 3HMHHX ycJIOBHHX. OTpH,D; I'ypKo, npeo,D;oJieB uenpoxo,D;H

Mhle B 3To BpeMH ro,11;a ropahle nepeBaJibi, B cepe,D;HHe ,D;e

Ka6pH 3a.HHJI CocpHJO H npo,D;oJimHJI HaCTynJieHHe B cTopoay

A,!J;pHaHonoJIH. 0TpH,D; CKo6eJieBa, o6ome,D;IIIHR no ropHhiM

KpyqaM no3Hn;HH TYPeD;KHX BORCK y illHnKH, a 3aTeM pa3-

rpoMHBIIIHR HX, CTpeMHTeJibHO TIOBeJI HaCTYITJieHHe Ha

CTaM6yJI. B HHBape 1878 r. oTpH,D; I'ypKo OBJia,D;eJI A,D;pHa-

HonoJieM, a OTPH.O. CKo6eJieBa BhiiiieJI K Mpa

MOPHOMY MOplO H 18 HHBapH 1878 I' . 3aHHJI

npHropo,D; CTaM6yJia - MecTe<rKo CaH-CTecpa-

Ho. ToJibKO KaTeropH'leCKHH 3anpeT HMnepaTo

pa, 6o.HBmerocH BMemaTeJibCTBa B BORHY eBpo

neRCKHX ,D;epmaB, y,D;epmaJI CKo6eJieBa OT

B3.HTHH CTOJIHD;hl OcMaHCKOR HMnepHH.

Ha Ka.BKa3CKOM <l>POHTe pyccKHe BoiicKa no,n; pyKoBo,n;CTBOM reaepa.Jia M. T. JlopHc-MeJIHKOBa B KOpOTKHe cpoKH pa36HJIH npeBOCXO,li;.H~He TypeiJ;KHe BOHCKa, OBJI~eJIH KpellOCT.HMH Ba.a3eT, Ap,n;araH, Kape H BbllliJIH K 3p3ePYMY·

CAH-CTECl>AHCKL-11ii ML-1PHbllil AOrDBOP EBponeiicKHe ,n;epmaBbl 6hlJIH o6ecnoKoeabl ycnexaMH pyccKHX BORCK. AarJIH.a BBeJia acKa,n;py B MpaMopaoe Mope. ABcTpoBearpH.a npHH.HJiacb CKOJia<JHBaTb aHTHpyccKyiO KOa.JIHD;HIO. B aTHX ycJIOBH.HX AJieKcaa,n;p II npeKpaTHJI ,ll;a.Jibaeiimee aacTynJieHHe H npe,n;JIO>KHJI Typeu,KOMY cyJITaHy nepeMHpHe, KOTOpoe 6biJIO HeMe,n;JieHHO npHH.HTO.

19 Q:>eBpa.JI.H 1878 1'. B Ca.H-CTeQ:>aao COCTO.HJIOCb no,n;llHCaHHe MHpaoro ,n;oroBopa Mem,n;y PoccHeii H Typn;Heii. flo aToMy ,n;oroBopy PoccHH B03Bpa~a.Jiacb romaa.a qacTb Beccapa6HH, a B 3aKa.BKa3be npHcoe,n;HH.HJIHCb KpenocTH BaTyM, App;ara.H, Kapc H npHJierarom;He K HHM TeppHTopHH. Cep6H.a, 'tlepaoropH.a H PyMbiHH.H, 6biBmHe ,n;o BoiiHbi B 3a.BHCHMOCTH OT Typn;HH, cTaJIH He3aBHCHMbiMH rocyp;apcTBaMH. BoJirapH.a cTaHOBHJiacb aBTOHOMHbiM w-\,. Ka.amecTBOM B cocTa.Be Typn;HH. ...,.

6EP11L-1HCKL-1Iil KOHfPECC 'YCJIOBH.H 3TOI'O ,li;OI'OBOpa Bbi3BaJIH pe3KOe He,li;OBOJibCTBO eBponeHCKHX p;epmaB, ll0Tpe6oBaBlliHX C03b1Ba o6m;eeBponeiicKoro KOHrpecca ,n;JI.a nepecMoTpa Caa-CTeQ:>a.HcKoro ,n;oroBopa.

PoccH.a nop; yrpo3oii C03,ll;a.HH.H HOBOH a.HTHpyccKoii Koa.JIHD;HH 6biJia BbiHY>K,ll;eHa COI'JiaCHTbC.H C H,n;eeii: C03b1Ba KOHrpecca. 3TOT KOHI'pecc COCTO.HJIC.H B BepJIHHe ITO,ll; npep;ce,n;aTeJibCTBOM repMaHcKoro Ka.HD;Jiepa BHcMapKa. BHcMapK, 3a.HBJI.HBillHH paaee 0 CBOeM HeHTpa.JIHTeTe H .zr;ame no,n;.zr;epmKe PoCCHH, Q:>aKTHqecKH npHMKHYJI K ee npoTHBHHKaM. Haxo,n;.acb nepe.zr; e,n;HHbiM Q:>poHTOM eBponeiicKHX ,n;ep>Ka.B, ropqaKOB 6biJI BblffY>K,ll;eH COI'JiaCHTbC.H C HOBbiMH yCJIOBHHMH MHpa. BoJirapH.a 6biJia pa3,n;eJieaa aa ,n;Be <JaCTH: CeBepaa.a 06'b.HBJI.HJiaCb KH.H>KeCTBOM, 3aBHCHMbiM OT Typn;HH, IO>KHa.H - a.BTOHOMHOH Typen;KOH npOBHHD;Heii BocToqaa.a PyMeJIH.H. BbiJIH 3aaqHTeJibHO ype3a.Hbl TeppHTOpHH Cep6HH H 'tlepaoropHH, coKpam;eabi npHo6- w-\,. peTeHH.H PoccHH B 3aKa.BKa3be. ...,.

B TO me BpeM.a cTpaHbl, ae BOeBa.BmHe c Typu,Heii, noJIY'IHJIH aarpa,n;y 3a ycJiyrH B OTCTaHBaHHH TYPeD;KHX HHTepecoB: ABcTpH.H - BoCHHIO H repn;erOBHHy, AarJIH.H -ocTpoB KHnp.

PyccKo-Typen;Ka.a Boiiaa 1877- 1878 rr . .HBHJiaCb aaH6oJiee KpynHbiM BoeHHbiM ycnexoM PoccHH BO BTopoii noJIOBHHe XIX B. Oaa npop;eMOHCTPHPOBaJia ,n;eiicTBeaHOCTb BOeHHOH peQ:>opMb1 1 CllOC06CTBOBaJia pOCTy aBTOpHTeTa PoccHH B cJiaB.HHCKOM MHpe. ABTOPHTeT pyccKoii BOHHCKOH CJiaBbl 6b1JI llOJIHOCTbiO BOCCTaHOBJieH.

MOH HCTOP IRECKHE HCCJIE.D;OBAHHSI

:::::11 npoaH811H3HpyiitTe XOA BOeHHbiX :::a AeMCTBHM pyccKo-rype4KOM BOM:::a :::a Hbl 1877- 1878 rr.

:::a :::a «noMOU4HHK)) :::a ..J Hai1Ali1Te Ha Kapre MapwpyTbl :::a ABt.1:>K€Ht.1R pyccKt.1X soi1cK Yepe3 :::a PyMbiHt.-110 a 6onrapt.110, TblpHoso, :::a Wt.1nKt.1HCKll1i1 nepesan, nnesHy, ~ Hli1KOnonb, 6pocoK OTPRAa reHepa:::=- na rypKo Ha CraM6yn :=:=. J noKa:>Kt.1Te Ha KapTe Hanpasne:;::;a Ht.1R ABli1:>KeHt.1R pyccKt.1X soi1cK Ha :==a KasKa3e. Hai1At.1Te KpenoCTt.-1 6aR :::::::::a 3eT, Ap,D.araH, Kapc, 3p3epyM. ==-

3.36. BepJLunc "uil "onzpecc

B YeM 3aKniOYanacb rpa,o.li1L(t.10HHaR po!lb Pocc~t.-1 Ha 6anKaHCKOM nonyoapose?

KaKt.1e L(eflt.-1 npeCfle,o.osana PocCt.1R B BOi1He C Typl(t.1ei1 1877-1878 rr.?

CpasH~Te ycnoBt.1R CaH-Cre¢aHcKoro t.-1 6epnt.1HCKoro ,D.orosopos.

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0eB060m,ZJ;eHHe KpeeTbHH B 1861 r. H IIOeJie,ZJ;OBaBIDHe

BeJie,ZJ; 3a HHM pe<PopMbi 1860- 1870-x rr. eTaJIH rrepe

JIOMHbiM MOMeHTOM B pyeeKOH HeTOpHH. 3TOT rrepHO,ll;

6biJI Ha3BaH Jin6epaJibHbiMH ,ZJ;eHTeJIHMH arroxoii BeJIH

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MbiX yeJIOBHH ,ZJ;JIH pa3BHTHH KarrHTaJIH3Ma B PoeeHH,

rro3BOJIHBmee eft rroiiTH o6w;eeBporreiieKHM rryTeM.

B cTpaHe pe3KO B03poeJIH TeMIIbi aKoHoMnqeeKoro paa

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HbiH xapaKTep. ,ll;HIIJIOM8THqeeKHM H BOeHHbiM rryTeM

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BOnPOCbl AJIR O&CYJKaEHMR:

Jlaliire xapaKrepL-KTIIIKY JlW1HOCTII1 AJleKcaHApa II.

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8 YeM Bbl BIIIAIIITe npiiiYIIIHbl npOTIIIBOpeYIIIIii Me:>KAy JlV16epallbHOii1 YaCTbiO 06l1.leCTBa V1 rocyAapCTBeHHOiii BJlaCTbiO, npOBOAI.1BWeli1 «JlV16epallbHble pecf>opMbl»?

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IV

no E•o E H R

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B rG,[lbl nPABnEH~H AnEKCAH,[lPA Ill

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7 " I I

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n ocne y6111Li1CTBa AneKCaH,D,pa II Ha npecron BCTynll1n ero CbiH AneKcaHAP Ill. Hal1ano HOBoro u.apcrsosaHit1s:~ HOCII1nO npOTII1BOpel1111Bblli1 xapaKTep. HOBbllil 111Mneparop cpa3y :>Ke nposmrnac111n np111HU.111n He3bl6neMOCTII1 caMo,D,ep>Ka BII1s:~, HO s ro :>Ke speMs:~ BbiCKa3biBan :>KenaHit1e cne,D,osarb pecpopMaropcKII1M nyreM 111 ,D,anbwe.

IlporpaMMa

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c KOTOpbiM AJieKcaH~p III 29 anpeJISI

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3a, soeHHhiH MHHHCTP ,ll; .A. MHJIIOTHH.

TeM ae Meaee B MaHH$ecTe AJieKcaa~pa III BhiCKa-

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B nroae 1881 r. OhiJia C03BaHa nepsaSI ~ceccHSI cse,D;y

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y qacTHe B pa3p800TKe 38KOH8 0 CHHmeHHH BhiKYITHbiX

ITJI8Teme:i1. J1 XOTSI ~CBe,D;yl.l1He JIIO,li;H» He H30Hp8JIHCb

3eMCTB8MH, a H83H8'laJIHCb npaBHTeJibCTBOM, cpe,ZJ;H HHX

oKa3aJIHCh BH,D;Hhie JIH6epaJibHble ,D;eSITeJIH. BTopoi1 «cec

CHH CBe~y~HX JIIO~eH», co6paHHOH B CeHTSIOpe 1881 r., OhiJI rrpe~Jiomea sonpoc o rrepeceJieaqecKoH noJIHTHKe.

Ha HOBble

llOCTbl B npaBHTeJihCTBe 6hlJIH Ha3HaqeHhi OTHIO,D;h He

npOTHBHHKH npeo6pa3oBaHHH. MHHHCTpOM BHyTpeHHHX

,n;eJI CTaJI H.TI. llrHaTheB - cTopoHHHK cJiaaRHOcpHJihCKHX

H,D;eH, pa3pa6aTbiBaBillHH npoeKT C03b1Ba COBe~aTeJihHOrO

3eMcKoro co6opa. M:aHHCTp cpHHaHcoB H.X. Bynze CJihiJI

XOTR H BeCbMa yMepeHHhiM, HO JIH6epaJihHbiM llOJIHTHKOM.

HoBble MHHHCTpbl 3Hep~Ho B3RJIHCh 3a npeTBopeHHe B

mH3Hh 3aKOHOllpOeKTOB, pa3pa60TaHHbiX ew;e B nepHO,D;

«,n;HKTaTyphl cep,n;n;a>> JlopHc-MeJIHKOBa.

28 ,n;eKa6pR 1881 r. 6biJI npHHRT 3aKOH 06 06R3aTeJih

HOM BhiKyne KpecThHHaMH Ha,n;eJioB. TeM caMhiM 6hiJIO

npeKpaw;eHO BpeMeHH006R3aHHOe COCTORHHe KpeCThRH.

B 3TOT me 3aKOH 6b1JIO BKJIIOqeHo noJiomeHHe o CHHmeHHH

BhlKYITHhiX ITJiaTemeH Ha 1 py6Jih.

B Mae 1881 r. 6hlJI H3,D;aH YKa3 o nocTeneHHOH 3aMeHe

no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH ,n;pyrHMH HaJIOraMH (B3HMaHHe

no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH OKoaqaTeJihHO npeKpaTHJIOCh

1 RHBapR 1887 r.).

B 1882 r. 6biJIH npHHHThi Mepbl ,D;JIH

ycTpaHeHHR MaJI03eMeJihH KpecThHH. Bhm

yqpem,n;eH KpecThHHCKHH 6aHK, KoTo

pbi:H npe,n;OCTaBJIHJI JihrOTHhie Kpe,n;HThi

,D;JIH llOKYITKH KpeCTbRHaMH 3eMeJib.

B TO me BpeMR npaBHTeJihCTBO

AJieKcaH.n;pa III cTpeMHJIOCh coxpaHHTh

KpecThRHCKyiO o6w;HHy. B 1893 r . 6hlJI

npHHRT 3aKOH, orpaHHqHBaiOID;HH B03MOm

HOCTh BbiXO.ZJ;a KpeCThHH H3 o6~HHbl. ,lJ;pyrOH

3aKOH cy3HJI npaBa o6w;HHhl Ha nepe,n;eJI 3eMJIH H

3aKpenHJI Ha,n;eJibl 3a KpeCTbHHaMH. flo HOBOMY 3aKOHY

3a nepe.n;eJI .n;oJimHo 6biJIO nporoJiocoBa Th He MeHee 2 I 3 KpecTbHHCKoro cxo.n;a H cpoK Mem.n;y nepe.n;eJiaMH He Mor

cocTaBJIHTh MeHee 12 JieT. BhlJI npHHHT 3aKoH, 3anpe

w;aBmH:H npo.n;aBaTh o6w;HHHble 3eMJIH.

