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TRANSCRIPT
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ISBN 978-5-09-028265-9
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• locyAapcrseHHble KpecTbf!He 40-45% KpenocrHble KpeCTbf!He 40-45%
• Mell.\aHcrso 4%
• Ka3aYecrso 6% )J,sopfiHCTBO 1 %
• npasocnaBHOe AYXOBeHCTBO 1 %
• KyneYecrso 0,5%
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C nepBhiX me ~HeR BORHa ao
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Hym~ ~eRCTByrot.u;eR apMHH. ToJihRO B IleTep6ypre B pSI
~hl onOJI'IeHHSI BCTYIIHJIO 13 ThlC. 'IeJioseR. ITo seeR Poc
CHH IIIeJI c6op MaTepHaJihHhiX II;eHHOCTeR ~JISI apM11H.
CyMMa nomepTBOBaHHR npeBhiCHJia ~oxo~HYIO 'IaCTh
emero~Horo 6IO~meTa cTpaHhi.
Hapo~HhiR xapaRTep BORHhi HaH6oJiee SipKo rrpo
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6bi, aM6apbl C y6paHHbiM XJie60M, yrOHSIJIH CKO'l', a CaMH
yxo~HJIH B Jieca. Er.u;e ~o Bopo~HHCKoro cpameHHSI Ha-
noJieOH TepSIJI eme~HeBHO no HeCKOJibRY COTeH
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IlocJie Bopo~HHCRoro cpameHHSI no HHHII;HaTHBe
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HHIO opraHI130BaHHhiR xapaRTep. CTaJIH co3~aBaThCSI ap
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Hhle CBe~eHHSI B TbiJIY Bpara, B TOM l.!HCJie B 38XBa'leH
HOR MoeRBe (oH ~ame HaMepeBaJICSI y6HTh HanoJieoHa).
B oJihiiiYIO 113BeCTHOCTb rrpHo6peJI KpeCTbSIHCRHR napTH-
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qeJioBeK H He pa3 ycrrernao rpoMHJI ,li,OBOJibHO KPYIIHbie
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1.10. IIupmu.Janbt 1812 z. Xy{JOJICflUK B .B. 360pblKUfl
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1 .11 . II epenpaBa pycc~eou ap.J.tUU •tepe.J H e.J.tan 6 ae~eaf5pe 1812 z. Xy{JoJtCnuK II. J{nwaoB
OxapaKrepV13yli1re ocHOBHble npV1-YV1Hbl KOHcp11V1KTa Me)I(Ay Pocct.1eli1 1.1 <DpaHl..(V1eli1.
noYeMy BOii!Hy 1812 ~ Ha3~BaIOT OTeYeCTBeHHOii!?
Kro, no saweMy MHeHt.-110, BbiV1rpan 6opOAV1HCKyiO 61.1rsy?
0npeAeJlV1Te OCHOBHble npV1YV1Hbl no6egbl Pocct.1t.1 s soli!He c HanoneOHOM.
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0 3arpaH~4HOM noxoAe pyccKo~ apM~~ s 1813-1815 rr.
0 pa6ore BeHcKoro KOHrpecca ~ C03AaH~~ Cs~m.(eHHoro cot03a
0 BHeWHenon~T~4eCKO~ AeR TenbHOCT~ Pocc~~ Ha 6anKaHax ~ ocsoeH~~ CesepHo~ AMep~K~
( KaKO~ ~enb~ C03AaBan~Cb aHT~cppaH~Y3CK~e KOan~~~~?
KorAa ~ KeM ~3 pyccK~x 3eMnenpoxOAL.leB 6btna orKpbtTa Cesepo-3anaAHaR AMep~Ka?
T eno M.V1 Kyry3osa ornpas~n~ s nerep6ypr no nyr~ cneAosaH~R TbtCfl4~ n~Ae~ BbtXOA~n~ npocT~TbCR C Ben~K~M nonKOBOA~eM. Or Hapsbt AO nerep6ypra (oKono 200 KM) rpo6 C ero renOM n~A~ Hecn~ Ha nne4ax. 25 ~~Hfl 1813 r. M.V1. Kyry3os c Bbtcw~M~ no4ecTflM~ 6btn noxopOHeH B HeAaBHO so3BeAeHHOM Ka3aHcKoM co6ope, nepeA KOTOpbtM 4epe3 HeCKOnbKO neT s ero 4eab 6btn noaasneH naMRTH~K.
1 .1 2. II a.t~tJLmnu K
M.H. Kymyaoey. CKy JLbnmop B .H . 0pJL06CKUU
3ArPAHM'IHbiM noxo -PYCCKO APMM • BHEWHRR nonMTMKA B 1813-1825 rr.
O TeLJeCTBeHHafl soii!Ha 111 3arpaHIIILJHblll1 noxoA pyccKolll apMIIIIII np111Be11111 K TOMy, LJTO POCCIIIfl Ha HeCKOJlbKO AeCflTIIIJleTIIIIil nana BeAyw.elll Mlllposolll Aep>Kasolll , oKa3bl saswell1 onpeAellfliOW,ee B03AelllcTBII1e Ha esponelllcKyiO Ill MlllpOBYIO nOlliiiTIIIKY.
C H3rH8HHeM Bpara H3 rrpe~enoB PoeeHH BOMeKaM 6hln ~aa rrpHKa3 rrep eeetih rpaaH:u;y H aatiaTb rrpeene~oBaHHe HerrpHSITenSI. Haqanaeh BORHa aa oeBo6oJK~eaHe EBporrhi OT BnaeTH HarroneoHa.
B SIHBape 18 13 r. pyeeKaSI apMHSI no~ KOMaH~oBaHHeM M.M. KyTyaoBa rreperrpaBHnaeh qepea HeMaH 11 B KOpOTKHa epOK oq11eT11na OT <})paHJ.I;Y30B ITOnbeKI1e 3eMnl1. 28 SIHBapSI 1813 r. oHa aaHSina BapmaBy 11 Bhimna ..\.. K rpaHI1I.I;8M IJpyee1111:. ..,.
IlepBOM Ha np113hiB AneKeaH~pa I K eoaMeeTHhlM ~e:MeTBHSIM rrpoTI1B HarroneoHa OTKni1KHynaeh Ilpyee11SI, 3aKmoqHBIIIaSI e Poee11e:M BOeHHhiM eoroa. BbieTpo poena apM11SI eoi03HHKOB. Beero aa rronTopa-~Ba MeeH:u;a apMI1SI Ilpyee1111, Harrp11Mep, yBen.wii1naeb 6onee tieM B ~Ba paaa 11 eoeTaBHna 100 Thie. qenoBeK. O~HaKo rnaBHOM e11no:M B 6oph6e rrpOTI1B HarroneoHa oeTaBanl1eh pyeeKI1e BOMeKa.
4 MapTa 18 13 r. OHH OeB060~HnH OT <})paa:u;y30B Bepni1H, a 19 MapTa aaaSinl1 raM6ypr. Bee aTo eoa~aBano yenOBI1SI ,ll;nSI rrepeHeeeHHSI 6oeBhlX ~eifeTBI1M Ha Tepp11TOpHIO eaMOH <I>paan;1111. ,lJ;nSI :noro no rrpHKaay KyTyaoBa rnaBHhie el1nhi pyeCKOM apMHI1 eTanH eoepe~OTOt{HBaTbCSI 3a 8nh6o:M B pa:Moae Jle:Mrrn;Rra.
O~HaKo B paarap 3TI1X npHrOTOBneHHM, B eepe~HHe arrpenSI 1813 r . , TSIJKeno aa6onen M.M. KyTy30B. 28 anpenH oa yMep B ropo~Ke ByHn;nay.
TeM BpeMeaeM Harroneoa cyMen co6paTb HOBYIO apM11IO, rrpeBoexo~HBIIIYIO "l£11eneHHOeThiO 06'he~HHeHHhie pyCeKo-npyceKHe eHnhi. B KOH:u;e arrpenSI 1813 r . pyeeKo-rrpyeeKHe BOMCKa rroTeprrenl1 rropaJKeHHe npH JlroTn;eHe, a aaTeM rrpH Bay:u;eHe H 6hmH BhJHYjl<,ll;eHhi rroifTM aa rrepeMMpHe e HanoneoHoM.
8Ta nayaa 6bma Herronb30BaHa ~nSI e03~aHI1SI HOBOM (IISITOH) aHTH<}lpaa:u;yaeKOM Koani1D;HH B coeTaBe Poee1111, IlpyeeHH, AHrnHH, IllBe:u;11R H ABeTp1111. B aBryeTe aoeHHhie ~e:McTBHSI Boao6HOBHnHeh e HOBOM e11no:M.
4-7 OKT.H6p.H 1813 r. no.n: JieM:nn;aroM npoHaomno o,n:ao H3 KpynaeM:mHx cpameHHH Toro speMeHH - BHTBa aapo,n:os. B xo,n:e
ero o6'he,n:HaeHHhie pyccKo-rrpyccKo-ascTpHM:cKHe soM:cKa tiHcneaaocTbiO 300 TbiC. qenoseK rrpH 1370 opy.D:H.RX aaaecmi rropa.meaHe 190-TbiC.HtiHOH apMHH Hanoneoaa, soopymeaaoM: 700 opy,n:H.HMH.
L Cpa:HceHue nofJ Jleilnl{UZOM. rpa610pa XIX 6.
IIocne :noro nopameHH.fl <I>paau;H.H sena 6opb6y yme TOJibKO H8 C06CTBeHHOH TeppHTOpHH. 18 M8pTa 1814 r. COI03Hbie soM:cKa BCTYIIHJIH B IIapHm. HarroneOH IIO,ll;IIHC8JI OTpetieHHe OT npeCTOJia H OTIIp8BHJIC.fl B CCbiJIKY Ha OCTpOB 8Jib6y. Bo <l>paHIJ;HH 6biJIO BOCCTaaoaneao rrpaaneaHe ,n:HaacTHH Byp6oaos. O,n:aaKo BJI8CTb Kopon.H, no aacTO.HHHIO A.neKcaa,n:pa I, 6hiJia orpaHHt~eaa KOHCTHTYIJ;HeH.
,rt:n.H pemeHH.H sonpocoa rrocnesoeaaoro ycTpoM:cTaa Esporrhl a ceHT.R6pe 1814 r. B Beae 6biJI coasaa Koarpecc CTpaa-no6e,n:HTeJibHHu;. Pemarom;HM: ronoc a,n:ech HMeJIH ,n:eneran;HH PocCHH, BenHKo6pHTaHHH H AscTpHM:cKoM: HMrrepHH.
BbiJIO pemeao soccTaHOBHTh esporreM:cKHe rpaHHIJ;bl, KOTOpbie cym;ecTBOB8JIH ,n:o aat~ana aasoesaTeJihHbiX noxo,n:os <Ppaan;yacKHX apMHH (.n:o 1792 r.). O,n:aaKo 3TO rronomeaHe 6blno rrpHH.HTO c cephe3HhiMH oroaopRaMH, TaK KaR Tpe6osanoch soaaarpa,n:HTb HaH6onee aKTHBHbiX yqacTHHKOB 6opb6bl c HarroneoaoM. AscTpH.H H IIpyccH.R sepaynH not~TH see csoH yTpat~eHHhie aeMJIH H nonyqHJIH HOBbie. AarnH.H ,n:o6Hnach rrepe- .,.:\.. ,n:aqH eM: ocTpoaa ManbTbi H MoaHqecKHx ocTpoaos. ~
AneRcaa,n:p I BbiCTYITHJI c npe,n:nomeaHeM o6'he,n:HHHTb IIOJibCRHe aeMJIH rro.n: caoeM: snacThiO. HecMoTp.H aa Hey,n:OBOJibCTBHe IlpyCCHH, T8KOe pemeHHe COCTO.HJIOCb.
MaaecTHe o 6ercTse Hanoneoaa c ocTposa 8Jib6bi H BOCCT8HOBJieHHH ero HMIIepHH BO <l>paHD;HH BeCHOH 1815 r. CH.HJIO B03HHKIDHe aa BeacROM Roarpecce cnopHhie sorrpochi H ycKopHno ,n:ocTHmeaHe cornameHH.H. 06'he,n:HHeHHhiMH cHnaMH apMHH AarJIHH, IlpyccHH H HH,n:epnaa,n:os Hanone-oa 6biJI paarpoMnea a 6HTae npH BamepJLoo H cocnaa Ha ocTpos Cs.HToM: EneHhi B ro.maoM: t~aCTH ATnaHTHqecKoro oReaHa.
Bo rnase pocc1111i1CKolil apM1111!1 Ha 6eJlOM KOHe KpaCOBaJlCfl AfleKCaHgp I. B OAHOYaCbe poccl!11i!CKII11i1 li!Mneparop aan He npocro no6eA111TeneM HanoneoHa, Ho 111 «~apeM ~apelil».
MeoaJtb 6 'lecmb 6cmynJtenu.R pycc~eux 60UCK 6 IIapuJIC
1.13. Bumaa npu BamepJtoo
BencKuu Konzpecc
anOAHCTpHSI VloaHH 1776-1831
PyccK~~ ~ rpeYecK~~ rocyAapcrseHHbl~ AeRTeJlb. PyKOBOA~Jl BHeWHe~
non~T~Ko~ Pocc~111 B 1816-1822 rr. nepBbl~ npaBII1TeJlb He3aBII1CII1MO~
rpeu111~ B 1827-1831 rr.
E~e EKarepvtHa II a caoe apeMs:~ crpeMvtJlaCb K C03AaHvtiO Ha oaJlKaHCKOM nonyocrpose, KoropbiM snaAena Typuvts:~, npaaocnasHo~
rpeYecKo~ vtMnepvtvt. Aa:>Ke caoero aroporo sHyKa oHa Ha3aana KoHcTaHTvtHOM B YeCTb OCHOBaTeJlS'l KoHcTaHTvtHonons:~ 111 HaMepeaanacb nocrasvtrb ero so rnaae 3roro 6yAY~ero rocyAapcraa
B KoHn;e pa6aThi BeHcKoro KOHrpecca ero y"<IaCTHHKaMH 6hiJIO IIpHHHTO perneHHe BpeMH OT BpeMeHH npOBOAHTh HOBbie 06J::D;He BCTpe"<IH AJIH o6ecne"<IeHHH HepyiiiHMOCTH IIOCJieBOeHHOrO IIOpHp;Ka.
AneKCaHAP I BhiCTymm c npep;JiomeHHeM C03AaTh C6RU{ennbtil co103 B HHTepecax o6ecne"<IeHHH MHpa B EBporre H crroKoi1:-
CTBHH BHyTpH rocyp;apCTB - "<IJieHOB COI03a. 1 4 CeHTH6-pH 1815 r. TaKOH co103 6hiJI C03AaH. ITepBoHa"<IaJihHO a Hero BOIIIJIH PoccHH, ITpyccHH H ABcTpHH. BcKope K CBHIIJ;eHHOMY coi03Y npucoep;HHHJIHCh npaBHTeJihCTBa Bcex eBporrei1:cKHX rocyp;apcTB, 3a HCKJIIO"<IeHHeM AHrJIHH, OcMaHCKOH HMnepHH H nancKoro rocyp;apcTBa. Y"<IaCTHHKH co103a 3aKpenHJIH 3a co6oi1: rrpaBo BoeHHO-ro BTOpmeHHH B TY CTpaHy, rp;e npOH30Hp;eT peBOJII0-D;HH, BHe 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MHeHHH npaBHTeJibCTBa CaMOH 3TOH CTpaHhi. 9 1
Op;HaKo yme K Ha"<IaJiy 1820-x rr. Bee "<IaJ::D;e CTaJIH
p;aBaTh o ce6e 3HaTh nponlBope"<IHH Memp;y cTpaHaMH -y-qacTHHD;aMH co103a. KaMHeM npeTKHOBeHHH, npuBep;IIIHM K pa3BaJiy CBH~eHHOrO COI03a, CTaJI BOCTO"<IHhiH Bonpoc.
BocTO"<IHhiH Bonpoc 6hiJI Bhl3BaH ocJia6JieHHeM H HaMeTHBIIIHMCH pacnap;oM OcMaHCKOH HMIIepHH (Typn;HH) H 6apb60H eBponeHCKHX p;epmaB 3a pa3p;eJI ee BJiap;eHHH.
ITocJie pa3rpoMa HanoJieaHa AJieKcaHp;p I aepHyJicH K :ap;ee co3p;aHHH Ha BaJIKaHax rpe"<IecKoro rocyp;apcTaa IIOA noKpOBHTeJihCTBOM Poccuu. B 1821 r. BCIIhiXHYJIO BoccTaHHe B rpe'-leCKHx o6JiaCTHx OcMaHCKOH HMrrepHH. A B 1822 r. rpen;HH 6hiJia npOB03rJiaiiieHa He3aBHCHMOH pecrry6JIHKOH. llhiTaHch rrop;aBHTh BOCCTaHHe, TYPKH mecTO'-IaHIIIHM o6pa30M pacupaBJIHJIHCb C era y"<IaCTHHKaMH. rpa¢ H. KanoaucmpuR. OKa3h!BaJI Heo6XOAHMYIO nop;p;epmKy BOCCTaBIIIHM.
B pa3rap BoccTaHHH PoccHH rrpep;'hHBHJia Typu;u:a Tpe6oBaHHe rrpeKpaTHTh npeCJiep;OBaHHH rpeKOB H ITpH-3HaTb He3aBHCHMOCTb rpeD;HH. 3BepCTBaMH TypOK 6biJIH B03Myrn;eHhl H B p;pyrux eBponei1:cKHX CTpaHax. PocCHH Ha'-laJia ycuJieHHO roTOBHThCH K HOBOH ao:Hae c Typu;ueH:.
Op;HaKo nop;p;epmKa BoccTaBrnHx rrpoTHBope'-IHJia npHHD;HIIaM CBH~eHHoro cai03a. K TOMY me HH AHrJIHH, HH ABCTPHH He meJiaJIH yKpenJieHHH no3HII;HH PoccHH Ha BaJIKaHa.x. BocTO'-IHhiH Borrpoc, TaKHM o6pa3oM, TaK H He 6h!JI peiiieH, a CaH~eHHhiii co103 oKa3aJicH Ha rpaHH pacnap;a.
Cesepo-3ana.n;aa.H AMepHKa 6hiJia OTKpbiTa pyccKHMH 3eMJierrpoxo.n;n;aMH B Hat.IaJie XVIII B. Tor.n;a me TaM rro.HBHJIHCb nepBbie pyccKae noceneaa.H, a 3TH 3eMJIH sowna a cocTaB PoccHH. YKa30M Ilasna I B 1799 r. 6biJia co3p;aHa PyccKo·AMepwcancKaJL KOAtnaHUJL C npaBOM nOJib30BaHHJ'I IIpOMbiCJiaMH H nOJie3HblMH HCKorraeMbiMH Ha .AJI.HcKe (B PyccKoii AMepaKe).
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yBeJIH"<IHB8JIHeh o6'heMhl BhlB038 xJie68. B To BpeMH KaK
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TOB8pax, ro.rr; OT ro.rr;a p8emHp$[JleH BhlB03 HX B A3HIO.
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1774- 1845 POCCV1iiiCKV1j;i rocyAapaseHHblj;i AeRTeJlb. B 1812 r. - reHepan-V1HTeHAaHT 1-iil 3anaAHOiil apMV1V1, a c 1813 r. -rnasa V1HTeHAaHTCKoj;i cnyx6bl scej;i AelilasyiOU(eiil apMV1V1. MV1HV1CTp cpV1-HaHcos s 1823-1844 rr. )
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4ro raKoe npoMbiWJleHHbliil nepesopor?
4TO HOBOfO nOS!Bit1JlOCb B C€JlbCKOM X03Slii!CTB€ B nepsy10 nOJlOBIII HY XIX s.? 4ro coxpaHIIIIlOCb or npe>t<HIIIX seKOs?
.[loKa>KIIITe, YTO KpenocrHoe npaso cgep>t<V1Bano pocr npoMbiWileHHOCTIII.
KaK noBJliiiS!Ila ¢1t1HaHcosaSl pe¢opMa E.cP. KaHKpii!Ha Ha 3KOHOMV1 -YecKoe pa3Bit1TIIIe crpaHbl?
06 OCHOBH~X HanpaaneH~~X ~ AB~)I(eH~~X 06lll€CTB€HH0!71 )1(~3H~ B Pocc~~ np~ H~Konae I
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A a)l(e ~HocrpaHHbre cnoaa. soweAw~e a pyccKyro peYb, cnaa~Ho¢~nbr npeAnaran~ ~CKniDY~Tb
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KOHCEPBAT~BHOE .AB~)f(EH~E rJiaBHbiM H.D;eOJIOI'OM C$op
MHpOBaBmerOCH pOCCHHCKOI'O KOHCepaaTH3Ma CTRJI
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KpoaaabiM yco6H~aM. H36aBnTb Poccnro OT 3Toro cno
co6Hbl JlHIDb Te npHH~nbi, KOTOpbie npHC~H ee Hapo
.D;y: npaBOCJiaBHe, CaMO.n;epmaBne, HapO,ll;HOCTb. rJiaBHbiM
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ane ¥ BapOB O~eHHBaJI KaK CaMYJO 3$$eKTHBHYIO $OpMy
BJiaCTH B POCCHH. Ilo.n; HapO,ll;HOCTbiO OH nOHHMaJI HCTO
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aapo.D;OM H MOHapxoM, C'lHTaJI Yaapoa, acer.D;a cym;ecTao
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6y.D;eT rapaHTOM ycnemaoro pa3BHTHH PoccHH.
KpynaeiimHMH TeopeTnKaMH KOHcepBaTHBHoro
aanpaaJieHHH 6biJIH TaKme HCTopHKH H.r. YcmpR.JWB H
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3ana.D;HHKRMH H CJiaBHHo<'PHJiaMH.
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HM IleTpa I. 3a.D;a"lla PoCCHH, no HX MHeHHIO, COCTOSIJia B
TOM, 'IT06bl npHMKHYTb K 3ana,Z~;y H o6pa30BaTb BMeCTe C
HHM •e.D;HHYIO o6~e'leJIOBe"tleCKYIO KYJibTypHyiO CeMbiO•.
CJiaBSIHO$HJibl (ny6JIH~HCThi 6paTbSI K.C. H H.C. A~eca~eoBbL, 6paTbSI H.B. n II.B. KupeeBc~eue, JO.(/J. CaMapun, A.C. XoJ.tJLICOB, AH. KoweJLeB), aanpOTHB, OTCTaH
BaJIH H,ll;eiO CaM06biTHOCTH Kam,ll;OI'O HapO,ll;a, B TOM qHCJie
n pyccKoro. roaopSI o PoccHn, DHH no.n;qepKHBaJIH oco-
6eHHOCTH ee I'OCy,ll;apCTBeHHOI'O H o6~eCTBeHHOI'O 6biTa,
npaBOCJiaBHOH Bepbi. C 3TOH TOqKH 3peHHSI CJiaBSIHO$H-
Jlbl OTpHU,aTeJibHO OU,eHHBaJIH ,ZJ;eSITeJibHOCTb fieTpa I. rnaBHOH 3a,ZJ;a'leH, CTOSIIII,eH nepe,ZJ; CTpaHOH B cepe,ZJ;HHe
XIX B., CJiaBSIHO$HJibl C'HITaJIH B03Bpaiii,eHHe ee B eTa
poe, CaM06biTHOe COCTOSIHHe.
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peBOJIIOU,HOHHOH H,ZJ;eOJIOI'HH CblrpaJIH CTy,ll;eH'IeCKHe
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CHTeTe, B 1831 r . - KpymoK H.n. CYHrypOBa. B 1834 r.
6biJI pa3rpoMJieH KPY>KOK AH. repu,ena H H.fl. Ozapeea. KpymKH 6biJIH pacKphlTbi BO BJIMHMHpe, He.m11ue,
KypcKe, Ha ypanbCKHX 3aBO,ZJ;ax.
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B PoccHH B03HHKJIO B 1840- 1850-e rr. Ouo 3apO,ll;HJIOCb
ue TOJihKO B u,eHTpe PoccHn, HO n B pSI)l;e uau,HOHaJib
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HhiX opraHH3au,H:H cTaJio KupuJIJLO-M erpoaueecx:oe o6~ecmeo ua YKpaBHe (1846- 184 7). Cpe,ZJ;H pyKOBO,ZJ;HTeJie:H
3TOH opraHH3aD;HH 6hlJIH H.H. KocmoM.apo6 H T.r. mee<tenx:o.
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HOI'O ,ZJ;BH.meHHSI. Ouo 6hlJIO CBSI3aHo B rrepByiO O'lepe,ll;h c
,ZJ;eSITeJibHOCTbiO A.M. repu,eHa, H.n. OrapeBa H B.r. BeJLUiiC ICOZO.
B 1840-e rr. 6biJIH C03,ll;aHbl rrepBbie peBOJIIOU.HOHHbie
opraHH3au,HH co~HanucTos. K nx 'IHCJIY npe.m,ZJ;e Bcero
OTHOCHTCSI 06III,eCTBO, CJIOJKHBmeeCSI B 1845 1'. B fieTep-
6ypre BOKpyr M.B. Bymawe8u'l.a-flempaw.e8cx:ozo. 3,ZJ;eCb BbiCKa3biBaJIHCb H)l;eH llO,ll;I'OTOBKH peBOJIIOU,HH B
PoccHB. KpymoK 6hm pa3rpoMJieH, a 21 'leJioBeK npnroBo
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n .SI. 4AA.O.AE Oco6oe MecTo B o6III,eCTBeuuo:H MhlCJIH 11
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BceMnpuo:H HCTOpHn, o "AYXOBHOM 3acToe• B PoccHH H
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actAaeB neTp SIKosneBM't
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KaKyiO l..(enb npecneAosano npaBV1TenbCTBO H111KonaR I, BbiABV1raR TeOpV110 OqJV1l..(V1anbHOC1 HapOAHOCTII1? KaKOBO ee 3HaYeHII1e?
Yro 061.l..\ero so B3rnRAax 3anaAHV1KOB 111 cnaBRHOcp111nOB 111 B YeM pa3ni11YV1R?
KaK Bbl Mo>Kere onpeAeflii1Tb Mecro s o61.l..\eCTseHHOM AB111>KeHII1111 1830-1850-x rr n .Sl YaaAaesa? K KaKoMy narep10 Bbl MO>Kere era orHeCTIII?
OCHOBH~X HanpasneH~RX
BHewHeli1 nomrr~K~ HVIKonaR I
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Tenb. PyKOBOAiiln BHeWHelii nOJlliiTIII
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POCCIMI 1.-1 PEBO!liOUI.-11.-1 B EBPOnE Ilpn H nKonae I PoccR.H
nrpana ae,n;ym;y10 poJib a .mR3HR Eaporrbi. ,IJ;ayM.H ocaoaHbi MR HaiipaBJieHR.HMR ee BHernHeif IIOJIRTRKR 6biJIR 60pb6a C peBOJIIOD;R..HMR R IIOIIbiTKR perneHR.H BOCTO"<IHO· ro aorrpoca.
IlOCT MRHRCTpa RHOCTpaHHbiX ,n;eJI POCCRR C 1822 r. 3aHRMan K .B. Hecce:n.bpoae, C"<IRTaBrnn:H rnaaHoii :u;eJibiO CBOeH ,n;e.HTeJibHOCTR IIpOTRBO,n;eHCTBRe eaporreHCKOMY peBOJIIOD;ROHHOMY ,li;BR.meHRIO.
H nKona:H I rrnaanpoaan aoeHHbiH rroxo,n; ao <l>paHD;RIO ,li;JI.H IIO,ll;aBJieHR.H peBOJIIOD;RR 1830 r., HO TOr,n;a
.me acrrblxayno aoccTaHne B IIonbrne. IIoacTaHII,bl 3axaaTRJIR anacTb B Baprnaae n rrpoao3rnacnnn co3-,n;aHne Han;noaaJibHOro rrpaanTeJibCTBa so rnaae c KH.H3eM A .A . qapTopbiHCKRM. BcKope rronbcKa.H apMR.H 6biJia HarOJIOBY pa36RTa, a IIOJibCKa.H KOHCTRTy· D;R.H OTMeHeHa.
HnKonaif I c 6oJibrno:H Tpeaoro:H: aocrrpRH.HJI peaoJIIOD;RR 1848 r. B Eaporre. Oa rrpepaan ,n;nrrnoMaTR"<IecKRe OTHOilleHR.H C <l>paHD;Reif H IIpOB03r JiaCRJI 6opb6y «co cMyToif». ,I(n.H 6opb6bl c B03MO.mHoif peaoniOII,ROH· HOH «aapaaoif» HnKonaif ,n;BRHYJI K aarra,n;HbiM rpaHHD;aM
RMrrepnn apMRIO. B 1849 r. no rrpocb6e AacTpHH HHKona:H I HarrpaBHJI B BeHrpHIO 140-TbiC.H"<IHYIO apMHIO, B Te"<IeHHe HeCKOJib· KRX He,n;eJib pa3rpOMHBillYIO BOOpy.meHHble CHJibl IIOBCTaHD;eB, KOTOpble ,li;O TOrO II06e,m,n;aJIR aBCTpHHCKHe BOHCKa, R IIOKOH"<IRJia C aoccTaHHeM B 3TOH qacTH AacTpHHCKOH HM· rrepHH.