PoccHH 6h1Jia

nepBOH B MHpe CTpaHOH, r.n;e CTaJI ocyw;eCTBJIHThCH KOHT

pOJih 3a YCJIOBHRMH Tpy.n;a pa6oqHX. 1 HIOHH 1882 r. 6biJI

H3,n;aH 3aKoH, 3anpem;aamHH Tpy.n; .n;eTe:H ,n;o 12-JieTHero

B03paCTa. 8TOT me .ZJ;OKyMeHT orpaHHqHBaJI pa6oqHH .n;eHb

,n;eTeH OT 12 .ZJ;O 15 JieT 8 qacaMH. ,1l;JIH Ha,D;30pa 3a HC

ITOJIHeHHeM 3aKOHa BBO.ZJ;HJiaCh ClleiJ;HaJibHaH cpa6pHqHaH

HHCneKn;HR. B 1885 r . nocJie.n;oBaJIO 3anpew;eHHe HOqHoro

Tpy.n;a .ZJ;JIH meH~HH H HecoBepmeHHOJieTHHX. B 1886 r.

BhlllieJI 3aKOH 0 B3aHMOOTHOUieHHHX npe.n;npHHHMaTeJieH C

pa6oqHMH. OH orpaHHqHBaJI pa3Mep mTpacpoB. 3anpew;a

JIOCb pacnJiaq:aBaTbCH c pa6oqHMH TOBapaMH qepe3 cpa6-

pHqHble JiaBKH. BMecTe c TeM 3aKoH npe.n;ycMaTpHBaJI cy

poBoe HaKa3aHHe pa6oqHx 3a yqacTHe B cTaqKax.

peceneH14ax, Koropbilil 8Kni0Yan 8 ce6R Mepbi, npeAJlO)I(eHHble «c8eAYll.J,II1 MV1 niOAbMV1»: pa3peweHV1e Ha nepeceneH V1e npeAOCTa8nRnocb n111wb MV1HV1CTepCT80M 8HyrpeHHV1X Aen; nepeceneH!4aM npeAOCTa8nRnii1Cb 3Ha4111T€nbHbl€ nbrDTbl - OHV1 OC8060)I(Aanii1Cb Ha Tpll1 roAa OT 8CRKV1X nOAaTelil 111 80111HCKOiil no-8111HHOCTV1, a 8 nocneAy10ll.J,V1e r p111 roAa nnar111n111 noAaTV1 8 nono8111HHOM pa3Mepe; 111M 8blnnaYV18anii1Cb He6onbwll1e AeHe)I(Hble noco6111R .

4 .1 . CMepmb nep ece/l.eH.(.{a. X yao:JICH.UIC C.B. H eaH.08

KaKV1e o6croRrenbCT8a oKa3anll1 pewaiOll.J,ee 803AeLilcr8111e Ha 8HYTpeHHIOIO nonii1TII1KY AneKcaHApa Ill?

KaK 8bl AYMaere, KaKo8a 6blna rna8HaR 14enb 3aKOH08 no KpecTbRHCKOMY 80npocy? YYII1Tbl8anll1cb n111 8 3TV1X 3aKOHaX 111HTepeCbl KpeCTbRHCTBa?

.[lalilre 0!4eHKY 14apcKOMY peweHV110 no pa6oYeMy 8onpocy. C KaKolil !4€nbl0 OHO 6blnO np111HRTO?

06 ycraHosneHV1V1 AneKcaHAPOM Ill >KeCTKOrO nOJ1V1TV1Y€CKOro pe>t<V1Ma

0 KOHCepBaTV1BHO~ KOppeKTV1pOBKe nV16epaJlbHbiX pe¢opM AneKcaHAPa II

OcHOBHoe coAep>t<aHV1e 3eMcKo~ V1 ropOACKO~ pe¢opM

0CHOBHOe COAep>t<aHV1e pe¢opM s o6nacTV1 o6pa3osaHV1R

'-8 1 883 r. B WJ1V1CC€Jlb6ypre Ha ocrpose nocpeAV1 Hesbl 6b1na nocrpoeHa neYaJlbHO V13BecrHaH TIOpbMa AJlR nOJ1V1TV1YeCKV1X 3aKJ110-YeHHbiX. 8 He(;i 8 pa3HOe BpeMH 6biJlV1 3aroYeHbl MHOrV1e AeHTeJ1V1 pesoJliOL\V10HHoro ABV1>t<eHV1H.

,..,_ ,..

T onbKO s 1883-1885 rr. no peweHV110 Cosell.\aHV1H, rAe nepsy10 CKpV1nKy V1rpan no6eAOHOCL\€B, 6biJ10 3aKpbiTO 9 V13AaHV1111. CpeAV1 HV1X OKa3aJlV1Cb nonynHpHble >t<ypHanbl «ronoe>> A.A. KpaescKoro V1 «OreYecrseHHble 3anV1CKV1» M.E. CambiKosa-~eApV1Ha.

KOHCEPBATHBHAR KOPPEKTHPOBKA ECI»OPM nPEAbl YIQEro LIAPCTBOBAHHR

B Mae 1882 r. Ha noa MII1H111CTpa sHyrpeHHII1X Aen 6bln

Ha3HaYeH ,O.A. TonCTO~. 3TO CB111AeTenbCTBOBano 0 TOM,

YTO AneKCaHAP Ill OTKa3anc~ OT npOAOn>KeHII1~ HaYaTbiX ero OTL(OM n1116epanbHbiX pecpopM 111 B3~n TBepAbl~ Kypc Ha COXpaHeHII1e OCHOB CaMOAep>t<aBII1~.

14 asrycTa 1881 r. 6bx

JIO orry6mnwsaHo « IloJio.meHHe o Me pax K oxpaHeHHIO ro

cy~apcTBeHHoro nop.ap;Ka H o6~ecTBeHHoro cnoKoii

CTBH.R~, KOTOpOe ,ZJ;aBaJIO IIpaBO MHHHCTpy BHyTpeHHHX

~eJI H reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopaM o6'b.RBJI.RTb JII06o:ii paiioH

CTpaHbl Ha <<HCKJIIO"tlHTeJibHOM IIOJIOJKeHHH» H BbiCbiJiaTb

6ea pemeHH.R cy.n;a He.meJiaTeJJbHbiX JIHIJ;.

B 1880-x rr. 6biJIH coa.n;aHbi «0T.n;eJieHH.R no oxpaHe

HHIO IIOp.R,ZJ;Ka H o6~eCTBeHHOH 6e30IIaCHOCTH» ( «OXpaH

Ka» ). llx 3a,ZJ;a"tleH CTaJia CJieJKKa 3a rrpOTHBHHKaMH BJJaCTH.

B 1884 r.

6biJI sse.n;eH yHHBepcHTeTCKHH ycTaB, no KOTopoMy yHH

sepcHTeTbi JIHillaJIHCb aBTOHOMHH. IlO'tJ:TH B~BOe BblpOCJia

nJiaTa aa o6y"tleHHe. BbiJIH aanpeiiJ;eHbi JII06bie cTyp;eH"tJ:ec

KHe opraHHaan;HH. 3a Mane:iimee HenoBHHOBeHHe cTyp;eH

TOB OT,ZJ;aBaJIH B COJI,ZJ;aTbl. 5 HIOH.R 1887 r. 6biJI H3,ZJ;aH

II;HPKYJI.Rp, nOJIY'tJ:HBillHH Ha3BaHHe 3aKOHa «0 KyxapKH

HbiX ,ZJ;eT.RX~ .

CorJiacHo n;MpKyJI.apy npep;JiaraJIOCb npHHHMaTb B

rHMHa3HH <<TOJibKO TaKHX ,ZJ;eTeH, KOTOpbie HaXO,ZJ;.RTC.R Ha

IIOIIe"tleHHH JIHII;, npep;OCTaBJI.RIO~HX ,ZJ;OCTaTO'tJ:HOe py'tla

TeJibCTBO B npaBHJibHOM Ha~ HHMH ~OMamHeM Ha,ll;30pe » • 8TO 6biJIO C~eJiaHO ,ZJ;JI.R TOrO, "tlT06bi «OCB060,ZJ;HTbC.R OT

nOCTynJieHH.R B HHX p;eTeH Ky"tlepOB, JiaKeeB, IIOBapOB,

npa"tleK, MeJIKHX JiaBO'<:IHHKOB H TOMY IIO,ZJ;06HbiX JIIO,ZJ;eH,

p;eTeH KOHX, 3a HCKJIIO"tleHHeM pa3Be op;apeHHbiX He06biK

HOBeHHbiMH CIIOC06HOCT.RMH, BOBCe He CJJep;yeT BbiBO,ZJ;HTb

H3 cpe.n;bi, K Koe:ii OHH rrpMHap;Jie.maT». C aTon me n;eJibiO

ITOBbimanacb nJiaTa aa 06Y"tJ:eHHe.

IlpHHHMaJIHCb aanpeTHTeJibHbie Mepbl H no OTHOme

HHIO K rre"tJ:ani. B 1882 r . 6biJIO o6paaosaHo Cose~aHHe

'tleTbipex MHHHCTpOB, Ha,ZJ;eJieHHOe IIpaBOM aanpe~aTb Bbi

XO,ZJ; JII06oro ne"tlaTHoro opraHa. B 1884 r. BnepBbie B Poc

CHH 6biJia npOH3Bep;eHa «"tiHCTKa>> 6H6JIHOTeK: 133 Ha3Ba

HH.R OT,ZJ;eJibHhiX KHHr, co6paHHH CO'<:IHHeHHH H mypHaJIOB

6hiJIH CO"t!TeHhi «He,ZJ;OrryCTHMhiMH K o6p~eHHIO~.

MaorMe pe

JIMrMM no,n;BepraJIMCb orpaHM'IeHMHM CO CTOpOHbi BJI8CTM.

By.n;,n;McTaM (KaJIMbiKaM M 6ypHTaM) aanpe~aJIOCb CTpOMTb

xpaMbi, OTnpaBJIHTb 6orOCJiymeHM$1. I10JIHKaM-K8TOJIMKaM

6biJI 38KpblT )l;OCTyn K rocy,n;apCTBeHHblM )l;OJimHOCTHM B

IJ;apCTBe llOJibCKOM.

YmecTO~MJIOCb OTHOllleHMe K npMaepmeHIIaM 1fY)1;8M3-

Ma. ITo BpeMeHHbiM npaBMJiaM 1882 r. y eapeea OTHHJIM

npaao ceJIMTbCH aae ropo.n;oa M MeCTe~eK .n;ame B npe.n;e

nax qepTbi oce.n;nocTM; MM 3anpe~anocb npMo6peTaTh

He,n;BMmMMOe MM~eCTBO a ceJibCKOM MeCTHOCTM. B 1887 r. 6biJia coKpa~eHa caMa ~epTa oce.n;nocTM. Tor.n;a me 6hiJIO

onpe.n;eneHo, KaKOM npoiieHT OT o6~ero ~MeJia o6~aeMhiX

a ~e6HhiX 3aae,n;eHMHX MOrJIM cocTaBJIHTb eapeM. BbiJIM

BBe,n;eHbi OrpaHM'leHM$1 )l;JI$1 38HHTM$1 HeKOTOpblMM BM.n;a

MM npocpeCCMOH8JibHOM .n;eHTeJibHOCTM, HanpMMep B 8,li;BO

K8Type. Bee 3TH npMTecHeHMH He pacnpocTpaHHJIHCb aa

eBpeeB, nepellle,ll;lllMX B npaBOCJI8BHYIO Bepy.

B TO me apeMH aa npHcoe.n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX Cpe.n;ae:H

AaHM 6biJIM ocTaaneHbi B HenpMKOCHOBeHHOCTH My- .,\...

cyJihMaHcKaH IIePKOBb M MycyJihMaHCKMe cy,n;hr. Y

B 1885 r. cocTOHJIOCb OTKpbiTMe ,ll;aopHHCKoro 6aHKa. Ero aa.n;a~e:H

CT8JIO npe.n;OCT8BJieHHe JibrOTHbiX Kpe.n;HTOB )l;JI$1 no.n;.n;ep

maHM$1 nOMe~H~bMX X03HMCTB.

12 HIOHH 1890 r. 6hiJIO M3.n;8Ho ~nonomeHMe o ry6epH

CKMx H yea.n;HhiX aeMCKHX yqpem.n;eHHHX ·~ • B HMX aeMc

KOe caMoynpaBneHMe paccMaTpHaanoch KaK ~aCTb rocy

.n;apcTaeaaoro ynpaBJieHMH. llpH na6paHHH aeMCTB ycn

JIHJIMCb COCJIOBHbie Ha~aJia: 3eMJieBJia.n;eJib~eCK8$1 KypH$1

CT8HOBMJI8Cb ~HCTO )l;BOpHHCKOM, 'lHCJIO rJiaCHbiX OT Hee

yaeJIH~MBanocb, a MMy~eCTBeHHbiM 1IeH3 CHHmancH. IIo

BhilllaJICH H36HpaTeJihHbiM IIeHa .D;JIH ropo.n;cKOM KYPMM.

12 HIOJI$1 1889 r. 6biJI H3,li;8H 38KOH 0 3eMCKHX yqaCT

KOBbiX H81J8JibHMK8X. 0H OTMeHHJI ,li;OJimHOCTM H MeCTHhie

~pem.n;eHHH, OCHOB8HHhie H8 6eCCOCJIOBHbiX M Bbi60pHbiX

Ha~anax (MHpOBbie nocpe.n;HMKH, yea,n;Hhie no KpeCThHH

CKHM ,n;eJiaM npHCyTCTBM$1 M MHpOBOM cy,n;). BMeCTO HHX

C03,li;8B8JIHCb 3eMCKHe yqaCTKH BO rJiaBe C 3eMCKMMH Ha

'l8JibHHK8MM. OHM KOHTponHpoaaJIH o6~HHHOe caMo

ynpaaneHHe KpeCTbHH, paCCMaTpHBaJIH He3H8~HTeJihHbie

cy.n;e6Hble .n;ena, paapelllaJIM aeMeJihHhie cnopbi. .D:onmHoc

TH 3eMCKMX H8~8JibHMKOB MOrJIH 38HHM8Tb TOJibKO ,li;BOp$1-

He. KpecTbHHe, no cyTM, 6biJIH nocTaBJieHbi B JIH'liHYIO 3a

BMCMMOCTb OT 3eMCKHX Ha~aJibHHKOB.

B 1892 r. BhilllJIO aoaoe ropo,n;oBoe nonomeHHe. 0Ho

3H8'lHTeJibHO nOBhlillaJIO M36HpaTeJibHbiM u;eH3 H 3aKpeiiJIH

JIO npaKTMKY BMemaTeJibCTBa anacTeii B .n;ena ropo,n;cKoro

caMoynpaaneHHH.

MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE ::a HCCREAOBAHHH

==- CpaBHHTe BHyTpeHHtoto nonH::::3 THKY AneKcaHApa II H AneKca-= HApa Ill.