O,n;aoapeMeHHO B cTpeMneHHR ocna6RTb OcMaHCKYIO HMrrepHIO HHKOJiaH I rro,n;,n;ep.mnBaJI OCB060,n;HTeJibHOe ,li;BH.meHHe 6aJIKaHCKRX Hapo,n;oa.
Bee aTo ae Morno He 3aTparHBaTb HHTepecoa ,n;pyrHx eaporreifcKnx ,n;ep.maa, o6ecrroKOeHHbiX 3Ha"<IHTeJibHbiM ycHJieHHeM PoccHH.
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Koro M~pHoro AOrosopa.
2.6. Poccuucteue no.~t~eoeoiJqw nepeou no.JtOBUHbt XIX e.: a) A.JI. EpMo.~toe; tJ) H.lP. IIacteeeu'l; e) H.H. !(utJu'l
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CrpeMRCb ocna6~Tb ponb Pocc~~ Ha KasKa3e, AHrn~R nonbtranacb ~cnonb3osarb ocso6oA~TenbHoe AB~)KeH~e HapoAOB KasKa3a, oKa-3btBaR ~M nOMO~b Opy)K~eM ~ noCbiJlaR TyAa BOeHHbiX COBeTH~KOB. B HOR6pe 1836 r. pyccK~e cropo)Kesbte cyAa 3aAep)Kan~ y no6epe)KbR KasKa3a aHrn~tilcK~Vi Kopa6nb, Bbtrpy)Kasw~VI opy)K~e.
3ro nocras~no o6e crpaHbt Ha rpaHb BOVtHbl.
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CTaBJieHHH 0 pa3BHTHH mHBbiX opraHH3MOB CTaJI8 pa60T8
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BIIepBble IIpHo6peJIH CHCTeM8TH'ieCKHH xapaK.Tep H OXBa
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rrepBa.H reonorHqecK.a.H K.apTa EBporreiicKOH PoccHH.
r JI8BHbiM ,D;OCTHmeHHeM aCTpOHOMHH CT8JIO C03,D;aHHe
MOII.J;HbiX T eJieCK.OIIOB, KOTOpble II03BOJISIJIH COCT8BHTb 6o
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aHat:IeHHe ,n;JISI paaBHTHSI acTpOHOMHH B PoccHH HMeno
OTKpbiTHe B 1839 r. llyJLKOBCKoil o6cepaamopuu.
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B o6nacTH <l>H3HKH XIX BeK Ha'laJicsr c H3o6peTeHHSI nepBOrO HCTO'lHH:Ka aJieKTpH'leCKOrO TOKa, B pe3yJibTaTe 'lero BCSI MHpOBaSI HayKa H TeXHHKa BCTYllHJIH B Ka'leCTBeHHO HOBhiH aTan pa3BHTHSI. B PoccHH nepBasr pa6oTa B aToM: o6naCTH nosrBHJiach yme B 1801 r. B 1802 r. BacuJLuil BJLaiJu.Mup08Ull n emp08 pa3pa6oTaJI raJibBaHH'lecKYIO 6aTapeiO. Yme B 1832 r. lla8eJL Jlb808U'l illuJLJLunz C03~aJI nepBbiH B MHpe npaKT:KqeCKH npHrO~HbiH aJieKTpH:'leCKHH TeJierpa<f> - npH6op ~JISI rrepe~a'lH TIHCbMeHHbiX coo6ru;eHHH no npoBo~aM. B 1850 r. B.C . .fl1w6u H3o6pen 6yKBone'laTaiOrn;H:H: annapaT ~JISI Tenerpa<f>a.
PoccHHCKHe Hccne~oaaTeJIH TPY~HJIHCb BO BCeX OTpaCJISIX XHMHH - TeopeTH'leCKOH, opraHH'leCKOH, HeopraHH'leCKOH. Koncmanmun C u · zu3.MY1-1-iJ08Utt KupxzofjJ pa3pa6oTaJI cnoco6 nony'leHHSI rJIIOK03bl. B 1840 r. repMaH IiiBaHOBH'l recc OTKpbiJI OCHOBHOH 3aKOH TepMOXHMHH, Bbipa:>KaBlliHH IIpHHU,Hll COXpaHeHHSI ::meprHH npHMeHHTeJibHO K XHMH'leCKHM rrpou,eCCaM.
rr.r. Co6oJieBCKHH H B .B. Jli06apCKHH IIOJIO:>KHJIH Ha'laJIO llOpOillKOBOH MeTaJIJiyprHH. Y HCTOKOB opraHR'leCKOH XHMHH B PocCHH CTOSIJIH H.H. 3HHHH, A.A. BocKpeceHc
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s ABcTpaJIHH pyccKHe Kopa6JIH ABHHYJIHCb B TporrH
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rpyrrna ocTposoB, HaasaHHaH ocTposaMH PoccHHH.
3a 751 ,ll,eHh IIJI8B8HHSI pyCCKHe MOpSIKH IIpOillJIH
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noCTb HoaoapxaarenbCK, a 3aTeM cpopT Pocc. B 1815 r. OH npe,n,npHHHJI 3KCIIe,D,Hll;HIO Ha raaaHCKHe OCTpOBR C :a;enhJO Hx rrpHcoe,n,HHeHHH K PocCHH. O,n,HaKO ycrre- .,\.. xa oaa He npHHecna. ...,.
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COBepiiiHJI KpyrOCBeTHOe nyTemeCTBHe H OCTRBHJI
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Pe3yJihTaTOM aKcne,n,HII,HH HeaeJibCKoro H IlyTHTHHa,
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PeaJIHCT~HbiH MHp pyccKoro KyneqecT
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CTaJI BhlXO,ll; B CBeT B 1847- 1852 rr. <c38IIHCOK OXOTHH
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B 1820- 1830-e rr. Bee aKTHBHee 3aRBJI.H
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CTBeHBhlM co6hlTHeM B :>KH3HH MocKBbi.
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peweHV110 ABOpHHCKoro sonpo ca?
noYeMy, Ha saw B3rnHA, BO~Ha Ha KasKa3e OKa3anac b
cronb TPYAHO~ AM Pocc111V1?
CpaBHVIT€ OCHOBHbl€ nOAXOAbl K peweHV110 KpeCTbflHCKOr O
sonpoca B Pocc 111V1 np111 AneKcaHApe I 111 H~t~Konae I.
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np~t~BeAVITe npV1Mepb1.
rnaaa 111
:~noXA BEnMKMX PE.OPM
• OTMEHA KPEnOGHOro nPABA B POCG1V1
• PE<DOPMbl MEGHOro CAMOYnPABnEHVlfl V1 CYAA
• PE<DOPMbl B 06nACTV1 06PA30BAHV1fl V1 BOEHHOro AEnA
• nPETBOPEHVIE PE<DOPM B >KV13Hb
• COLlV1AnbH0-3KOHOMV1YECKOE PA3BV1TV1E nocnE OTMEHbl KPEnOGHOro nPABA
• 06LltEGBEHHOE ABV1>KEHV1E: nV16EPAnbl V1 KOHCEPBATOPbl
• 3APO>K)J.EHV1E PEBOniOL(VIOHHOIO HAPOAHVIYEGBA
• PEBOJliOL(VIOHHOE HAPOAHVIYEGBO BTOPOiil nonOBV1Hbl 1860-x - HAYAnA 1880-x rr .
• BHEWHflfl nOJlV1TV1KA AnEKCAHAPA II
• PYCCKO-TYPELlKAfl BOiiiHA 1877-1878 rr.
"f ,.,., •
KOPOTKO 0 mABHOM._
8 VICTOpV!VI YenoBeYeCTBa peAKO BCTpeYaiOTOl CTOnb BenVIYeCTBeHHble KapTV!Hbl KOpeHHOrO, HO MVIpHOrO npeo6pa3oBaHVIR rocyAapcrsa, B CMblcne ABVI)I(eHVIR BnepeA no nyTVI ryMaHHOCTVI, npOCBe~eHV!R VI cnpaBeAnV!BOCTVI, YeM Ta, KaKyiO RBVIna Vl3 ce6R 3noxa BenVIKVIX pe¢opM L\apcrsosaHVIR AneKcaHApa 11.
McroplltK H. B. .aaabtAOB
... ..
0 npeAnOCblflKax 111 np111YII1Hax orMeHbl KpenOCTHOro npasa B POCCII1111
0 nOAroTOBKe KpeCTbRHCKOiil pecpopMbl
0 6 OCHOBHbiX nOflO>KeHII1RX KpecTbRHCKOii! pecpopMbl 1 9 cpespaflR 1861 r.
B nOMHMTE B KaKII1X npo1113BeAeHII1RX pyccKolil
n111reparypb1 o6n111Yanocb KpenocrHII1Yecrso?
KaK111e 3aKOHbl, np111HRTble s 4apcrsosaH111e AneKcaHApa I 111 H111KOnaR I, pacwarb1san111 ycro111 KpenocrHoro npasa?
KaKos~ np111YII1H~ nopa>KeHII1R POCCII1111 B KpbiMCKOiil BOiiiHe?
if13MeHII1flaCb 111 arMoccpepa s pycCKOM o6~eCTBe. no o6pa3HOMY Bb1pa>KeHII110 111CTOp111Ka 8.0. KfliOYeBCKOro, «Cesaaononb YAap111n no 3aCTORBWII1MCR yMaM», 3HaYII1TeflbHO paCWII1p111B YII1Cf10 CTOpOHHII1KOB OTMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa. «Tenepb sonpoc o6 ocso6o)I(AeHII1111 KpenocrHbiX so scex yaax, - n111can n~t~6epanbHbllil AeRrenb K.,D,. Kasenii1H B HaYane 1856 r., - o6 3TOM rosopRT rpoMKO, o6 HeM AYMaiOr Aa>Ke Te, np111 KOTOpbiX npe)I(Ae Heflb3R 6blf10 HaMeKHyrb Ha norpewll1renb-HOCTb KpenocrHoro npasa, He npo-1113BeAR B HII1X KOpYb 111 HepB111YeCKII1X np111naAKOB». 3a orMeHy KpenocrHoro npasa aKTII1BHO Bb1crynan111 Aa>Ke 6n111>t<alilw111e POACTBeHH111KII1 4apR - senii1KaR KHRrii1HR EneHa nasflOBHa 111 MflaAW111Iil 6par KoHCTaHT111H.
3.1. Topz Kpenocmnot.lnu Kpecmo.Rna.Mu. XyiJoJKnuK H.B. Heopeo
OTMEHA KPEnOCTHOro nPABA B POCCHH
18 ¢e8pan~ 1855 r ., 8 caMbll71 pa3rap ce8acrononbCKol71 KaMnaHIIIIII, CKOHYanc~ H111KOnal71 I. Ha pOCCIIIi71CKIII i71 npecron scryn111n ero crapw111!71 CbiH - AneKcaHAP II. Ho-8bli71 IIIMneparop He 6bm Hill n1116epanoM, Hill cropoHHIII KOM KOpeHHbiX pecpopM. Ho o6cTaH08Ka, cnO>KIII8Wa~C~ 8 crpaHe, 3acra8111na ero scraTb Ha nyTb pecpopM 111 npe>KAe 8cero orMeHIIITb KpenocrHoe npa8o.
nPE.QnOCblllKIII Ill nPI!I4111Hbl OTMEHbl KPEnOCTHOrO nPABA
Ilopame~rne a KpbiMCKoH: aoime (1853- 1856) ca~eTeJlb
CTBoaa.rro 0 cephe3HOM BOeHHO-TeXBHtleCKOM OTCTa.B8BHH
PocCHH OT ae,zzyii.\HX eaporreiicKHX ~epmaa. Bo3HHKJia yrpo-38 CK8ThlBaHH.H CTPaHhl B pa3p.H~ BTOpOCTenem ~ep)Ka.B.
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KOH OTCTaJIOCTH CTPaHDI HBJIHJIOCh KperrOCTaoe rrpaao.
Pacxo~hi aa ao:Hay cep~>eaBo rro~opaanH ~eBemayro
CHCTeMy rocy~apcTBa. PeKpyTCKHe Ba6ophl, H3~HTHH
CKOTa H cpypama, pOCT IIOBHBHOCTeH p830p.HJIH B8Cene
HHe, npHBO~HJIH K MaCCOBOMY Be~OBOJihCTBY . lf XOT.H
KpeCTh.HHe He OTBeTHJIH Ba T.HrOThl BOHBhl M8CCOBhiMH
BOCCTaHH.HMH, OBH H8XO~HJIHCh B COCTO.HHHH Banp.ameH
HOrO Om~aHH.H u;apCKOrO YK838 06 OTMeBe KpeiiOCTBOrO
rrpaaa.
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npoCThlM ~eJIOM, IIOCKOJihKY 38Tp8rHBaJI8 HHTepe Chi BCe X
CJIOeB o6m;eCTB8. IlpH 3 TOM rnaBHa.H onopa BJI8CTH -
~BOp.HHCTBO - OCT8B8JI8Ch B CBOeM 60JihillHHCTBe npo
THBHHKOM TI0~06HOH pecpopMhl.
no rOTOBKA KPECTbSIHCKO~ PE<l>OPMbl Bnepsble o Heo6-
xo,D;HMOCTH OTMeHbl KpenocTHOro npasa A.11eKcaH,D;p II OcpHD;H8JibHO 38SIBHJI B pe'IR, npOR3HeCeHHOH 30 M8pTa
1856 1'. nepe,D; npe,D;CT8BHTeJISIMH MOCKOBCKOI'O ,ll;BOpSIH
CTB8. Ilp:H 3TOM OH IIO,l];'lepKHyJI, "t!TO 6y,D;eT 1'0p83,ll;O Jiy<I
me, eCJIH JIHKBH,ll;8D;HSI KpenOCTHH"tleCTBa npOH30H,D;eT
CBepxy, HejKeJIH jK,!J;8Tb, KOI',ll;8 3TO CBepmRTCSI CHH3Y.
A.11eKCaH,D;p II, TaK me KaK R ero npe,D;mecTBeHHRKR,
,D;06HB8JICSI, 'lT06bi npOCb68 0 pemeHHH KpeCTbSIHCKOI'O
sonpoca RCXO,D;HJia OT noMem;RKOB. Ho 6oJibillHHCTBO ,D;BO
PSIH ynopHo YKJIOHSIJIOcb oT KaKHX-JIH6o xo,D;aTaHCTB.
3 SIHBapSI 1857 r. A.11eKCaH,D;p II o6pa30BaJI CeKpeTHLm
KOMHTeT ~,ll;JISI o6cym,D;eHHSI Mep no ycTpOHCTBY 6biT8 IIO
MenJ;H'tfbHX KpeCTbSIH •. 0,D;H8KO MHOI'He 'lJieHbl KOMHTeTa
6biJIH SipbiMH IIpOTHBHHK8MH OCB060jK,l];eHHSI KpeCTbSIH H
BCSI"tJ:eCKH TOPM03HJUI ero pa6oTy. H Tor,D;a A.11eKcaH,D;p II pemHJI npe,!];IIpRHSITb 60Jiee ,D;eHCTBeHHble Mepbl.
B KOHD;e OKTSI6pSI 1857 1'. B IleTep6ypr
npR6biJI BHJieHCKHH reHepaJI-ry6epH8TOp
B.H. Ha3u.Moa, 6LIBmRH: B MOJIO,D;OCTH
a,D;'biOTaHTOM A.11eKcaH,D;pa II. OH npHse3 RMnepaTopy
aApec { o6pam;eHHe) OT ,D;BOpSIH BRJieHcKoii, KoseHcKoii
H rpo,n;HeHCKOH ry6epH:HH. 0HH 6LIJIH CKJIOHHbl OCB0-
60,D;HTb KpeCTbSIH, HO TOJibKO 6e3 Ha,D;eJieHHSI HX 3eM
JieH. B csoeM a,D;pece ,D;BopsrRe npocHJIH y HMnepaTopa
pa3pemeHRSI o6cy,D;HTb aToT sonpoc. A.11eKcaH,D;p II pe
IIIHJI BOCIIOJib30BaTbCSI CHTYaD;HeH, H 20 HOS16pSI 1857 1'.
Ha HMSI Ha3HMOBa 6Lm ,D;aH pecKpHIIT o6 yq:pejK,D;eHHH
H3 'lHCJia MeCTHbiX IIOMenJ;HKOB ry6epHCKHX KOMHTe
TOB ,ll;JISI IIO,ll;I'OTOBKH npoeKTOB KpeCTbSIHCKOH pecpop
Mbl. B pecKpHnTe yKa3LIB8JIHCb paMKH pecpopMbl: oc
so6ojK,D;eHRe KpeCTbSIH C 3eMJieH 38 BbiKyn, ,!];0
BbiiiJI8Tbl KOTOpOI'O OHH ,ll;OJI>KHbl HeCTH IIOBHHHOCTH B
II0Jib3Y IIOMenJ;HKOB. 5 ,D;eKa6psr 1857 1'. IIO,D;06HOe jKe
yKa3aHHe 6hlJIO ,D;aHo neTep6yprcKOMY reHepaJI-ry6ep
HaTopy rpacpy II.H. HrHaTbesy.
BcKope TeKcT pecKpHnTa nosrBHJICSI B ne'laTH H no,D;ro
TOBKa peQ>opMhl CT8Jia rJiacHoii. B cpespaJie 1858 r. CeK
peTHbiH KOMHTeT 6LIJI nepe:HMeHOBaH B rJiaBHbiH KOMHTeT.
B 46 ry6epH:HSIX 6biJIH yq:pem,D;eHbl ry6epHCKHe 4 KOMHTe
Tbl 00 yJiyq:meHHH 6biT8 IIOMenJ;H'lbHX KpecTbSIH•.
B MapTe 1859 r. B Ka"tJ:eCTBe ~pa6o-qero opraHa• npH
r JI8BHOM KOMHTeTe 6biJIH y'lpem,D;eHbl T8K H83biB8eMbie
peOaKZ~tUOH.H.bLe KO.MUCCUU, KOTOpbie 38HHM8JIHCb pac
CMOTpeHHeM MaTepHaJIOB, npe,D;CTaBJieHHbiX ry6epHCKHMH
KOMHTeTaMH, H COCTaBJieHHeM H8 HX OCHOBe 06m;er0 npo
eKTa 38KOH8 06 OCB060jK,l];eH:HH KpeCTbSIH. Ilpe,D;Ce,D;aTeJieM
KOMHCCHH 6hlJI H83Ha"tJ:eH reHepaJI Jl.H. PocmOBZ~teB.
neKcaHAP II 1818-1881
V1Mneparop BcepoccL~~IilcKLillil ( 1855-1881 ). V1HLIIL.4LilaTOp npoBeAeHLIIR WLII poKoMacwra6HbiX pe<popM e crpaHe. B AOpesoniOULIIOHHolii 11Li1Teparype
, YAOCToeH 3nL~~rera «Oceo6oAL~~Tenb» (3a OTMeHy KpenocrHoro npaea 1861 r. ).
4 neHbl peAaK~LiiOHHbiX KOMLIICCL~~iil 6~nL~~ Ha3saH~ cospeMeHHL~~KaML~~ «KpaCHbiMLil 6tapOKpaTaML!I», TaK
KaK BbiCTynanL~~ 3a ocso6o)f(AeHL~~e KpeCTbfiH C 3eMneiil 3a BbiKyn Lil
npespa~eH~e ~x s MenK~x 3e
MenbHbiX co6crseHHL~~KOB npL~~ co
x paHeHII1111 noMe~ll14bero 3eMne
snaAeH111fl. 3TII1 111Aell1 KOpeHHbiM
o 6pa30M OT111114aJ1111Cb OT 6 0JlbW111H·
CTBa npeAnO)KeH111iil, BbiCKa3aHHbiX
ABOpfiHCTBOM B ry6epHCK~X KOM~TeTaX, 111 )KeJlaHII1iil noAaBJlfltO~eiil
4acr111 noMe~II1KOB, nonarasw~x.
4TO y)K ecn111 111 ocso6o)f(AaTb
KpeCTbfiH, TO 6e3 3eMn~.
3.2. CfJteHbt peiJaK!{UOHHbtX KOMUCCUU: a) JO_cp_ CaMapun; 6) H A. M U.!t/Omun; e) II.II. Ce.Menoe; z) JI.H. PocmOB!{ee
-== MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE C::::
HCCJIE)l;OBAHH.H c::::
npoaHallH3Hpy~Te OCHOBHble C::::
nono.>KeHHSI KpecTbHHCKO~ pe- c:::: «f>opMbl 1861 r. c::::
c:::: c::::
-== KaKV1e nVIYHble 111 V1My~easeH- c=::: Hble npasa nonyYanV1 KpeabflHe c=::: nocne orMeHbl KpenoaHoro npasa? c:::: ...J KaKoe KOnw-leaso 3eMnV1 OHV1 c:=: nonyyan111? Yro raKoe BbiKyn 111 or- .:::::::: pe3KV1? -=c: J Kro raKV1e speMeHHoo6R3aHHble c::::=: KpeCTbflHe? -=t=
Cran n111 pyccKV1ill KpeabRHVIH ~~~::;:: co6aseHHV1KOM csoeill 3eMnV1? -==
PocToB~eB rrpnBneK K pa6oTe KOMHCCHM rrocne~o
BaTenhHhiX CTOpOHHliKOB rrpoBe~eHHH pecpopM H3 "'HCna
nn6epanhHhiX "!HHOBHHKOB H rroMe~HKOB - H.A. Mu.a10muna, IO.cJJ. CaM.apuna, B.A. qep1wcc1eozo, .H.A. Co.aoebeea, II.JI. CeM.enoea (6y,zzym;ero TaH-IllaHcKoro ).
B OKTH6pe 1860 r. pe~aK~HOHHb!e KOMHCCHH 6h!nH
3aKphiThl. Pa6oTa no ~oBe~eHmo pecpopMhl ~o KoHu;a 6hlna
rrepeHeCeHa B rnaBHhiH KOMHTeT. 3aTeM rrpoeKT pe<}lopMbl
6hln YTBep)K~eH B rocy~apCTBeHHOM COBeTe.
OCHOBHbiE nonmKEHI..UJ KPECTbSIHCKOJil PE<l>OPMbl 1861 r. 19 lf>eBpaJIH 1861 r. ArreKcan~p II rro~rrncan ManncpecT
«0 BCeMHnOCTHBeMmeM ~apOBaHHH KperrOCTHbiM niO~HM
rrpaB COCTOHHH$1 CB060~Hb!X cenhCKHX 06h!BaTeneif H 06
ycTpoiicTBe HX 6hiTa», a TaK)Ke «<Iono)KeHHe o KpecTha
Hax, Bhlme~mHX H3 KperrOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH».
KpecThHHe, paHee rrpHHa~ne)KaBmne rro
Me~HKaM, 06'bHBnHnHCb CB060~HhiMH H
Ha~enanHCb rpa)K~aHCKHMH rrpaBaMH.
IlpH OCB060)K~eHHH OHH ITOny"'MH 3eMniO, HOB OrpaHH
"leHHOM pa3Mepe H 3a BhlKyrr na oco6hlx ycnoBHHX. Pa3-
Mep 3eMenbHOrO H~ena, KOTOpbrn ITOMe~HK rrpe~OCTaB
nan KpeCTbHHaM, He MOr 6b!Tb Bhlme YCTaHOBneHHOH
3aKOHOM BOPMhl. B pa3HhlX ry6epBnax aTa HOpMa
KOne6MaCb OT 3 ~0 12 ~ecHTHH.
3.3. Manu(/Jecm AILeKcanopa II o6 omMene Kpenocmnozo npaea
3.4. Cfmenue Manwpecma 1861 z. Xyoo;J~Cnwc B.M. Kycmoouee
ECJIH K MOMeHTY OCB060:>K,ll;eHHH B
KpeCTbHHCKOM llOJib30BaHHH HaxO,li;HJIOCb
60JibiDe ycTaHOBJieHHOH 3aKOHOM HOpMbi,
TO llOMe~HK HMeJI npaBO OTpeaaTb H3JIH
IDeK. IlpH 3TOM y KpeCTbHH 06bi'1HO OT-
6HpaJIH aeMJIH ~IDero Ka'1eCTBa. BoJib
IDHe rpyiTITbi KpeCTbHH B006~e He
ITOJIY't!HJIH 3eMJIH: ,li;BOpOBbie, KpenOCT
Hbie pa60'1He MaHy<}>aKTyp, KpeCTbHHe
MeJIKOITOMeCTHbiX BJia,ll;eJihiT;eB.
CornacHo pe<}>opMe, KpecTbHHe
.D,OJI:>KHbl 6biJIH BbU<:ynaTb y ITOMe~HKOB
CBOIO aeMJIIO. BbiKYIIHBIDHe ee Ha3biBa
JIHCb KpeCTbHHaMH-C06CTBeHHHKaMH.
KpeCTbHHe MOrJIH nOJIY'tJ.HTb aeMJIIO H 6ecnJiaTHO, HO
JIHIDb 1 I 4 onpe.n.eJieHHoro aaKoHoM Ha.n.ena. ,Il;o BbiKyna
CBOHX 3eMeJibHbiX Ha,ll;eJIOB KpeCTbHHe, CTaHOBHBIDHeCH
8pe~teHH006.FL3aHHbt.MU, ,li;OJI:>KHbl 6biJIH ITJiaTHTb o6pOK
HJIH OT6biB8Tb 6ap~HHY B ll0Jib3Y ITOMe~HKOB. PaaMepbi KpeCTbHHCKHX H8,ll;eJIOB, a TaK:me o6poK H
6ap~HHa BpeMeHH006H3aHHbiX ,li;OJI:>KHbJ 6biJIH 6biTb T0'1HO
onpe.n.eJieHhl cornameHHeM Me:m.n.y noMe~HKOM H KpecTb
HHaMH - ycTaBHbiMH rpaMOTaMH. CpoK no.n.nHCaHHH yc
TaBHbiX rpaMOT onpe.n.eJIHJICH B 2 ro,11;a . BpeMeHH006HaaH
Hoe COCTOHHHe KpeCTbHH MOrJIO npO,li;OJI:>K8TbCJI B Te'1eHHe
9 JieT. B aTo BpeMH KpecThHHHH He Mor OTKaaaTbCH OT
cBoero Ha.n.ena aeMJIH.
PaaMep BhlKyna onpe.n.enHJICH TaKHM o6paaoM, '4T06b1
llOMeiiT;HK He JIHIDHJICH TeX ,ll;eHer, KOTOpbie OH ITOJiy<IaJI
OT KpeCTbHH paHee B <}>opMe o6poKa. IIoaTOMY BhlKynHaH
CyMMa TipHpaBHHBaJiaCb K KaiTHTaJiy, ITOJIO:>KeHHOMY B
6aHK, KOTOpbiH H3 paC't!eTa 6% ,ll;aB8JI llOMeiiT;HKY ,li;OXO,ll;,
paBHbiH cyMMe nony-qaeMoro paHee o6poKa.
KpecTbHHHH ,li;OJI:>KeH 6hiJI ynJiaTHTb noMe~HKY cpaay
20- 25% 3THX ,ll;eHer. l.JT06b1 ,li;8Tb B03MO:>KHOCTb ITOMe
In;HKY llOJiy<IHTb BCIO BbiKYIIHYIO CYMMY e,li;HHOBpeMeHHO,
npaBHTeJibCTBO BbiDJia'1HBaJIO eMy OCT8JibHble 75-80% . KpecTbHHHH :me ,li;OJI:>KeH 6hiJI OT,ll;aBaTh rocy.n.apcTBY aTOT
,li;OJir B Te'1eHHe 49 JieT C Ha'1HCJieHHeM 6% rO,li;OBbiX.
IlpH 3TOM rocy.n.apCTBO BeJIO paC'1eTbl He C K8:>K,ll;biM
KpecThHHHHOM, a c KpeCTbHHCKOH o6~HHOH. IIoaTOMY
3eMJIH CTaHOBHJiaCb He JIH'1HOH C06CTBeHHOCTbiO KpeCTb.H
HHHa, a C06CTBeHHOCTbiO KpeCTbJIHCKOH 06In;HHbi.
CJie,li;HTh aa ocy~eCTBJieHHeM pe<}>opMhi Ha MecTax
.n.on:>KHhi 6hiJIH oco6bie .MUpOBbte nocpeanwcu, a TaK:me
ry6epHCKOe ITO KpeCThHHCKHM ,ll;eJiaM npHCyTCTBHe B COCTa
Be ry6epHaTopa, MHHHCTepCKOrO '1HHOBHHKa, ry6epHCKOrO
npe,li;BO,li;HTeJIH ,li;BOpHHCTBa, npoKypopa, ,li;BYX na6paHHbiX
'1JieHOB OT ,li;BOpHH H ,li;BYX npe,li;CT8BHTeJieH ITOMe~HKOB,
Ha3Ha'1eHHbiX IIpaBHTeJibCTBOM.
3.5. lloJLiJenb e iJepeene. XyiJoJICnwc II A. CyxoiJoJLbC/Cuil
H anpV1Mep, eCJlV1 e:>Kero.n.Ho noMell.lV1K nonyYan or KpeCTbf!HV1Ha o6pOK, paBHbliil 1 0 py6mlM, TO BbtKynHaf! CYMMa B TaKOM cnyYae .n.on:>t<Ha cocrasnf!rb: 10 py6nelil- 6%, X py6nelil - 100%. 1 0 ·1 00:6 = 166 py6nelil 66 KoneeK
BOnPOCbl M 3AAAH KaKOBbl 6btnV1 rnaBHbte npV1Yii1Hbl
orMeHbl KpenocrHoro npasa?
KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy AneKcaHAP II raK ynopHo .n.o6111sancfl, YT06bt npocb6a o6 orMeHe KpenocrHoro npasa V1CXOAV1na or noMell.lV1-Kos?
Ha KaKV1X yCJloBii1f!X orMeHbt KpenocrHoro npasa ocraHOBV1nCfl V1Mneparop? KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy 6btnli1 onpe.n.eneHbl V1MeHHO 3TV1 ycnoBV1fl?
B YeM Bbl Bli1AV1Te nntoCbl V1 MV1-HYCbl KpeCTbf!HCKOLil pecpopMbt?
~ .t •• \ -." ~ •. ,• I • ~ • • • _:. ":
06 1-13MeHeHt.-HlX B CI-1CTeMe MeCTHOro ynpasneHI-1R
0 CyAe6Hotil pe¢opMe
HHTE YTO TaKOe BOTYI-1HHbttil cyA?
3 eMCTBa 6btnl-1 BBeAeHbl He BO scex ry6epH1-1RX Pocc1-11-1. Vlx He 6btno B ApxaHrenbcKotli, AapaxaHCKotli 1-1 0peH6yprCKOtli ry6epH1-1-RX, B C1-161-1p1-1, B CpeAHetli A31-11-1, T.e. TaM, rAe ABOpRHCKOe 3eMneBnaAeHI-1e oTcyrasosano 1-1n1-1 6btno He3HaYI-1TenbHbtM. OpraHbt MeCTHoro caMoynpasneHI-1R He Aetliasosanl-1 B nonbWe, ni-1TBe, 5enopyCCI-11-1, npaso6epe)KHOtil YKpa1-1He, KaBKa3e, TaK KaK TaM nOMeu.(I-1KI-1 He 6btnl-1 pyCCKI-1MI-1.
3.6. 3 e.M.cm8o o6eiJaem. Xyoo:HCH.UIC r.r. M.R-coeiJo8
PE.OPMbl MECTHOro CAMOYnPABnEHHR H CYAA
O TMeHa KpenocTHoro npasa, KOpeHHbiM o6pa30M v13 -MeHII1B COU,II1anbHO- nOnii1TII1YeCKYIO CII1TyaU,II110, noTpe6osana nposeAeHII1H u,enoro pHAa APY1111X npeo6pa3osaHII1ii1, BKntOYatOW,111X KpeCTbHHCTBO 8 o6w,eCTBeHHYIO >KII13Hb CTpaHbl.
3EMCKASI PEct>OPMA K Ha'-!aJiy 1860-x rr. npemHee
ynpa.BJieHHe Ha MeCTax IIOKa3aJIO CBOIO IIOJIHyiO HeCOCTO.H
TeJibHOCTb. 0TMeHa KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaBa II03BOJI.HJia ITpH
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B TO me apeM.H, y-qpem,n;aa 3eMCTBa, npaBHTeJihCTBO
He MOrJIO He C'-IHTaTbCSI C HaCTpOeHHSIMH ,D;BOp.HHCTBa,
3H8'-IHTeJihH8SI qaCTb KOTOpOrO 6hiJia He,D;OBOJibHa OTMeHOH
KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaBa. IloaTOMY O,LJ;HOH H3 rrpH"<IHH rrpose,n;e
HH.H peqlOpMbi MeCTHOrO CaMOyrrpasJieHHSI 6biJIO JKeJiaHHe
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npeJKHeH BJiaCTH.
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B MeCTHOM CaMOyrrpa.sJieHHH CMOJKeT OTBJie'-lb HaH60Jiee aK·
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3aCTa.BHT 3aHRMaTbCSI KOHKpeTHbiMH IIOJie3HhiMH ,n;eJiaMH.
1 JIIIBap.H 1864 1'. HMIIepaTOpCKHM yKa-
30M BBO,D;HJIOCb <•IlOJIOJKeHHe 0 ry6epH
CKHX H ye3,D;HbiX 3eMCKHX yqpem,n;eHHSIX >> ,
KOTOpoe rrpe,n;ycMaTpHBaJIO C03,D;aHHe B ye3,n;ax H ry6ep
HHSIX HOBbiX Bbi60pHbiX OpraHOB MeCTHOrO yrrpaBJie·
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li36HpaTeJIH ,n;eJIHJIHCh Ha TPH KYPRH (pa3pa,n;a) : 3e
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oT ceJihCKHx KpecTh.HHCKHX o6IIJ;eCTB . IIpaBOM roJioca
ITOJib30B8JIHCb TOJibKO MYJK'-IFIHbi.
BBo,n;HJICH BhiCOKHii HMyiiJ;eCTBeHHhiH
n;eH3: ,D;JIH 3eMJieBJia,n;eJih'-leCKOH Ky
pHH - BJia,n;eHHe He MeHee 200 ,n;eca
THHaMH 3eMJIH HJIH ,n;pyrRM He,LJ;BHJKH
MbiM HMyiiJ;eCTBOM Ha CyMMY He
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raJIH JIHIITb CBOHX YIIOJIHOMOqeHHbiX.
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JIH rrpe.n;cTaBHTeneM: a ye3)I;Hbie opraHbi caMoyrrpaaneHHSI.
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Ten:a OT KpeCTbHH B ry6epHCKHe opraHbi CaMOynpaaneHHH.
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paHHH - COCTOHJIH H3 npe)I;CTaBHTeJieH BCex COCJIOBHH B
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IIpe.n;ce.n;aTeneM 3eMCKoro co6paHHH 6biJI npe.n;ao.n;:aTeJib
)I;BOpHHCTBa.
npeACeAaTenb fy6epHCKOe 3eMCKOe co6paHiile
npeACeAaTenb Ye3AHOe 3eMcKoe co6paHHe
3eMneAenb<tecKaSI KpynHbte 111 cpeAHHe
3eMenbHbte co6crseHHIIIKiil
3eMCKHe C06paHHH <}>opMHpOBaJIH HCnOJIHHTeJibHbie
opraHbi - 3eMCKHe ynpaaLI, KOTOpble pa6oTan:u: 3 ro.n;a.
Kpyr aonpocoa, KOTOpbie peman:a 3eMCK:ae yqpem.n;eHRSI,
6biJI OrpaHH"tleH MeCTHbiMH .n;eJiaMH: CTpOHTeJibCTBOM nyTeH
coo6IIJ;eHHH, coopy.>KeH:aeM :a co.n;ep.>KaH:aeM mKOJI, 6onb
HHD;, pa3BHTHeM MeCTHOH TOprOBJIH H npOMbiiiiJieHHOCTH.
3eMCK3H pe<}>OpMa HMeJia CBOH He)I;OCT3TKH: Bbi60pbi
<}>aKTH"tleCKH CTpOHJlliCb no COCJIOBHOMY npH3HaKy, a pac
npe.n;eJieHHe no KypHHM .n;aaano npe:aMyrn;ecTBa .n;aopHHaM;
Kpyr aonpocoa, pemaeMbiX 3eMCTBaMH, 6biJI orpaHH"tleH.
Ho HecMOTPH Ha He.n;ocTaTKH, co3.n;aH:ae
3eMCKHX yqpe.>K)I;eHHH 6biJIO no6e.n;OH CTO
pOHBHKOB KOHCTHTYIJ;HOHHOI'O lipaBJieHHH.
BoKpyr 3eMCTB crpynn:apoaanacb HaH6onee ::meprH"tiHaH,
.n;eMOKpaTH"tleCKH H3CTpOeHH3SI HHTeJIJIHI'eHD;HH. 3a I'O
)I;bl CBOei'O cyrn;eCTBOB3HHH 3eMCTBa ITO)I;HHJIH ypOBeHb
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.n;opo.>KHYJO ceTb.
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Hbllil Hanor. KOTOpbiM o6naranocb
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np~HT~H ~ roprosble 3aBeAeH~H.
3.7_ 3eMcKoe ca.MoynpaeJLeH.ue
npeACeAaTenb fy6epHCKaSI 3eMcKaSI ynpasa
3 .8 . IIaM.RmH.bLU .JitaK 6 'Lecmb 3eMCKOU U ZOpOOCKOU pe{jJopM
3.8. ropoac~ea.R. pecpop.Ma
I ~136HpaTenbHaH KYPHH {KpynHble
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3.9. Ca1tiCm·IIem ep6ypz 80 8mopou noJLo8wte XIX 8. Xyao:HCI-t.UIC K . r erpm.aep
rOPOACKASI PE<l>OPMA B 1870 r. ITO THITY 3eMCKOH 6bi
Jia rrpoBe,ZJ;eHa ropo,ZJ;cKa.H pe<PopMa. 0Ha 3aMeHHJia
rrpemHRe COCJIOBHhie rOpO,D;CKHe ,ZJ;YMhi BCeCOCJIOBHbiMH
Bhl60pHhlMH ropO,ZJ;CKHMH yqpem,ZJ;eHH.HMH - rop O,ZJ;CKHMH
.zzyMaMH R r opO,ZJ;CKH MH y npaBaMH .
IIp aBoM Bhi 6opa B ropo,ZJ;cKyro ,ZJ;YMY rrOJih30BaJIHCh
Mym~HHhi, ,D;OCTHriiiHe 25 JieT H ITJiaTHBIIIHe ropO,ZJ;CKHe
HaJiorH. Bee H36HpaTeJIH B cooTBeTCTBRR c BeJIH~RHOH
yrrJia~HBaeMhiX B rrOJih3Y ropo,ZJ;a c6opos p;eJIHJIHCh Ha
TPH KYPHH. IIepByro KYPHIO cocTaBJI.HJia He60Jihiiia.H
rpyrrrra HaH6oJiee KpyrrHhlX BJia,n;eJih~eB p;oMoB, rrpo
Mhi iiiJieHHhiX H TOpr OBhlX rrpe,ZJ;rrpH.HTHH, KOTOphie ITJia
TRJIH B ropo,n;cKyro Ka3HY 1 I 3 Bcex HaJioros. Bo BTopyro
KypHIO BXO,ZJ;HJIH 6oJiee MeJIKHe HaJIOrOITJiaTeJib~HKR,
BHOCHBIIIRe e~e 1/a ropo,n;CKRX c6opoB. TpeTh.H KYPH.H
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IlpH a T OM Kam,ZJ;a.H KYPH.H H36HpaJia pasHoe ~HCJIO rJiac
HhiX B ropO,D;CKYIO ,D;YMY.
II H36HpaTenbHaH KypHH {cpeAHHe
HanoronnaTeflbU4HKH)
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ropO,ZJ;CKOe o6~eCTBeHHOe CaMOyrrpaBJieHHe Be,D;aJIO
peiiieHHeM X03.HHCTBeHHhlX BOITpOCOB: 6JiaroycTpOHCTBOM
ropo,ZJ;a, pa3BHTHeM MeCTHOH TOprOBJIH H ITpOMhiiiiJieH
HOCTH, 3p;pasooxpaHeHH.H H Hapop;Horo o6pa3oBaHH.H.
,li;e.HTeJihHOCTh ropo,n;cKoro caMoynp aBJieHR.H KOHTpo
JIHposaJiach rocy,n;apCTBOM. H36paHHhiH ropO,ZJ;CKOH p;yMoii
ropo,ZJ;CKOH roJioBa yTsepm,ZJ;aJic.H ry6epHaTopoM RJIH
MHHHCTp OM B H yTpeHHHX p;eJI . 8TH me 'lHHOBHHKH MOrJIR
HaJIO)KHTb 3aiTpeT Ha JII060e peiiieHHe ,D;yMhl.
IlpH BCeH CBOeH orpaHH~eHHOCTR ropo,ZJ;
CKa.H pe<PopMa 6hma IIIaroM Bnepep; B ,n;e
Jie ropo,n;cKoro caMoyrrpasJieHH.H. 0Ha,
KaK R 3eMcKa.H pe<PopMa, crroco6cTBoBaJia npHo6~e
HRIO IIIHpOKHX CJIOeB HaCeJieHH.H K peiiieHRIO BOIIpO
COB ynpaBJieHR.H, 'ITO CJiymHJIO npe,D;IIOChlJIKOH <Pop
MHpOBaHH.H B PoccHH rpam,n;aHcKoro o6~ecTBa B
npaBoBoro rocy,ZJ;apcTBa.
CY.QE6HAR PE<l>OPMA CaMhiM rrocJie.n;oBaTeJihHhiM rrpeo6pa30BaHHeM A.rreKcaH.n;pa II CTaJia Cy.n;e6Haa pec]lopMa, IlpOBe,ll;eHHaH Ha OCHOBe HOBhiX cy.n;e6HhiX ycTaBOB, IIpHH.HThiX B Hoa6pe 1864 r. Cy .n; CTPOHJIC.H Ha rrpnHu;nrrax 6ypmya3Horo rrpaBa: paBeHCTBe Bcex cocJIOBHH rrepe.n; 3aKOHOM, rJiaCHOCTH cy.n;a, He3aBHCHMOCTH cy.n;eif, COCT.H3aTeJibHOCTH 06BHHeHH.H H 3aiD;HThi, Bbi60pHOCTH HeKOTOpbiX cy.n;e6HbiX opraHOB.
BhlJIH C03,ll;8Hh1 ,ll;Be CHCTeMhi CY,ll;OB - MHpOBhie H o6:w;ne. MnpOBhie cy.n;hx paccMaTpHBaJIH MeJIK.He yroJIOBHhle H rpam.n;aHCKHe ,ll;eJia. 0HH C03,ll;aBaJIHCh B ropo.n;ax H ye3.n;ax . MnpoBhie cy.n;hn BepmHJIH rrpaBocy.n;ne e.n;nHoJIWIHO. 0HH Bhl6HpaJIHCh 3eMCKHMH C06paHHHMH H ropo.n;
CKHMH AYMaMH. CncTeMa o6m;nx cy.n;oB BKJIIO~aJia OKpymHhie cy.n;hi H
cy.n;e6Hbie rraJiaThi. qJieHhi oRpymHoro cy.n;a Ha3Ha~aJIHCh HMrrepaTOpOM H paCCMaTpHB8JIH yrOJIOBHbie H CJIOmHhie rpam.n;aHCKHe .n;eJia. PaccMoTpeHne yroJIOBHhiX .n;eJI rrponcxo.n;HJIO c yqacTneM 12 rrpncamHhiX 3ace.n;aTeJieH. llpnc.HmHhiM Mar 6hiTh rro.n;.n;aHHhiH Poccnn B B03pacTe OT 25 ,ll;O 70 JleT, rrpomHB8IOID;HH B ,ll;aHHOH MeCTHOCTH He MeHee 2 JieT. CrrHCKH rrpHc.HmHhiX yTBepm.n;aJIHCh ry6epHaTopoM.
AneJIJUI~HH no rroBo.n;y pemeHH.H OKpymHoro cy.n;a
rro.n;aBaJIHCh B cy.n;e6Hyro rraJiaTy. llpn'leM aneJIJiarvra no rroBo.n;y rrpnroBopa, BhiHeceHHoro cy.n;oM rrpncamHhiX, He .n;orrycKaJiaCh. BwcmeH: cy.n;e6Hoii HHCTaHu;neH: 6biJI CeHaT.
3.10. PoccuucTCue JOpucmbt emopou no;weunbt XIX e.: a) <P.H. n JleBaTCo; 6) B.!{. CnacOBU'l,' 8) A.<P. Konu
Pec]lopMa ycTaHaBJIHBaJia rJiaCHOCTh Be.n;eHHH cy.n;oB. 0HH CTaJIH rrpoBO,ll;HThC.H OTKphiTO. CocT.H3aTeJihHOCTh CTOpoH o6ecrre'IHBaJiaCh rrpncyTCTBHeM Ha cy.n;e6HOM pa36npaTeJihCTBe rrpoKypopa - rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJI.H o6BnHemra n a.n;soKaTa, 38Iu;Hill;aBIDero HHTepeCbi 06BHH.HeMOPO.
XoT.H HOBaa cy.n;e6Haa cncTeMa e:w;e coxpaHaJia p.H.n; rrepemHTKOB rrpOIIIJIOPO ( OC06hie BOJIOCTHbie cy ,ll;hl ,ll;JIH KpeCTb.HH, CY,ll;hl ,ll;JIH .n;yXOBeHCTBa, BOeHHhiX H BhiCIIIHX 'IHHOBHHKOB), TeM He MeHee OHa OKa3aJiaCb CaMOH rrepe,ll;OBOH B TO BpeM.H.
KO MeCTHbllil >K111Tenb He MOnO>Ke 25 ner. YaaHasnll1sancfl BbtCOKII11i1 o6pa30BarenbHblli1 111 111Myll..leaBeHHblli1 l..leH3: Bbtcwee 111n111 cpeAHee o6pa3osaHII1e 111 snaAeHII1e HeABII1· >KII1MbiM 111Myll..leCTBOM, BABOe 6qnbW111M, YeM np111 Bbt60pax B 3eMcrsa no 3eMnesnaAenbYecKoli1 Kyp111111. np111 3roM M111posbte cyAb111 nonyYanll1 AOBOnbHO BbiCOKYIO 3apa60THYIO nnary - OT 2,2 AO 9 TbiC. py6neli1 B roA.
B pyccKOM o6ll..lease B03HII1K He· 06btYali1Hblli1 111HTepec K aABOKaTCKOti1 AeflrenbHOall1. Ha 3TOM nonp111ll..le npocnas111n111cb BbtAatoll..lll1ecfl 10p111c Tbl <D.H nnesaKO, KHfl3b A.lll . Ypy· cos, B.)J. . Cnacosii1Y, A.<D. KOHII1 111 Apyr111e, 3ano>K111BWII1e ocHOBbt pyccKoVI WKOnbl aABOKaTOB-oparopOB.
a on noYeMy nocne orMeHbt Kpenocr
Horo npasa rocyAapcrso oKa3anocb nepeA He06XOA111MOCTbiO npoBeAeHII1fl Apyrii1X pecpopM?
KaKII1MII1 o6aoHrenbcrsaMII1 6btno o6ycnOBJleHO C03AaHII1e MeCTHOrO caMoynpasneHII1fl? KaKOBbt nntocbt 111 MII1HYCbl 3eMCKOii1 pecpopMbi?
KaK111e np111Hl..lll1nbt 6btnll1 nono>KeHbt B OCHOBY CyAe6Holi! pecpopMbi? KaK Bbt AYMaere, noYeMy 111MeHHO CyAe6Hafl pecpopMa OKa3anacb Hall1-6onee nocneAosarenbHolil?
0 pecpopMV1posaHV1V1 HaYanbHolil
06 OCHOBHbiX HanpaBn€HV1f'IX BO€HHOii1 pecpopMbl
KaKyiO nonV1TV1KY nposog111n HV1-Konali1 I s o6nacr111 npocsell.\eHV1f'l 111 o6pa3osaHV1f'l?
KaKosa cyrb CV1CT€Mbl peKpyrcKV1X Ha6opos?
npV1YV1Hbl nopa>KeHV1f'l Pocc111V1 s KpbiMCKolil soli!He?
8 rV1MHa3V1V1 npV1HV1ManV1 gerelil «scex cocnos1111i1, 6e3 pa3nV1YV1f'l 3BaHV1f'! 111 sepoV1cnosegaHVIf'!», npasga, np111 3TOM ycraHasnV1sanacb BbiCOKaf'l nnara 3a o6y4eHV1e.
3 .11. Kypcucm1ea. Xyao.HCHUK HA. JipowenKo
PE.OPMbl B O&IIACTH O&PA30BAHHA H BOEHHOro AEnA
J1 V16epanbHble npeo6pa3o8aHV1fl 8 o6w,ecr8e, crpeMneHV1e npa8V1TenbCT8a npeoAonerb orcra8aHV1e 8 80eHHoiil o6naCTV1, a TaiOKe COKpaTV1Tb 80eHHble paCXOAbl 8bl38anV1 He06XOAV1MOCTb np08eAeHV1fl KOpeHHbiX pecpOpM 8 apMV1V1. 3Ha'-lV1TenbHOVi nepecrpoVIKe noA8eprnacb CV1CTeMa o6pa3o8aHV1fl.
PE<l>OPMbl B 0611ACTI!1 nPOCBEU4EHI!1st B MIOHe 1864 r. 6hi
no yTBepm.n;eHo IIonomeHMe o Ha~aJihHhiX Hapop;HbiX
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o6m;eCTBeHHhiMM y~pemp;eHM.HMM M ~aCTHbiMH JIMIJ;aMM.
9TO npMBeJIO K C03p;aHMIO Ha~aJihHhiX IIIKOJI pa3JIR'!HhiX
TMIIOB - rocy,ZJ;apCTBeHHhiX, 3eMCKMX, u;epKOBHo-npMXO,ZJ;
CKMX, BOCKpeCHhiX. CpOK o6~eHM.H B TaKMX IIIKOJiaX He
npeBhima.rr, KaK npaBnno, Tpex .rreT.
C HO.H6p.H 1864 r. OCHOBHbiM TMIIOM y~e6Horo 3aBe
,ZJ;eHM.H cpe,ZJ;Heli cTyneHM cTaJIM rMMHa3MH. OHM pa3,ZJ;en.a
JIMCh Ha K.rraccM~eCKMe M peaJibHbie. B KJiaccn~ecKMX
rHMHa3HJIX 60JibillOe MeCTO OTBO,li;MJIOCb ,ZJ;peBHMM .H3bi
KaM - .rraTMHCKOMY M ,ZJ;peBHerpe~ecKoMy. B HMX roTOBM
JIM Mono,ZJ;emh ,ZJ;JI.H nocTynneHM.H B yHMBepcaTeTbi. CpoK
o6y~eHM.H B KJiaCCM~eCKMX rMMHa3M.HX CHa~aJia 6biJI Ce
MMJieTHMH, a C 18 71 r. - BOCbMMJieTHMH.
PeaJihHbie rHMHa3MM 6biJIM npM3BaHhi roTOBMTh <<K 3a
H.HTM.HM pa3JIM~HbiMM OTpaCJI.HMM npOMhiiTIJieHHOCTM M
ToproBJIH>>. 06~eHMe B HMX 6hiJIO ceMMJieTHHM. OcHOBHoe
BHHMaHMe y,ZJ;eJI.HJIOCh H3y~eHMIO MaTeMaTMKM, ecTeCTB0-
3HaHM.H, TeXHM~ecKMX npe,ZJ;MeToB. ,IJ;ocTyrr B YHMBepcMTe
Tbi ,ZJ;JI.H BbiiiYCKHMKOB peaJihHhiX rMMHa3MH 6hiJI 3aKphiT.
OHM Mornn rrpo,ZJ;onmaTh y~e6y B TeXHH~ecKnx BhicrnHx
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B MIOHe 1864 r . 6biJI YTBepm,ZJ;eH HOBbiH ycTaB ,IJ;JI.H
YHMBepCHTeTOB, KOTOph!H BOCCTaHaBJIHBaJI aBTOHOMMIO
3TH X ~e6HhiX 3aBe,ZJ;eHMH.
BhiJio nonomeHo Ha~a.rro meHCKOMY cpe.n;
HeMy o6pa30BaHMIO - IIO.HBMJIHCb JKeHC
KMe rMMHa3MM, HO ypoBeHb IIO,ZJ;rOTOBKM B
HHX ycTyiiaJI ypOBHIO IIO,ZJ;rOTOBKM B MYJKCKMX
rMMHa3H.HX. IlOCKOJihKY BblnyCKHMIJ;bi rMMHa3MH He MOr
JIM IIOCTyiiaTb B YflMBepCMTeTbl, ,ZJ;JI.H HMX 6biJIM OTI<pb!Thl
Bbicmne meHCKMe KYPChi B MocKBe, IIeTep6ypre, Ka3a
HM, KneBe. B ,ZJ;aJihHelirneM ,ZJ;eBymeK CTaJIM ,ZJ;onycKaTh H
B YflHBepCMTeThl, HO B Ka~eCTBe BOJihHOCJiyiiiaTeJieH.
BOEHHbiE PE<l>OPMbl B HOSI6pe 1861 I'. BOeHHhlM MHHH
CTpOM CTaJI /{A. M UJL/Omuu. ITo.n; ero pyKOBO)J;CTBOM
OCy~eCTBHJIHCb BOeHHhle pe<PopMLI, paCTSIHYBillHeCSI Ha
HeCKOJILKO JieT.
B 1863-1864 rr. 6LIJIO npose.n;eHo pe<PopM:aposaH:ae
soeHHo-yqe6HbiX aase.n;eHHH. 06w;ee o6paaosaH:ae oT.n;e
JISIJIOCL OT cneu;HaJILHOI'O: o6m,eo6pa30BaTeJILHY10 IIO,IJ;I'O
TOBKY 6y.n;yw;:ae OlPHIJ;epLI IIOJiy'IaJIH B BOeHHLIX
I'HMHa3HSIX, a npo<PecCHOHaJILHYIO - B BOeHHbiX yq:a
JIHID;aX. B 3THX yqe6HLIX aase.n;eH:aHx o6yqaJIHCL npe
HMy~ecTBeHHO ,D;eTH )J;BOpSIH. ,Il;JISI JIHIJ;, He HMeBillHX
cpe.n;aero o6paaosaHHSI, coa.n;asaJIHCL IOHKepcK:ae yq:a
JI:aw;a. B HHX npHHHMaJI:a npe.n;cTaB:aTeJieH: scex
cocJIOBHH. B 1868 r. ,D;JISI nonoJIHeHHSI IOHKepcKHX
y'IHJIH~ 6hlJIH coa.n;aHLI soeHHhle nporHMHa3HH. ITepe
CMaTpHBaJIHCb H COBeprueHCTBOBaJIHCb rrporpaMMhl
BLICWHX soeHHLIX yqe6HLIX aase.n;eHHH. B 1867 r. 6hiJia
OTKpbiTa BoeHHo-rop:a.n;:aqecKaSI aKa.n;eMHSI, B 1877 r. -
MopcKaSI aKa.n;eMHSI.
KopeHHLIM o6paaoM H3MeHHJICSI nopSI,D;OK
IIOIIOJIHeHHSI apMHH: BMeCTO peKpyTCKHX
Ha60p0B, cym,eCTBOBaBillHX CO BpeMeH
IleTpa I, BBO)J;HJiaCL BCeCOCJIOBHaSI BOHHCKaSI IIOBHH
HOCTL. CorJiacao yTBepm.n;eHHOMY 1 HHBapSI 1874 r .
ycTaBy, npH3hiBy IIO)J;Jie:>KaJIH JIHI.J.a BCeX COCJIOBHH C
20 JieT (II03)J;Hee - C 21 ro.n;a). 06~HH CpOK CJiy>K6LI B
CyXOIIYTHhlX BOHCKax COCTaBJISIJI B 15 JieT, H3 HHX
6 JieT - ,D;eHCTBHTeJILHOH CJiy>K6LI, 9 JieT - B aanace.
Bo <PJioTe - 10 JieT: 7 JieT - .n;eH:cTBHTeJILHOH cJiym-
6LI, 3 I'O,D;a - B aarrace. ,Il;JISI JIHD;, IIOJI~HBIIIHX o6pa-
30BaHHe, CpOK ,D;eHCTBHTeJILHOH CJiy>K6bi COKpaw;aJICSI
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6 MeCSIIJ;eB (,D;JISI HMeBillHX BhlCmee o6pa30BaHHe).
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e,D;HHCTBeHHLie CLIHOBLSI H e,D;HHCTBeHHLie KOpMHJILIJ;bl
ceMLH. Ocso6om.n;eHHLie oT rrpH3biBa aa'IHCJISIJIHCL B
orroJI'IeH:ae, co6:apaeMoe JIHmb so BpeMH BOHHbi. He
rro.n;JiemaJIH rrp:a3LIBY rrpe.n;cTaBHTeJIH Hapo.n;os CeBepa,
Cpe.n;HeH: AaHH, qacTb >KHTeJieH: KaBKaaa 11 CR6HpH.
B apMHH 6hlJIH OTMeHeHbi TeJieCHLie HaKaaaHHSI,
YJIY'IIIleHo n:aTaH:ae, rrepeo6opy.n;osaHLI KaaapMLI, pac
mMpSIJiacL CeTb COJI)J;aTCKHX illKOJI.