==:::a «nOMOU4HHK» ::;::a J Mo>KHO n111 Ha(:irlll o6UIIIIe YepTbl ::;::a BO BHyTpeHHe(:i noniiiTIIIKe AneKCa:::0:::. HApa II Ill AneKCaHApa Ill? ::;::a ..J B YeM npiiiH~IIInlllanbHOe pa3nlll ::;:::a Yllle BO BHyTpeHHetlt nOniiiTIIIKe ::::=. AneKcaHApa II 111 AneKcaHApa Ill? ~

4 eprotlt OCeAnOCTIII Ha3bJBanlll Yacrb repp111rop111111 Pocc111tltcKotlt 111Mnep111111, Ha KOropotlt pa3pewanocb nOCTOflHHOe npO>KIIIBaHIIIe espees. B npeAenax YepTbl oceAnocrlll espeflM 3anpeU~anocb npo)KIIIBaTb s d?nax. a TaK)Ke s K111ese, Cesacronone 111 ~me. BHe YepTbl OCeAnOCTIII npaBOM Ha >KIIITenbCTBO nonb30sanlllcb Kyn~bl 1-lil rlllnbAIIIIII, n111~a C BblCWIIIM Ill cne~111

anbHblM o6pa3osaHIIIeM, peMecneHHIIIKIII, COnAaTbl, npOXOAIIIBWIIIe cny)K6y no peKpyrcKOMY ycrasy.

noYeMy pecpopMbl s o6nacr111 npocseU~eHIIIfl 111 neYaTIII noABeprniiiCb CTOnb KapAIIIHanbHOMY 1113MeHeHIIIIO?

KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy AneKcaHAP Ill nosen caMoe pewlllrenbHoe HacrynneHIIIe Ha opraHbl MeaHero caMoynpasneHIIIfl?

Aatltre o~eHKY Ha~IIIOHanbHotlt noniiiTIIIKIII AneKcaHApa Ill.

CornacHbl n111 Bbl c yrsep>KAeHIIIeM, 4TO nepiiiOA npasneHIIIfl AfleKCaHApa Ill 6bln nepiiiOAOM KOHTppecpopM?

06 OCHOBH~X HanpasneH~RX 3KOHOM~4eCKOill non~T~K~ AJle KCa H

,D,pa Ill

0 HOB~X RBneH~RX B pa3B~T~~

cenbcKoro X03R~crsa

KaKOBO 6 blnO COCTORH~e poc

C~illCKO~ npOMbiWneHHOCT~ B nope

cpo p MeHHble ro,[lbl?

KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCT~ npoMbiW

neHHoro nepesopora s Pace~~?

KaK s no pecpopMeHHble rDA bl pa3-

s~sanocb cenbCKoe xo3Rillcrso?

4.2. Muliucmpbt tjJuHaHcoe Poccuuc~eou u.Mnepuu: a) H.X. ByHze; 6) HA. BbtULHezpaoc~euu

n p111 AneKcaHApe Ill npaBII!TeJlbCTBO npeAnp111HII1MaJlO 3HeprW-1Hble AeV1CTBII151, HanpaBJleHHble Ha pa3BII1T111e OTe'-leCTBeHHOill npOMbiWJleHHOCTIII. Vl3 arpapHOill Aep:>t<a Bbl Pocc11151 nooeneHHO npespaw,anacb B arpapH0-111HAYCTp111aJlbHYIO.

B Mae 1881 I'. Ha IIOCT MHHH·

CTpa q>HHaHCOB 6hiJI Ha3HaqeH BHAHhiH yqeHbiH·3KOHOMHCT

H.X. ByBre .. Ha nepBoe MecTo OH CTaBHJI peq>opMHpOBaHHe

CHCTeMhl c6opa HaJIOI'OB. BYHf'e BhiCTYnHJI 38 OCJI86JieBHe

HaJIOI'OBOI'O 06JIO.>KeHH.H KpeCTb.HH, npoBeJI CHH.>KeHHe Bbi·

KynHbiX nJiaTemeH H HaqaJI IIOCTeneHHYIO OTMeHy no,zzyru

HOH no,n;aTH.

qT06bi B03MeCTHTb noTepH rocy,n;apCTBa OT npHH.HTH.H

3THX Mep, B y Hre BBO,ZI;HJI KocBeHHhie HaJiorH 11 HaJiorH c

.n;oxo,n;oB. BhiJIH ycTaHOBJieHbi aKII;H3Hhle c6opbi ua Bo,n;

Ky, Ta6aK, caxap, Heq>Tb; 06JiaraJIHCb HOBbiMH HaJIOI'aMH

I'OpO,ZI;CKHe ,ll;OMa, TOpi'OBJI.H, IIpOMbiCJibl, ,ll;OXO,ll;bl OT ,n;e

He-'KHbiX KanHTaJIOB; nOBbiiiiaJIHCb TaMO-'KeHHbie nOIIIJIH·

Hbi Ha TOBaphl, BB03HMhie H3·3a rpaHHII;bi.. ToJibKO c 1882 no 1885 r . nOIIIJIHHbl BblpOCJIH 6oJiee qeM Ha 30% .

IIpaBHTeJihCTBO noMoraJio pocTy poccHHCKOH npo

MbiiiiJieuuocTH HCXO,ll;.H TaKme 113 nOTpe6HOCTeH yKpenJie·

HH.H BoeHHOH MOIII;H .. O.n;uoBpeMeuuo oHo ocyiii;eCTBHJIO

3HaqHTeJibHOe COKpaiii;eHHe apMHH, qTQ npHHOCH JIO ,ZI;O·

nOJIHHTeJibHO 23 MJIH py6JieH B I'O,ll;.

B 1887 r. BMecTo Bhiiiie,n;IIIero B OTCTaBKY H.X. ByHre

nocT MHHHCTpa <PHHaucoB 3aH.HJI H A . BbtUJ.Hezpa8cKuil .. CBoei1: rJiaBHOH aa,n;aqeJ1: oH cqHTaJI 6biCTpoe yJiyqiiieHHe

COCTO.HHH.H ,n;eHe.>KHOI'O o6paiii;eHH.H B CTpaHe. C 3TOH

rx;eJibiO MHHHCTepcTBO <PHHaHcoB HaKanJIHBaJIO 6oJihiiiHe

3anacbi ,n;eHer, a aaTeM npHHHMaJIO IIIHpoKoe yqacTHe B

c,n;eJIKax ua aapy6emHhiX 611pmax. B peay JibTaTe noKyna

TeJihHa.H CnOC06HOCTb py6JI.H 3HaqHTeJibHO IIOBbiCHJiaCb.

B TaMomeHHOH noJIHTHKe npaBHTeJihCTBO cTaJio c HO·

BOH 3HeprHei1: ,ZI;BHraTbC.H no nyTH yBeJIJiqeHH.H noiiiJIHH,

,n;ocTHI'IIIHX npH BbiiiiHerpa,n;cKoM cBoei1: BbiCIIIei1: TOqKH.

B 1891 r. 6biJI yqpem,n;eH HOBbiH TaMomeHHbiH TapHq>. Ec

JIH B npe,ZI;hi,D;Y III;HH nepHO,ll; nOBbiiiieHHbiMH c6opaMH 06Jia •

I'aJIOCb B OCHOBBOM BB03HMOe B POCCHIO Cblpbe, TO T enepb

RMH CTaJia 06Jiai'8TbC.H H rrpO.n;yKII;H.H MaiiiHHOCTpOeHH.H.

B 1892 r. MHHHCTpoM QlHHa.HCOB 6biJI Ha3Ha"tJeH CJO. Bumme. OH pa3pa6oTaJI 3KOHOMH"tJeCKYIO rrporpaMMY, KOTO

paR rrpe~ycMaTpHBaJia: IIpOBe~eHHe meCTKOH HaJIOrOBOH

IIOJIHTHKH, yBeJIH'tJeHHe KOCBeHHbiX HaJIOrOB, BBe~eHHe

rocy~apCTBeHHOH MOHOIIOJIHH Ha npOH3BO~CTBO H npo~a

my BO~KH; ~aJihHenmee yBeJIH"tJeHHe TaMomeHHhiX nom

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IIpHBJie'tJeHHe B CTpaHy HHOCTpaHHOrO KaiiHTaJia.

B6JihmyiO -qacTh 3TOH rrporpaMMhi BHTTe npeTBOPHJI B

mH3Hh yme nocJie cMepTH AJieKcaH~pa III. 1890-e ro~hl

cTaJIH rrepHo~oM He6hiBaJioro B3JieTa pyccKoii: npoMhim

JieHHOCTH. 3a ~eCRTHJieTHe IIpOMbiillJieHHOe IIpOH3BO~CTBO

B CTpaHe Y~BOHJIOCh, a BhiiiYCK npo~yKD;HH TRmeJIOH npo

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3aBepmeHHH B 1897 r. ~eHemHOH pecpopMbi. IlOBbiilleHHe

me TaMomeHHhiX c6opoB c~eJiaJio 6oJiee BhlrO~HhiM ~JIR

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B 1893 r . Ha"tJaJICR HOBhiH no~'beM meJie3HO,ZJ;opomHo

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nPOCBE BTOPO

EHHE M HAYKA BO nOnOBHHE X X a.

O rMeHa KpenocrHoro npasa, ycnex111 s 3KOHOMII1Ke nosneKJll-1 3a co6oll! rny6oK!I1e 1113MeHeHII1~ so scex o6nacr~x Kynbrypbr. Pa3BII1Banocb npocse~eHII1e HapoAa, poena ero rpaMOTHOCTb. PyCCK111e yYeHble BHeCnl-1 BeCOMblill BKllaA B pa3BII1TII1e M111pOBOil1 HayKI-1.

TiepBbie ,n;Ba .n;ecSITRJieTRSI nocJie OTMeHhl KpenocTHoro npaBa npomJIR no.n; aHaKOM OC03H8HHSI 06~eCTBOM R rocy,n;apCTBOM He06XO,li;RMOCTR mRpoKoro npocBe~eHRSI Hapo.n;a. B cTpaae noSIBRJIRCb KOMRTeTbl rpaMOTHOCTR, UpOCBeTRTeJibCKRe opraHR38-

D;HIL 0HR R3,li;8BaJIR }"Ie6HHKH, npOBO,li;RJIR C60p Cpe,n;CTB )l;JISI Hy:n<,n; illKOJibl.

TioJiy~RJIR pacnpocTpaaeHRe paaJIR~Hbie <PopMbi BHemKOJibHOro o6pa3oBaHHSI. B 1859 r. 6hiJIR opraHRao

B8Hbi nepBble B PoccRR BOCKpeCHhie mKOJibi. K 1862 r. RX HaC'IHTbiBaJIOCb 6oJiee 300. OrpoMHYIO poJib B pacnpo

cTpaHeHHR npocBe~eHHSI HrpaJIH aeMCTBa. ToJihKO c 1864 UO 1874 r. 6biJIO OTKpbiTO UO'ITR 10 TbiC. 3eMCKHX illKOJI.

OcHOBHbiM TRUOM cpe,n;Hei1: rnKOJibi 6hiJIR rHMH83HH. B 1861 r. B PoccHH 6biJIO 85 MymcKHX rHMHaaRli, r.n;e }"IHJIOCb 25 Tblc. qeJioBeK. CnycTSI 'leTBepTb BeKa 'IRCJIO

rRMH83Hll BblpOCJIO B TpH paaa, rRMH83RCTOB CT8JIO 6oJiee 70 TbiC. K H8'laJIY 1890-x rr. 6hiJIO T8Kme OTKpbiTO

OKOJIO 300 meHCKHX cpe,n;HHX }"Ie6HhiX aaBe,n;eHRH. B HRX 3aHHMaJIOCb ,li;O 75 TbiC. ,n;eBymeK.

0TKPbiJIHCb HOBble yHHBepcHTeThi B ToMcKe H O.n;ecce. K KOHD;Y XIX B. B PoccHH aac~HTbiBaJIOCb CBhlrne 60 rocy.n;apcTBeHHbiX BbiCillHX }"Ie6HbiX 3aBe,n;eHRH.

BcepoccRlicKa.H nepenHCb HaceJieHHSI 1897 r. BnepBble

,ll;aJI8 UOJIHYIO KapTRHY ypOBHSI rpaMOTHOCTH HaCeJieHRSI CTpaHhi. Cpe,n;HHH ypoBeHh rpaMOTHOCTH cocTaBJISIJI

21,1% . IlpH'leM cpe,n;R MYm~RH rpaMOTHbiX 6biJIO 29,3% , a cpe,n;R meH~HH - 13,1% . Bhlcmee o6paaoBaHHe RMeJIH

HeMHorHM 6oJiee 1 % HaceJieHHSI, cpe,n;Hee - 4 % •

<1>.11. JlRTKe 6biJIR o6cJie,n;oBaHbl KaM'laTKa, llyKOTKa H pSI,n; ocTpOBOB ceBepHoli ~acTH THxoro OKeaaa. HwwJLae.M MuxailJLOBU'le.M fip:HCe6aJLbCICU.M 6biJI OTKpbiT :u;eJiblll pSI,n; HeR3BeCTHbiX eBpOneHD;8M ropHbiX xpe6TOB H 03ep, BnepBble 6biJIO ,n;a

HO OllHCaHHe HeKOTOpbiX jKHBOTHbiX. Hu~eoJLail Hu~eoJLaeBU'l Mu~eJLyxo-MaKJLail nocBSITHJI

cBoiO mH3Hb H3y~eHRIO Hapo,n;oB IOro-BocTO'IHOH AaHH,

ABcTpaJIHH, ocTpOBOB THxoro OKeaHa. ,ll;Ba c noJIOBRHOH ro.n;a OH npomRJI B HoBOH rBRHee.

MaTeMaTHK H MexaHHK

lla<l>HYTHH JlbBOBHq l.Je6biilleB CBH3biBaJI CBOH HRyqHbie

HHTepecbi c o6JiaCTbiO MaTeMaTHqecKoro aHaJIH3a. YBJie

qeHHeM yqeHOrO 6biJIR TeOpHH MamHH, a TaKme KOHCTpy

HpOBRHHe pa3JIHqHbiX MeXaHH3MOB. <l>H3HK A.nex:can{)p FpuzopbeButt CmoJLemoe B 1876 r. noJiyqHJI 3HaqeHHe,

6JIH3KOe K CKOpOCTH CBeTa.

Tipo<Peccop Anex:canop Cmenanoeutt llonoe 25 anpe

JIH 1895 r. B PyccKOM <l>H3HqecKOM o61.1.\eCTBe npoqHTaJI

AOKJIRA no paAHOCBH3H H npoAeMOHCTpHpoBaJI H3rOTOB

JieHHbiH HM npHeMHHK-nepeAaTqHK paAHOBOJIH.

B 1876 r. llaeeJL Hux:oJLaeeutt .H6JLottx:oe C03AaJI AY

roByro sJieKTpHqecKyro JiaMny. BcKope JiaMnoqKH H6Jioq

KOBa OCBeTHJIH YJIHII;bl H AOMa MHOrHX ropOAOB MHpa.