B peayJILTaTe pe<PopM PoccHH rroJiy'IHJia Maccosyro
apMHIO COBpeMeHHOI'O THIIa. l13 apMHH 6LIJIH H3I'HaHLI
MymTpa H naJIO'IHaSI .n;:acu;:anJIHHa. CoJI.n;aT TerrepL ~HJIH
He TOJILKO BOeHHOMY ,D;eJiy, HO H rpaMOTe, 'ITO cyw;e
CTBeHHO IIO)J;HSIJIO aBTOpHTeT BOeHHOH CJiy>K6LI.
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3.1 2 . ..QA. Mu;uomuu
aonPo I KaKOBbl AOCTOIIIHCTBa Ill HeAO
CTaTKIII pecpopMbl a o6nacr111 npocsell.\eHIIIH?
KaK~e ~3MeHeHIIIH npo~3own~ a apM~~? noYeMy peKpyrcKaH nos~H
HOab nepeaana orseYarb norpe6-HoaHM rocygapasa?
0 TOM, KaK pecpopMbl npeTsopfiJl111Cb B >KV13Hb
0 «KOHCTII1TY~II1111 Jlop111c- Mem11-
B YeM 3aKJ110Ya11111Cb npoTV1sope'-1111fl KpeCTbfiHCKolil pecpopMbl?
KaKOBbl HeAOCTaTKV1 3eMcKolil pecpopMbl?
0 KaK111e ::meMeHTbl cocnosHOCTV1 TaK 111 He yAaJlOCb npeoAOJleTb s CyAe6Holil pecpopMe?
B YeM npoTV1BopeYV1BocTb pecpopM s o6nacr111 npocseuteHV1fl?
n oKyweHV1e Ha AneKCaHApa II npo1113owno s JleTHeM caAy so speMfl nporynKV1 111MnepaTOpa. no o¢111~111aJlbHOiil sepc111111 np111'-IV1HOiil npoMaxa KapaK03osa crano TO, '-ITO era noATOJlKHyn KpeCTbfiHV1H Oc111n KoM111ccapos. 3a cnaceHV1e 111MnepaTopa eMy 6bl11111 no>KanosaHbl ABOPf!Hcrso, cpaMV111111fl KoMII1CCapos-KocTpoMcKolil 111 MeAanb. Ha Mecre noKyweHV1fl 6blna B03BeAeHa '-laCOBHfl, CHeCeHHafl B 1930 r.
DPETBOPEHME PECIJOPM B >KM3Hb
B onnow,eHII1e pecpopM s >KII13Hb npo111CXOA111IlO oYeHb cno>KHO. KoHcepsaropbl CYII1Tanll1, YTO pecpopMbl pacwaTbiBaiOT caMogep>KaBHbllil crpolil. Il1116epanb1 Hacra111san111 Ha AOBeAeHI/1111 pecpopM AO KOHU,a. CrpeMflCb y6epeYb crpaHy or norpf1ceHII11i1, 111Mneparop 6b1Jl BbiHY>KAeH JlaB111pOBaTb.
lt13MEHEHII1SI B nPABliiTEilbCTBE llot.ITH cpaay nocne o6Ha
po~oBaHH.H KpecTb.HHCKOH pe<PopMbi B OTCTaBKY 6biJIH
OTITpaBJieHbi ee aKTHBHbie ytiaCTHHKH - MHHHCTp BHyT
peHHHX ,n;en C.C. JlaHcJCou, H.A. MRJIIOTHH.
TontiKOM K Hatiany KOHcepBaTRBHbiX pe<PopM CTano
noKymeHRe B 1866 r . JI,. Kapa1C030Ba Ha AneKca:H,n;pa II. KoHcepBaTopbr o6BHHHJIH JIR6epanhHOro MHHHCTpa rrpo
cBem;eHR.H A.B. ronOBHHHa B pa3Bparu;eHHH MOJIO~emH
H~e.HMH HHrH JIH 3Ma H ~06HJIHCb ero OTCTaBKH.
BMecTo oTcTaBneHHbiX JIH6epanbHbiX t.IHHOBHHKOB Ha-
3HatiaJI:M:Cb rrpe~CTaBHTeJIH KOHCepBaTHBHblX CHJI. MHHHCT
pOM BHYTPeHHHX ~eJI 6hm HaaHat.IeH II A. BaJLyeB, nocT M:H
HHCTpa rrpocBern;eHH.H aaH.HJI JI,A. ToJLcmou, rne<PoM
m~apMOB 6hm Ha3Ha"IeH H.A. IllyBaJIOB, BO rnaBe IIOJIR
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JIFI6epaJIOB, TaK 'ITO pe<PopMaTOpCKa.H ~e.HTeJibHOCTb He 6bi
Jia CBepHyTa IIOJIHOCTbiO.
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JIR cyrn;eCTBeHHO orpaH:H'!eHbi rrpaBa 3eMCTB. C O~HOH CTOpOHbi, 6biJIH paClliRpeHbl BJiaCTHhle IIOJIHOMO'IR.H rrpe~
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HOCTbiO CO CTOpOHbl IIpaBHTeJibCTBeHHbiX OpraHOB.
B 18 71 r . 6brna rrpoBe~eHa pe<PopMa
cpe~Hero lliKOJibHoro o6paaoBaHR.H, B
XO~e KOTOpOH 6biJIM JIHKBH~HpOBaHbl pe
aJibHbie rHMHa3RR. B KnaccRtieCKHX
rHMHa3R.HX B ern;e 60JibilleM 06'beMe BBO
~RJIHCb ~peBHHe .H3biKR.
BMecTo peaJihHbiX rRMHa3HH coa
~aBaJIHCb peaJihHhre ytiRJIRrn;a, cpoK
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3.13. rocyi)apcm8ennbte i}eJLme.JLu: a) /l,A. To.JLcmou; 6) IIA. BaJtyeB
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B 11eTep6ypre, XapbKOBe H O,Z\ecce speMeHHbiX reuepaJI
ry6epuaTopos, KOTOpbiM 6biJHI npe,Z\OCT3BJieHbl 'lpe3Bbl
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nopH,Z\HTeJibHyJO KOMHccuro. Ee uat.JaJibHHKOM 6LIJI ua-
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BHTeJIH CTp3Hbl.
Ero rJiaBHOH 3a,Z\a'Ieii CTaJio uase,Z\eune nopH,Z\Ka B
cTpaue . Bee oxpaHHbie opraHbi 6biJIH cocpe,Z\OTO'IeHbi B
MnuncTepcTBe BHyTpeuuux AeJI. 0AHOspeMeuuo 6biJia
ocJia6JieHa :u.eu3ypa. Jlopuc-MeJIHKOB uacTOHJI ua
YBOJibHeHHH MHHHCTpa HapO,Z\HOrO IIpOCBe~eHHH rpa<t>a
ToJicToro.
BpeMH, KOrAa Jlopnc-MeJIHKOB uaxOAHJICH BO rJiase
BHyTpeHHeH IIOJIHTHKH roCy,Z\apCTBa, 6biJIO Ha3B3HO CO
BpeMeHHHKaMH <cau1Cmamypou cepau,a>> - coKpaTHJIOCb
'IHCJIO TeppopHCTH'IeCKHX IIOKymeHHH, 06CTaHOBKa B
CTpaue, Ka3aJIOCb, CTaJia 6oJiee cnoKoifuo:U:.
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npe,Z\JiaraJI ,Z\JIH OKOHqaTeJibHOrO yCIIOKOeHHH CTpaHbi 3a
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60TKH 3aKOHOB He06XO,Z\HMO C03,Z\aTb H3
npe,Z\CTaBHTeJieif: 3eMCTB H ropO,Z\OB ,Z\Be
BpeMeHHbie KOMHCCHH - a,Z\MHHHCTp8THBHO-X03HH
CTBeHHYJO H <t>nuaucosyro. CocTaB KOMHCCHH AOJimeu
6biJI onpe,Z\eJIHTb caM HMnepaTop. IIOArOTOBJieHuble B
HHX npOeKTbl 3aKOHOB npe,Z\IIOJiaraJIOCb HanpaBJIHTb
,Z\JIH o6cym,Z\eHHH B 06~yJO KOMHCCHJO, COCT3BJieHHYJO
H3 Bbi60pHbiX rrpe,Z\CT3BHTeJieH 3eMCKOrO H ropO,Z\CKOrO
caMoynpasJieHHH. IIocJie OA06peuHH B 06~eft KOMHC
CHH 38KOHOIIpOeKTbi IIOCTYIIHJIH 6bJ B rocy,Z\apCTBeH
HbiH COBeT, B 33Ce,Z\aHHH KOTOporo TOme y-qaCTBOBaJIH 6bl
10-15 Bbi60pHbiX, pa6oTaBWHX B 06~eH KOMHCCHH.
3TOT npOeKT IIOJiyqHJI Ha3BaHHe •KOHCTHTY:U.HH Jlo
pMc-MeJIHKOB3l). Ou MaJio noxO,Z\HJI ua peaJibHYJO
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eKT Jlopnc-MeJIHKOBa. Ho qepes uecKOJibKO -qacos HMrre
paTop 6biJI y6HT TeppOpHCTaMH.
OpMc-MenMKOB MMxaMn TapM3noaM ..
( 1825-1888) PocnuiicKI-1.:1 rocyAapcrseHHbli1 AeRrenb. reHepan or t<asanep~-11-1. Bo speMR pyCCKO rypel..lKOiit BOiitHbl 1877- 1878 rr. cpaKTw-tecKVI pyt<oso-1 AVIIl pycct<l-lMI-1 soiitcKaMYI Ha Kast<a3e. B 1880-1881 rr. - MI-1H1-1crp sHyrpeHHI-lX Aeil . noCJle y6!-1iitcrsa ,::caHApa I~ orcrast<e. __)
8 OTHOW€HI-111 ne'iaTHbiX opraHOB Jlop1-1C-M€1li-1KOB He np1-1MeHRJ1 Janperos 1-1 HaKaJaHI-1171. OH npeAno'-IVITan npoBOAVITb J1W·1Hble 6eceAbl C peAaKTopaMI-1, BO BpeMR KO TOpbiX AaBan COBeTbl no nOBOAY )l(enarenbHbiX An~'~ npas1-1renbcrsa reM AnR o6cy)I(AeHVIR a raJerax 1-1 )l(ypHanax.
KaK Bbl AYMaere, no'ieMy KOH cepsaropbl He peWVIJlVICb «cKoppeKTV!posarb» KpecrbRHCKYIO pecpopMy? KaKVIe pecpopMbl 1-1 no'ieMy noAseprJlVICb «KOHCepsaTVIBH0171 KOppeKTI-1-pOBKe»?
no'-leMy speMR, KOrAa JlOpVICMenVIKOB HaXOAVIJlCR BO mase BHyrpeHHe171 nonVITVIKI-1 rocyAapcrsa, 6biJlO Ha3BaHO COBpeMeHHVIKaMI-1 «AVIKTarypoliJ cepAI..la »?
Aalilre Ol..leHKY npoeKra JlopVICMenVIKosa. MO)I(HO Jll-1 C'iVITaTb 3TOT npoeKT KOHCTVITYI..tVIOHHbiM?
06 3801110~1-11-1 CO~I-1aJlbH0-3KOHO· MI-1YeCKOrO CTpOSl POCCI-11-1 nOCJle
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0 n p1-1YI-1Hax MeAJleHHoro ne
pexoAa ceJlbCKoro X03fliilcrsa Ha
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Ha cpeA HIOIO KpeCTbfiHCKYIO CeMbiO
np1-1XOAL-1Jl0Cb OKOJlO 30 py6neiil B
roA pa3Jl i-1YHbiX nnaTe)l(eLil. Anfl
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3 .14. Kpecm b.R.n cKuu o6eiJ. X y iJo:HCnuK K.E. M aKoecKu il
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B nepsbre rOAbl nocne orMeHbr KpenocrHoro npasa 3KOHOMIIIKa Pocc111111 nepe>t<111sana nepiiiOA aAanrau,111111, xapaKTep1113osasw111lirc~ onpeAeneHHbiM cnaAOM. 3areM s CTpaHe Ha4anc~ 3KOHOMIII4eCKIIIVr nOAbeM, CfieACTBIIIeM Koroporo crano 3asepweHIIIe npoMbrwneHHoro nepesopora s Ha1116onee sa>t<Hbrx orpaCil~X npo1113BOACTBa.
nOJlO>KEHLIIE B CEJlbCKOM X03SHI'ICTBE BoJibHee acero
KpecThHHCKaJI pe<PopMa y.n;apHJia no rroMem;HKaM. ,LI;JIH
ae,n;eHHJl X03JlHCTBa C IIOMOID;biO HaeMHbiX pa60~HX IIOMe·
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IIJiaTy, IIpH06peCTH C06CTBeHHbiH HHBeHTapb H pa6o~HH
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OTMeHbl KpeiiOCTHOrO rrpaaa KpeCTbJIHe o6pa6aTbiBaJIH
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3eMJIH CBOHM HHBeHTapeM, ~TO H JIBJIJIJIOCb HX IIJiaTOH 3a
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MHOrO~HCJieHHble KpeiiOCTHH~eCKHe rrepemHTKH. 0CHOB·
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KOB OCTaJIHCb B03MOmHOCTH IIpHHym,n;aTb KpeCTbJIH
pa6oTaTb Ha rQCIIO,li;CKOH 3eMJie B 3aKOHHOM IIOpH,D;Ke.
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HeCMOTpH Ha 3Ha~HTeJibHbiH poeT n;eH Ha
xJie6 (6oJiee "tieM Ha 100% ), apeHp;HaH
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X03HHCTBa 6biJIH o6peMeHeHbl H BCHKOrO
po,n;a HaJIOrOBbiMH c6opaMH.
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Topoii cy~eCTBOBaJIH KpyroBaH IIOpyKa H orpaHHtieHHH
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HYIO ~eHTeJihHOCTb KpeCTbHH. ...,.
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CHHCKaH 9KOHOMHKa cyMena ~ocTaTO'IHO 6hlcTpo rrepe
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MHqeCKOH IIOJIHTHKe rocy~apCTBa.
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1860-x rr. CTa.rr pe,n;a KTOP neTep6yprcKoro :mypHaJia
4CoBpeMeHHHK~ H.r. q epnbtw.eecKuu. B cBoHx cTaTI>.Hx
OH BbiCTynaJI 3a KpeCTb.HHCKYIO peBOJIIO~HIO, pa3BIIBaJI
11,11;e11 06 406~11HHOM~ CO~HaJIII3Me, paTOBaJI 3a C03,l1;aHHe
peBOJIIO~HOHHOH Opl'aHH3~HH.
B HIOJie 1862 r . 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI apec
TOBaH H llOMe~eH B IleTponaBJIOBCKYIO
KpellOCTb, r,n;e npoBeJI OKOJIO ,ll;BYX JieT.
TaM oH Hrurnca.rr poMaH «'llTo ,n;eJiaTb?~ . B
pOMaHe 'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH H3JIO:>KHJI CBOII B3l'JI.H,l1;bi Ha
6y ,n;y~ee CO~HaJIHCTHqecKOe ycTpOHCTBO 06~eCTBa, Ha
HOBYIO MOpaJib II HpaBCTBeHHOCTb. 8Ta KHHra CTaJia
HaCTO.H~eil «6n6JIIIeH~ ,n;JI.H pyccKHX peBOJIIO~HOHepoB.
H.n;eu 11 o6pa3 :>KH3HM repoeB poMaHa CTaJIH Ha ,n;oJirlle
ro,n;~>I npiiMepoM ,n;JI.H poccHiicKoii MoJio,n;emM. B 1864 r .
'l!epHbiiDeBCKHH 6biJI npHrOBOpeH K KaTopre H llOCJie
,n;yro~eMY noceJieHHIO B CH6HpH.
B 1861 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HRKJia TaiiHa.H peBoJiro
~MOHHa.H opraHH3a~R.H. ,[(JI.H ee Ha3BaHH.H 6biJIII B3.HTbl
KJiroqeB~>Ie cJioBa o,n;Hoil 113 cTaTeii H.II. OrapeBa -
t3eMJI.H 11 BOJI.H~. OpraHM3a~II.H o6'he,n;HHIIJia JIIO,n;eil 1'13
pa3HbiX o6~eCTBeHHbiX rpynn H COCJIOBIIH - «JIM~
pa3HOI'O qHHa II 3BaHHih (pa3HOqiiH~eB).
IIporpaMMa «3eMJIH 11 BOJIII~ BKJIIO'laJia Tpe6oBaHII.H
C03biBa napJiaMeHTa H YCTaHOBJieHII.H ,n;eMOKpaTIIqecKOH
pecny6JIHKII, IDHpOKOl'O MeCTHOrO CaMOynpaBJieHII.H.
Bbi,n;BMraJiacb TaK:me 11,n;e.H nepe,n;aq11 KpeCTb.HHaM Bceil
3eMJIH II 06'be)1;11HeHH.H HaCeJieHH.H B CaMOynpaBJI.HIO~ReC.H
06~11Hbi. ,[(e.HTeJibHOCTb opraHR3~1111 CBO,ll;IIJiaCb K 113,n;a
HHIO II pacnpOCTpaHeHHIO peBOJIIO~IIOHHOH JIHTepaTypbl,
co,n;eHCTBIIIO no6eraM peBOJIIO~HOHepOB 113 TIOpeM, MaTe
pllaJibHOH llOMO~H CCbiJibHbiM.
t3eMJI.H II BOJI.H~ l'OTOBHJiaCb HaqaTb OTKpbiTOe Bbi
CTyllJieHHe B 1863 r . , HO y:me B 1862 r. MHOrlle llJieHbl
opraHM3~MII 6biJIH apecTOBaHbi. BecHoii 1864 r. «3eMJI.H
11 BOJI.H~ npHH.HJia pemeHHe o caMopocnycKe.
TEOPIIISI PEB01110UIIIOHHOrO HAPOAHIII~ECTBA M,n;eH <•o6-
~HHHoro•> COII,HaJIH3Ma A.M. repii,eHa H H.r. l:JepHbi
UieBCKOro CTanH TeopeTH"t!eCKOH OCHOBOH CBOeo6pa3HOrO
nonHTH"t!eCKOI'O Te"t!eHHH pyCCKOH pa,AHK3RbHOH HHTennH
reHIJ;HH - Hap O,ZJ;HJPJeCTB a. H apo,ZJ;HHKH paccMaTpHBaJIH
Hapo,n;, npem,n;e acero KpecThHHCTBO, KaK pe-
anhHYIO nORHTH"t!eCKyiO CHRY H C"t!HT3RH
CBOeH rnaBHOH 33JJ;3"t!eH C,ZJ;enaTb 3TY CH
ny C03HaTeRbHOH H opraHH30B3HHOiL
PeaoniOIJ;HH ,n;onmHa 6hrna ,n;aTb B03-
MOmHOCTh POCCHH MHHOB8Tb CT3J];HIO
KanHT3RH3Ma H ycTaHOBHTb HOBblH
CTpOH, OCHOBaHHhiH Ha npHHIJ;Hnax pa
aeHCTBa H cnpaaeJJ;nHaocTR. KpynHhiMH
TeopeTHK3MH peBORIOII,HOHHOI'O HapO,AHH
"t!eCTB8 a 1870-e rr. 6hrnH M A. Ba~eynun, II.JI. Jiaepoe H II.H. T~ea'leB.
M .A . BaKyHHH 6brn HJ];eonoroM anapx:H:qeCKOro Kphrna
HapOJ];HH"t!eCTBa. ,ll;nH BaKyHHHa BblCUIHM 3ROM HBRHROCb
rocyJJ;apcTao. 0TaepraH u;eHTpanH30BaHHOe ynpaaneHHe,
COCpeJ];OTO"t!eHHOe B OJ];HHX pyKaX, HJJ;y~ee CBepxy BHH3,
OH npe,ZJ;nara.n: B3aMeH rocy,n;apcTaa cao60JJ;HYIO opraHH3a
IJ;HIO CHH3Y BBepx - pa60"t!He 8CCOIJ;H3II,HH (COI03bl),
rpynnhr, o6~HHhi, aonocTH, o6nacTH H Hapo,n;hr. Cao6o,n;
Hoe o6r.u;ecTao, no MhiCnH BaKyHHHa, - 3TO o6r.u;ecTao, a
KOTOpOM OCyr.u;eCTBHRCSI 6hl n p HHIJ,Hll C8MOynpaaneHHSI
Hapo,n;a. BaKyHHH ynoaan na CTHXHHHhiH Hapo,ZJ;HhiH 6yHT
npOTHB caMOJJ;epmaBHSI . PyccKHH napoJJ; on C"t!lua.n: H3Ha
"tianbHO HapoJJ;oM-6yHTapeM, HO ero ,n;onmHa 6hrna pa36y
JJ;HTh HHTeJinHI'eHIJ,HSI.
ll.n. naapOB 6hln HJJ;eOROI'OM nponaraHJ);HCTCKOI'O
Kphrna a HapoJJ;HH"t!eCTBe. On C"t!HTan, "'ITO HapOJJ;HaSI pe
aoniOII,HSI HymJJ;aeTCSI a ,n;nHTenhHOH noJ);rOTOBKe. Ocy~e
CTBHTh TaKyiO llOJ];I'OTOBKY MOrna, no MHeHHIO naapoaa,
JJ;ame He6onhUiaSI rpynna nyqUinx JIIOJJ;e.H: o6r.u;ecTaa. 0HH
J];OR)KHbi 33ll3CTHCb TepneHHeM, HJ];TH B HapOJ]; H llpH no
MO~H nponaraHJ];bl llOMO"t!b eMy YSICHHTb ero IIOTpe6HOC
TH H CHny.
ll.H. TKa"t!eB SIBRSIRCSI HJ);eOnOr OM 33I'OBOp~H"t!eCKO
ro HanpaaneHHSI a HapoJJ;H H"t!eCTBe. OH nonaran, "'ITO
KpeCTbSIHCTBO He CnOC06HO C8MOCTOSITeRhHO OCy~eCT
BHTb peaoniOu;HIO. PeaoniOII,HSI JJ;onmna npHHHTh cpopMy
nepeaopoTa, KOTOpbiH COBepUIHT CTpOrO 33KOHCIIHpHpo
B8HH8SI opraHH33IJ;HSI peaoniOu;HoHepoa. Ho npe,n;aapH
TenhHO aTa opraHH3aii,IUI JJ;OnJKHa 6brna «pacUiaTaTb•>
cy~ecTayiOr.u;yiO anacTh rryTeM Teppopa. TKa"llea C"'IHTan
neao3MOmHhiM paapyUieHHe rocyJJ;apcTaa. B xoJJ;e peao
niOu;HH, no ero MHeHHIO, JJ;OnmHa 6brna npOH30HTH aa
MeHa CTRpblX I'OCyJJ;apCTBeHHbiX HHCTHTYTOB HR HOBbie,
peaoniOD;HOHHhre.
3.22. H oeoJLozu pe60JLI04UOH l l020 ~tapoo H.u 'lee mea: a) MA. B aKyH.uH; 6) II.JI. Jlaopoe; o) II.H. T Ka'liiO
B npo~3BeAeH~~x ~Aeonoroa pesonto~~OHHoro HapOAHW-IeCTBa 6blna c~nbHa ~Ae~ AOnra ~Hrenn~
reH~~~ nepeA HapOAOM. BeAb ~Hrenn~reH~~~ nonyY~na o6pa3osaH~e ~ Apyr~e >K~3HeHHbte 6na ra ronbKO 6naroAap~ rpyAaM ~ n~weH~~M MHor~x noKOneH~i1 HapoAa. no3roMy, nocrpo~s cnpa BeAn~soe co~~an~cT~YecKoe o6-ll(easo, OHa CMO>KeT B03BpaT~Tb CBOi1 A011r HapOAY-
BOnPOCbiM HMR: KaKosa ponb H .r. LJepHbtweacKo
ro B peBOJliO~~OHHOM AB~>KeH~~?
,IJ.ai1re xapaKrep~CT~KY Ae~renb
HOCT~ opraH~3a~~~ «3eMJ1fl ~ BOll~».
B YeM CXOACTBO ~ pa3n~Y~e
B3rfl~AOB M.A. 6aKyH~Ha, n .n . naapoaa, n .. H. TKaYeaa?
KaKOBbl xapaKrepHbte YepTbl HaPOAH~Yeasa?
0 nOR8fl€H~~ nOAnOflbH~X HapOAH~Y€CK~X opraH~3al(~i71. ~X nporpaMM€ ~ TaKT~K€
0 np~Y~Hax nepexoAa K raKT~Ke «XO)f(AeH~R 8 HapOA»
0 AeRrenbHOCT~ HapoAH~YecK~x opraH~3al(~t71 «3eMnH ~ 80nR», «HaPOAHaR 80nR»
BCnOMHMTE KaK~e rai71Hble o6ll.\eCT8a ~ opra
H~3al(~~ cyll.\eCT808an~ 8 nep8ol71 nono8~He XIX 8.?
B KaK~x ~3 H~x o6cy~ancR 80-npoc o L(apey6~171a8e?
H eYae8 coCTa8~n « Karex~3~c pe-80fltOL(V10Hepa » - C80A npa8V1fl, KOTOpbiM~ AOfl>KHbl 6blfl~ pyK080ACT80BaTbCf! ero CTOpOHHV1K~ . .[\nfl
HeYae8a pe80fltOI..I~OHep - 3TO «o6peYeHHbll71 Yeno8eK. OH He ~MeeT n~YHbiX ~Hrepeco8, Aen, Yy8CT8, npV18H3aHHOCTet71, C06CT8eHHOCTV1, Aa>Ke ~MeH~. Bee 8 HeM 3aX8aY€HO OAH~M VlCKfltOY~Teflb
HbiM ~HTepeCOM, OAHOI71 MbiCflbtO, OAHOiil apacrbta: pe8ontal(V1el71».
3.23. Apecm nponazanaucma. Xy{}o:JICHUK H .E. Penun
PEBOniOI.IHOHHOE HAPOAHH'IECTBO BTOPOH nonOBHHbl 1860-x - HA'IAnA 1880-x rr.
r JlaBHOill U,eJlbiO HapO,lJ,HiiiKOB rlBilr!JlaCb no.o.rOTOBKa
KpeCTbrlHCKOill peBOiliOL.I,il1111 B PoCCII1111. npe.o.crasneHillrl 0
cnoco6ax .o.ocTII1>KeH111rl ::noll! u,en111 y HapO.lJ.HII1YecKII1X op
raHII13au,ll1111 He pa3 1113MeHHilii1Cb no Mepe np111o6pereH111r1
OnbiTa peBOiliOL.I,iiiOHHOil! ,lJ,erJTeJlbHOCTII1.
HAPOAH1114ECKII1E OPfAHII13AU111111 BTOPOLit no.nOBII1Hbl 1860-x-HA4A.flA 1870-x rr. B 1863- 1866 rr. cnomHJiacb rpyrr
rra H A. Hw.ymuna - H A . Xya-HKOBa. Ee tiJieHhi cTa
BHJIH 38.ZJ;atiy ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKH peBOJIIOD;HOHHOrO rrepeBOpOTa .
BHyTpH 3TO:iii: opraHH38D;HH .n;e:iii:CTBOBana TeppopHCTHtie
CKa.a rpyrrrra <<A.ZJ;>>, KOTOpa.H BeJia ITO.ZJ;I'OTOBKY n;apey-
6HifcTBa. B arrpene 1866 r . tiJieH 3To:iii: rpyrrrrhi ,IJ;.B. Ka
paK030B coaepiiiHJI rroKyiiieHHe Ha AneKcaH.n;pa II . B 1 869 r. C.F. Hellae6 OCHOB8JI B MOCKBe o6~eCTBO
<<Hapo.n;Ha.H pacrrpaBa>>. OH nnaHHpoaan rroKpbiTb PoccHIO
CeTbiO peBOJIIOD;HOHHbiX opraHH38D;HR, HO ero o6~eCTBO
BCKOpe 6hlJIO pa3rpOMJieHO.
B 1869 r . B IleTep6ypre cnomznc.a KpymoK <<tiaii
KOBD;eB>> (no HMeHH o.n;Horo H3 ero tiJieHoB - H.B. fJauKOBCKozo). LfJieHaM opr8HH38D;HH Y.ZJ;8JI0Cb C03.ZJ;8Tb BCe
pOCCHRCKyiO CeTb CBOHX rpynn, B KOTOpbiX H8'18JI8Cb
.ZJ;e.HTeJibHOCTb MHOI'HX BH.ZJ;HbiX rrpe.ZJ;CT8BHTeJieif Hapo,n;
HHtieCTB8.