B 1881 r. MopcKoft o<Pm:J;ep A.nex:canop 4>eoopoeu'l Mo:HCailcx:uil cKoHcTpyHpoBaJI nepBbiH B MHpe caMoJieT,

HCnbiTRHHH KOTOpOrO OAHaKO 3RKOHqHJIHCb HeyAaqeft.

B 1888 r . MexaHHK·caMoyqKa 4>eoop A6pa.MoBu'l BJLunoe H306peJI ryceHHqHbJH TpaKTOp.

llepy ~MumpuR Heanoeu'ta MenoeJLeeea npHHRAJie

mHT CBbrrue 500 TPYAOB no XHMHH, <l>H3HKe, ceJibCKOMY

X03HHCTBy, SKOHOMHKe, npocBeiJJ;eHHIO. BceMHPHYIO CJia

BY npHHecJio eMy OTKpbiTHe B 1869 r. nepHOAHqecKoro

3aKoHa XHMHqecKHx sJieMeHTOB. PeKTOP Ka3aHcKoro

yHHBepcHTeTa Anex:canop MuxailJLOBU'l BymJLepoe 3aJio

mHJI OCHOBbl opraHHqecKOH XHMHH.

BacuJLuil BacuJLbeBu'l ~ox:yttaee noJiomHJI Haqa.n:o Ha

yKe o CBOHCTBax pa3JIHqHbiX noqB. B 1889 r. ero TPYAbi

6biJIH YAOCTOeHbl 30JIOTOH MeAaJIH Ha BbiCTaBKe B llapHme.

H ean MuxailJLOBU'l Cellenoa C03AaJI yqeHHe o pe<t>

JieKcax roJIOBHoro M03ra. M3biCKaHHH B STOH o6JiaCTH

npOAOJimHJI Haan llempoeutt llaBJLOB. Ero y"t:J:eHHe o6

YCJIOBHbiX pe<t>JieKCRX nOCJiymHJIO OCHOBOH COBpeMeHHbiX

npeACTRBJieHHH 0 M03re mHBOTHbiX H qeJIOBeKa.

HJLM HJlbU'l Mett1iU1C08 H Hux:oJLail 4>eoop08U'l ra.JttaJleR opraHH30BaJIH nepByro B PoccHH 6aKTepHoJiornqecKyro

CTaHIJ;HIO, paapa60TaJIH MeTOAbi 6opb6bl ITpOTHB 6emeHCTBR.

B o6JiaCTH ryMaHHTap

HbiX HRYK CJieAyeT BbiAeJIHTb pa60Tbl pyCCKHX HCTOpH

KOB. Cepzeil MuxailJLOBU'l CoJLOBbeB C03ARJI 29-TOMHYJO

«HcTopHro PoccHH c APeBHeftmHx BpeMeH,.. C.M. Co

JIOBbeB npHHMJiemaJI K TaK Ha3biBReMOH rocyp;apCTBeH

HOH IDKOJie, KOTOpaH cqHTaJia rOCYARPCTBO ABHmyiJJ;eH

CHJioft HCTopHqecKoro pa3BHTHH. YqeHHK C.M. CoJIOBbe

Ba BacuJLuil Ocunoautt KJL10'teecx:uil - aBTop MHOrHx

HCTOpHqecKHX HCCJieAOBaHHH H 4 Kypca pyccKoft HCTo

PHH,., KOTOpbiH oH qHTaJI B MocKOBCKOM yHHBepcRTeTe.

BoJihmoe 3HaqeHHe yqeHblif npHAaBaJI H3yqeHHIO cou;H

aJibHO-sKOHOMHqecKHx npJiqHH HCTOpHqeCKHX C06biTHH.

4 epe3 HecKOnbKO ner, ycoaepweHcraosas CBOe 111306peTeH111e, A.C. nonoa A06111nCR 150-K111nOMeTposoli1 AaJlbHOCTII1 nepeAaYII1 111 np111eMa. B 1900 r. paA1110np111-eMHII1K nonosa 6bln 111CnOJlb30aaH a npaKTII1YeCKII1X ~eJlRX AJlR cnaceHII1R pb16aKOB a <DII1HCKOM 3anii1Be. 3a csoe orKpb1TII1e yYeHbllil 6bl11 YAOCTOeH 6onbwoli1 3onoroli1 MeAa-11111 Ha BceM111pHOii1 abiCTaaKe a nap111)Ke a 1900 r.

OnpeAe11111Te, YTO 6biJlO xapaKrepHo AJlR pa3aii1TII1R npocaell(eH111R B POCCII1111 B 3TII1 rOAbl.

KaK111MII1 np111YII1HaMII1 6bl11111 o6ycnoaneHbl AOCT1!1)KeHII1R OTeYeCTBeHHOCi HayKII1 BO BTOpOCi n0110a111He XIX a.?

KaKoe np111MeHeHII1e Haw11111 HayYHble OTKpbiTII1R a )KII13HII1 niOAelil?

KaK Bbl AYMaere, YeM o6bRCHRerCR 111HTepec 06U(eCTBa K ryMaHII1TapHbiM HayKaM, 111 B YaCTHOCTII1 K 111CTOp111YeCKII1M, BO aropoCi nOJlOBII1He XIX a.?

0 pom11 mnepaTypbl 111 1113o6pa3111· TeJlbHOrO 111CKYCCTBa B )KII13HII1 nopecpOpMeHHOiil Pocc111111

0 CYLJ..lHOCTII1 Kp111TW-iecKoro pean1113Ma

0 TBOpYeCTBe BeAYLJ..lii1X nii1CaTenelit 111 XYAO)KH111KOB Bropolit nonoBII1· Hbl XIX B.

KaKOB~ oco6eHHOCTII1 pa3BII1TII1~ n111reparypb1 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoro 111CKYCCTBa nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B.?

KaKII1e HanpaBneHII1~ B nll1reparype 111 111306pa3111T€JlbHOM 111CKYCCTB€ 6blflll1 B€AYLJ..lii1MII1 B nepBOiil nOJlOBII1· He XIX B.?

KaKoBa 6btna ponb Pocc1111itcKolil aKaAeM111111 XYAO)KeCTB B pa3BII1TII1111 )KII1BOnii1CII1?

KpynHelilw111x n111carenellt 111 KOM· no3111ropoB nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B.

4.12. Pycc~eue nucameJtu: a) clJ.M. ,[(ocmoeec~euu: 6) JIB . ToJtcmou; e) M.E. CaJtmbt/Coe·IJ:{eopun

nHTEPATY A 30&PA3

CKYCCT 0 H E

B eAYLl..lii1MII1 o6nacHIMII1 AYXOBHoi:1 .>KII13HII1 Pocc111111 sro poi:1 nonoBII1Hbl XIX a. npoAon.>Kanll1 ocrasaTbGl flli1Tepa rypa 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoe 111CKyccrso. B ycnos111~x pocra rpaMOTHOCTll1 HaceneHII1~ 111 OTcyTCTBII1~ 803MO.>KHOCTII1 W111pOKOrO o6cy.>KAeHII1~ Ha3pe8Wli1X .>KII13HeHHbiX npo6-neM pyccKa~ n111reparypa 111 XYAO.>KecrseHHa~ Kynbrypa 6blnll1 He ronbKO 3HaYII1TeJ1bHbiMII1 KYilbTYPHbiMll1 ~sneHII1 · ~Mll1, HO 111 BblnOJ1H~nll1 Ba.>KHble 06Ll..leCTBeHHble 3aAaYII1.

OcHOBHhiM xy,ZJ;oJKeCTBeHHhiM uarrpaBJie·

HHeM BTopoii rroJIOBHHhl XIX B. cTaJI KPHTH~ecKHR pe

aJIH3M. 0H OTJIH~aJICH IIOBhlilleHHhiM BHHMaHHeM K OT06-

paJKeHHIO peaJibHOR JKH3HH Ha OCHOBe ee KpHTH~eCKOrO

BocnpHHTHH. HaH6oJiee HPKHM npHMepoM .HBJI.HeTCH TBop

~ecTBO MuxauJl.a E8zparjJo8u'la CaJl.mbtK08a-meapuna. CMemuoii, uo O,ZJ;HOBpeMeHHO cTpamuoii rrpe,ZJ;cTaeT PoccHH

B IIpOH3Be,ZJ;eHHHX BeJIHKOrO CaTHpHKa ( ~ I'y6epHCKHe O~ep

KH~, ~HCTOpH.H O,li;HOrO ropo,ZJ;a~, ~rocrro,ZJ;a roJIOBJieBhl~,

~IIoMna;zyphl H rroMrra,ZJ;ypmH~ ) .

PyccKaH JIHTepaTypa BTopoii IIOJIOBHHhl XIX B . IIhiTa

Jiacb ,ZJ;aTb o6o6~eHHhiR rropTpeT repo.H cBoero BpeMeHH,

~eJioBeKa ,ZJ;eiicTBHH, ue JKeJiaiO~ero MHPHTbCH c cy~ecT

Byrom;eii ,ZJ;eiicTBHTeJibHOCTbiO. B JIHTepaType rro.HBHJIHCb

HOBble repOH - HHTeJIJIHreHThl, HHrHJIHCThl, rrpo<PeCCHO

HaJibHhle peBOJIIOII;HOHephl. 0,1J;HHM H3 rrepBhiX CBOe BH,ZJ;e

HHe TaKoro repoH npe,ZJ;JIOJKHJI H 8an Cepzee8u'l Typzene8 B pOMaHaX «HaKaHyHe~ H «0TII;hl H ,ZJ;eTH~ . llHCaTeJib C

TpeBoroli ua6JIIO,ZJ;aeT 3a TeM, KaK pa3pymeHHe cTaporo

06~eCTBa CTaHOBHTCH ,ZJ;JIH IIO,ZJ;06HhiX JIIO,ZJ;eR CaMOII;eJibiO.

Ha~~6oJiee TpeBOJKH O aTa TeMa npo3B~ana co cTpauHn;

poMaHa ~eaopa MuxailJl.08U'la ~ocmoe8cKozo «Bechl~. IIpeKJIOHeHHe o6pa3oBaHHOR ~acTH o6~ecTBa nepe,11; pe

BOJIIOII;HOHHhiM pOMaHTH3MOM rrpHBO,li;HT K rrOHBJieHHIO

JIIO,ll;eH, ,li;JIH KOTOphiX rJiaBHhiM JI03yHrOM CTaHOBHTCH

yTBepJK,ZJ;eHHe, ~To n;eJib onpaB,ZJ;hiBaeT cpe,ZJ;cTBa. B Hx

C03HaHHH rrpOHCXO,li;HT pa3MhiBaHHe HpaBCTBeHHhiX ITO·

HHTHR. Pa,ZJ;H ,li;OCTHJKeHHH cBoeii n;eJIH OHH HAYT ua ca

Mhle cTpamHhle rrpecTyrrJieHHH.

Eo BTopoii rroJIOBHHe XIX B. OTHOCHTCH pacn;BeT TBop

~eCTBa Jlb8a H u KoJl.ae8u'la ToJl.cmozo. B ero poMaHax

«Boi~Ha H MHP~, «Auua EapeHHHa~, «BocKpeceuHe~, no

BeCT.HX, paCCKa3aX C IIOTpHCaiOID;eR xy,ZJ;OJKeCTBeHHOR CH

JIOR paCKphiBaiOTCH CJIOJKHeRmHe ,li;BHJKeHHH ~eJIOBe~ec

KOR ,ll;ymH, BhiHOCHTCH 6ecno~a,ZJ;HhiR rrpHroBop MopaJIH,

HpaBaM, yCTOHM, n;apH~HM B BhiCilleM 06~eCTBe.

C KOH~a 1870-x rr. aa~maaeTCH JIHTepaTypHaH ,D;eH

TeJILHOCTh Anmona IlaBJLOBUlla "CfexoBa. 't.!exoBCKHe re

poH - MeJIKHe ~HHOBHHKH, pa30pHBIDHeCH ,li;BOpHHe,

IlpOBHHI.I;HaJibHaH HHTeJIJIHreHI.I;HH, CTy,D;eHThl.

0,D;HHM H3 IIOCJie,D;OBaTeJihHhiX CTOpOHHHKOB KpHTH

qeCKOrO peaJIH3Ma 6hiJI HwcoJLail AJLe~<:canopoBUll He~<:

pacoB. Be,D;y~ee MecTo B ero TBop~ecTse 3aHHMaJia TeMa

HapO,IJ.HOH »<H3HH, ee 6ecrrpOCBeTHOCTH H ropeCTH (IIOaMa

«KoMy aa PycH mHTh xopomo» H ,D;p.).

PyccKaH mHBOIIHCL BTopo:H rroJIOBHHhl

XIX B. pemaJia Te me o6m;ecTseHHLie sorrpocLI, ~To H

JIHTepaTypa. Be,D;~HM aarrpasJieHHeM pyccKoii mHBOIIH

CH CTaJI KpHTH~eCKHH peaJIH3M.

0,D;HHM H3 KpyrraefimHX XY)J.O»<HHKOB 3TOrO HarrpaB

JieHHH HBJIHeTCH BacuJLUU rpuzopbe8Ull IIepoB. Oa cy

MeJI C 06JIH~HTeJihHhiM rracpOCOM IIOKa3aTh MHOrHe He

IlpHrJIH)J.Hble CTopOHhl cospeMeHHOH eMY mH3HH. KapTHHhl

Ileposa - aTo pa3sepHYThiH paccKa3 o

IIOJIOmeHHH pOCCHHCKHX COCJIOBHH

( «CeJihCKHH KpeCTHbiH XO,ll; Ha Ilacxe»,

« lfaerrHTHe B MbiTHm;ax», «IlpHe3)J. ry

sepaaHTKH B KyrreqecKHH )J.OM >>, «IlO

CJie,D;HHH Ka6aK y aacTaBhll> ). Oco6oe

BIIe~aTJieHHe IlpOH3BO)J.HT IIOJIOTHa,

H3o6pamarom;He aeJierKyiO mH3Hh ,D;e

Teii ( «Tpo:HKa» ).

B 1863 r. 14 BhlrrycKHHKOB AKa.u.e

MHH xy,D;omeCTB OTKa3aJIHCb IIHCaTb

06H3aTeJihHhle )J.JIH IIOJIY'!eHHH ,li;HIIJIO

MOB KapTHHhl Ha CIOmeT CKaH,D;HHaB

CKOH MHc}>OJIOrHH. OaH o6ocaOBhiBaJIH

3TO TeM, ~TO B COBpeMeHHOH »<H3HH

ecTL 6oJiee .u.ocTOHHhle cromeThl.