C<XO>KAEHII1E B HAPOA~> B cepe.ZJ;HHe 1870-x rr. Hapo.n;HH
KH npHIIIJIH K BbiBO.ZJ;Y, 'ITO eCJIH He rrpOH30ii.ZJ;eT HeMe.ZJ;
JieHHOR peBOJIIOD;HH, TO Ha6HpaiO~HR CHJibi KaiTHTaJIH3M
H3MeHHT, I1pHCI10C06HT K CBOeMy pa3BHTHIO KpeCTb.HHCKyro
06ID;HHY. Il03TOMY, ITO HX MHeHHIO, He06XO.ZJ;HMO H.ZJ;TH B Ha
po.n;, tiT06bi BHOCHTb B ero C03HaHHe <<H.ZJ;e8Jibl Jiyqiiiero,
CllpaBe.ZJ;JIHBOI'O 06ID;eCTBeHHOI'O CTpO.H >} •
B 1874-1875 rr. COTHH rrporraraH.ZJ;HCTOB
no.n; BH.ZJ;OM Bpaqeif, HHmeHepoB, ytiHTe
ne:iii: pa36peJIHCh no PoccHH. 0HH TOJIKO
BaJIH c KpecTb.HHaMH o peBOJIIOD;HH H co:o;HaJIH3Me. Ho
MymHKH He l10HHM8JIH <<68p>> C HX I'OCllO.ZJ;CKOR petibiO.
LfaiD;e BC€1'0 HMeHHO KpeCTb.HH€ H .ZJ;OHOCHJIH Ha nporra
raH.ZJ;HCTOB B rroJIHD;HIO . BnacTH OTBeTHJIH Ha <<xom.n;e
HHe B HapO.ZJ; >> BCepOCCHRCKOM 06JiaBOM H l10K838TeJib
HhlMH CY.ZJ;8MH.
Heyp;aqa arHTau,HOHHoro ,n;BIDKeHH.H 3aCTaBHJia peBOJIIOU,HOHepOB nepeHT.H K C03,ll;aHIUO CTpOrO U,eHTpaJIH30BaHHbiX H 3aKOHCIIHpHpOBaHHhiX rpynn.
B KOHU,e 1876 r. B IleTep6ypre B03HHKJia opraH.H3aU,H.H «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•>, Ha3BaHHa.H TaK B rraMHTh 0 rrepBOM peBOJIIOU,HOHHOM 06'be,ll;lfHeHHH 1860-x rr. Cpep;H ee yqacTHHKOB 6biJIH M.A. HaTaHcoH, A.,n:. MMxa:H:noB, r.B. IInexaHOB, C.M. KpaB'llfHCKlfH, B.H. <l>HrHep, C.JI. IIepoBCKa.H, H.A. Mopo30B.
)J;JIH no.n;roTOBKH Hapo.n;Horo BOCCTaHM.H npe.n;nonaraJIOCb lfCIIOJib30BaTb KaK nponaraH,ll;HCTCKHe MeTO,ll;hl pa-60Thi, TaK H .n;e3opraHH3aTopcKne - yHH'lTomeaHe HaM-6onee << Bpep;HbiX >> 'lHHOBHHKOB (liH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHbiH Tep
pop). ,[l;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyrrrre HapO,ll;HHKOB yp;aJIOCh IIpOBeCTlf p.Hp; rpOMKHX TeppopHCTH'leCKHX aKTOB.
B .HHBape 1878 r. Bepa 3acymt.'l coBepWMJia IIOKymeHMe Ha IIeTep6yprCKOrO rpa.n;oHa'laJihHHKa <l>.<l>. TpenoBa. B aB-
rycTe 1878 r. 6hiJI y6MT me<P maH.n;apMoB H.B. Me3eHu,eB, B <PeBpane 1879 r. - reHepaJI-ry6epHaTop XaphKOBa ,[I;.H. KponoTKHH. B MapTe 1879 r. 6biJIO COBepWeHO IIOKyWeHHe Ha HOBOrO we<Pa JKaHp;apMOB A.P. ,[I;peHTeJihHa. 2 arrpen.H 1879 r. A.K. ConoBheB COBepWMJI HOBOe IIOKyWeHHe Ha AJieKCaHp;pa II.
B 1879 r. «3eMJI.H H BOJI.H•> pa3p;eJIHJiaCh Ha p;Be caMOCTO.HTeJihHhie opraHH3ail,MH - << -qepHbiH rrepep;eJI>>, Kyp;a BOWJIH CTOpOHHHKH nporraraH,ll;.HCTCKOH pa60Thi, B03rJiaBJIHeMhie r .B. IInexaHOBhiM, If <cHapo.n;HyiO BOJIIO>>, 06'be,ll;HHHBWYIO CTOpOHHHKOB HH,li,HBH,li,YaJihHOrO Teppopa.
<<HAPO.QHASI BOJUfn EIIJ,e B HIOJie 1878 r. aaH6onee aKTHBHhre 'lJieHhi p;e3opraHH3aTOpCKOH rpyiiiihi «3eMJIH H BOJIH» BhiHeCJIM cMepTHhiH npHroBop AJieKcaH,u;py II. llcnoJIHHTeJihHhiH KOMHTeT <•HapO,ll;HOH BOJIH>> Ha'laJI HaCTO.HIIJ,YIO OXOTY Ha HMIIepaTopa, TIIJ,aTeJibHO C06JIIO,ll;a.H KOHCIIHpail,HIO H IIpOHBJI.HH <lJaHTaCTH'leCKyiO H306peTaTeJibHOCTb.
1 MapTa 1881 r. Ha HMrrepaTopa 6hiJIO coBepweHo oqepe.n;Hoe noKyweHHe. AJieKcaH.n;p II 6biJI cMepTeJihHO paHeH H qepe3 HeCKOJibKO 'laCOB CKOH'laJICH.
IJO'lTH BCe 'lJieHhi llCIIOJIHHTeJibHOrO KOMHTeTa «Hapo.n;Ho:H: BOJIH» 6hiJIH apecToBaHhi. B 1881 r. IIHTepo Hapo.n;OBOJihil,eB 6hiJIH Ka3HeHhi (A.ll. menH60B, C.JI. IIepOBCKa.H, A.,[I;. MHxa:H:JIOB, H.ll. Kn6aJih'lH'l, H.ll. PbrcaKOB). O.n;HaKo n;apey6HHCTBO ae cTaJio Ha'laJIOM KpeCTh.HHCKOH peBOJIIOil,HH. Hapo,n;HH'lecKoe p;BHmeHne 3aWJIO
B TYIIHK.
3.24. PyccKue peBOJt/OU,UOH.epbl H.apoanuKu: a) B.H. 3acyJtu'L; 6) A.H. )Ke;ul606
3.25. Be'Lepuwca. Xyaa)l(ftuK K.E. MaKo6cKuu
BO POCblfrt KaKV1e MeTOAbl V1cnonb3osanV1 s
csoelil npaKTV14eCKolil AesnenbHOCTV1 HapOAHV1KV1 1860-X rr.?
KaKV1MV1 npV14V1HaMV1 6b1no Bbi -3BaHo «xo)t(JJ.eHV1e s HapoA»? B YeM 6blnV1 oco6eHHOCTV1 :noro ABV1)KeHV1fl 111 ero pe3ynbTaTbiJ
noYeMy HapOAHV1YeCKOe ABI.1>KeHI-1e np111o6peTano see 6onee paAV1-KanbHbli1 xapaKrep?
06 OCHOBHO~ ~en~ ~ rnaBH~X HanpasneH~Hx BHewHe~ non~T~K~
Pocc~~ s 1860- 1870-x rr .
KaKosa 6bJJ1a pacaaHOBKa npor~
so6opasyJOLu,~x CTOpOH B KpblMCKO~ so~He? KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ ycnos~H nap~>t<CKOrO M~pHOrO AOrOBOpa?
KaKOBbJ 6bJJ1~ np~4~Hbl KasKa3-CKO~ BO~Hbl ~ ee OCHOBHbJe 3Tanbi?
repp~rop~~ nonyY~n~
Ha3BaH~e PyccKaH AMep~Ka?
Op~aKOB
AileKcaHAP MHxa&ilnosH~ 1798-1883
Pocc~~tikKV!iil rocyAapcreeHHbJiil Aefl r enb, A~~tnnoMaT, KaHunep. Bocn~~tTaHHV!K l.J,apCKOCeJ1bCKOrO J1111UeR,
l Apyr A c. nywK~~tHa. MV!HIItCTp V!HOIX AeJ1 B 1856- 1882 rr.
B 1856 r. HeKoropble apaHbJ EsponbJ pew~n111 npVIHHTb Mepbi npoms 3noynorpe6neHV1~ HeanonVITaHcKoro npaBV1TeJ1bCTBa. rop4aKOB yKnOHV1J1CH or yYaCTVIH s AV1nnoMaTV14ecKV1X Mepax. W111poKo V13BeCTHbJ aan111 era cnosa: «PoccVIJO ynpeKaJOT B TOM, 4TO OHa ~30!1V1pyeTCH VI MOJ14V1T nepeA J1V1~0M TaKVIX
1 cpaKTOB, KOTOpble He rapMOHVIPYJOT HVI c npasoM, HVI co cnpaseAn~BOCTbJO. rosopHT, 4TO POCCVIH cepAVITCR. POCCVIH He cepAVITCH, POCCVIH COCpeAOTa4 VISa eTCH».
BHEWHAA nonHTHKA AnEKCAHAPA II
B HeWH$1$1 nomm.1Ka AneKcaHApa II noYTIII Ha scex csoIIIX HanpaBJ1eHIII$1X HOCIIIJla aKTIIIBHbllil xapaKTep. PocCIIIIilCKOMY rocyAapcTBy yAanocb pewiiiTb CT0$1BWI!Ie nepeA HIIIM BHeWHenOiliiiTIIIYeCKIIIe 3a,[J,a'-llll, BOCCTaHOBIIITb csoe nono>KeHIIIe KaK sen111Kolil gep>KaBbl.
OCHOBH~E HAnPABnEH~R BHEWHE~ non~T~K~ POCC~~
B 1860- 1870-x rr . Ycrrex BifYTpeHHHX pecpopM An:eKcaH
.n;pa II B HeMaJIOH CTerreHH 3aBHCeJI OT BHeiiiHeH o6CTa
HOBKH: BORHa MOrJia copBaTh rrpeo6pa3oBaHHH. Mcxo.n;H
H3 3Toro, 6hiJIH orrpe.n;eJieHhi rJiaBHhie HarrpaBJieHHH
BHeiiiHeH IIOJIHTHKH: BhiXO,ll; H3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOH H30JIH
D;HH, BoccTaHOBJieHne pOJIH Poccnn KaK BeJIHKo:H: .n;epJKa
Bhi, OTMeHa yHH3HTeJihHhiX cTaTeif IIapnJKCKoro MHpHo
ro .n;oroBopa. 8TM CJIOJKHhie 3a,n;a-qn 6hiJIM pemeHhi
MMpHhiM rryTeM BO MHOrOM 6Jiaro,n;apH 6JieCTH:ru;eMy ,ll;MII
JIOMaTH"t!eCKOMy TaJiaHTY A.M. ropqaKOBa.
EBPOnE~CKAR non~T~KA rJiaBHhie YCMJIM.H pyCCKOH .n;nrr
JIOMaTHM 6biJIM HarrpaBJieHhi Ha IIOMCK COI03HMKOB B EB
porre, BhiXO,ll; M3 M30JIHD;MH H pa3BaJI aHTMpyCCKOrO 6JIO
Ka, B KOTOphrif Bxo,n;MJIM <f>paHn;H.H, AHrJIHH M ABCTPH.H.
CMTyan;HH, CJIOJKMBIIIaHCH Tor.n;a B EBporre, 6hiJia Ha py
KY PoccMM. BhiBIIIMX coro3HMKOB no aHTnpyccKoif KOaJI:a
U:MM pa3,ll;MpaJIM OCTpbie pa3HOrJiaCMH, ,ll;OXO,ll;MBIIIHe IIO
poif ,ll;O BOOpyJKeHHhiX CTOJIKHOBeHHH.
B ceHT.H6pe 1857 r. cocToHJiach BCTpe-qa An:eKcaH,n;pa IT c cppaHn;y3CKMM MMrrepaTopoM HanoJLeOI-WM III, a B
cpeBpaJie 1859 r. 6hiJI rro.n;m-IcaH .n;oroBop o cppaHKO-pyc
CKOM coTpy,n;HMqecTBe. O.n;HaKo 3TOT coro3 He cTaJI ,n;JIM
TeJihHhiM M rrpO"t!HhiM. M Kor.n;a B arrpeJie 1859 r. Ha"tJa
JiaCh BOifHa MeJK.n;y <f>paHn;Meif M ABcTp:aeH: , PoccMH
YKJIOHMJiaCh OT IIOMO:ru;M <f>paHD;HM, cephe3HO IIO,ll;OpBaB
TeM CaMhiM cppaHKO-pyCCKHe OTHOIIIeHMH. 3aTO 3Ha"tJM
TeJihHO yJiyqrnMJIHCh OTHomeHMH Pocc:aM c ABcTpMeii.
8TMMM ,n;eRCTBMHMM rop"t!aKOB cpaKTH"t!eCKM pa3BaJIMJI aH
TMpyCCKMR COI03 M BhiBeJI PoCCMIO H 3 MeJK,n;yHapO,ll;HOR
M30JIHD;HM.
liOJihCKOe BOCCTaHHe 1863-1864 rr. M IIOIIhiTKM
AHrJIMM H <f>paHD;HM BMemaThCH rro.n; rrpe.n;JioroM 3Toro
BOCCTaHMH BO BHyTpeHHHe ,n;eJia POCCMM Bhl3BaJIH OCTphiH
KpH3 MC B MX OTHOIIIeHHHX, 3aKQHqMBIIIHRCH C6JIMJKeHH
eM PoccMH M IIpyccHM. B .n;aJihHeifmeM PoccMH 3aHHJia
II03HD;MIO 6JiaroJKeJiaTeJihHOrO HeifTpaJIMTeTa B OTHOIIIe
HMH IIpyccMM BO BpeMH ee BOHR rrpOTHB ABCTpMH ..-\...
(1866) H <f>paHD;HH (1870- 1871). ..,.
3apy'IHBIDHCh no~~epmKOR ITpyccHH, rop'IaKOB H8'!8R aTaKy H8 He6naronpHSITHbie ~RSI PoccHH cTaTbH ITapHmcKoro
MHpHoro ~oroaopa. B OKTSI6pe 1870 r. OH 3aSIBHR, 'ITO PoccHSI 6onhme He C'IHTaeT ce6SI CBSI3aHHOH o6SI3aTenhCTBaMH ITapHmcKoro ~oroaopa B 'IaCTH «HeRTpaRH3aiJ,HH>> l!epHoro MopSI. HecMoTpSI Ha npoTeCThi AHrRHH, ABcTpHH H TypiJ,HH, PoccHSI npHCTynHna K C03~8HHIO Ha l!epHOM MOpe BOeHHOI'O cpROTa, BOCCTaHOBReHHIO pa3pymeHHbi X H CTpOHTeRbCTBY HOBbiX BOeHHbiX yKpenneHHH.
ITopameHHe ct>paHIJ,HH a aoifHe c ITpyccHeif H o6'he~HHeHHe repMaHHH H3MeHHRH COOTHOilleHHe CHJl B Eapone. Ha 3ana~Hhlx py6emax PoccHH noSIBHnach MO~HaSI BOHHCTBeHHaSI ~epmaaa. Oco6yiO yrpo3y npe~cTaBnSIR COI03 repMaHHH C ABCTpHeR (c 1867 r. - ABCTpOBeHrpHSI). qT06bi He ~onyCTHTb 3TOI'O COI03a, rop'IaKOB opraHH30Ban B 1873 r. BCTpeqy HMnepaTopoB PoccHH, repMaHHH H AacTpo-BeHrpHH. ITo cornameHHIO, no~rrHcaHHOMY TpeMSI MOHapxaMH, OHH 06SI3biB8RHCb OK83biB8Tb ~pyr ~pyry IIOMO~b, B TOM 'IHCRe H BOeHHyiO. Ho KOI'~a CIIYCTSI ~Ba I'O~a repM8HHSI BHOBb B03H8MepHR8Cb HanacTb Ha ct>paHIJ,HIO, PoccHSI BhiCTyrrHna rrpoTHB HOBOH BORHhi. 0KOH'IaTenhHo <<Coi03 Tpex HMnepaTopoB>> .,.\.. pacnancSI B 1878 r. ...,.
3ABEPWEH~E KABKA3CKO~ BO~Hbl CTpeMSICh 3aBepmHTh npHcoe~HHeHHe KaaKa3a, pyccKoe npaBHTeRbCTBO HarrpaBHRO Ha 6opL6y c ropiJ,aMH 3Ha'IHTenhHhie CHRhl. B anpene 1859 r. rrana <<CTORHIJ,a>> lllaMHRSI - ayn Be~eHo. CaM lllaMHRb 6eman B ayn ryHH6, KOTOpbiR 25 aarycT8 1859 r. 6biR B3SIT.
Ha ceBepo-3ana~e KaaKa3a aoeHHbie ~eifCTBHSI npoTHB pyccKHx BORCK Ben copaTHHK lllaMHRSI MyxaMe~ AMHHh. 3~ecb rronomeHHe pyccKHX BORCK o6nerqanocb pa306~eHHOCTblO qepKeCCKHX H a6xa3CKHX IIReMeH. B HOSI6pe 1859 r. C~8RHCb OCHOBHbie CHJihl qepKeCOB. K arrpeniO 1864 r. pyccKHe aoRcKa 3aHSIRH ace l!epHoMopcKoe rro6epemhe A6xa3HH. 21 MaR 1864 r. 6hiR no~aaneH IIOCJle~HHR 0'!81' COIIpOTHBReHHSI 'IepKeCCKHX IIJieMeH. 8TOT ~eHh C'IHTaeTcSI ~aToM- OKOH'IaHHSI KaBK83CKOR .,.\.. BOHHhl. ...,.
Bxom~eHHe Hapo~oa KaBKa3a B cocTaB PocCHH cnoco6cTBOBaJIO HX 3KOHOMH'!eCKOMY H KYRbTYPHOMy pa3BHTHIO. B KOHIJ,e XIX B. 3~ech noSIBHnach caoSI ToproBorrpoMhimJieHHaSI 6ypmya3HSI. B Ha'IaJie 1890-x rr. 6Lwa rrpoae~eHa BJI~HKaBKa3cKaSI mene3HaSI ~opora, 6hlcTphlMH TeMIIaMH pa3BHB8JI8Cb ~06bi'I8 HecpTH.
3.26. Co/03 mpex u.Mnepamopoe: a) .A.n.eKcanap II; 6) Bu.ll.beeJLb.M I; B) cf>panl{-Hocul}J
W aMIIInb CAancSl 8 nneH Ha no-4€THbiX ycno8111SlX. EMy 6b1n111 no>Kano8aHbl IIIMeHIIIe 8 Kanyre, no>K1113HeHHaSl neHCIIISl. B 1859 r . COCTOSlnaCb 8CTpe4a WaMIIInSl Ill AneKcaHApa II, Ha Koropo~ Wa MIIInb no11y4111n pa3peweHIIIe co-8epw111Tb nanoMHV14ea8o 8 MeKKy.
3 .27. KaBICa.JcKoe yw,eJLbe. Xyao:JICH.UIC JI.cf>. Jlazopuo
3.28. BcmynJLenue pycc~eux 6oilc1C 6 Ca.Map~eano. Xyoo:JtCnuiC H.H. Kapa3un
,,
8.29. M l f C~eo6eJLe6
MOH HCTOPJiqECKHE llCCJIE,li,OBAHHli
npoaHal11113lllpyi.1Te BHeWHIOIO nolliiiTIIIKY Pocc111111 s CpeAHeH A3111111 B 1860- 1870-e rr.
«nOMO~HIIIK»
HaL71Aii1Te Ha Kapre repp1i1TOp11110 CpeAHeC1 A31i1111.
nepeYii1cnii1Te rocyAapaaa, cyw,easosaawlile raM B cepeAII!He XIX B .
..., OnpeAenii1Te HanpasneHiilfl HaaynneHV1fl pycCK111X BOL71CK B CpeAHeL71 A31i1111.
YKa>KV1Te repp111TOpV1111 CpeAHeL71 A31i11i1, BOW€AWii1€ B COCTaB PocCii1C1CKOC1 V1Mnep111111 B 1860-1870-e rr.
nOJlL'1Tir1KA POCCitWI 8 CPE.QHEiil A3111111 B HIOHe 1865 r. pyCCKHe BORCKa IIO,ll; KoMaH,n;oBaHHeM reHepaJia M.r. Tf epn.R.eBa OBJia,n;eJIH KpyrrHeRIIIHM ropo,n;OM Cpe,n;HeH: Aa:aH TamKeHTOM :a pH,n;OM ,n;pyrHx ropo,n;oB . 3,n;ecb 6biJIO o6paaoBaHo TypKeCTaHCKoe reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopCTBO (TypKeCTaHCKHR KpaH:) . B OTBeT Ha 06~HBJieHHYIO 6yxapCKHM 3MHpOM <<CBSim;eHHYIO BORHY>> pyccK:ae BORCKa B Mae 1868 r. OBJia,n;eJIH CaMapKaH,n;OM :a BbiHY,D;HJIH 3MHpa B 1873 r. rrpHaHaTb
aaBHCHMOCTb OT PoccHH. B TOM me ro,n;y B aaBHCHMOCTb IIOIIaJI H XHBHHCKHR xaH.
B 1875 r. pyccKHe oTpSI,D;bi rro,n; KOMaH,D;OBaHHeM reHepana M .Jl,. CKo6eJLeBa paarpoMHJIH BORCKa KOKaH,n;cKoro XaHCTBa. B cpeBpaJie 1876 r. oHo 6biJIO yrrpaa,n;HeHo, a ero TeppHTOPHH 6brJia BKJIJOqeHa B cocTaB TypKecTaHCKOro reHepaJI·ry6epHaTopcTBa.
B 1869 r . BoiicKa reHepaJia H.r. CToJieTOBa Bbrca,n;HJIHCb Ha BOCTOqHOM 6epery KaCIIHRCKOrO MOpS! H OCHOBaJIH ropo,n; KpacHoBo,n;cK. ,lJ,anbHeH:mee rrpo,n;BHJKeHHe BCTpeTHJIO yrropHoe corrpoTHBJieHHe TYPKMeHCKHX rrJieMeH. Hx OIIJIOTOM CTaJI Oa3HC reoK-Terre. IlOIIbiTKH pycCKHX w\_ BORCK OBJia,n;eTb oaa:acoM TeprreJIH Hey,n;aqy. ..,.
B 1880 r. KOMaH,n;yrom;HM pyccKHMH BORCKaMH Ha aarra,n;e TypKMeHHH 6brJI HaaHaqeH M.,IJ;. CKo6eJieB. BbrJia
rrpoJiomeHa meJieaHo,n;opomHaH BeTKa OT KpacHoBo,n;cKa B CTOpOHY reoK-Terre. 12 HHBapH 1881 r. IIOCJie OJKeCTOqeHHOrO 60H pyCCKHe BORCKa OBJia,D;eJIH reoK-Terre, a qepea He,n;eJIIO - Amxa6a,n;oM.
3asoeBaHHe PoccHeH: Cpe,n;Heii AaHH JIHIIIHJIO rocy,n;apCTBeHHOCTH HaceJIHBIIIHe ee Hapo,n;bl. Ho rrpH 3TOM rrpeKpaTHJIHCb Mem,n;oyco6Hbie BORHbi, 6biJIH JIHKBH,n;HpoBaHbi pa6cTBO :a pa6oToproBJIH. BbiCTpo CTaJIH paaBHBaTbCH xJiorrKOBo,n;cTBO H IIIeJIKOBO,ll;CTBO, HaqaJIHCb JKeJie3HO,D;OpOJKHOe CTpOHTeJibCTBO, ,D;06bNa HecpTH, yrJIH, D;BeTHbiX MeTaJIJIOB.
Ha rrpHcoe,n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX pyccKoe rrpaBHTeJibCTBO IIpOBO,ll;HJIO rH6KyiO IIOJIHTHKY, He BMeiiiHBaSICb B HaD;HO· HaJibHYIO KYJibTypy H peJIHrH03Hble OTHOIIIeHHH.
3 .3 0. Topzo6bLe p.RObL 6 Ca.MapiCanoe
fAAflbHEBOCT04HA~ non~T~KA POCC~~ )J;o cepe~HHbl XIX B. PoccHH He HMeJia o<PHu;HaJibHO npH3HaHHbiX rpa
HHD; co CBOHMH coce~HMH Ha )J;aJibHeM BocTOKe. PyccKHe
nepBonpoxo~u;hl npo~oJimaJIH pacceJIHTbCH Ha aTHX 3eMJISIX, a TaKme Ha CaxaJIHHe H KypHJibCKHx ocTpoBax.
B Mae 1858 r. Mem~y PoccHeii H KHTaeM 6biJI no~nHcaH Ailzync1euil aozoaop, no KOTopoMy rpaHHu;a c KHTaeM ycTaHaBJIHBaJiacb no peKe AMypy ~o Bn~eHHSI B Hero peKH YccypH. YccypHMCKHH Kpa:ii Mem~y peKoii YccypH H THXHM oKeaHoM o6'bSIBJIHJICSI coBMeCTHbiM pyccKo-KH
TaiicKHM BJia~eHHeM. B 1860 r. 6biJI no~nHcaH HOBbiH, Ile1CUHC1CUil aozoaop, corJiacHo KOTopoMy Yccy- ...\..
pmicKmi Kpa:ii 6biJI o6'bSIBJieH BJI~eHHeM PoccHH. ..,..
CJiomHo mJIH neperoBOpbi no onpe~eJieHHIO rpaHHD;bi Mem~y PoccHeii H .HnoHHeii. ITo ~oroBopy, 3aKJIIOTieHHOMY
B HnOHCKOM ropo~e CHMO~a B 1855 r., KypHJibCKHe ocTpoBa npH3HaBaJIHCb TeppHTOpHeii PoccHH, a ocTpoB CaxaJIHH - COBMeCTHbiM BJI~eHHeM ~Byx CTPaH. IIocJie no~nHcaHHH ~oroBopa Ha CaxaJIHH ycTpeMHJIOCb 3HaTIHTeJibHOe KOJIHqeCTBO HnOHCKHX nepeCeJieHD;eB. B 1875 r., qT06bl
H36emaTb ocJio.mHeHHH c .HnoHHeif, PoccHH corJiaCHJiacb no~nHcaTb HOBbiH ~orosop. CaxaJIHH nOJIHOCTbiO OTXO~HJI
K PoccHH, a ocTpoBa KypHJibCKOH rpSI~bi- K .HnoHHH.
nPOAA>KA AflSICK~ K cepe~HHe XIX B. B PyccKyiO AMepHKy - Ha AJIHCKY - CTaJIH npOHHKaTb aMepHKaHCKHe npe~npHHHMaTeJIH, TOprOBD;bi, 6paKOHbepbi. 3~HIIJ;aTb H CO~epmaTb 3TY TeppHTOpHIO CTaHOBHJIOCb BCe CJIOmHee.
O~HOBpeMeHHO npaBHTeJibCTBO AJieKcaH~pa II cTpeMHJIOCb yKpenHTb ~pymeCTBeHHbie OTHOI.ITeHHH, CJIO)KHB·
mHecH Mem~y CiliA H PoccHe:H. MMnepaTop npHHSIJI peI.ITeHHe npo~aTb AJISICKY npaBHTeJibCTBY AMepHKH 3a
He3HaTIHTeJibHYIO ~JISI C~eJIKH TaKoro MaCmTa6a CYMMY B 7,2 MJIH ~OJIJiapOB.
HeJib3H He y'!HThlBaTb H To o6cTOHTeJibCTBO, 'ITO rJiaBHble npoTHBHHKH PoccHH B EBpone - AHrJIHSI H <f>paHD;HSI - 6biJIH B TO BpeMH Ha BOJIOCOK OT BOHHbl C
CiliA. IIpo~ama AJISICKH B 1867 r . SIBJIHJiacb ~eMoH
cTpau;Heii no~~epmKH CiliA co CTOPOHhl PoccHH.
20 V110HH 1860 r. pyCCKV1e MOpHKV1 nOA KOMaHAOBaHV1eM A.K. WecpHepa sownV1 B 6yxry 3onoroii1 Por. 3AeCb 6bln OCHOBaH ropOA BnaAV1-BOCTOK, CTaBWV1ii1 KpynHbiM BOeHHO-MOpCKV1M nopTOM POCCV1V1 Ha ,lJ,anbHeM BOCTOKe.
H a reppV1ropV1V1 AnHCKV1 coxpaHV1nocb AO HaWV1X AHeii1 MHOrO ropOAOB, OCHOBaHHbiX pyCCKV1MV1 noceneH~aMV1. CpeAV1 KpynHeii1 -WV1X - KaAbHK, HV1KOnaescK, HosoapxaHrenbCK, YHanawKa.
3 .31. PyccKa.R. AMepuKa
0npeAenV1Te OCHOBHble HanpaBneHV151 BHewHeii1 nonV1TV1KV1 PoccV1V1 B ~apcrsosaHV1e AneKcaHApa II.