ByaTapH rroKHHYJIH aKa,D;eMHIO H ocaosa

JIH IJeTep6yprcKyiO apTeJih xy ,li;Ojf(HHKOB,

KOTopaH B 1870 r. 6hiJia rrpeo6pa3osaaa B

TosapHJ:~ecTBO rrepe,D;BH»<HhiX xy.u.omecTBeHHhiX BhiCTa

BOK. IJepe,D;BH)KHbiMH 3TH BbiCTaBKH Ha3biBaJIHCh IIOTO

MY, ~TO HX YCTpaHBaJIH He TOJibKO B IleTep6ypre H

MocKBe, ao H rro ace:H PoccHH. 3To 6biJIO caoeo6pa3aoe

«xom.u.eaHe a aapo,D;» pyccKHX xy.u.omHHKOB. OcaoBHhiM

KpHTepHeM OT6opa KapTHH Ha BhiCTaBKH, CTaBmHe

Bhl,ll;aiOID;HMHCH C06hiTHHMH B »<H3HH pOCCHHCKOH rrpo

BHH~HH, 6biJIO Tpe60BaHHe OTpamaTh »<H3Hh CO BCeMH

ee OCTpbiMH Ilp06JieMaMH, BO BCeH 3JI060,D;HeBHOCTH.

XyiJo:HCnuKu·nepeoeu:HCnuKu

4 .13. PyccKue nucame.nu: a) All. f[exoe; 6) HA. HeKpacoe

4 .14. TpoilKa. XyiJo:HCnuK B.r. llepoe

4.16. Heu38ecmna.H. XyiJo:HCnuK H.H. KpaMcKoil

4 .17. CocnoBbtu 6op. XyiJO:HCKUK H.H. II!Uuti(;UH.

PyKOBO~HTeJieM H TeopeTHKOM nepe~BIDKHHKOB 6biJI HBan Hu~oJLaeBu't Kpa.Mc~ou. KpaMcKo:H: BorueJI B ncTopino pycCiwii mHBOITHCH rrpem~e Bcero KaK Bbi~aroIIJ;Hiic.a rropTpeTHCT. OH co3~aJI n;eJiyro cepHro o6pa30B KpynHeiirnHx ~e.aTeJieM: pyccKoii KYJibTYPbi - M.E. CaJITbiKOBa-:rn;e~pHHa, H.A. HeKpacoBa, JI.H. ToJicToro. MHorne npOH3Be~eHH.H KpaMcKoro CTO.HT Ha rpaHH rropTpeTa H TeMaTHtiecKoii KapTHHbi ( << HeH3BeCTHa.a •>, <• HeyTernHoe rope»).

Cpe~H xy~omHHKOB, rro~rrncaBIIIHX rrepBbiR ycTaB ToBapn~eCTBa nepe~Bll'f<HHKOB, 6biJIH TaKme H.H. re, A.K. CaBpacoB, M.M. liiHIIIKHH, 6paTb.H K.E. H B.E. MaKOBCKHe, B.r. IIepoB. HecKOJibKO no3~Hee K HHM rrpncoe~HHHJIHCb M.E. PerrHH, B.A. CypHKOB, 6paTb.H B.M. H A.M. BacHeD;OBhl, H.A . .ffporueHKo, K.A. CaBHD;KHH H ~p. C cepe~HHbi 1880-x I'I'. yq:aCTHe B BhlCTaBKax IIpliHHMaIOT B.A. CepoB, M.M. JleBHTaH, B.,n;. IloJieHOB.

BeprnHHoii peaJIH3Ma B pyccKoii mHBOIIHCH BTopoii rroJIOBHHbi XIX B. cnpaBe~JIHBO C"t:IHTaeTc.a TBOp"t:IeCTBO HJLbU EcjJu.MOBU'ta Penuna H BacuJLu.R. HBanoBu'ta Cy· pU~OBa, KOTOpbie B CBOHX KapTHHaX C03~aJIH C06HpaTeJibHbiR o6pa3 pyccKoro Hapo~a. HaH6oJiee rpoMKoe o6-IIJ;eCTBeHHOe 3By-qaHHe HMeJIH pa60Tbi PerrHHa « BypJiaKH Ha BoJire •> , <<He m~aJIH » , « 0TKa3 OT HCIIOBe~H •> , « ApecT nponaraH~HcTa». B 18 70- 1880-x rr. xy~omHHK yBJieKc.a HCTopn-qecKHMH TeMaMH - « IJ;apeBHa Co<l>b.H », « MBaH rpo3HbiH H CbiH ero MBaH 16 HO.H6p.H 1581 ro~a·>' <<3anopomD;bl rrnrnyT ITHCbMO Typen;KoMy cyJITaHy». PenHH 06Jia~aJI H HeCOMHeHHbiM ~apOM IIOpTpeTHCTa, OCTaBHB HaM o6pa3bl IIHCaTeJieH, KOMII03HTOpOB, aKTepOB.

IloJIOTHa BacHJIH.H MBaHOBH"t:Ia CypHKOBa - aTo xy~omecTBeHHO BOCC03~aHHa.H HCTOpH.H, I'JiaBHbiM repoeM KOTOpOR HBJI.aeTc.a pyccKHR Hapo~. « YTpo cTpeJien;KoM: Ka3HR•>, «MeHIIIHKOB B Bepe3oBe», <•Bo.apbiH.a Mopo3oBa», «IloKopeHHe CH6HpH EpMaKOM » - aTH KapTHHbi BOIIIJIH a 30JIOTOH <t>oH~ pyccKoii xy~omecTBeHHoii KYJibTyphl.

K maHpy pyccKHX Hapo~HbiX CKa3aHHii o6paTHJIC.H Bu~mop MuxauJLOBU'l BacneLfOB ( <•AJieHyrnKa», «BHT.H3b Ha pacnyTbe », « BoraTbipH », « IIocJie no6oHIIJ;a Mrop.a CB.HTOCJiaBH"t:Ia c IIOJIOBD;aMH» ). Ero KapTHHbi npoHHKHyTbl ~YXOM HapO~HbiX CKa30K, peJIHI'H03HbiMH HCKaHH.HMH H pa3MbiiiiJieHH.HMH o cy~b6e Hapo~a-6oraTbip.a.

rJiaBHbiM 06'beKTOM BHHMaHH.H MHOI'HX xy~O'f<HHKOB cTaJI cpe~HepyccKHH rreii3am, cypoBa.a npHpo~a PyccKoro CeBepa. KapTHHbi H Bana H 8aH.08Utta m UUl~una nepe~aiOT MoryiiJ;eCTBO, CHJIY, aeJIH"t:IHe pyccKoii npHpO~bi ( «Pomb•>, «Py6Ka Jieca•>, «CocHOBbiH 6op» ). AJLe~ce10 KonopambeBu'ty CaBpacoBy 6JIHme neft3am JIHpH"t:IeCKHH, IIpOHH3aHHbiH IIJ;eMSIIIJ;eM JII060Bbl0 K po~HOM 3eMJie { «rpatiH npHJieTeJIH» ).

Oco6oe MecTo B neiba.me BTopo:H nonoBHHhi XIX B. 3aHHMaeT Apxun H 6ano6U'i Kyuno:m:u, KOTOpbi:H 6brn MacTepoM nopa3HTeJihHhiX cBeTOBhiX 3<P<PeKTOB ( « YKpaHHCKaH HO'Ih •> , <• Bepe3oBaH po~a * , « Ho'Ib Ha ,ll;Henpe •>). ll3yMHTeJibHhie no KpacoTe pyccKHe ne:H:3a.mH H3o6pa.meHhi Ha KapTHHax Hcaa1ea H.!l.bU'ia Jle6umana . BonhiiiOH nonynHpHOCThiO noJib30BaJIRCh nonoTHa H 6ana Koncmanmuno6u~ta Auea306C1COZO, KOTOpbi:H 6onhiiie Bcero nro6Hn H3o6pamaTb Mope.

8noxo:H: pac~BeTa CKYJibnTYPhi cTana BTopaH nonoBHHa XIX B.

Ha116onee H3BecTHbiM CKYJihnTopoM 6hiJI M ap!C M ameeeeu'i Anmo1CO.!l.bc1Cuu. ITo CBOHM B033peHHHM OR npHMhiKaJI K nepe,n;BHmHHKaM. AHTOKOJibCKHM co3,n;an cepHro HCTOPH'IeCKHX IIOpTpeTOB: «llBaH l'p03HbiH>>, <<fleTp I», «.HpocJiaB My,n;phiH*, <•EpMaK•> .

Bhr,n;aro~HMCH co6hiTHeM B KYJihTypHo:H .mH3HH CTpaHbi CTaJIO OTKpbiTHe B MocKBe B HIOHe 1880 r. co3-,n;aHHoro Ha Hapo,n;Hhre no.mepTBOBaHHH naMHTHHKa A .C. ITymKHHy. ABTopoM naMHTHHKa 6hiJI H3BeCTHhiH CKYJihnTOp A.!l.eKcanop Muxau.11.oeu'i OneKywun .

Muxau.11. Ocuno6U'l MUJcewun B

cBoeM naMHTHHKe <• TbiCH'IeJieTHe PocCHH •> B HoBropo,n;e (1862) H3o6pa3HJI 129 CKyJihiTTypHbiX <lJMryp Bhi,ll;aiO~MXCH ,n;eHTeJie:H: poccMHCKoii HCTOPMR. ITo,n;o6HhiM npHeMOM OH ITOJib30BaJICH H npH C03,ll;aHHM naMHTHHKa EKaTepHHe n B fleTep6ypre (1873).

4.18. II eu.Ja:HCHaR JICU80nUCb emopou noJLOBUHbt XIX e.: a) H a ocmpoee BaJLaa.M. XyiJo:HCHUIC A.H. KyuniJ:JICu; 6) TuxaR o6umeJLb. XyiJOJICHUIC H.H. Jieeumau

4.19. CKyJLbnmypa emopou noJLoeunbt XIX e.: a) llaMRmllUIG A.C. JiywKuHy. CIGyJLbnmop A.M. OneKywuH; 6) HeaH TpoJJLbtit. CKyJLbnmop M.M. AnmoiCOJLbCKuu

KaK o6w.ecrseHHas:t )I(VI3Hb VI pa3-BVITVIe npOCB€W.€HVIR BO BTOpOL7! nonOBVIHe XIX B. orpa3VInVICb Ha pyccKo L71 n vtreparype, Ha ee MeCTe B )l(vt3H VI o6w.ecrsa?

KaKVIe npo6neMbl no,LlHVIMana nVI

reparypa BTOpolii nonOBVIHbl XIX B.?

B YeM npVIH U,VIn VIanbHoe pa3nVIYVIe )I(VIBOnVICVI nepBOL71 VI BTOpOL71 nonosvtHbl XIX a.?

Yro Hosoro BHecnVI nepe,LlBVI)I(HVIKvt B pyccKOe VICKyCCTBO? K KaKOMY HanpasneHVIIO B VICKYCCTBe OHVI OTHOCSlTCSl?

KaK Bbl .LlYMaere, noYeMy xy,LlO)I( HVIKVI He TOnbKO OT06pa)l(anVI )I(V13Hb Hapo,Lla, HO VI ace Yaw.e o6paw.anVICb K VICTOpVIYeCKVIM CIO)I(eTaM?

0 HOBbiX HBJleHIIIHX B apXIIITeKTy

pe, MY3b1Ke, rearpe

0 cBoeo6p a3111111 pyccKot:1 MY3bi

KaflbHot:1 KYilbTYPbl

0 pon111 rearpa B o6w,ecrBeHHot:1

>K1113HIII nopecpopMeHHOt:1 POCCIIIIII

0 CaM06biTHbiX HapOAHbiX npo

MbiCJlaX

Q KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCTIII pa3BIIITIIIH

apXIIITeKTypbl nepBOt:1 nOJlOBIIIHbl

XIX B.?

KpynHet:1wlllx a p x iiiTeKropoB 111

KOMn03111TOpOB nep BOt:1 nOJlOBIIIH~

XIX B.

KaKIIIe xyAo>KecrBeHHble Hanpa s

neHIIIH 6blfllll rocn OACTBYIOil\IIIMIII B

pyCCKOM TearpanbHOM IIICKYCCTBe

nepBot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B.?

O co6aH crpaHIIIL.ta B pyccKot:1 apxlll

r eKr ype Bropot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B. -

:no AOXOAHble MHOrQ3Ta>KHble Ill

MHOrOKBapT111pHble AOMa, 1113 KOTO

pbiX 3aKa3YIIIK crpeMIIIJlCH 1113BJleYb

MaKCIIIMaJlbHYIO np1116blflb, 3arpa

YIIIBaH Ha IIIX crpOIIITeflbCTBO MIIIHIII

MaJlbHble cpeACTBa. Coopy>KeH111e

TaK111X AOMOB He rpe6oBano 111 3Ha

Y111TeflbHbiX rBopyecKII1X y c 111n111t:1 .

OHIII cran111 nponoroM K noHBne

HIIIIO TlllnOBOt:1 apx111TeKrypb1 XX B.

AP TEKTYPA, MY3biKA, TEATP, HAPO,AHOE TBOP'IECTBO

XyAo>KeCTseHHa~ KYilbTypa BTopolil nonosii1Hbl XIX s. CTaHOBII1TC~ BC~ 6onee AeMOKpaTII1YHOiil 111 BC~ 6onee Kp111TII1YeCKOiil no OTHOWeHII110 K Cyll.\eCTBYIOLL\111M nop~AKaM . 0Ha npespall.\aeTc~ s csoeo6pa3HYIO o6Ll.\eCTseH HYIO Tp1116yHy, nbiTaeTc~ AOHeCTII1 AO snacTII1 caMble 6one3HeHHble npo6neMbl, cyll.\eCTBYIOLL\111e s CTpaHe, npeAnaraeT cso111 nyTII1 nepeyupolilusa >KII13HII1. V1 CTOYHII1 -KOM BAOXHOBeHII1~ MaCTepos KYilbTypbl BC~ B 60JlbWelil CTeneHII1 CTaHOB~TC~ HapOAHOe TBOpYeCTBO 111 TpaA111U,II1111 .

B apxnTeKType oKOH'IaTeJihHO R3mHJI ce-6H KJiaccnu;H3M. HOBbie TlHihi 3,11;8HHH rrpOMbiiiiJieHHhiX npe.n;rrpRHTHH R l'OCy,ll;apCTBeHHbiX yqpem.n;eHHH, BOK3a

JIOB, M8l'83HHOB, p biHKOB, 60JibHRIJ;, 6aHKOB, MOCTOB, Te

aTpOB Tpe60BaJIR HOBbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX peiiieHHH. 3o.n;'!Re CT8JIH RCK8Tb HX B npOIIIJIOM, RCIIOJib3YH MOTHBbl H 3aKOHOMepHOCTR CTapbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX CTHJie:i1:: l'OTH

KR, peHeccaHca, 6apoKKO n rrp. 8To rrpnaeJio K rocno.n;CTBY aKJieKTHKH (oT rpeqecKoro cJioaa « 3KJiere:i1:H~ -

Bbi6npaTh, H36npaTb). MoTRBhl anoxn Bo3pom.n;eHRH ncITOJih3yeT M. M ecMaxep npn npoeKTHpoBaHHR Apxnaa rocy.n;apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa, A.M. KpaKay -- BaJITHHCK0-

1'0 BOK3aJia n oco6HHKa 6apoHa UlTnrJinu;a Ha AHrJin:i1:

cKo:i1: Ha6epemHoii HeBbi.