KaKOBbl 6blnV1 rnaBHble AOCTV1:>KeHV1H POCCV1V1 Ha esponeii1CKOM HanpasneHV1V1? YAanocb nV1 PocCV1V1 npV1o6peCTV1 coi03HV1KOB B Espone?
KaKoBa 6blna nonV1TV1Ka PoccV1V1 B CpeAHeii1 A3V1V1? Coorsercrsosana nV1 oHa rocyAapcrseHHbiM V1HrepecaM POCCV1V1?
KaK pa3BV1BanV1Cb B3aV1MOOTHoweHV1H PocCV1V1 c KV1raeM V1 s:lnoHV1eii1?
KaKV1e o6CTOHrenbcrsa no6yAV1nV1 AneKcaHApa II npV1HHTb peweHV1e o npOAa:>Ke AflHCKV17
'..-.. ...... . .. , .
0 npV1YV1Hax V1 xapaKrepe pyccKorype[4Kollt soii!Hbl
0 XOA€ pyccKo-rype[4KOIIf BOIIfHbl V1 ee V1TOrax
KaKoso 6blno nonV1TV1YecKoe nono>KeHV1e HapoAOB 6anKaHCKoro nonyoaposa?
B YeM 3aKn10Yanacb rpaAV11..\V10HHaH ponb PocCV1V1 Ha 6anKaHCKOM nonyoapose?
KaKOBbl 6blnV1 OCHOBHbl€ nono>KeHV1H soeHHOi:1 pecpopMbl?
Pacnpas~ rypel\KV1X snacrellt, s KOTOpbiX OC06eHHO 0TnV1YV1nV1Cb OTPHAbl V1pperynHpHollt nexoTbl -6awV16y3yKV1, Bbi3BanV1 B03MYU\€HV1e pyccKoro o6ll\ecrsa. WV1pV1-nocb ABV1>KeHV1e B 3all\V1Ty IO>KHOcnaBHHCKV1X HapoAOB. B cep6cKyiO apMV110 HanpasnHnV1Cb TbiCH'-lV1 A06-pOBOnb[4eB. lnaBHOKOMaHAYIOU\V1M cep6cKollt apMV1eill aan pyccKV1ill OTCTaBHOill reHepan, yYaCTHV1K o6op0Hbl CesaaononH, 6b1BWV111t soeHHblill ry6epHarop TypKecraHcKollt o6naaV1 MI. lfepHRea.
3.32. I!JLennote 6awu6y3y1Cu. Xyao:J/Cnu" B.B. Bepew,azun
PYCCKO-TYPEQKAR BOMHA 1877-1878 rr.
B cepe,o.111He 1870-x rr. Me.>K,LJ.YHapo,o.HbiVt asrop111rer 111 nono.>t<eHII1e Pocc111VIcKoV! 111Mnep111111 3aMeTHO yt<pen111n111cb. B TO .>t<e speM~ npereH,lJ,OBaTb Ha ponb se,lJ,yw,eV! M111posoV! ,[J,ep.>t<aBbl 111 nOCTO~HHO yKnOH~TbC~ OT BOVtH 6blnO see 6onee 3arpy,lJ,HII1TenbHO.
6AnKAHCK~~ KP~3~C JleTOM 1875 r. B TypeiJ;KHX npo
BHHD;HSIX BOCHHSI If rep:u;erOBHHa BCITbiXHYJIH BOJIHeHHSI,
KOTOphle 6biJIH mecToKo no.n;aBJieHbi TypKaMH. B anpeJie
1876 r. B BoJirapHH TaKme HaqaJIOCb BoccTaHHe npoTHB
ocMaHCKoro Hra. 0Ho 6I>IJIO mecToKo no.n;a.BJieHo. B oT
BeT, B HIOHe 1876 r., BOHHY Typ:o;HH o6'bHBHJIH Cep6HSI
If l:JepHOrOpHSI, CTpeMHBIIIHeCSI He TOJibKO ITOMOqb 6oJira
paM, HO If peiiiHTb CBOH HaD;HOHaJibHhle If TeppHTOpHaJib
Hbie npo6JieMbi. Ho Hx MaJioqHcJieHHbie H nJioxo o6~eH
Hhle apMHH 6biJIH pa3rpOMJieHbi.
ITo npe.n;JiomeHHIO A.M. ropqaKOBa PocCHSI, repMa
HHSI H ABCTPHH noTpe6oBaJIH ypaBHeHHSI xpHCTHaH B
npaBax c MYCYJII>MaHaMH. PoccHSI, IIbiTaSICb paapeiiiHTb
BOllpOC MHpHhlMH cpe.ZJ;CTBaMH, opraHH30BaJia HeCKOJibKO
KOHcpepeHD;HH eBponeHCKHX .n;epmaB, Ha KOTOpbiX 6biJIH
Bhlpa60TaHhl npe.n;JiomeHHSI ITO yperyJIHpOBaHHIO IIOJIO)Ke
HHSI Ha BaJIKaHax. Ho Typ:o;HH, o6o.n;peHHaa no.n;.n;epm
Koii AHr JIHH, Ha BCe npe.n;JiomeHHSI OTBeqaJia JIH60 OTKa-
30M, JIH60 BbiCOKOMepHbiM MOJiqaHHeM.
liTo6I>r cnacTH Cep6Hro OT OKOHqaTeJII>Horo pa3rpoMa,
B OKTSI6pe 1876 r. PoccHSI npe.n;'bHBHJia Typii,HH Tpe6oBa
HHe npeKpaTHTb BoeHHbie .n;eiicTBHSI B Cep6HH H 3aKJiro
qHTb nepeMHpHe. Ha'!aJiocb cocpe.n;oToqeHHe pyccKHX
BORCK Ha romHbiX rpaHHu;ax.
llMnepaTop noJiaraJI, qTo aTHMH MepaMH y.n;acTCSI
npHHYAHTb Typii,HIO npHHSITb npe.n;JiomeHHa eBponeiicKHX
.n;epmaB H TeM caMbiM Ha6emaTb 6oJibiiiOM BOHHbi. OH
onacaJICH, qTo BORHa c Typii,Heii MomeT npeBpaTHTbCSI B
BOHHY eBponeiicKHX .n;epmaB npoTHB PocCHH. l:JT06hl
y.n;epmaTb ABcTpo-BeHrpHro OT BCTynJieHHSI B BOMHY Ha
CTopoHe Typ:o;HH, AJieKcaH.n;p II AaJI corJiacHe Ha OKKyna
D;HIO BOCHHH If rep:u;erOBHHbl a.BCTPHHCKHMH BOHCKaMH.
HA"'AnO PYCCKO-TYPEUKO~ BO~Hbl 12 anpeJIH 1877 r., HCqepnaB BCe ,ll;HllJIOMaTHqecKHe B03MO)KHOCTH ,ll;JIH MHp
HOrO yperyJIHpoBaHHSI 6aJIKaHCKHX npo6JieM, AJieKcaa.n;p II o6'bSIBHJI Typii,HH BOHHY.
llMnepaTop noHHMaJI, qTo KaMnaHHSI He cyJIHT Poc
CHH HHKaKHX MaTepHaJibHbiX BbirO,ll;, OHa JIHIIIb YCJIO)K
HHT ee SKOHOMifqeCKOe ITOJIOmeHHe. Ho Bepx B3SIJIH HHbie
coo6pa>KeHHH. OH He Mor )l;onycTHTh, qTo6hi BHOBh 6biJia
IIOCTaBJieHa ITO)]; COMHeHHe pOJib POCCHH KaK BeJIHKOH
)l;ep>KaBbi. K TOMY >Ke eMy npHXO)l;HJIOCh cquTaTbCH H c
Tpa)l;HII;HOHHOH )l;JIH Poccuu pOJihiO 3anJ;HTHHII;bi cJiaBHH
CKHX Hapo)l;OB Ha BaJIKaHax. 06~ecTBeHHoe MHeHHe Poc
CHH B :o;eJIOM IIO)l;)l;ep>KHBaJIO IIpaBHTeJibCTBO.
CoOTHomeHHe CHJI CKJia)l;bmaJIOCh s rroJib3y PoccHH, so
eHHbie pe<J>opMbl HaqaJIH )l;aBaTb CBOH IIOJIO>KHTeJihHhie pe-
3YJibTaTbl. PyccKaH apMHH, s cpasHeHHH c nepHO)l;OM
KpbiMCKoii soii:Hbi, 6bma Jiyqme o6yqeHa H soopy>KeHa,
CTaJia 6oJiee 6oecrroco6Hoii. TeM He MeHee He3asepweHHOCTb
peq>OpM CKa3hiBaJiaCb B OTCYTCTBHH )l;OJI>KHOrO MaTepHaJib
HOrO o6ecneqeHHSI, B He)l;OCTaTKe HOBeHIDHX THIIOB BOOpy
>KeHHH, HO CaMOe rJiaBHOe - B HeXBaTKe KOMaH)l;HblX Ka,ll;
pos, crroco6HbiX secTH cospeMeHHYIO soii:ey. B oco6eHHOCTH
aTO KaCaJIOCb KOMaH)l;HpOB BbiCmero 3BeHa. rJiasHOKOMaH
)l;YIO~HM pyccKoii apMueii Ha BaJIKaHax 6bm Ha3HaqeH
JIHIIIeHHbrH BOHHCKHX TaJiaHTOB 6paT HMIIepaTOpa BeJIHKHH
KHSI3h liHKOJiaH HHKOJiaesuq.
60EBbiE .QEii!CTBL<tSI JlETOM 1877 r. BoeHHbre )l;eiicTBHH Ha
qaJIHCb JieToM 1877 r. PyccKaSI apMHH no rrpe)l;sapuTeJib
Hoii )l;OrosopeHHOCTH c PyMbiHHeii (s 1859 r. KHH>KecTsa
BaJiaxHSI u MoJI)l;aBHSI o6'he)l;HHHJIHCb s aTo rocy)l;apcTso,
ocTasasmeecH s 3aBHCHMOCTH oT Typn;uu) rrpowJia qepe3
ee TeppHTOpHIO H B HIOHe 1877 r. B HeCKOJibKHX MeCTaX
neperrpaBHJiaCb qepe3 ,IJ;yHaH. BoJirapbi BOCTOp>KeHHO
BCTpeqaJIH CBOHX OCB060)l;HTeJieH. C 60JibillHM 3HTY3Ha3-
MOM WJIO C03)l;aHHe 6oJirapCKOrO HapO)l;HOrO OIIOJiqe
HHH, KOMaH)l;YIO~HM KOTOpbiM CTaJI pyCCKHH reHepaJI
H.r. CToJieTos. Ilepe)l;osoii: oTpSI)l; reHepaJia H .B. Fyp1eo ocso6o,D.HJI )l;peBHIOIO CTOJIHII;Y BoJirapHH TbrpHoso. He
BCTpeqag rro nyTH csoero rrpo)l;BH>KeHHH Ha 10r oco6oro
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nepesaJI, qepe3 KOTOphiH mJia Hau6oJiee y)l;o6HaH )l;Opora
Ha CTaM6yJI.
3 .33. llepenpaea pyccKoil apMuu 'lepe3 /{yHail e 1877 z. Xyoo:HCHuK H .J(. /{Mumpuee·OpeH6ypzcKuil
f eHepan <D.<D. Pa.QeUK111ii1, BOii1CKa
KOToporo o xpaHRnll1 nepesanbl Ye
pe3 6anKaHbl, B TOM Yll1cne 111 nepe
san W111nKa, B CTOn111u,y perynRpHO
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BCe CnOKOii1HO», XOTSl B 3TO speMSl
pyCCKII1e COn.QaTbl, 1113MyYeHHbl€ 111
nnoxo 3KII1n111posaHHble, 3aMep3anll1
B CHery, HaXO)J.SlCb no.Q noCTOSlH
HbiM o6crpenoM rypoK. 3Ta cppa3a
CTana CII1MBOnOM OqJII1U,11103HbiX pe
nRU,II1ii1, CKpb1BaiOll.I111X 111CTII1HHOe,
He3aBII1.QHOe nono>KeHII1e .o.en.
3.34. <cHa Illumce BCii cn01COUH.0>) .
Xyoo::HCnuK B.B. Bepew,azun
3.35. IIepeo wmypMOM II JteB nbt.
Xyoo::HCnuK B .B. Bepe~ntazun
0,D;HaKO nocJie nepBbiX ycnexoB nocJie,D;OBaJIH Hey ,D;atJH.
BeJIHKHR KHH3b HHKOJiaR HHKOJiaeBHlJ c MOMeHTa nepe
xo,D;a ,ll;y HaH cpru<TJPiecKH noTepHJI ynpa.BJieHHe BORCKaMH.
KoMaH,D;yJO~He OT,D;eJibHhiMH oTpH,D;aMH cTaJIH ,D;eRCTBo
BaTb caMOCTOHTeJibHO. 0TpH,D; reHepaJia H.II. KpH,D;eHepa
BMeCTO aaxBaTa BamHeRmeR KpenocTH IIJieBHhl, KaK 3TO
npe,D;yc MaTpHBaJIOCb nJiaHOM BORHhl, B3HJI HHKOITOJib,
Haxo,D;HBmHRCH B 40 KM OT IIJieBHbi.
IIoKa pyccKoe KOMaH,D;OBaHHe BbiHCHHJIO MecTonoJio
meHHe CBOHX OTpH,lJ;OB, Typen;KHe BORCKa 3aHHJIH IlJieB
HY, OKa3aBillYIOCH B ThiJIY HalliHX BORCK, H ITOCTaBHJIH
no,D; yrpoay OKpymeHHH OTPH,D; reHepaJia I'ypKo.
3HalJHTeJibHhle CHJibi 6biJIH 6pomeHbi
npOTHBHHKOM Ha TO, lJT06hl OT6HTb
illHnKHHCKHR nepeBaJI. Ho BCe nonhiTKH
Typen;KHX BORCK, HMeBmHx nHTHKpaTHoe npeBocxo,D;
CTBO, B3.HTb illHnKy HaTaJIKHBaJIHCb Ha repOHlJeCKOe
COllpOTHBJieHHe pyCCKHX BOHHOB H 60JirapCKHX OITOJI
lJeHn;eB. IIpe,D;npHHHThle B TO me BpeMH pyccKHMH
BORCKaMH TPH mTypMa IlJieBHhl oKa3aJIHCb otJeHh Kpo
BonpoJIHTHbiMH, HO OKOH'IHJIHCb Hey,D;a<reR.
nAAEHII1E nJJEBHbl. nEPEJIOM 8 XOAE BOIIIHbl ITo uacTO.HHHJO
BOeHHOI'O MHHHCTpa ,l];.A. MHJIIOTHHa HMnepaTOp npHHHJI
pemeHHe nepeRTH K ITJiaHoMepHoR oca,D;e IlJieBHhl, pyKo
BO,D;CTBO KOTopoR 6hiJIO nopyqeHo repo10 o6opoHbi CeBacro
noJIH HHmeuep-reHepany 3.H. ToTJie6eay. Typewme BORC
Ka, He llO)l;I'OTOBJieHHhle K ,li;JIHTeJlbHOR OOOpOHe B yCJIOBHHX
HaCTynHBmeR 3HMhl, BbiHYJK,D;eHhl 6biJIH B KOHD;e HOH6pH
1877 r . c.n;aTbCH.
C nap;eHHeM IIJieBHhl npoHaomeJI nepeJioM B xo,11;e BOR
Hhl. t.:ITo6hl He ,D;aTb Typn;HH c noMOID;blO AHrJIHH H
ABcTpo-BeurpHH co6paTbC.H K Becae c HOBhiMH CHJiaMH,
pyCCKOe KOMaH,li;OBaHHe pemHJIO npO,D;OJIJKHTb HaCTynJieHHe
B 3HMHHX ycJIOBHHX. OTpH,D; I'ypKo, npeo,D;oJieB uenpoxo,D;H
Mhle B 3To BpeMH ro,11;a ropahle nepeBaJibi, B cepe,D;HHe ,D;e
Ka6pH 3a.HHJI CocpHJO H npo,D;oJimHJI HaCTynJieHHe B cTopoay
A,!J;pHaHonoJIH. 0TpH,D; CKo6eJieBa, o6ome,D;IIIHR no ropHhiM
KpyqaM no3Hn;HH TYPeD;KHX BORCK y illHnKH, a 3aTeM pa3-
rpoMHBIIIHR HX, CTpeMHTeJibHO TIOBeJI HaCTYITJieHHe Ha
CTaM6yJI. B HHBape 1878 r. oTpH,D; I'ypKo OBJia,D;eJI A,D;pHa-
HonoJieM, a OTPH.O. CKo6eJieBa BhiiiieJI K Mpa
MOPHOMY MOplO H 18 HHBapH 1878 I' . 3aHHJI
npHropo,D; CTaM6yJia - MecTe<rKo CaH-CTecpa-
Ho. ToJibKO KaTeropH'leCKHH 3anpeT HMnepaTo
pa, 6o.HBmerocH BMemaTeJibCTBa B BORHY eBpo
neRCKHX ,D;epmaB, y,D;epmaJI CKo6eJieBa OT
B3.HTHH CTOJIHD;hl OcMaHCKOR HMnepHH.
Ha Ka.BKa3CKOM <l>POHTe pyccKHe BoiicKa no,n; pyKoBo,n;CTBOM reaepa.Jia M. T. JlopHc-MeJIHKOBa B KOpOTKHe cpoKH pa36HJIH npeBOCXO,li;.H~He TypeiJ;KHe BOHCKa, OBJI~eJIH KpellOCT.HMH Ba.a3eT, Ap,n;araH, Kape H BbllliJIH K 3p3ePYMY·
CAH-CTECl>AHCKL-11ii ML-1PHbllil AOrDBOP EBponeiicKHe ,n;epmaBbl 6hlJIH o6ecnoKoeabl ycnexaMH pyccKHX BORCK. AarJIH.a BBeJia acKa,n;py B MpaMopaoe Mope. ABcTpoBearpH.a npHH.HJiacb CKOJia<JHBaTb aHTHpyccKyiO KOa.JIHD;HIO. B aTHX ycJIOBH.HX AJieKcaa,n;p II npeKpaTHJI ,ll;a.Jibaeiimee aacTynJieHHe H npe,n;JIO>KHJI Typeu,KOMY cyJITaHy nepeMHpHe, KOTOpoe 6biJIO HeMe,n;JieHHO npHH.HTO.
19 Q:>eBpa.JI.H 1878 1'. B Ca.H-CTeQ:>aao COCTO.HJIOCb no,n;llHCaHHe MHpaoro ,n;oroBopa Mem,n;y PoccHeii H Typn;Heii. flo aToMy ,n;oroBopy PoccHH B03Bpa~a.Jiacb romaa.a qacTb Beccapa6HH, a B 3aKa.BKa3be npHcoe,n;HH.HJIHCb KpenocTH BaTyM, App;ara.H, Kapc H npHJierarom;He K HHM TeppHTopHH. Cep6H.a, 'tlepaoropH.a H PyMbiHH.H, 6biBmHe ,n;o BoiiHbi B 3a.BHCHMOCTH OT Typn;HH, cTaJIH He3aBHCHMbiMH rocyp;apcTBaMH. BoJirapH.a cTaHOBHJiacb aBTOHOMHbiM w-\,. Ka.amecTBOM B cocTa.Be Typn;HH. ...,.
6EP11L-1HCKL-1Iil KOHfPECC 'YCJIOBH.H 3TOI'O ,li;OI'OBOpa Bbi3BaJIH pe3KOe He,li;OBOJibCTBO eBponeHCKHX p;epmaB, ll0Tpe6oBaBlliHX C03b1Ba o6m;eeBponeiicKoro KOHrpecca ,n;JI.a nepecMoTpa Caa-CTeQ:>a.HcKoro ,n;oroBopa.
PoccH.a nop; yrpo3oii C03,ll;a.HH.H HOBOH a.HTHpyccKoii Koa.JIHD;HH 6biJia BbiHY>K,ll;eHa COI'JiaCHTbC.H C H,n;eeii: C03b1Ba KOHrpecca. 3TOT KOHI'pecc COCTO.HJIC.H B BepJIHHe ITO,ll; npep;ce,n;aTeJibCTBOM repMaHcKoro Ka.HD;Jiepa BHcMapKa. BHcMapK, 3a.HBJI.HBillHH paaee 0 CBOeM HeHTpa.JIHTeTe H .zr;ame no,n;.zr;epmKe PoCCHH, Q:>aKTHqecKH npHMKHYJI K ee npoTHBHHKaM. Haxo,n;.acb nepe.zr; e,n;HHbiM Q:>poHTOM eBponeiicKHX ,n;ep>Ka.B, ropqaKOB 6biJI BblffY>K,ll;eH COI'JiaCHTbC.H C HOBbiMH yCJIOBHHMH MHpa. BoJirapH.a 6biJia pa3,n;eJieaa aa ,n;Be <JaCTH: CeBepaa.a 06'b.HBJI.HJiaCb KH.H>KeCTBOM, 3aBHCHMbiM OT Typn;HH, IO>KHa.H - a.BTOHOMHOH Typen;KOH npOBHHD;Heii BocToqaa.a PyMeJIH.H. BbiJIH 3aaqHTeJibHO ype3a.Hbl TeppHTOpHH Cep6HH H 'tlepaoropHH, coKpam;eabi npHo6- w-\,. peTeHH.H PoccHH B 3aKa.BKa3be. ...,.
B TO me BpeM.a cTpaHbl, ae BOeBa.BmHe c Typu,Heii, noJIY'IHJIH aarpa,n;y 3a ycJiyrH B OTCTaHBaHHH TYPeD;KHX HHTepecoB: ABcTpH.H - BoCHHIO H repn;erOBHHy, AarJIH.H -ocTpoB KHnp.
PyccKo-Typen;Ka.a Boiiaa 1877- 1878 rr . .HBHJiaCb aaH6oJiee KpynHbiM BoeHHbiM ycnexoM PoccHH BO BTopoii noJIOBHHe XIX B. Oaa npop;eMOHCTPHPOBaJia ,n;eiicTBeaHOCTb BOeHHOH peQ:>opMb1 1 CllOC06CTBOBaJia pOCTy aBTOpHTeTa PoccHH B cJiaB.HHCKOM MHpe. ABTOPHTeT pyccKoii BOHHCKOH CJiaBbl 6b1JI llOJIHOCTbiO BOCCTaHOBJieH.
MOH HCTOP IRECKHE HCCJIE.D;OBAHHSI
:::::11 npoaH811H3HpyiitTe XOA BOeHHbiX :::a AeMCTBHM pyccKo-rype4KOM BOM:::a :::a Hbl 1877- 1878 rr.
:::a :::a «noMOU4HHK)) :::a ..J Hai1Ali1Te Ha Kapre MapwpyTbl :::a ABt.1:>K€Ht.1R pyccKt.1X soi1cK Yepe3 :::a PyMbiHt.-110 a 6onrapt.110, TblpHoso, :::a Wt.1nKt.1HCKll1i1 nepesan, nnesHy, ~ Hli1KOnonb, 6pocoK OTPRAa reHepa:::=- na rypKo Ha CraM6yn :=:=. J noKa:>Kt.1Te Ha KapTe Hanpasne:;::;a Ht.1R ABli1:>KeHt.1R pyccKt.1X soi1cK Ha :==a KasKa3e. Hai1At.1Te KpenoCTt.-1 6aR :::::::::a 3eT, Ap,D.araH, Kapc, 3p3epyM. ==-
3.36. BepJLunc "uil "onzpecc
B YeM 3aKniOYanacb rpa,o.li1L(t.10HHaR po!lb Pocc~t.-1 Ha 6anKaHCKOM nonyoapose?
KaKt.1e L(eflt.-1 npeCfle,o.osana PocCt.1R B BOi1He C Typl(t.1ei1 1877-1878 rr.?
CpasH~Te ycnoBt.1R CaH-Cre¢aHcKoro t.-1 6epnt.1HCKoro ,D.orosopos.
KaKOBbl 3KOHOM~YeCKll1e t.-1 nont.1-Tt.1YecKt.1e noCfle,D.CTBt.1R BOi1Hbl AflR POCCt.-1!11?
0eB060m,ZJ;eHHe KpeeTbHH B 1861 r. H IIOeJie,ZJ;OBaBIDHe
BeJie,ZJ; 3a HHM pe<PopMbi 1860- 1870-x rr. eTaJIH rrepe
JIOMHbiM MOMeHTOM B pyeeKOH HeTOpHH. 3TOT rrepHO,ll;
6biJI Ha3BaH Jin6epaJibHbiMH ,ZJ;eHTeJIHMH arroxoii BeJIH
KHX pe<PopM. Hx eJie,ZJ;eTBHeM eTaJIO eo3,ZJ;aHHe Heo6xo,ZJ;n
MbiX yeJIOBHH ,ZJ;JIH pa3BHTHH KarrHTaJIH3Ma B PoeeHH,
rro3BOJIHBmee eft rroiiTH o6w;eeBporreiieKHM rryTeM.
B cTpaHe pe3KO B03poeJIH TeMIIbi aKoHoMnqeeKoro paa
BHTHH, HaqaJieH rrepeXO,ZJ; K pbiHQqHQH 3KOHOMHKe. fiO,ZJ;
B03,ZJ;eHeTBHeM 3THX IIpOIJ,eeeOB <J>opMHpOB8JIHeb HOBbie
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BOnPOCbl AJIR O&CYJKaEHMR:
Jlaliire xapaKrepL-KTIIIKY JlW1HOCTII1 AJleKcaHApa II.
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06 06CTOflT€JlbCTBaX r lt16€11Lt1 AneKCaHApa II
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n ocne y6111Li1CTBa AneKCaH,D,pa II Ha npecron BCTynll1n ero CbiH AneKcaHAP Ill. Hal1ano HOBoro u.apcrsosaHit1s:~ HOCII1nO npOTII1BOpel1111Bblli1 xapaKTep. HOBbllil 111Mneparop cpa3y :>Ke nposmrnac111n np111HU.111n He3bl6neMOCTII1 caMo,D,ep>Ka BII1s:~, HO s ro :>Ke speMs:~ BbiCKa3biBan :>KenaHit1e cne,D,osarb pecpopMaropcKII1M nyreM 111 ,D,anbwe.
IlporpaMMa
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AJieKcaa~py III OhiJIO H3BeCTHO o TOM, 'ITO noKoii
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c KOTOpbiM AJieKcaH~p III 29 anpeJISI
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3a, soeHHhiH MHHHCTP ,ll; .A. MHJIIOTHH.
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B nroae 1881 r. OhiJia C03BaHa nepsaSI ~ceccHSI cse,D;y
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ITJI8Teme:i1. J1 XOTSI ~CBe,D;yl.l1He JIIO,li;H» He H30Hp8JIHCb
3eMCTB8MH, a H83H8'laJIHCb npaBHTeJibCTBOM, cpe,ZJ;H HHX
oKa3aJIHCh BH,D;Hhie JIH6epaJibHble ,D;eSITeJIH. BTopoi1 «cec
CHH CBe~y~HX JIIO~eH», co6paHHOH B CeHTSIOpe 1881 r., OhiJI rrpe~Jiomea sonpoc o rrepeceJieaqecKoH noJIHTHKe.
Ha HOBble
llOCTbl B npaBHTeJihCTBe 6hlJIH Ha3HaqeHhi OTHIO,D;h He
npOTHBHHKH npeo6pa3oBaHHH. MHHHCTpOM BHyTpeHHHX
,n;eJI CTaJI H.TI. llrHaTheB - cTopoHHHK cJiaaRHOcpHJihCKHX
H,D;eH, pa3pa6aTbiBaBillHH npoeKT C03b1Ba COBe~aTeJihHOrO
3eMcKoro co6opa. M:aHHCTp cpHHaHcoB H.X. Bynze CJihiJI
XOTR H BeCbMa yMepeHHhiM, HO JIH6epaJihHbiM llOJIHTHKOM.
HoBble MHHHCTpbl 3Hep~Ho B3RJIHCh 3a npeTBopeHHe B
mH3Hh 3aKOHOllpOeKTOB, pa3pa60TaHHbiX ew;e B nepHO,D;
«,n;HKTaTyphl cep,n;n;a>> JlopHc-MeJIHKOBa.
28 ,n;eKa6pR 1881 r. 6biJI npHHRT 3aKOH 06 06R3aTeJih
HOM BhiKyne KpecThHHaMH Ha,n;eJioB. TeM caMhiM 6hiJIO
npeKpaw;eHO BpeMeHH006R3aHHOe COCTORHHe KpeCThRH.
B 3TOT me 3aKOH 6b1JIO BKJIIOqeHo noJiomeHHe o CHHmeHHH
BhlKYITHhiX ITJiaTemeH Ha 1 py6Jih.