PacrrpocTpaHeHHhiM cTaHOBRTCH HeopyccKH:i1: (RJIH ncea.n;opyccKM:i1:) CTRJib . B Mo.n;y axo.n;HT IIIaTpOBhie 3aaepIIIeHHH, 6aiiieHKR, Y30p'I8Tble ,ll;eKOpbl, <}lnry pHbie H8JIHqHHKR. B 3TOM CTHJie 6hiJIR ITOCTpOeHbl 3H8MeHRTbie MOCKOBCKHe 3,ll;aHnH: JilcTopnqecKn:i1: My3e:i1: (A.A. CeMeHoB n B.O. Ulepay.n;), ropo.n;cKaH .n;yMa (,IJ:.H. "tJnqaroa), BepXHMe TOpl'OBbie pH,ll;bl (A.H. IloMepaHu;ea).

4.20. IIaMRmn UJf:U ap xumeKmyp bt Bmopou noJJ.06Uttbt X I X e.: a ) H cmopu <LecKuil .llty Jeil; 6) Bepx nue mopzOBbte pRiJbt

BTopaa nonoBHHa X I X B. - BpeMa pac~BeTa pyccKoro MY3hiKaJihHoro HCKyccTBa. Ero CHMBOJIOM cTaHOBHTCa TBOp"<IeCTBO Mory-qe-H: KY"<:IKH - co,ApymecTBa naTH Bbl,li;8IOII'I;HXCR KOMIT03HTopoB: MuJLuR A.JLeJCceeBuva BaJLaJCupeBa, Mo{}ecma IIempoBuva MycopzcJCozo, ~e-

3apR AnmonoBuva K10u, A.JLe-,ccan{}pa IIopcjJupbeBu'la Bopo{}una, HuKoJLaR An{}peeBU'la Pu.M.cJCozo-KopcaJCoBa. KoMn03HTOpbi Mory"<Ie-H: KY"<:IKH co3,n;ann pa,n; 6eccMepTHhiX npoH3Be,JJ;eHHH, cpe,JJ;H KOTOpbiX ,JJ;paMhl MycoprcKoro (< BopHC ro,n;yHOB •> H (< XOB8HII'I;HH8•>, onepa PHMCKOroKopcaKOBa <<IlCKOBHTRHKa•>, MY3hiKaJibHoe nonoTHO BoPOAHHa <<KHR3b Mroph>>.

BTopaa nonOBHHa XIX B. no,n;apnna MHPY reHHH II empa H JLbU'la q ailJCOBCJCozo. BepmHHaMH ero TBOp"<IecTBa RBJIRIOTCR onepbl «EBreHHH 0HerHH» H «IlHKOB8R ,n;aM8•>, 6aneThl «Jie6e,n;nHoe o3epo», <<Cnall'l;aa KpacaBnn;a», «~eJIKYH"<IHK».

B 1860 r. 6naro,n;apa cTapaHHRM nnaHHCTa H 6necTaII'I;ero ,n;npnmepa HuKoJLa.R. FpuzopbeBu'la Py6unwmeilna noasnnoch MocKoscKoe oT,n;eneHne PyccKoro MY3biKaJibHOro 0611'1;eCTB8 H CHMQJOHHqeCKHH OpKeCTp. B 1866 r. npH My3hiKaJibHOM o611'1;eCTBe 6brna co3,n;aHa KOHcepsaTopna.

McTopna pyccKoro TeaTpa BTopo-H: noJIOBHHbi X I X B. CBH3aHa c HMeHeM AneKcaH,n;pa HHKonaeBH"<Ia OcTpoBcKoro, co3,n;aBmero oRono nonycoTHH nbec ( «rpo-38», «JieC>>, <<BecnpH,Z1;8HHHII;8>>, <<BOJIKH H OBII;bl>> H ,n;p.). OH BblcTynan npoTHB HeBemecTBa, OTCTaJIOCTH, B3biBaa K ryMaHHOCTH, npOCBell'l;eHHIO.

IIepBoe MecTo B TeaTpaJihHOM MHpe 3aHHMaJI MaJihiH TeaTp. IIocTaHOBKaMH nhec B HeM pyKOBOAHJI caM A.H. OcTpOBCKHH. BoJihillHM ycnexoM nOJih30Banca AJieKC8H,ll;pHHCKHH TeaTp B IleTep6ypre.

B aKTepcKo-H: cpe,n;e Bbl,n.aroll'l;eeca MecTo npnHa,JJ;nemano TeaTpaJihHhiM ,n;nHacTHRM Ca,n.oBCKHX, CaMo-H:noshlx, BacnnheBhiX. B 1870-x rr. B3omna 3Be3,n;a Mapuu HuJCoJLaeBHbt Ep.M.oJLoBoil.

IIoaBJieHne KpynHo-H: npoMhiiiiJieHHOCTH H COBpeMeHHOrO TpaHCITOpTa npHBeJIO K HC"<Ie3HOBeHHIO Tpa,n.H~HOHHbiX npe,n;MeTOB 6biTa, HO 3T8 anoxa cTaJia BpeMeHeM B03pom,n.eHHH HHTepeca K ,n;peBHHM nony3a6hiThiM pyccKHM peMecnaM. M3,n.enHa Hapo,n;Hhrx MacTepos H3 npe,n.MeTOB nosce,n;HeBHoro 6h1Ta npeBpall'l;aiOTCH s npoH3Be,AeHHH ncKyccTBa. B aTo BpeMa s Poccnn CKJia,ll;biBaiOTCH HJIH B03pom.n.aroTca xy,n;omecT

seHHhie npOMbiCJibl, llOJiy-qHBillHe MHpOBYIO H3BeCTHOCTb: ,Zl;biMKOBCK8H HrpyiiiKa, rmeJibCKaH nocy,n;a, XOXJIOMCK8R pOCITHCb ITO ,n;epesy, ll8BJIOBOllOC8,n.CKHe ITJiaTKH H III8JIH, MCTepCKaR H naJieXCKaH Jl8KOB8H MHHH8TIOpa.

4.21. ll.Jf. CfaiLK08CKUU.

4.22. M .H . EpAW JI08a .

X y iJoJIWUK BA . Cepoe

KaK Bbl .nyMaere, noYeMy rocno.nCTBYIOll.\111M111 CTIIlnflMIIl apX111T€KTypb1 BropoLii nonoslllHbl XIX B. cran111 3KneKTII1Ka 111 HeopyccKIIlLii cr111nb?

B YeM 3aKniOYaercfl npeeMCTBeHHOCTb MY3biKanbHOLii Kynbrypbl nepBOLii 111 BropoLii nonOBIIlHbl XIX B.?

KaKOBa 6blna o6ll.\eCTBeHHafl ponb rear pa? Kat<111e HOBble Yeprbl noflBIIlnlllcb B rearpaflbHOM lllCKYCCTBe?

n oYeMy BO BTOpOLii nOflOBIIlH€ X IX B. npo111CXO.Il ii1T B03pO>K.Il€HIIle HapO,IlHbiX npOMblcnOB?

Ka t<111e o6ll.\111e yepTbl xapaKTepHbl ,!lnfl pyccKoli! xy.nmKeCTBeHHolil Kynbrypbl BTOpoli! nonOBII1Hbl XIX B.?

0 poae HaceneH~5l B nope¢opMeHHOiii Pocc~~

06 ~3M€H€H~5lX B o6n~Ke ropOAOB

0 >K~3H~ ~ 6b1Te ropOACK~X «BepXOB» ~ «H~30B»

06 ~3MeHeH~5lX B >K~3H~ AepeBH~

KaKoB 6btn rpaA~~~OHHbllii o6pa3 >K~3H~ pOCC~IiiCKOrO Kp€CTb5lH~Ha B nepBolii nonoB~He XIX B.?

KaKOBbl xapaKrepHble YepTbt ABOpHHCKoro 6b1Ta nepBolii nonoB~Hbl XIX B.?

B 1863 r. B Pocc~~ 6btno ronbKO rp~ ropoAa c HaceneH~eM CBbiWe 1 00 TbiC YenoBeK (ner ep6ypr, MOCKBa, 0AeCca), B 1897 r. ~X 6btno y>Ke 14, np~YeM Y~cno >K~renelii nerep6ypra ~ MocKBbl npeBblc~no 1 MnH yenoBeK.

4.23. PoccuucKuu zopoa 8mopou n oJL08UHbL XI X e.: a ) KOHKa; 6) mop zo8bte pRiJbt

b T: HOBbiE I.IEPTbl B >KM3HM rGPOAA H JIEPEBHM n o,D, BJlV'lf!HV'leM nepeMeH B 3KOHOMV1Ke V1 06~eCTBeHHOM ycrpolllcrse B nopecpopMeHHolll PocCV'lV'l npoV130WJlV1 3Ha

YV1TellbHble V13MeHeHV1fl s o6pa3e )f(V13HV1 HaceneHV'lfl. AK

TV'lBHO WJla yp6aHV13aU,V1fl, BHe,o,peHV'le B )f(V13Hb pa3JlV1YHbiX

rexHV1YeCKV1X ,o,ocTV1)f(eHV1111. B 6biTY nepenneranV'lCb seKo

Bble Tpa,D,V1U,V1V1 V1 HOBWeCTsa V1H,D,yCTpV1aJlbHOro o6~eCTBa .

0TMeHa KpenoeTHOrO npaBa H nOJIOJKHTeJihHhie e~BHrH B 3KOHOMHKe PoeeHH Bhi3BaJIH poeT HaeeJieHHSI C 74 MJIH 'leJIOBeK B 1860 r. ~0 126 MJIH qeJIOBeK B 1897 r . M xoTSI PoeeHSI ocTaBaJiaeh eTpaHoM ~epeBeHCKOH (B eeJihCKOH MeeTHOeTH npOJKHBaJIO nO'lTH 87% ee rpaJK~aH), ropO~CKOe HaeeJieHHe 3a 3TO BpeMSI notiTH y~BOHJIOeh. TaKHM o6paaoM, B eTpaHe aKTHBHO llieJI npou,ece yp6aHH3811,HM.

llaMeHeHHSIM nO~BeprJIOCh ropo~eKOe KOMMYHaJihHOe X03SIHeTBO. YJIMD;hi MOeTHJIHCh 6yJihiJKHHKOM H 6pyetiaTKOH, ITOSIBHJIHeh ae<J;>aJihTOBhie TpOTyaphi, a B 1860-X rr. - KepOCMHOBhie <J;>OHapH, KOTOphie noeTeneHHO BhiTeCHSIJIMeh raaoBhiMH. B KOHn;e 1870-x rr. B IleTep6ypre aaropeJIMeh aJieKTPM'leCKHe JiaMni>I. B 1886 r. B MoeKBe 6hrJia noeTpoeHa 6oJihmaSI :meKTpHtiecKaSI eTaHU.MSI. Bo MHOrMx ropo~ax PoeeMR noSIBHJIMeh BO~OnpOBO~ H KaH8JIH38U.HSI.

Y Jiyq:maJieSI BHyTpMropo~eKoM TpaHenopT. B Ha'laJie 1860-x rr. B IleTep6ypre 6hiJia npoJIOJKeHa nepBaSI KOHHO-JKeJie3HaSI ~opora - KOHKa. B 1870-x rr. OHa ITOSIBHJiaeh B MoeKBe H O~eeee, a aaTeM M B ~pyrHx ropo~ax. B 1892 r. no yJIHD;aM KHeBa nporneJI nepBhiH TpaMBaii. K KOHU.Y 1890-x rr. TpaMBaH yme xo~HJIH no yJIHU.aM MoeKBhi, KaaaHH, HMJKHero HoBropo~a. KypeKa H ~pyrMx ropo~OB.

PoeT ~eJioBo:K JKM3HM npMBeJI K paaBHTHIO epe~eTB eBSI3H. B 1852 r. ey~eeTBOBaJia TOJihKO o~Ha TeJierpa¢HaSI JIHHHSI, eoe~HHSIBma.R MoeKBY H IleTep6ypr, a K Ha<JaJiy 1870-x rr. TeJierpa¢Hoi1: eeThiO 6hiJIH oxBatieHhi npaKTH<JeCKH Bee ry6epHCKHe M yea~Hhie ropo~a.

B 1882 r. 6hiJIH OTKphiThi TeJie¢oHHhre JIHHHH B IleTep6ypre, MoeKBe, O~eeee R PHre H nepBaSI Mem~yropo~Ha.R TeJie<J;>OHHaSI JIHHHSI IleTep6ypr - faT"t.JMHa.

B ropo~e Kam~oe eoeJIOBHe npoJKHBaJio B oeo6oii ero qaeTH. B u,eHTpe paenoJiaraJIHeb 60JihliiHe 6apeKHe oeo6HSIKM. 3~eeh JKe 6biJIO MHOrO He-

60JiblliHX, np€HMYIIJ,€CTB€HHO ,n;epeB.HHHbiX, ,ll;BOp.HHCKHX

OC06H.HKOB.

K ,n;aop.HHCKHM KaapTaJiaM npHMhiKaJIH KyneqecKHe.

B 3TOH qacTH ropo,n;a e.m,e .u;apHJIH cTapHHHbie HpaBhi H

,n;ep.maJic.H Taep,n;hiH ceMeHHhiH yKJia,n;. C 1890-x rr. 6ora

Toe CTOJIHqHoe Kyne'leCTBO IIOCTeneHHO rrepe6HpaeTC.H B

6hiBlliHe 6apCKHe yca,n;b6bi, CTpOHT OC06H.HKH IIO IIpO€KT8M

3H8MeHHTbiX apXHTeKTOpOB.

BepxymKa ropo,n;cKoii HHTeJIJIHreHIJ;HH, KpynHhie 11:

cpe,n;HR€ 'IHHOBHRKH, K8K rrpaBRJIO, C06CTBeHHbiX ,ll;OMOB

He RMeJIR. 0HH IIOKynaJIR RJIR apeH,ll;OB8JIR XOpOmHe

MHOrOKOMH8THbie KB8pT11:pbl.

IIo oKpaRHaM ry6epHCKRX ropo,n;oa ceJIRJIOCh MeJIKOe

Kyiie'leCTBO, MeiiJ,aHe, 6e,n;Hbl€ 'IHHOBHRKH. 0HH JKRJIH B

,n;epeB.HHHbiX O,ll;H03T8JKHbiX CTpOeHH.HX C ,ll;BOpOM H C8,ll;R

KOM. BHyTpeHH.H.H o6cTaHOBKa JKHJIRIIJ, 6hiJia HenpHT.Haa

TeJihHa H O,ll;H006pa3H8 .