B Mae 1881 r. 6hlJI H3,D;aH YKa3 o nocTeneHHOH 3aMeHe
no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH ,n;pyrHMH HaJIOraMH (B3HMaHHe
no,n;ymHOH no,n;aTH OKoaqaTeJihHO npeKpaTHJIOCh
1 RHBapR 1887 r.).
B 1882 r. 6biJIH npHHHThi Mepbl ,D;JIH
ycTpaHeHHR MaJI03eMeJihH KpecThHH. Bhm
yqpem,n;eH KpecThHHCKHH 6aHK, KoTo
pbi:H npe,n;OCTaBJIHJI JihrOTHhie Kpe,n;HThi
,D;JIH llOKYITKH KpeCTbRHaMH 3eMeJib.
B TO me BpeMR npaBHTeJihCTBO
AJieKcaH.n;pa III cTpeMHJIOCh coxpaHHTh
KpecThRHCKyiO o6w;HHy. B 1893 r . 6hlJI
npHHRT 3aKOH, orpaHHqHBaiOID;HH B03MOm
HOCTh BbiXO.ZJ;a KpeCThHH H3 o6~HHbl. ,lJ;pyrOH
3aKOH cy3HJI npaBa o6w;HHhl Ha nepe,n;eJI 3eMJIH H
3aKpenHJI Ha,n;eJibl 3a KpeCTbHHaMH. flo HOBOMY 3aKOHY
3a nepe.n;eJI .n;oJimHo 6biJIO nporoJiocoBa Th He MeHee 2 I 3 KpecTbHHCKoro cxo.n;a H cpoK Mem.n;y nepe.n;eJiaMH He Mor
cocTaBJIHTh MeHee 12 JieT. BhlJI npHHHT 3aKoH, 3anpe
w;aBmH:H npo.n;aBaTh o6w;HHHble 3eMJIH.
PoccHH 6h1Jia
nepBOH B MHpe CTpaHOH, r.n;e CTaJI ocyw;eCTBJIHThCH KOHT
pOJih 3a YCJIOBHRMH Tpy.n;a pa6oqHX. 1 HIOHH 1882 r. 6biJI
H3,n;aH 3aKoH, 3anpem;aamHH Tpy.n; .n;eTe:H ,n;o 12-JieTHero
B03paCTa. 8TOT me .ZJ;OKyMeHT orpaHHqHBaJI pa6oqHH .n;eHb
,n;eTeH OT 12 .ZJ;O 15 JieT 8 qacaMH. ,1l;JIH Ha,D;30pa 3a HC
ITOJIHeHHeM 3aKOHa BBO.ZJ;HJiaCh ClleiJ;HaJibHaH cpa6pHqHaH
HHCneKn;HR. B 1885 r . nocJie.n;oBaJIO 3anpew;eHHe HOqHoro
Tpy.n;a .ZJ;JIH meH~HH H HecoBepmeHHOJieTHHX. B 1886 r.
BhlllieJI 3aKOH 0 B3aHMOOTHOUieHHHX npe.n;npHHHMaTeJieH C
pa6oqHMH. OH orpaHHqHBaJI pa3Mep mTpacpoB. 3anpew;a
JIOCb pacnJiaq:aBaTbCH c pa6oqHMH TOBapaMH qepe3 cpa6-
pHqHble JiaBKH. BMecTe c TeM 3aKoH npe.n;ycMaTpHBaJI cy
poBoe HaKa3aHHe pa6oqHx 3a yqacTHe B cTaqKax.
peceneH14ax, Koropbilil 8Kni0Yan 8 ce6R Mepbi, npeAJlO)I(eHHble «c8eAYll.J,II1 MV1 niOAbMV1»: pa3peweHV1e Ha nepeceneH V1e npeAOCTa8nRnocb n111wb MV1HV1CTepCT80M 8HyrpeHHV1X Aen; nepeceneH!4aM npeAOCTa8nRnii1Cb 3Ha4111T€nbHbl€ nbrDTbl - OHV1 OC8060)I(Aanii1Cb Ha Tpll1 roAa OT 8CRKV1X nOAaTelil 111 80111HCKOiil no-8111HHOCTV1, a 8 nocneAy10ll.J,V1e r p111 roAa nnar111n111 noAaTV1 8 nono8111HHOM pa3Mepe; 111M 8blnnaYV18anii1Cb He6onbwll1e AeHe)I(Hble noco6111R .
4 .1 . CMepmb nep ece/l.eH.(.{a. X yao:JICH.UIC C.B. H eaH.08
KaKV1e o6croRrenbCT8a oKa3anll1 pewaiOll.J,ee 803AeLilcr8111e Ha 8HYTpeHHIOIO nonii1TII1KY AneKcaHApa Ill?
KaK 8bl AYMaere, KaKo8a 6blna rna8HaR 14enb 3aKOH08 no KpecTbRHCKOMY 80npocy? YYII1Tbl8anll1cb n111 8 3TV1X 3aKOHaX 111HTepeCbl KpeCTbRHCTBa?
.[lalilre 0!4eHKY 14apcKOMY peweHV110 no pa6oYeMy 8onpocy. C KaKolil !4€nbl0 OHO 6blnO np111HRTO?
06 ycraHosneHV1V1 AneKcaHAPOM Ill >KeCTKOrO nOJ1V1TV1Y€CKOro pe>t<V1Ma
0 KOHCepBaTV1BHO~ KOppeKTV1pOBKe nV16epaJlbHbiX pe¢opM AneKcaHAPa II
OcHOBHoe coAep>t<aHV1e 3eMcKo~ V1 ropOACKO~ pe¢opM
0CHOBHOe COAep>t<aHV1e pe¢opM s o6nacTV1 o6pa3osaHV1R
'-8 1 883 r. B WJ1V1CC€Jlb6ypre Ha ocrpose nocpeAV1 Hesbl 6b1na nocrpoeHa neYaJlbHO V13BecrHaH TIOpbMa AJlR nOJ1V1TV1YeCKV1X 3aKJ110-YeHHbiX. 8 He(;i 8 pa3HOe BpeMH 6biJlV1 3aroYeHbl MHOrV1e AeHTeJ1V1 pesoJliOL\V10HHoro ABV1>t<eHV1H.
,..,_ ,..
T onbKO s 1883-1885 rr. no peweHV110 Cosell.\aHV1H, rAe nepsy10 CKpV1nKy V1rpan no6eAOHOCL\€B, 6biJ10 3aKpbiTO 9 V13AaHV1111. CpeAV1 HV1X OKa3aJlV1Cb nonynHpHble >t<ypHanbl «ronoe>> A.A. KpaescKoro V1 «OreYecrseHHble 3anV1CKV1» M.E. CambiKosa-~eApV1Ha.
KOHCEPBATHBHAR KOPPEKTHPOBKA ECI»OPM nPEAbl YIQEro LIAPCTBOBAHHR
B Mae 1882 r. Ha noa MII1H111CTpa sHyrpeHHII1X Aen 6bln
Ha3HaYeH ,O.A. TonCTO~. 3TO CB111AeTenbCTBOBano 0 TOM,
YTO AneKCaHAP Ill OTKa3anc~ OT npOAOn>KeHII1~ HaYaTbiX ero OTL(OM n1116epanbHbiX pecpopM 111 B3~n TBepAbl~ Kypc Ha COXpaHeHII1e OCHOB CaMOAep>t<aBII1~.
14 asrycTa 1881 r. 6bx
JIO orry6mnwsaHo « IloJio.meHHe o Me pax K oxpaHeHHIO ro
cy~apcTBeHHoro nop.ap;Ka H o6~ecTBeHHoro cnoKoii
CTBH.R~, KOTOpOe ,ZJ;aBaJIO IIpaBO MHHHCTpy BHyTpeHHHX
~eJI H reHepaJI-ry6epHaTopaM o6'b.RBJI.RTb JII06o:ii paiioH
CTpaHbl Ha <<HCKJIIO"tlHTeJibHOM IIOJIOJKeHHH» H BbiCbiJiaTb
6ea pemeHH.R cy.n;a He.meJiaTeJJbHbiX JIHIJ;.
B 1880-x rr. 6biJIH coa.n;aHbi «0T.n;eJieHH.R no oxpaHe
HHIO IIOp.R,ZJ;Ka H o6~eCTBeHHOH 6e30IIaCHOCTH» ( «OXpaH
Ka» ). llx 3a,ZJ;a"tleH CTaJia CJieJKKa 3a rrpOTHBHHKaMH BJJaCTH.
B 1884 r.
6biJI sse.n;eH yHHBepcHTeTCKHH ycTaB, no KOTopoMy yHH
sepcHTeTbi JIHillaJIHCb aBTOHOMHH. IlO'tJ:TH B~BOe BblpOCJia
nJiaTa aa o6y"tleHHe. BbiJIH aanpeiiJ;eHbi JII06bie cTyp;eH"tJ:ec
KHe opraHHaan;HH. 3a Mane:iimee HenoBHHOBeHHe cTyp;eH
TOB OT,ZJ;aBaJIH B COJI,ZJ;aTbl. 5 HIOH.R 1887 r. 6biJI H3,ZJ;aH
II;HPKYJI.Rp, nOJIY'tJ:HBillHH Ha3BaHHe 3aKOHa «0 KyxapKH
HbiX ,ZJ;eT.RX~ .
CorJiacHo n;MpKyJI.apy npep;JiaraJIOCb npHHHMaTb B
rHMHa3HH <<TOJibKO TaKHX ,ZJ;eTeH, KOTOpbie HaXO,ZJ;.RTC.R Ha
IIOIIe"tleHHH JIHII;, npep;OCTaBJI.RIO~HX ,ZJ;OCTaTO'tJ:HOe py'tla
TeJibCTBO B npaBHJibHOM Ha~ HHMH ~OMamHeM Ha,ll;30pe » • 8TO 6biJIO C~eJiaHO ,ZJ;JI.R TOrO, "tlT06bi «OCB060,ZJ;HTbC.R OT
nOCTynJieHH.R B HHX p;eTeH Ky"tlepOB, JiaKeeB, IIOBapOB,
npa"tleK, MeJIKHX JiaBO'<:IHHKOB H TOMY IIO,ZJ;06HbiX JIIO,ZJ;eH,
p;eTeH KOHX, 3a HCKJIIO"tleHHeM pa3Be op;apeHHbiX He06biK
HOBeHHbiMH CIIOC06HOCT.RMH, BOBCe He CJJep;yeT BbiBO,ZJ;HTb
H3 cpe.n;bi, K Koe:ii OHH rrpMHap;Jie.maT». C aTon me n;eJibiO
ITOBbimanacb nJiaTa aa 06Y"tJ:eHHe.
IlpHHHMaJIHCb aanpeTHTeJibHbie Mepbl H no OTHOme
HHIO K rre"tJ:ani. B 1882 r . 6biJIO o6paaosaHo Cose~aHHe
'tleTbipex MHHHCTpOB, Ha,ZJ;eJieHHOe IIpaBOM aanpe~aTb Bbi
XO,ZJ; JII06oro ne"tlaTHoro opraHa. B 1884 r. BnepBbie B Poc
CHH 6biJia npOH3Bep;eHa «"tiHCTKa>> 6H6JIHOTeK: 133 Ha3Ba
HH.R OT,ZJ;eJibHhiX KHHr, co6paHHH CO'<:IHHeHHH H mypHaJIOB
6hiJIH CO"t!TeHhi «He,ZJ;OrryCTHMhiMH K o6p~eHHIO~.
MaorMe pe
JIMrMM no,n;BepraJIMCb orpaHM'IeHMHM CO CTOpOHbi BJI8CTM.
By.n;,n;McTaM (KaJIMbiKaM M 6ypHTaM) aanpe~aJIOCb CTpOMTb
xpaMbi, OTnpaBJIHTb 6orOCJiymeHM$1. I10JIHKaM-K8TOJIMKaM
6biJI 38KpblT )l;OCTyn K rocy,n;apCTBeHHblM )l;OJimHOCTHM B
IJ;apCTBe llOJibCKOM.
YmecTO~MJIOCb OTHOllleHMe K npMaepmeHIIaM 1fY)1;8M3-
Ma. ITo BpeMeHHbiM npaBMJiaM 1882 r. y eapeea OTHHJIM
npaao ceJIMTbCH aae ropo.n;oa M MeCTe~eK .n;ame B npe.n;e
nax qepTbi oce.n;nocTM; MM 3anpe~anocb npMo6peTaTh
He,n;BMmMMOe MM~eCTBO a ceJibCKOM MeCTHOCTM. B 1887 r. 6biJia coKpa~eHa caMa ~epTa oce.n;nocTM. Tor.n;a me 6hiJIO
onpe.n;eneHo, KaKOM npoiieHT OT o6~ero ~MeJia o6~aeMhiX
a ~e6HhiX 3aae,n;eHMHX MOrJIM cocTaBJIHTb eapeM. BbiJIM
BBe,n;eHbi OrpaHM'leHM$1 )l;JI$1 38HHTM$1 HeKOTOpblMM BM.n;a
MM npocpeCCMOH8JibHOM .n;eHTeJibHOCTM, HanpMMep B 8,li;BO
K8Type. Bee 3TH npMTecHeHMH He pacnpocTpaHHJIHCb aa
eBpeeB, nepellle,ll;lllMX B npaBOCJI8BHYIO Bepy.
B TO me apeMH aa npHcoe.n;HHeHHbiX aeMJIHX Cpe.n;ae:H
AaHM 6biJIM ocTaaneHbi B HenpMKOCHOBeHHOCTH My- .,\...
cyJihMaHcKaH IIePKOBb M MycyJihMaHCKMe cy,n;hr. Y
B 1885 r. cocTOHJIOCb OTKpbiTMe ,ll;aopHHCKoro 6aHKa. Ero aa.n;a~e:H
CT8JIO npe.n;OCT8BJieHHe JibrOTHbiX Kpe.n;HTOB )l;JI$1 no.n;.n;ep
maHM$1 nOMe~H~bMX X03HMCTB.
12 HIOHH 1890 r. 6hiJIO M3.n;8Ho ~nonomeHMe o ry6epH
CKMx H yea.n;HhiX aeMCKHX yqpem.n;eHHHX ·~ • B HMX aeMc
KOe caMoynpaBneHMe paccMaTpHaanoch KaK ~aCTb rocy
.n;apcTaeaaoro ynpaBJieHMH. llpH na6paHHH aeMCTB ycn
JIHJIMCb COCJIOBHbie Ha~aJia: 3eMJieBJia.n;eJib~eCK8$1 KypH$1
CT8HOBMJI8Cb ~HCTO )l;BOpHHCKOM, 'lHCJIO rJiaCHbiX OT Hee
yaeJIH~MBanocb, a MMy~eCTBeHHbiM 1IeH3 CHHmancH. IIo
BhilllaJICH H36HpaTeJihHbiM IIeHa .D;JIH ropo.n;cKOM KYPMM.
12 HIOJI$1 1889 r. 6biJI H3,li;8H 38KOH 0 3eMCKHX yqaCT
KOBbiX H81J8JibHMK8X. 0H OTMeHHJI ,li;OJimHOCTM H MeCTHhie
~pem.n;eHHH, OCHOB8HHhie H8 6eCCOCJIOBHbiX M Bbi60pHbiX
Ha~anax (MHpOBbie nocpe.n;HMKH, yea,n;Hhie no KpeCThHH
CKHM ,n;eJiaM npHCyTCTBM$1 M MHpOBOM cy,n;). BMeCTO HHX
C03,li;8B8JIHCb 3eMCKHe yqaCTKH BO rJiaBe C 3eMCKMMH Ha
'l8JibHHK8MM. OHM KOHTponHpoaaJIH o6~HHHOe caMo
ynpaaneHHe KpeCTbHH, paCCMaTpHBaJIH He3H8~HTeJihHbie
cy.n;e6Hble .n;ena, paapelllaJIM aeMeJihHhie cnopbi. .D:onmHoc
TH 3eMCKMX H8~8JibHMKOB MOrJIH 38HHM8Tb TOJibKO ,li;BOp$1-
He. KpecTbHHe, no cyTM, 6biJIH nocTaBJieHbi B JIH'liHYIO 3a
BMCMMOCTb OT 3eMCKHX Ha~aJibHHKOB.
B 1892 r. BhilllJIO aoaoe ropo,n;oBoe nonomeHHe. 0Ho
3H8'lHTeJibHO nOBhlillaJIO M36HpaTeJibHbiM u;eH3 H 3aKpeiiJIH
JIO npaKTMKY BMemaTeJibCTBa anacTeii B .n;ena ropo,n;cKoro
caMoynpaaneHHH.
MOH HCTOPH'IECKHE ::a HCCREAOBAHHH
==- CpaBHHTe BHyTpeHHtoto nonH::::3 THKY AneKcaHApa II H AneKca-= HApa Ill.
==:::a «nOMOU4HHK» ::;::a J Mo>KHO n111 Ha(:irlll o6UIIIIe YepTbl ::;::a BO BHyTpeHHe(:i noniiiTIIIKe AneKCa:::0:::. HApa II Ill AneKCaHApa Ill? ::;::a ..J B YeM npiiiH~IIInlllanbHOe pa3nlll ::;:::a Yllle BO BHyTpeHHetlt nOniiiTIIIKe ::::=. AneKcaHApa II 111 AneKcaHApa Ill? ~
4 eprotlt OCeAnOCTIII Ha3bJBanlll Yacrb repp111rop111111 Pocc111tltcKotlt 111Mnep111111, Ha KOropotlt pa3pewanocb nOCTOflHHOe npO>KIIIBaHIIIe espees. B npeAenax YepTbl oceAnocrlll espeflM 3anpeU~anocb npo)KIIIBaTb s d?nax. a TaK)Ke s K111ese, Cesacronone 111 ~me. BHe YepTbl OCeAnOCTIII npaBOM Ha >KIIITenbCTBO nonb30sanlllcb Kyn~bl 1-lil rlllnbAIIIIII, n111~a C BblCWIIIM Ill cne~111
anbHblM o6pa3osaHIIIeM, peMecneHHIIIKIII, COnAaTbl, npOXOAIIIBWIIIe cny)K6y no peKpyrcKOMY ycrasy.
noYeMy pecpopMbl s o6nacr111 npocseU~eHIIIfl 111 neYaTIII noABeprniiiCb CTOnb KapAIIIHanbHOMY 1113MeHeHIIIIO?
KaK Bbl AYMaere, noYeMy AneKcaHAP Ill nosen caMoe pewlllrenbHoe HacrynneHIIIe Ha opraHbl MeaHero caMoynpasneHIIIfl?
Aatltre o~eHKY Ha~IIIOHanbHotlt noniiiTIIIKIII AneKcaHApa Ill.
CornacHbl n111 Bbl c yrsep>KAeHIIIeM, 4TO nepiiiOA npasneHIIIfl AfleKCaHApa Ill 6bln nepiiiOAOM KOHTppecpopM?
06 OCHOBH~X HanpasneH~RX 3KOHOM~4eCKOill non~T~K~ AJle KCa H
,D,pa Ill
0 HOB~X RBneH~RX B pa3B~T~~
cenbcKoro X03R~crsa
KaKOBO 6 blnO COCTORH~e poc
C~illCKO~ npOMbiWneHHOCT~ B nope
cpo p MeHHble ro,[lbl?
KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCT~ npoMbiW
neHHoro nepesopora s Pace~~?
KaK s no pecpopMeHHble rDA bl pa3-
s~sanocb cenbCKoe xo3Rillcrso?
4.2. Muliucmpbt tjJuHaHcoe Poccuuc~eou u.Mnepuu: a) H.X. ByHze; 6) HA. BbtULHezpaoc~euu
n p111 AneKcaHApe Ill npaBII!TeJlbCTBO npeAnp111HII1MaJlO 3HeprW-1Hble AeV1CTBII151, HanpaBJleHHble Ha pa3BII1T111e OTe'-leCTBeHHOill npOMbiWJleHHOCTIII. Vl3 arpapHOill Aep:>t<a Bbl Pocc11151 nooeneHHO npespaw,anacb B arpapH0-111HAYCTp111aJlbHYIO.
B Mae 1881 I'. Ha IIOCT MHHH·
CTpa q>HHaHCOB 6hiJI Ha3HaqeH BHAHhiH yqeHbiH·3KOHOMHCT
H.X. ByBre .. Ha nepBoe MecTo OH CTaBHJI peq>opMHpOBaHHe
CHCTeMhl c6opa HaJIOI'OB. BYHf'e BhiCTYnHJI 38 OCJI86JieBHe
HaJIOI'OBOI'O 06JIO.>KeHH.H KpeCTb.HH, npoBeJI CHH.>KeHHe Bbi·
KynHbiX nJiaTemeH H HaqaJI IIOCTeneHHYIO OTMeHy no,zzyru
HOH no,n;aTH.
qT06bi B03MeCTHTb noTepH rocy,n;apCTBa OT npHH.HTH.H
3THX Mep, B y Hre BBO,ZI;HJI KocBeHHhie HaJiorH 11 HaJiorH c
.n;oxo,n;oB. BhiJIH ycTaHOBJieHbi aKII;H3Hhle c6opbi ua Bo,n;
Ky, Ta6aK, caxap, Heq>Tb; 06JiaraJIHCb HOBbiMH HaJIOI'aMH
I'OpO,ZI;CKHe ,ll;OMa, TOpi'OBJI.H, IIpOMbiCJibl, ,ll;OXO,ll;bl OT ,n;e
He-'KHbiX KanHTaJIOB; nOBbiiiiaJIHCb TaMO-'KeHHbie nOIIIJIH·
Hbi Ha TOBaphl, BB03HMhie H3·3a rpaHHII;bi.. ToJibKO c 1882 no 1885 r . nOIIIJIHHbl BblpOCJIH 6oJiee qeM Ha 30% .
IIpaBHTeJihCTBO noMoraJio pocTy poccHHCKOH npo
MbiiiiJieuuocTH HCXO,ll;.H TaKme 113 nOTpe6HOCTeH yKpenJie·
HH.H BoeHHOH MOIII;H .. O.n;uoBpeMeuuo oHo ocyiii;eCTBHJIO
3HaqHTeJibHOe COKpaiii;eHHe apMHH, qTQ npHHOCH JIO ,ZI;O·
nOJIHHTeJibHO 23 MJIH py6JieH B I'O,ll;.
B 1887 r. BMecTo Bhiiiie,n;IIIero B OTCTaBKY H.X. ByHre
nocT MHHHCTpa <PHHaucoB 3aH.HJI H A . BbtUJ.Hezpa8cKuil .. CBoei1: rJiaBHOH aa,n;aqeJ1: oH cqHTaJI 6biCTpoe yJiyqiiieHHe
COCTO.HHH.H ,n;eHe.>KHOI'O o6paiii;eHH.H B CTpaHe. C 3TOH
rx;eJibiO MHHHCTepcTBO <PHHaHcoB HaKanJIHBaJIO 6oJihiiiHe
3anacbi ,n;eHer, a aaTeM npHHHMaJIO IIIHpoKoe yqacTHe B
c,n;eJIKax ua aapy6emHhiX 611pmax. B peay JibTaTe noKyna
TeJihHa.H CnOC06HOCTb py6JI.H 3HaqHTeJibHO IIOBbiCHJiaCb.
B TaMomeHHOH noJIHTHKe npaBHTeJihCTBO cTaJio c HO·
BOH 3HeprHei1: ,ZI;BHraTbC.H no nyTH yBeJIJiqeHH.H noiiiJIHH,
,n;ocTHI'IIIHX npH BbiiiiHerpa,n;cKoM cBoei1: BbiCIIIei1: TOqKH.
B 1891 r. 6biJI yqpem,n;eH HOBbiH TaMomeHHbiH TapHq>. Ec
JIH B npe,ZI;hi,D;Y III;HH nepHO,ll; nOBbiiiieHHbiMH c6opaMH 06Jia •
I'aJIOCb B OCHOBBOM BB03HMOe B POCCHIO Cblpbe, TO T enepb
RMH CTaJia 06Jiai'8TbC.H H rrpO.n;yKII;H.H MaiiiHHOCTpOeHH.H.
B 1892 r. MHHHCTpoM QlHHa.HCOB 6biJI Ha3Ha"tJeH CJO. Bumme. OH pa3pa6oTaJI 3KOHOMH"tJeCKYIO rrporpaMMY, KOTO
paR rrpe~ycMaTpHBaJia: IIpOBe~eHHe meCTKOH HaJIOrOBOH
IIOJIHTHKH, yBeJIH'tJeHHe KOCBeHHbiX HaJIOrOB, BBe~eHHe
rocy~apCTBeHHOH MOHOIIOJIHH Ha npOH3BO~CTBO H npo~a
my BO~KH; ~aJihHenmee yBeJIH"tJeHHe TaMomeHHhiX nom
JIHH; ~eHemHYIO pecpopMy C :a;eJihiO yKperrJieHHH py6JIR;
IIpHBJie'tJeHHe B CTpaHy HHOCTpaHHOrO KaiiHTaJia.
B6JihmyiO -qacTh 3TOH rrporpaMMhi BHTTe npeTBOPHJI B
mH3Hh yme nocJie cMepTH AJieKcaH~pa III. 1890-e ro~hl
cTaJIH rrepHo~oM He6hiBaJioro B3JieTa pyccKoii: npoMhim
JieHHOCTH. 3a ~eCRTHJieTHe IIpOMbiillJieHHOe IIpOH3BO~CTBO
B CTpaHe Y~BOHJIOCh, a BhiiiYCK npo~yKD;HH TRmeJIOH npo
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pa3BHBaJIHCb OTpaCJIH HapO~HOrO X03RHCTBa, CBR3aH
Hhie C HOBbiMH BH~aMH TOITJIHBa - yrJieM H HecpTbiO. 9 IlpHTOK ~eHer H3-3a py6ema B03poc rrocJie ycrremHoro
3aBepmeHHH B 1897 r. ~eHemHOH pecpopMbi. IlOBbiilleHHe
me TaMomeHHhiX c6opoB c~eJiaJio 6oJiee BhlrO~HhiM ~JIR
HHOCTpaHHbiX npe~npHHHMaTeJieH He BB03 npOMblillJieH
HbiX TOBapoB, a HX npOH3BO~CTBO B caMoii: PoccH:a.
B 1893 r . Ha"tJaJICR HOBhiH no~'beM meJie3HO,ZJ;opomHo
ro cTpOHTeJibCTBa. "YBeJIH"tJeHHe ~JIHHbi meJie3HhiX ,ZJ;opor
COCTaBJI.HJIO B cpe~HeM CBhlille 2, 7 TbiC. KM B ro~. Ha'tJaJIOCb
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CBbiille 600 TbiC. -qeJIOBeK.
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B YeM 3aKntOYanV1cb rnaBHble npo6neMbl cenbcKoro xo3AI71crea apaHbt?
06 OC06eHHOCTflX COCnOBHO!il crpyKrypbt nopecpopMeHHoro o6ll.\ecrsa
0 pOnV1 KpeCTbflHCKOiil 06ll.\V1Hbl B nopecpopMeHHOiil gepesHe
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CTBeHHOe. B paapSI~ ropo~CKHX o6hiBaTeJieii
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KYIID;hi, MeiD;aHe, peMecJieHHHKH. K qHcJiy
CeJibCKHX 06biBaTeJieR OTHOCHJIHCb KpeCTb.HHe,
Ka3aKH H ~pyrHe KaTeropHH JIIO~eii, 3aHHMaB
IIIHXCSI CeJibCKHM X03SIRCTBOM.
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JISIJIH BOJIOCTb.
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Ha ceJihCKOM cxo~e Ha TPH ro~a H36HpaJIHCb cTapoc
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CBSI3biB8JIH OCHOBHYIO qaCTh KpeCThSIH C o6~HHOH . Be,n;h
aHa rapaHTHPOBaJia CBOHM qJieHaM rro,n;,n;epmKy. KpoMe Ta
ro, pacrrpe,n;eJieHHe aeMJIH B o6~nHe rroMoraJio Bhi»<HTh
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~HHhi HMeJI ITO He60JihiiiOMy Ha,n;eJiy (IIOJIOCe) B pa3HhiX
MecTax. B aacyiiiJIHBhiH ro,n; yqacTOK, pacrroJiomeHHhiM B
HH3HHe, MOr ,ll;8Th BIIOJIHe CHOCHhiH ypomaif, B ,ll;O»<,ll;JIH
Bbie me rO,D;hl BbipyqaJI Y'!8CTOK Ha IIpHrOpKe.
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CHJihHhiH OTrreqaTOK Ha IICHXOJIOrHIO pyCCKOrO KpeCTbSI
HHHa. Ero coaHaHHIO 6hiJIH rrpHcyru;H KOJIJieKTHBH3M,
pa3BHTOe qyBCTBO CIIpaBe,ll;JIHBOCTH.
0CB06om,n;eHHe OT KpeiiOCTHOH 3aBHCHMOCTH IIPHHeCJIO
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6hiCTpO IIIJIO paCCJIOeHHe ,D;BOpSIHCTBa 38 cqeT aKTHBHOrO
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npaBO Ha JIHqHoe H IIOTOMCTBeHHOe ,ll;BOpSIHCTBO. TeM He
MeHee BO BTopoi1: rroJIOBHHe XIX B. qHcJieHHOCTh ,D;BOpSIH
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6biJIO 652 ThiC., a B 1897 r. CBhiiiie 1 MJIH 222 ThiC.