JKRT€JIH ropo,n;oa OKOH'laTeJibHO rrepemJIR Ha o,n;e.m,n;y

eaporreiicKoro noKpo.H. C 1860-x rr. a Mo,n;y aomen np.H

MOH nH,n;JKaK, cKpbiBaiO.m,R:H qmrypy. IIR,n;.maK, JKRJieT H

6piOKR 11:3 mepCT.HHOH TK8HH TeMHbiX TOHOB CTaJIH KJiaC

CR'leCKRM CO'tJeTaHR€M MYJKCKOrO KOCTIOM8. roJIOBHbiMR

y6opaMH 6biJIR lliJI.Hna HJIH KOT€JIOK. AKTRBHOe BOBJieqe

HHe JKeHII1,11:H B ,n;eJIOBYIO H o6.m,eCTBeHHYIO JKI1:3Hb npRBe

JIO K ynpo.m,eHRIO JKeHCKOrO KOCTIOM8. 0H H8'IRH8€T B6R

paTh B ce6.H qepTbl MYJKCKOH MO,ll;bl - KpaXM8JibHhie

BOpOTHRKR, M8HJKeThi, raJICTYKH, T.HrOT€eT K TeMHbiM

TOH8M.

B o,n;e.m,n;e pa6otJRX, MeJIKRX Kyn.u;oa, Me.m,aH cotJeTa

JIRCh ropo,n;cKHe H ,n;epeaeHCKRe qepTbi. My.m'tJRHhi rro

aepx ,n;epeaeHCKOH py6aXH HOCRJIH IIR,ll;JK8KR. roJIOBHbiM

y6opOM 'tJa.m,e acero 6hiJI K8pTy3 C JI8KOBbiM K03blpbKOM.

Ha cMeHy canoraM npHmJIH 6oTRHKR. JKeHID;RHhi oT,n;a

aaJIH npe,n;no'tJTeHHe .HpKHM CHT.u;eahiM nnaTb.HM. Ha Ho

rax HOCRJIH KOJK8Hbl€ 60THHKR.

IIocTeneHHO MeH.H

nach ,n;epeaeHcKa.H JKR3Hh. Ymna B npomnoe KypHa.H R3-

6a. KepocRHoaoe ocae.m,eHRe 11: caetJR BbiTeCHRJIR JIYtJR

HY. B rroace,n;HeBHhiH 6biT ace m11:pe BHe,n;p.HJIRCh

rrpoMhimJieHHbie Toaaphi. KpecTb.HHe CTaJIR IIOJih30BaTh

c.H rJIHH.HHOH nocy,n;OH BMeCTO ,n;epeB.HHHOH, IIOKYII8JIH

CHTeD; H llieJIK, IIHJIR 'l8H C caxapOM, CTaJIH eCTb 60Jib

me M.Hca.

IIo npaa,n;HRKaM napHH Ha,n;eaaJIR aJibie aTJiaCHhie py-

6axH 11: IIH,ll;JK8KH; MeH.HJIH JlaiiTR 11: BaJieHKR Ha C8IIOrR C

ranomaMR. JKeHIIJ,RHhi o,n;eaaJIHCh a mepcT.HHble RJIR

meJIKOBble IIJI8Tb.H. IIeJIR rreCHR, BO,ll;RJIR xopOBO,ll;bi, Ha

Po.m,n;ecTBO H Kpe.m,eHHe ,n;eaymKR ra,n;aJIR, Ha Kpe.m,eHHe

ycTp8HBaJIH KOJI.H,ll;KR.

8 KpynHbiX ropo,D,ax cyU.teCTsosanl-1

paiiiOHbl, B KOTOpbiX IOTI-1JlaCb Ca

MaR 6ecnpocserHaR 6eAHOTa. B MocKse 3TO 6blna X1-1rposKa .

3,D,€Cb B MHOfOYI-1CJ1€HHbiX npi-1TO

HaX 1-1 HOYJ1€>KHbiX ,ll,OMaX 061-1TaJ11-1

«J11-1WHI-1€ JliO,ll,l-1»: H€y,D,aYHI-1KI-1,

npecrynHI-1KI-1 1-1 nponoiilubl.

H O'lJLe:JICnuKu. XyiJo:JICnuK B.E. MaKoacKuu

4 .2 4. Ha 6yJLbeape. XyiJo:J~CnuK B.E. MaKoecKuil.

KaKI-1€ I-13M€H€HI-1R np01-130WJ11-1 s

pyccKI-1X ropo,D,ax so sropoiil nono

BI-1He XIX s.? C YeM 6b1Jll-1 csR3aHbl

3TI-1 I-13M€H€HI-1R?

YTO HOBOfO nORBI-1J10Cb B >KI-13HI-1

1-1 6bne ropo>KaH?

noYeMy Kp€CTbRHCKaR >KI-13Hb M€

HRJlaCb M€AJ1€HH€€, H€>K€Jll-1 rOpO,D,

CKaR?

A.n:eKcaH,n;p III OTKaaa.rrcR OT rrpo,n;oJimeHRR JIR6e paJib

HhlX npeo6pa30BaHRH B IIOJIMTR'leCKOH li ,n;yXOBHOH c epe

pax. OH aaRJI Taep,n;hxH: Kypc aa c oxpaHe HRe o c aoa caMo

.n;epm.aaRR, yKperrJieHRe II03RII;RH ,ZJ;BOpRHCTB8 li

RCKOpeHeHRe peBOJIIOII;ROHHOrO ,ZJ;BRJKeHRR B CTp a H e . JIR-

6epaJibHhle ,n;eRTeJIR xapaKTepR30B8Jili rr;apCTBOB8 HRe

AJieKcaH,n;pa III KaK nepRo,n; <•KOHTppe<}JopM>>, T a K K aK

npoae,n;eHHbie RM aaKOHhi a o6JiaCTR rrpocaem;eHRR, rreqa

TR li MeCTHOrO yrrpaaJieHRR orpaHR'lliB8Jili ,n;eHCTBRe p e

<}JopM 1860- 1870-x r r .

IIpaaRTeJibCTBO AJieKcaH,n;pa III rrpoao,n;RJIO aKTRBHYIO

SKOHOMR'lecKyro rroJIRTRKY. BbiJIR OTMeHeHbi apeMeHHo

o6RaaHHoe COCTORHRe li IIO,ZJ;ylliH8R IIO,ZJ;8Tb, CHRJKeHbi

BbiKYIIHbie IIJI8TeJKR li apeH,ZJ;H8R IIJI8T8 38 3eMJIIO, 6biJI

coa.n;aa KpecThRHCKRH 6aHK, rroJiom.eHo Haqa.rro pa6oqeMy

3aKOHo,n;aTeJihCTBY. Pocc RR 11:3 arpapHoH: rrocTerreHHO rrpe

ap~a.rracb a arpapHO-RH,n;ycTpRa.rrhayiO .n;epm.aay. Ho p aa

BRTRIO CeJibCKOrO X03RHCTB8 rro-rrpem.HeMy Mellia.JIR Kpe

IIOCTHR'leCKRe rrepeJKRTKR li TeXHR'leCK8R OTCT8JIOCTb •

.J B 1880-x - Ha'laJie 1890-x rr. rrpoRaornJia rrep erpyrr

IIRPOBKa o6m;ecTaeHHo-rroJIRTR'lecKRX CRJI PoccRH.

0CJI86JIR II03RII;RH H 8 pO,ZJ;HHKOB, IIORBRJIRCb rre pBbie

M8pKCRCTCKRe opraHR3 8I.J;RM, yMeHbiiiRJIOCb BJIHRHHe JIR-

6epaJIOB Ha o6m;ecTaeHHo-rroJIRTR'lecKy ro JKR3Hh cTpaHhi,

38TO YCRJIHJI8Cb pOJib KOHCepB8TOpOB, MHOrRe R,ZJ;eR KO

TOpbiX JierJIH B OCHOBY npaBRTeJihCTBeHHOH IIOJIRTRKH.

Ha Mem.,n;yHapo,n;HoH: apeHe Poc cRR coxpaHRJia rroJiom.e

HRe aeJIHKoH: .n;epm.aabi 11: .n;o KoHu;a XIX CTOJieTHR rro.n;,n;ep

JKHBaJia MRP Ha caoRx rpaHRu;ax. O,n;HaKo B03HRKmHe

BHemHeiiOJIRTR"tfeCKRe npOTRBOpe"tiRR y,n;a.JIOCb JIHIIIb Bpe

MeHHO rroraCRTb, HO He y cTpaHRTb OKOH"tf8Te JibHO.

,IJ,alilre xapaKTepV1CTV1KY nw;HoCTV1 AneKcaHApa Ill.

KaKV1e ~en111 npecneAOBana rocyAapcreeHHaR 111 co~VlanbHaR nonV1TV1Ka AneKcaHApa Il l?

B YeM COCTORnV1 OC06eHHOCTV1 06ll.(eCTBeHHOrO ABV1)t(eHV1R np111 npaeneHV1V1 AneKcaHApa Il l?

KaK111e V13MeHeHV1R npo1113own111 B pyccKOiil npoMb1WneHHocTV1 B KOH~e XIX B.?

KaK or pa3V1nV1cb B pyccKolil Kynbrype oco6eHHOCTV1 )t(V13HV1 pa3nV1YHbiX cnoeB 06ll.(eCTBa?

CnOBAPb

~'biOT8HT - oqnn:I;ep, COCTOHII.V•Iii IIpH BOeHHOM H8'IaJihHHKe ,AJIH BhlllOJIHeHHH

ero nopyq:eHHH.

AK~H3 (8KI.I;H3Hble C60pbi) - KOCBeHHbiH H8JIOI' Ha npe,n;MeTbl IIOTpe6JieHHH.

AK~Hs: - :u;euuaH 6yMara, CBH,n;eTeJibCTBYIOII.I;aH o Bauoce onpe,n;eJieuuoro KanH

Ta.rra B npe,n;npHHTHe H ,A8IOII.I;8H ee BJia,n;eJibi.I;Y npaBO C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hero H

yq:aCTHH B npH6hlJISIX.

AJ!hM8H8X - JIHTepaTypuo-ny6JIHI.I;HCTH"'IeCKHH C60pHHK.

AMIIIICTHH - 'I8CTH'IHOe HJIH IIOJIHOe OCB060m,n;eHHe OT cy,n;e6HOI'O H8K838HH.H,

npOH3BO,AHMOe BepXOBHOH BJI8CTbiO.

AMnHp - (B nepeBo,n;e: HMnepH.H) paauoBHAHOCTh KJiaccHIJ.H3Ma B apxHTeKType,

B03HHKma.H so <f>pau:u;HH npH HMnepaTope HanoJieoue.

AneJIJUIJJ;HH - o6maJiosauHe pemeHH.H cy.n;a B 6oJiee BhiCOKOM cy.n;e6HOM opraue

C :u;eJibiO nepeCMOTpa 3TOI'O pemeHH.H.

Apeu.na - IIOJiyq:eHHe 3eMJIH, CTpOeHHH H npoqero BO BpeMeHHOe IIOJib30B8HHe.

ApMHK - Ka<t>Tau H3 TOJICToro cyKua.

AccHrua:u;HH - 6yMamuhle .n;euhrH.

BHpma - yq:pem.n;euHe ,n;JI.H aaKJIIO'IeHH.H <t>HuaucoBhlX H ToprOBhlX c.n;eJioK c Ka

IIHTaJIOM H KPYIIHhiMH napTHHMH TOBapoB.

B10.n;meT - pocnHch KOJIH'IeCTBa .n;oxo,n;oB H pacxo,n;oB rocy.n;apcTBa, opraHH38.1J,HH

HJIH OT,AeJibHOI'O 'leJIOBeKa.

BepeTeuo - cTepmeHh ,n;JI.H uaMaThlB8HH.H HHTH np:u np.H,n;eHHH.

BHHH811 MOHOIIOJIHSI - HCKJIIO'IHTeJibHOe npaBO rocy,n;apCTB8 Ha H3I'OTOBJieHHe H

npo,n;amy CIIHpTHbiX H8IIHTKOB.

BoJI&uocJiymaTeJIL - qeJioBeK, cJiymaror:u;Hii JieK:u;HH B BLICmeM yqe6uoM aaBe,n;e

HHH 6e3 38'1HCJieHH11 B CTy,AeHTbi.

rpam,l.l;aHCKHe npaBa - npaBa, Onpe,n;eJI.HIOII.I;He B03MOmHOCTb Y'!8CTH.H rpam,n;a

HHH8 rocy,n;apCTBa B IIOJIHTH'leCKOH, 06II.I;eCTBeHHOH H KyJihTypHOH )KH3HH CBOeH

CTpaHbi.

rpam,~.~;aHCKOe OOUJ;eCTBO - 06II.I;eCTBO, r,n;e BJI8CTb rocy,n;apCTBa IIOCTaBJieHa IIO,A

KOHTpOJib 06II.I;eCTB8 H OCyii.I;eCTBJI.HeTC.H CTpOrO Ha OCHOBe 38KOHOB.

ryMaHHTapHbie uayKH - H8YKH, HMeiOII.I;He OTHOmeHHe K H3Y'-IeHHIO tieJIOBel:feC

KOI'O 06II.I;eCTB8 (HCTOpH.H, <)lHJIOJIOI'H.H, 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe uayKH H T. ,n;.).

EcTeCTBeuu&Ie uaYKH - uayKH, H3Y'!8IOII.I;He npHpo.n;y.

JKaH,1.1;8pMepH11 - IIOJIHI.I;HH, HMeiOII.I;a.H BOeHHYIO opraHR38I.I;HIO H BhliiOJIH.HIOOJ;8.H

aa,n;alJH BHYTPH cTpaHbi H apMHH. IlepBbie mau.n;apMCKHe tiaCTH B pyccKoii apMHH

6biJIH C03A8Hbl B 1815 r.

ll,~.~;eOJIOr - Bblp83HTeJib H 38II.I;HTHHK H,n;eOJIOI'HH - COBOKYIIHOCTH B3I'JI.HAOB,

H,AeH, B KOTOpbiX OTpamaeTC.H OTHOmeHHe JIIO,AeH K cyr:u;eCTBYIOII.I;eH ,n;eHCTBHTeJib

HOCTH.

HeayHTLI - •IJieHhi KaTOJUl'-IecKo:H: MOHamecKo:H: opraHH3aii,HH (opAeHa), CTaBHBme:H: IJ,eJibiO yKpenneane n pacnpocTpaaeaHe KaTOJIHIJ,H3Ma 11 BJiaCTH nanhi pnMCKoro. HacneKTOP - AOJI»<.HOCTHOe JIHIJ,O, npoBep.HIO~ee npaBHJibHOCTb "IhHx-nn6o AeHCTBMH. HacTaHU,HH - cTyneHh B cTpoeHHH noAqnaeHHbiX APYr APYrY opraaoB. HaTeHAaHT - BOeHHbiH, aanMMaiO~HHC.H caa6meaneM BORCK. Ha«t>anTepHH - nexoTa.

Kaau,eJinpHH - OTAeJI yqpemAeHH.H. <(KanHT3JIHCTLie>> KpeCTLHHe - KpeCTb.HHe, HMeBillHe KaiiHTaJI (AeHbrH, KOTOpbie BKJI3AbiBaiOT B npOH3BOACTBO) H 3aHMM3BillMeC.H npeAIIPHHHMaTeJibCTBOM. Kape - nocTpoeane nexoTbi qeThlpexyronhHHKOM AJI.H oTpamean.H aTaKH co Bcex CTOpOH. KJiaccLI - 6onhmne rpynnhi JIIOAeii, OTJIMqaiO~nec.H no cBoeMy MecTy B npoH3-BOACTBe H pacnpeAeJieHHH ero pe3yJihTaTOB. KoMMyHaJILaoe xoaSIHCTBO - coBoKynaoCTh npeAIIPH.HTHH no o6cnymnBaHHIO aaceneHHSI ropo)l,OB. KoacepBaTH3M - Teqeane, cTopoHHHKH KOToporo OTCTaHBaiOT HAeH coxpaaeHHH TP8AHI.I,HH, npeeMCTBeHHOCTH B noJIHTHqecKoii 11 KYJihTypaoii »<.H3HH. KoacnHpau,HH - MeTOAhi, npnMea.HeMhle aeneraJihHOH opraaHaan;neii AJI.H coxpaHeHM.H B TaHHe CBOero Cy~eCTBOB3HH.H H Ae.HTeJibHOCTH. KoaCTHTyu,Houaoe npaBJienHe - yrrpaBneane rocyAapCTBOM B cTporoM cooTBeTCTBHH C HOpMaMH KOHCTHTYI.I,HH. Koau,eccHH - )l,oroBop, 3aKJiroqeaHhiH rocyAapCTBOM c qacTHhiM npeAIIPHHHMaTeneM, HHOCTpaHHOH qmpMOH Ha HCIIOJib30BaHHe IIpOMbiillJieHHbiX npe)l,rrpH.HTHH, npnpOAHhiX 6oraTCTB, rrocTpoiiKy mene3HbiX AOpor n APYrHx xo3.HHCTBeHHbiX 06'heKTOB. Kocneam.Ie aaJiorn - aan;eaKa, ycTaHaBmrBaeMaH rocyAapcTBOM aa TOBaphi MaccoBoro noTpe6neHH.H. KpaMoJia - aaroBop, M.HTe»<., aeqTo 3arrpe~eaaoe. Kpe)l,nT - rrpeAOCTaBneaHe AeHer HJIM TOBapoB B AOJir c rrocJieAyiO~HM 11x B03-Bp~eaHeM c rrpon;eaTaMH.

JlerKaH IIpOMLilliJieHHOCTL - IIpOH3BOACTBO H3AeJIHH, rrpeAHa3HaqeHHbiX )l,JIH IIOTpe6JieHH.H, OTJIHqaeTCH OT T.H»<.eJIOH IIpOMbiillJieHHOCTH - IIpOH3BOACTBa cpeACTB rrpOH3BOACTBa (MeTaJIJia, M3IDHH, TOIIJIHBa H T.)l,.). Jleli:6 - IIpHCTaBKa, 03Haqaro~afl <(COCTOH~HH rrpH MOHapxe>>. Jln6epaJIH3M - Teqeane, 06'beAHHHIO~ee CTOpOHHHKOB napJiaMeHTCKOrO CTpO.H, rpa»<.A8HCKHX CB060)l, (Bbi6opa Bepbi, CB060Abi CJIOBa, C06paHHH, 06'beAHHeHHH H T.A.) H CB060Abi npeAIIPMHHMaTeJibCTBa.

Maaenp - rrepeABHmeane BoiicK aa TeaTpe BoeHHhiX AeiicTBHH. MaaH«J>ecT - TopmecTBeaaoe nHCbMeaaoe o6pa~eHHe BepxoBHOH BJiaCTH K aaceneHHIO. MaconLI - qneHbi pennrnoaao-rroJIHTnqecKoii opraan3an;nn, KOTopa.H CBoeii IJ,eJihiO npoBoarnamaeT o6'heAHHeHne qeJioBeqecTBa. IIepBnqaa.H opraHH3aiJ,HH aa-3hiBaeTC.H JIO»<.eH.

Me~euaTCTBO - noKpoa:HTeJibCTBO HayKaM H HCKYCCTBaM co cTopoHbi 6ora ThiX H

BJIHSITeJihHhlX JIIO~eH.

MucTH~H3M - Bepa B 3ara~o-.:moe, Heoo'b.HCHHMoe -.:renoBe-.:recKoMy pa3y M y .

Mo6HJIH33~H.H - nepeBO~ BOOpymeHHbiX CHJI H3 MHpHOrO COCTO.HHH.H B OOeBy iO

rOTOBHOCTb.

Hapo~uoe npe~cTaBHTe.JILCTBO - y-.:racTHe BbiOOpHbiX npe~cTaBHTeneM: OT Hapo~a

B opraHax rocy~apcTBeHHoro ynpaBJieHH.H.

Ha~HOH3JIH3M - B3rJISI~bi, HarrpasJieHHhie Ha coxpaHeHHe HaiJ;HOHaJibHOH caMo

ObiTHOCTH HJIH ooecrre-.:reHHe HaD;HOHaJibHOH He3aBHCHMOCTH.

Ha~uouaJILHoe caMocoauauue - ocoaHaHHe rrpe~cTaBHTeJI.HMH Hapo~a cBoero

e~HHCTBa, npaBa Ha He3aBHCHMOCTb H CBOOO~y.

He~OHMKH Heynna-.:reHHhle B cpOK HaJIOrli, coopbl.

HurHJIH3M - oTpHn;aHHe o6ID;enpHHSITbiX :u;eHHOCTeii.

OnoJI'IeuHe - BoiicKo, coa~asaeMoe B noMOID;b peryn.HpHoii apMHH ua ~oopoBOJib

HbiX Ha-.:ranax.

IleHLKa - BOJIOKHO H3 KOHOITJIH ~JI.H IIpOH3BO~CTBa KaHaTOB.

IlepeCeJieJI'IeCK3.H llOJIHTHK3 - nepeMeiD;eHHe HaCeJieHH.H Ha llOCTO.HHHOe mH

TeJibCTBO B ManoHaceneHHhle oKpaHHHhie paiioHhl - B CH6Hpb, romHoe Ilpny

panbe, Ha CeBepHbiH KaBKa3, B HoBopoccnro, HnmHee IloBoJimbe, Ha CBOOO~Hbie

3eMJIH.

Ilo~~eBK3 - ~JIHHHa.H MymCKa.H BepXH.H.H O~em~a C MeJIKHMH COOpKaMH Ha

T3JIHH.

IIO~OXO~HLIH H3JIOr - HaJIOr, pa3Mep KOTOpOrO 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ~OXO~a Ha

JIOrOIIJia TeJibiD;HKa.

IIOJIHrOH - MeCTO HCIIbiTaHH.H -.:rero-JIHOO.

IIOJIHTH-.:reCKHe Tpe60B3HH.H - TpeOOBaHH.H H3MeHeHH.H llOJIHTH"tleCKOrO pemHMa.

IloJIHTH'IeCKHH pemHM - coBoKynHOCTb npHeMoB, MeTo~oB, {j;>opM, crroc oooB ocy

IIJ;eCTBJieHH.H noJIHTH-.:recKoii, BKJiro-.:r:asr rocy~apcTBeHHyro, BJiaCTH B o6ID;eCTBe.

06hr-.:ruo no~paa~ensreTc.H Ha ~eMoKpaTH-.:recKHH n pa3JIH'IHhie BH~bi H e,D;eMoKpaTn

-.:recKHx pemHMOB.

IloJIH~eit:cKoe rocy~apcTBO - xapaKTepHCTHKa noJIHTH-.:recKoro CTposr, npH Ko

TopoM npaKTHKyeTCSI IIO,D;aBJieHHe BHyTpeHHHX npOTHBHHKOB MeT0~3MH IIOJIHTH

-.:reCKOrO HaCHJIHSI, cnemKH H CbiCKa cnnaMH oxpaHhi rrop.H~Ka. B TaKOM rocy~ap

CTBe CyiD;eCTByeT KOHTpOJib 3a MeCTOnpeOhlBaHHeM, nepe~BHmeHHeM,

llOBe,D;eHHeM rpam~aH, Be,D;eTC.H COOp CBe,D;eHHH 0 .HBHbiX H BepO.HTHbiX npOTHBHH

KaX BJI3CTeH.

IloJiycpaopHK3T - npo~yKT Tpy~a, KOTOpbiH ~OJimeH npOHTH eiiJ;e O~Hy HJIH He

CKOJibKO CTyneHeH OOpaOOTKH, npe:>K,D;e -.:reM CT8Tb rOTOBbiM H3~eJIHeM.

IlomJIHHa - ,D;eHemHhlH c6op, B3HMaeMbiH rocy,D;apcTBeHHhlMH opraHaMH. TaMo

meHHasr llOIIIJIHHa - COOp 3a BB03HMble HJIH BbiB03HMbie H3 CTpaHbl TOBapbi.

IlpaBOBOe rocy~apCTBO - rocy~apCTBO, B KOTOpOM BJiaCTb OCyiiJ;eCTBJI.HeTC.H Ha

OCHOBe cnpaBe~JIHBbiX 3aKOHOB.

IlpHC.fDKHLIH llOBepeHHLIH - MBOKaT Ha rocy,D;apCTBeHHOH CJiym6e npH OKpym

HOM cy,D;e HJIH Cy,D;eOHOH naJiaTe.

IlyOJIH'IHOCTL - ocyiiJ;eCTBJI.HeMbiH B rrpHCYTCTBHH nyOJIHKH, OTKpbiTbiM.

Pa,IJ;HKaJILHLIH - peiiiHTeJihHhlH o6paa ,IJ;e:iicTBHH.

PeaK~SI - nOJIHTHKa aKTHBHoro conpoTHBJieHHSI nporpeccHBHhlM nepeMeHaM B

o6~ecTse.

PeBOJilO~HOHHhiH rryTh paaBHTHSI - nyTh pa3BHTHSI o6~eCTBa, npe,IJ;nOJiararo~~d1:

pe3KHH, CK8'tJK006pa3HhlH nepexo.n; K HOBOMY o6~eCTBeHHO-ITOJIHTH'tJeCKOMy

ycTpOHCTBY.

PecKpHnT - nHChMO MOHapxa K no.n;,IJ;auHoMy.

Pe~H,IJ;HB - nosTopHoe npoSIBJieu.ae "tJero-Jin6o.

PocTOB~ecTBO - npe,li;OCTaBJieu.ae ,Z~;euer B .n;oJir c sanMauneM c .n;omKHHKa npo

u.euToB c npe,~J;ocTaBJieHuo:ii cyMMhl.

CeiiM - uaasaune aaKouo.n;aTeJihHoro opraua BJiaCTH B pa,IJ;e CTpau. B Ha'<laJie

XIX B • .n;enyTaThl B ceiiMhl na6npaJIHCh OT cocJIOBHH, a npasa nx 6biJIH orpaun

'<leHHhlMH.

CeKTaBTLI - '<~JieHhl peJinrnoaHhlX rpynn, ue npnaHaiO~Hx Y"tJeHne ocuosuo:ii

II,epKBH.

CenapaTHLIH MHp - MHp, aaKJIIO'!eHHhlH c npoTHBHHKOM o.n;HHM na rocy,Z~;apcTB,

BXO,ll;Si~HX B KOaJIHII,HIO CTpaH, Be.n;yiii,HX BOHHy, 6ea Be)J;OMa HJIH COrJiaCHSI CBO

HX COI03HHKOB.

CuTe~ - noKpaiiieHHas:I XJIOII'tJaTo6yMamuas:I TK8Hh.

Co~HaJIHCTH'IeCKHe yqeBHH - yqeHHSi o6 ycTpoii:cTBe o6~ecTBa, ocuosauuoro ua

06~eCTBeHHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha OCHOBHhle cpe,IJ;CTB8 npOH3BO,ll;CTBa (3eMJIIO,

npe.n;npHSiTHSi H T . .n;.) npH OTCYTCTBHH 3KCITJIY8T8II,HH '<leJIOBeKa '<leJIOBeKOM.

CTauu~a - 60JihiiiOe Kaaaqhe ceJieune.

CTa'IKa - oprauHaosauuoe npeKpa~eune pa60Thl c u.eJihiO .n;o6HThCSI swnoJiue

HHH Tpe60B8HHH.

CyKuo - IIIepcTSIHas:I TKaHh.

CropTYK - sepxHSISI MymcKas:I O,l.l;em,ll;a, THn nn,Z~;maKa c ,ll;JIHHHhlMH noJiaMH.

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FopiJun JI A. M.HTem. pecpopM8TOpOB I .H.A. rop~HH. JI.: 1989.

HJLbUii C.B. BHTTe 1 C.B. MJibHH. - M.: 2006.

KuJLH-CICaJt 0.11. IlecTeJib 1 O.M. KH.HHCKa.H. - M.: 2006.

Jleean006CICUU AA. BpeM.H rpaHOBCKoro: y HCTOKOB cpopMHPOB8HH.H pyccKoH: HHTeJIJIHreHI.J;HH I A.A. JieBaH~oBCKHH. - M.: 1990.

MuponenJCO C.B. CaMo~epm.aBHe H pecpopMbi. IloJIHTHqecKa.H 6opb6a B PoccHH B Ha'laJie XIX B. I C.B. MHpoHeHKO. - M.: 1989.

MuponeH-JCO C.B. CTpaHHI.J;bi TaHHOH HCTOPHH caMo~epm.aBH.a: IIOJIHTH'lleCKa.H: HCTOpH.H POCCHH nepBOH IIOJIOBHHbl XIX cToJieTH.H I C.B. MHpoHeHKO. - M.: 1990.

MocKBa. BbiT XIV- XIX BB. - M.: 2005.

MocKBa B O'lepKax 40-x ro~oB XIX BeKa. - M.: 2004.

Ilanmun H.K., liJLu.M.aiC E.F., Xopoc B.F. PeBOJIIOI.J;HOHHa.H Tpa~HI.J;H.H: B PoccHH. 1783-1883 I ll.K. IlaHTHH, E.r. IlJIHMaK, B.r. Xopoc. - M.: 1986.

IIecJCoe A.M. IlaBeJI I I A.M. IIecKOB. - M.: 2003.

PoccHiiCKHe KOHcepBaTopbi. - M.: 1997.

Ce~tenJCoea T.r., Ce.M.enJCoe A.B. ,IJ;eHem.Hble pecpopMbi PoccHH B XIX B. 1 T.r. CeMeHKOBa, A.B. CeMeHKOB. -CII6.: 1992.

CoJL06be6a A.M. IlpoMbiiiiJieHHa.a peBOJIIOI.J;H.H B PoccHH B XIX BeKe 1 A.M. CoJIOBbeBa. - M.: 1990.

ToMcunoe B. ApaK'lleeB 1 B. ToMCHHOB. - M.: 2003.

(/JeiJopoe BA. ,IJ;eKa6pHCTbi H Hx BpeM.H 1 B.A. e~opoB. -M.: 1992.

(/)eiJopoe BA. M.M. CnepaHcKHH H A.A. ApaK'lleeB 1 B.A. <l>e~opoB. - M.: 1997.

~bt.M.6aee H.H. CJiaB.HHOcpHJibCTBO. - M.: 1986.

:3uiJeJLb.M.an H.JI. PeBoJIIOI.J;H.H: cBepxy B PoccHH. - M.: 1988.

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