IlOJIHTHqecKOe IIOJIOmeHHe ,ll;BOpSIHCTBa HeCKOJihKO
ocJia6Jio: rrpH aaqHcJieHHH Ha cJiym6y Bee 6oJiee yqH
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BCe MeHbiiie IIpHHHM8JIOCh BO BHHM8HHe COCJIOBHOe
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6hiJIO 51,2% IIOTOMCTBeHHbiX ,D;BOpSIH, a cpe,n;H qHHOB
HHKOB Bhlcmero H cpe,n;Hero 3BeHa - 30,7% . Bcero
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cJiymaru;Hx.
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,o;eJihqecKHe rroaH~HH. IIocJie KpecThSIHCKOH pecpopMhi
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yMeHhiiiaJiaCb B Cpe,o;HeM Ha 0,68 MJIH ,n;eCSITHH B ro,n;.
'LfHCJIO IIOMe~HKOB cpe,n;R ,ll;BOpSIH COKp~aJIOCh.
Bee qaru;e ,o;BopSIHe aaHHMaJIHCh rrpe,n;npHHHMaTeJih
CTBOM. HeKOTOphie H3 HHX CTaJIH BJia,D;eJih0:8MH KpynHhiX
IIpOMhiiiiJieHHhiX npe,n;npHSITHH, aKIJ:HH H He,D;BH)KHMOCTM,
aaHSIJIH BH,D;Hhie rroCThi B 6aHKax. MHorHe rrp1106peJIH
npo<tJeCCHH Bpaqa, IOpHCTa, CT8JIH IIHC8TeJISIMH, xy,o;om
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4 .7. JlpO.MblUJJU' HHUKU .Melfenambl
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8 1856 r . Kyne4 n.M. TpeTbflKOB npL-1o6pen 2 KapTL-1Hbl pyccKL-1X xyAO:>KHL-1KOB 3TO nOCJlY:>KL-1!10 HaYaJlOM ¢opML-1pOBaHL-1fl KOJ1JleK4L-1L-1 npOL-13BeAeHL-11i! pyCCKL-1X L-1 L-1HOCTpaHHbiX :>KL-1BOnL-1C4eB, KOTOpaSl K 1890-M rr HaCYL-1TbiBana y:>Ke 1276 KapTL-1H, 47 1 pL-1CYHOK L-1 10 CKYilbnTYP pycCKL-1X XYAO:>KHL-1KOB, a TaK:>Ke 84 KapTLo1Hbl L-1HOCTpaHHbiX Macrepos B 1892 r . TpeTbfiKOB nepeAaJl BCIO KOJ1JleK4L-110 MOCKBe, a s 1893 r 6b1JlO opraHL-130BaHo orKpbiTOe nocell.leHL-1e ranepeL-1.
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aa HHKOJibCKOH MaHycpaKType s ropo)l;e Opexoso-3yese.
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nerep6ypre 6blnO COBepweHO He
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qecKHe HaCTpOeBH.R B Hapo,Ae, T.Rra K IIOp.R,AKy H <•CHJihHOH
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B cpe.n;e JIH6epaJihHhi X aeMcKHx .n;e.RTeJieii
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pocJia nonymipHOCTh MapKCH3Ma. IIo~ BJIH.HHHeM aToro
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IJ,apHIO, r~e 06'he~HHHJI CBOHX e~HHOMhiiDJieHHHKOB
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llpH A.n:eKcaH~pe III KOHcepBaTH3M CTaJI
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CTpeMHJIHCh CllJIOTHTh 06~eCTBO llpH llOMO~H H~eH pyc
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MeHeHHe CTpaHhi IIO o6paau;y 3allMHOOBponeHCKHX CTpaH.
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TeJihHOCThiO pyKOBO~HJI IJ;eHTpaJihHhiH KOMHTeT BO rJiaBe
c II.II. lllyBaJIOBh1M. B pyKOBO~CTBO BXO~HJIH BeJIHKHe
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BeTBJieHHYIO CeTh H CKphiBaJia CBOe cy~eCTBOB8HHe He
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THllOrpacpHH, llhiTaJIHCh Bhi.HBJI.HTh peBOJIIOII,HOHHhie op
raHH381l;HH H HX 'lJieHOB, B JKeHeBe H3~aBaJIH ra3eThi
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KaKI-1e I-13MeHeHI-1A 111 noYeMy npoI-130WnV1 s n1-16epanbHOM AB I-1>KeHI.1V1?
KaKI-1e V13MeHeHV1A npo1113own111 s peson10141110HHOM ABVl)KeHVl Vl?
8 YeM 3aKn104aiOTCA OCHOBHble paCXO:>KAeHI.1R Me:>KAy MapKCV1CTCKI.1M 1.1 HapOAHI-14eCKV1M y4eHI.1RMI-1? 4TO Me>KAy HI.1MI.1 o6ll(ero?
n oYeMy MapKCI.1CTbl 06bABI.1nl.1 0 CBOeM nonHOM pa3pb1Be C HapOAHV1-4eCKI-1M ABVl)KeHVleM?
4TO 6blnO HOBbiM B KOHCepBaTVlBHOM ABVl)KeHI.-1111 1880-1890-X rr .?
0 BHeWHenom1Tii1YeCKii1X npi110p111-TeTaX AlleKcaHApa Ill
0 TOM, KaK li13MeHI!1JlaCb nOJlli1Tii1Ka POCCI/1111 Ha 6aJ1KaHaX
0 nollli1Tii1Ke Pocc111111 e Eepone 111 ee C6Jlii1>KeHII11!1 C Cl)paHU111eill
0 3aeepweHII1111 3aeoeeaHII1R CpeAHeill A31111!1
0 np111YII1Hax o6ocrpeHII1R pyccKosmoHCK111X OTHOWeHII1Vt
KaKOBbl 6blllll1 OCHOBHble HanpaBlleHii1R BHewHeill nonli1TII1Kii1 Pocc111111 np111 AlleKcaHApe II?
KaKOBbl np111YII1Hbl 111 111Tor111 pyccKorypeuKoill eoii!Hbl 1877-1878 rr.?
KaK pa3BII1Ballli1Cb OTHOWeHii1R POCCI/1111 C BeAYW.Ii1Mii1 eeponeiiiCKii1Mii1 Aep>KaeaMII1 np111 AlleKcaHApe II?
o6ones neoHHA HHKOnaeBH~
1844-1913 PyccKI!1L71 reHepan. YYaCTHii1K pyccKorypel.IKOL71 BOL7!Hbl 1877-1878 rr. npeMbep-Mi11Hii1CTp npaBii1TeJlbCTBa 5onrapli11!1 a 1882-1883 rr
BHEW RA non T AnE CAH ~ Ill
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IIocJie BepJIHHCKoro KOHrpecca paccTaHOBKa c:aJI ua BaJIKaHax :aaMeHHJiaCb. YcHJI:aJiaCb pOJib repMaHHH H ABcTpo-Bearp:a:a. IlpaBHTeJIH PyMbm:a:a H Cep6:a:a, nonaBm:ae no.ZJ; BJI:aSIH:ae ABcTpo-Beurp:a.a :a He no.rryq:aam:ae no HTOraM BOHHbi c Typn,:aeR TO, 1lTO liM OOeiD;aJIR, BRHRJIH BO BCeM POCCHIO.
B To me apeMH Pocc:aH paccYIHThiBaJia ua 6JiaromeJiaTeJibHOe OTHOmeH:ae K HeR npaBHTeJibCTB HOBbiX He3aBHCHMbiX rocy,ZJ;apcTB, oco6euuo BoJirap:a:a. B IleTep6ypre paapa6oTaJI:a .ZJ;JIH BoJirap:a:a .ZJ;OCTaTOYIHO JI:a6epaJibHYIO KOHCTHTYII,HIO. rJiaBOR BoJirap:a:a 6hiJI :aa6paH A.JLeK:canop Bammen6epz. Ha aamuble MHHHCTepcK:ae nocThi 6biJIH uaauaqeHhl pyccK.ae aoeHHhle, a npaB:aTeJihCTBO BoJirap:a:a aoarJiaB:aJI JI H. Co6oJLee. B BoJirap:aro 6hiJIH uanpaBJieHhl pyccK:ae reuepaJibi :a a<P:an,ephl, coa,ZJ;aBm:ae :aa 6oJirapcKoro HapO.ZJ;HOrO OIIOJiqeHHH COBpeMeHHYIO apMHIO, CHJibHeRmyiO Ha BaJIKaHax. 9
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K aToMy apeMeH:a B BocTOYIHOR PyMeJI:a:a acnhlxHyJio HapO,ZJ;HOe BOCCTaHHe. Typeii,KHe qHHOBHHKH 6hiJIH H3rHaHhl H3 3TOR IIpOBHHII,HR, H fihiJIO 06'bHBJieHO 0 IIpHCOe,ZJ;HHeHHH ee K BoJirap:a:a. 06'be,ZJ;HHeHHe BoJirap:aH, npOTHBOpeq:aamee cTaTbHM BepJI:aHcKoro ,ZJ;oroaopa, Bhi3BaJio ocTphiR Kp:aa:ac Ha BanKaHax. Haapeaana BORHa Mem,ZJ;y BoJirap:aeR :a Typn,:aeR c He:aa6emHbiM BOBJieYieH:aeM a Hee Pocc:a:a H ,ZJ;pyrmc. aeJIHKHX ,ZJ;epmaB. Ho Pocc:aH ue 6hiJia roToaa K 60JibillOR BORHe, K TOMY me ArreKcaH.ZJ;P III He co6:apaJicH aam;:am;aTb .. ue6Jiaro,ZJ;apuyro~ BoJirap:aro. MMnepaTop npe.ZJ;JIOmHJI BoJirap:aH CaMOCTOHTeJihHO pemaTb caoH ,ZJ;eJia H He CTaJI BMem:aBaTbCSi B 6oJirapo-Typeii,KHe OTHOilleHHH.
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0 pa3BII1H1111 npocBei.J..leHII1s:t BO Bropolll nonoBII1He XIX B.
0 AOCTII1>KeHII1s:tX pyccKolll HayKII1 Bropolll nonoBII1Hbl XIX B.
KaK111e r111n~ cpeAH111X yye6H~x 3aBeAeH1111ii Cyi.J..leCTBOBaJ1111 B nopecpopMeHHOiil Pocc111111?
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n epBble BOCKpeCHble WKOJlbl 6biJ1111 opraHII130BaHbl B K111ese, HO 6blapo pacnpoapaHII111111Cb 111 B Apyrll1x ropoAaX POCCII1111. 3TII1 yye6Hble 3aBeAeHII1s:t npeAHa3HaYaJ1111Cb Alls:t pa6oraiOI.J..l111X Aerelil 111 s3pocnbiX. 06yYeHII1e BeJlOCb no BOCKpeCHbiM AHS'IM, HO BO MHOfii1X WKOJlaX -BeYepOM B 6yAH111. 06yYeHit1e, KaK npas1.1no, 6biJlO 6ecnnaTHbiM.
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nPOCBE BTOPO
EHHE M HAYKA BO nOnOBHHE X X a.
O rMeHa KpenocrHoro npasa, ycnex111 s 3KOHOMII1Ke nosneKJll-1 3a co6oll! rny6oK!I1e 1113MeHeHII1~ so scex o6nacr~x Kynbrypbr. Pa3BII1Banocb npocse~eHII1e HapoAa, poena ero rpaMOTHOCTb. PyCCK111e yYeHble BHeCnl-1 BeCOMblill BKllaA B pa3BII1TII1e M111pOBOil1 HayKI-1.
TiepBbie ,n;Ba .n;ecSITRJieTRSI nocJie OTMeHhl KpenocTHoro npaBa npomJIR no.n; aHaKOM OC03H8HHSI 06~eCTBOM R rocy,n;apCTBOM He06XO,li;RMOCTR mRpoKoro npocBe~eHRSI Hapo.n;a. B cTpaae noSIBRJIRCb KOMRTeTbl rpaMOTHOCTR, UpOCBeTRTeJibCKRe opraHR38-
D;HIL 0HR R3,li;8BaJIR }"Ie6HHKH, npOBO,li;RJIR C60p Cpe,n;CTB )l;JISI Hy:n<,n; illKOJibl.
TioJiy~RJIR pacnpocTpaaeHRe paaJIR~Hbie <PopMbi BHemKOJibHOro o6pa3oBaHHSI. B 1859 r. 6hiJIR opraHRao
B8Hbi nepBble B PoccRR BOCKpeCHhie mKOJibi. K 1862 r. RX HaC'IHTbiBaJIOCb 6oJiee 300. OrpoMHYIO poJib B pacnpo
cTpaHeHHR npocBe~eHHSI HrpaJIH aeMCTBa. ToJihKO c 1864 UO 1874 r. 6biJIO OTKpbiTO UO'ITR 10 TbiC. 3eMCKHX illKOJI.
OcHOBHbiM TRUOM cpe,n;Hei1: rnKOJibi 6hiJIR rHMH83HH. B 1861 r. B PoccHH 6biJIO 85 MymcKHX rHMHaaRli, r.n;e }"IHJIOCb 25 Tblc. qeJioBeK. CnycTSI 'leTBepTb BeKa 'IRCJIO
rRMH83Hll BblpOCJIO B TpH paaa, rRMH83RCTOB CT8JIO 6oJiee 70 TbiC. K H8'laJIY 1890-x rr. 6hiJIO T8Kme OTKpbiTO
OKOJIO 300 meHCKHX cpe,n;HHX }"Ie6HhiX aaBe,n;eHRH. B HRX 3aHHMaJIOCb ,li;O 75 TbiC. ,n;eBymeK.
0TKPbiJIHCb HOBble yHHBepcHTeThi B ToMcKe H O.n;ecce. K KOHD;Y XIX B. B PoccHH aac~HTbiBaJIOCb CBhlrne 60 rocy.n;apcTBeHHbiX BbiCillHX }"Ie6HbiX 3aBe,n;eHRH.
BcepoccRlicKa.H nepenHCb HaceJieHHSI 1897 r. BnepBble
,ll;aJI8 UOJIHYIO KapTRHY ypOBHSI rpaMOTHOCTH HaCeJieHRSI CTpaHhi. Cpe,n;HHH ypoBeHh rpaMOTHOCTH cocTaBJISIJI
21,1% . IlpH'leM cpe,n;R MYm~RH rpaMOTHbiX 6biJIO 29,3% , a cpe,n;R meH~HH - 13,1% . Bhlcmee o6paaoBaHHe RMeJIH
HeMHorHM 6oJiee 1 % HaceJieHHSI, cpe,n;Hee - 4 % •
<1>.11. JlRTKe 6biJIR o6cJie,n;oBaHbl KaM'laTKa, llyKOTKa H pSI,n; ocTpOBOB ceBepHoli ~acTH THxoro OKeaaa. HwwJLae.M MuxailJLOBU'le.M fip:HCe6aJLbCICU.M 6biJI OTKpbiT :u;eJiblll pSI,n; HeR3BeCTHbiX eBpOneHD;8M ropHbiX xpe6TOB H 03ep, BnepBble 6biJIO ,n;a
HO OllHCaHHe HeKOTOpbiX jKHBOTHbiX. Hu~eoJLail Hu~eoJLaeBU'l Mu~eJLyxo-MaKJLail nocBSITHJI
cBoiO mH3Hb H3y~eHRIO Hapo,n;oB IOro-BocTO'IHOH AaHH,
ABcTpaJIHH, ocTpOBOB THxoro OKeaHa. ,ll;Ba c noJIOBRHOH ro.n;a OH npomRJI B HoBOH rBRHee.
MaTeMaTHK H MexaHHK
lla<l>HYTHH JlbBOBHq l.Je6biilleB CBH3biBaJI CBOH HRyqHbie
HHTepecbi c o6JiaCTbiO MaTeMaTHqecKoro aHaJIH3a. YBJie
qeHHeM yqeHOrO 6biJIR TeOpHH MamHH, a TaKme KOHCTpy
HpOBRHHe pa3JIHqHbiX MeXaHH3MOB. <l>H3HK A.nex:can{)p FpuzopbeButt CmoJLemoe B 1876 r. noJiyqHJI 3HaqeHHe,
6JIH3KOe K CKOpOCTH CBeTa.
Tipo<Peccop Anex:canop Cmenanoeutt llonoe 25 anpe
JIH 1895 r. B PyccKOM <l>H3HqecKOM o61.1.\eCTBe npoqHTaJI
AOKJIRA no paAHOCBH3H H npoAeMOHCTpHpoBaJI H3rOTOB
JieHHbiH HM npHeMHHK-nepeAaTqHK paAHOBOJIH.
B 1876 r. llaeeJL Hux:oJLaeeutt .H6JLottx:oe C03AaJI AY
roByro sJieKTpHqecKyro JiaMny. BcKope JiaMnoqKH H6Jioq
KOBa OCBeTHJIH YJIHII;bl H AOMa MHOrHX ropOAOB MHpa.
B 1881 r. MopcKoft o<Pm:J;ep A.nex:canop 4>eoopoeu'l Mo:HCailcx:uil cKoHcTpyHpoBaJI nepBbiH B MHpe caMoJieT,
HCnbiTRHHH KOTOpOrO OAHaKO 3RKOHqHJIHCb HeyAaqeft.
B 1888 r . MexaHHK·caMoyqKa 4>eoop A6pa.MoBu'l BJLunoe H306peJI ryceHHqHbJH TpaKTOp.
llepy ~MumpuR Heanoeu'ta MenoeJLeeea npHHRAJie
mHT CBbrrue 500 TPYAOB no XHMHH, <l>H3HKe, ceJibCKOMY
X03HHCTBy, SKOHOMHKe, npocBeiJJ;eHHIO. BceMHPHYIO CJia
BY npHHecJio eMy OTKpbiTHe B 1869 r. nepHOAHqecKoro
3aKoHa XHMHqecKHx sJieMeHTOB. PeKTOP Ka3aHcKoro
yHHBepcHTeTa Anex:canop MuxailJLOBU'l BymJLepoe 3aJio
mHJI OCHOBbl opraHHqecKOH XHMHH.
BacuJLuil BacuJLbeBu'l ~ox:yttaee noJiomHJI Haqa.n:o Ha
yKe o CBOHCTBax pa3JIHqHbiX noqB. B 1889 r. ero TPYAbi
6biJIH YAOCTOeHbl 30JIOTOH MeAaJIH Ha BbiCTaBKe B llapHme.
H ean MuxailJLOBU'l Cellenoa C03AaJI yqeHHe o pe<t>
JieKcax roJIOBHoro M03ra. M3biCKaHHH B STOH o6JiaCTH
npOAOJimHJI Haan llempoeutt llaBJLOB. Ero y"t:J:eHHe o6
YCJIOBHbiX pe<t>JieKCRX nOCJiymHJIO OCHOBOH COBpeMeHHbiX
npeACTRBJieHHH 0 M03re mHBOTHbiX H qeJIOBeKa.
HJLM HJlbU'l Mett1iU1C08 H Hux:oJLail 4>eoop08U'l ra.JttaJleR opraHH30BaJIH nepByro B PoccHH 6aKTepHoJiornqecKyro
CTaHIJ;HIO, paapa60TaJIH MeTOAbi 6opb6bl ITpOTHB 6emeHCTBR.
B o6JiaCTH ryMaHHTap
HbiX HRYK CJieAyeT BbiAeJIHTb pa60Tbl pyCCKHX HCTOpH
KOB. Cepzeil MuxailJLOBU'l CoJLOBbeB C03ARJI 29-TOMHYJO
«HcTopHro PoccHH c APeBHeftmHx BpeMeH,.. C.M. Co
JIOBbeB npHHMJiemaJI K TaK Ha3biBReMOH rocyp;apCTBeH
HOH IDKOJie, KOTOpaH cqHTaJia rOCYARPCTBO ABHmyiJJ;eH
CHJioft HCTopHqecKoro pa3BHTHH. YqeHHK C.M. CoJIOBbe
Ba BacuJLuil Ocunoautt KJL10'teecx:uil - aBTop MHOrHx
HCTOpHqecKHX HCCJieAOBaHHH H 4 Kypca pyccKoft HCTo
PHH,., KOTOpbiH oH qHTaJI B MocKOBCKOM yHHBepcRTeTe.
BoJihmoe 3HaqeHHe yqeHblif npHAaBaJI H3yqeHHIO cou;H
aJibHO-sKOHOMHqecKHx npJiqHH HCTOpHqeCKHX C06biTHH.
4 epe3 HecKOnbKO ner, ycoaepweHcraosas CBOe 111306peTeH111e, A.C. nonoa A06111nCR 150-K111nOMeTposoli1 AaJlbHOCTII1 nepeAaYII1 111 np111eMa. B 1900 r. paA1110np111-eMHII1K nonosa 6bln 111CnOJlb30aaH a npaKTII1YeCKII1X ~eJlRX AJlR cnaceHII1R pb16aKOB a <DII1HCKOM 3anii1Be. 3a csoe orKpb1TII1e yYeHbllil 6bl11 YAOCTOeH 6onbwoli1 3onoroli1 MeAa-11111 Ha BceM111pHOii1 abiCTaaKe a nap111)Ke a 1900 r.
OnpeAe11111Te, YTO 6biJlO xapaKrepHo AJlR pa3aii1TII1R npocaell(eH111R B POCCII1111 B 3TII1 rOAbl.
KaK111MII1 np111YII1HaMII1 6bl11111 o6ycnoaneHbl AOCT1!1)KeHII1R OTeYeCTBeHHOCi HayKII1 BO BTOpOCi n0110a111He XIX a.?
KaKoe np111MeHeHII1e Haw11111 HayYHble OTKpbiTII1R a )KII13HII1 niOAelil?
KaK Bbl AYMaere, YeM o6bRCHRerCR 111HTepec 06U(eCTBa K ryMaHII1TapHbiM HayKaM, 111 B YaCTHOCTII1 K 111CTOp111YeCKII1M, BO aropoCi nOJlOBII1He XIX a.?
0 pom11 mnepaTypbl 111 1113o6pa3111· TeJlbHOrO 111CKYCCTBa B )KII13HII1 nopecpOpMeHHOiil Pocc111111
0 CYLJ..lHOCTII1 Kp111TW-iecKoro pean1113Ma
0 TBOpYeCTBe BeAYLJ..lii1X nii1CaTenelit 111 XYAO)KH111KOB Bropolit nonoBII1· Hbl XIX B.
KaKOB~ oco6eHHOCTII1 pa3BII1TII1~ n111reparypb1 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoro 111CKYCCTBa nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B.?
KaKII1e HanpaBneHII1~ B nll1reparype 111 111306pa3111T€JlbHOM 111CKYCCTB€ 6blflll1 B€AYLJ..lii1MII1 B nepBOiil nOJlOBII1· He XIX B.?
KaKoBa 6btna ponb Pocc1111itcKolil aKaAeM111111 XYAO)KeCTB B pa3BII1TII1111 )KII1BOnii1CII1?
KpynHelilw111x n111carenellt 111 KOM· no3111ropoB nepBolit nonoBII1Hbl XIX B.
4.12. Pycc~eue nucameJtu: a) clJ.M. ,[(ocmoeec~euu: 6) JIB . ToJtcmou; e) M.E. CaJtmbt/Coe·IJ:{eopun
nHTEPATY A 30&PA3
CKYCCT 0 H E
B eAYLl..lii1MII1 o6nacHIMII1 AYXOBHoi:1 .>KII13HII1 Pocc111111 sro poi:1 nonoBII1Hbl XIX a. npoAon.>Kanll1 ocrasaTbGl flli1Tepa rypa 111 1113o6pa3111TenbHoe 111CKyccrso. B ycnos111~x pocra rpaMOTHOCTll1 HaceneHII1~ 111 OTcyTCTBII1~ 803MO.>KHOCTII1 W111pOKOrO o6cy.>KAeHII1~ Ha3pe8Wli1X .>KII13HeHHbiX npo6-neM pyccKa~ n111reparypa 111 XYAO.>KecrseHHa~ Kynbrypa 6blnll1 He ronbKO 3HaYII1TeJ1bHbiMII1 KYilbTYPHbiMll1 ~sneHII1 · ~Mll1, HO 111 BblnOJ1H~nll1 Ba.>KHble 06Ll..leCTBeHHble 3aAaYII1.
OcHOBHhiM xy,ZJ;oJKeCTBeHHhiM uarrpaBJie·
HHeM BTopoii rroJIOBHHhl XIX B. cTaJI KPHTH~ecKHR pe
aJIH3M. 0H OTJIH~aJICH IIOBhlilleHHhiM BHHMaHHeM K OT06-
paJKeHHIO peaJibHOR JKH3HH Ha OCHOBe ee KpHTH~eCKOrO
BocnpHHTHH. HaH6oJiee HPKHM npHMepoM .HBJI.HeTCH TBop
~ecTBO MuxauJl.a E8zparjJo8u'la CaJl.mbtK08a-meapuna. CMemuoii, uo O,ZJ;HOBpeMeHHO cTpamuoii rrpe,ZJ;cTaeT PoccHH
B IIpOH3Be,ZJ;eHHHX BeJIHKOrO CaTHpHKa ( ~ I'y6epHCKHe O~ep
KH~, ~HCTOpH.H O,li;HOrO ropo,ZJ;a~, ~rocrro,ZJ;a roJIOBJieBhl~,
~IIoMna;zyphl H rroMrra,ZJ;ypmH~ ) .
PyccKaH JIHTepaTypa BTopoii IIOJIOBHHhl XIX B . IIhiTa
Jiacb ,ZJ;aTb o6o6~eHHhiR rropTpeT repo.H cBoero BpeMeHH,
~eJioBeKa ,ZJ;eiicTBHH, ue JKeJiaiO~ero MHPHTbCH c cy~ecT
Byrom;eii ,ZJ;eiicTBHTeJibHOCTbiO. B JIHTepaType rro.HBHJIHCb
HOBble repOH - HHTeJIJIHreHThl, HHrHJIHCThl, rrpo<PeCCHO
HaJibHhle peBOJIIOII;HOHephl. 0,1J;HHM H3 rrepBhiX CBOe BH,ZJ;e
HHe TaKoro repoH npe,ZJ;JIOJKHJI H 8an Cepzee8u'l Typzene8 B pOMaHaX «HaKaHyHe~ H «0TII;hl H ,ZJ;eTH~ . llHCaTeJib C
TpeBoroli ua6JIIO,ZJ;aeT 3a TeM, KaK pa3pymeHHe cTaporo
06~eCTBa CTaHOBHTCH ,ZJ;JIH IIO,ZJ;06HhiX JIIO,ZJ;eR CaMOII;eJibiO.
Ha~~6oJiee TpeBOJKH O aTa TeMa npo3B~ana co cTpauHn;
poMaHa ~eaopa MuxailJl.08U'la ~ocmoe8cKozo «Bechl~. IIpeKJIOHeHHe o6pa3oBaHHOR ~acTH o6~ecTBa nepe,11; pe
BOJIIOII;HOHHhiM pOMaHTH3MOM rrpHBO,li;HT K rrOHBJieHHIO
JIIO,ll;eH, ,li;JIH KOTOphiX rJiaBHhiM JI03yHrOM CTaHOBHTCH
yTBepJK,ZJ;eHHe, ~To n;eJib onpaB,ZJ;hiBaeT cpe,ZJ;cTBa. B Hx
C03HaHHH rrpOHCXO,li;HT pa3MhiBaHHe HpaBCTBeHHhiX ITO·
HHTHR. Pa,ZJ;H ,li;OCTHJKeHHH cBoeii n;eJIH OHH HAYT ua ca
Mhle cTpamHhle rrpecTyrrJieHHH.
Eo BTopoii rroJIOBHHe XIX B. OTHOCHTCH pacn;BeT TBop
~eCTBa Jlb8a H u KoJl.ae8u'la ToJl.cmozo. B ero poMaHax
«Boi~Ha H MHP~, «Auua EapeHHHa~, «BocKpeceuHe~, no
BeCT.HX, paCCKa3aX C IIOTpHCaiOID;eR xy,ZJ;OJKeCTBeHHOR CH
JIOR paCKphiBaiOTCH CJIOJKHeRmHe ,li;BHJKeHHH ~eJIOBe~ec
KOR ,ll;ymH, BhiHOCHTCH 6ecno~a,ZJ;HhiR rrpHroBop MopaJIH,
HpaBaM, yCTOHM, n;apH~HM B BhiCilleM 06~eCTBe.
C KOH~a 1870-x rr. aa~maaeTCH JIHTepaTypHaH ,D;eH
TeJILHOCTh Anmona IlaBJLOBUlla "CfexoBa. 't.!exoBCKHe re
poH - MeJIKHe ~HHOBHHKH, pa30pHBIDHeCH ,li;BOpHHe,
IlpOBHHI.I;HaJibHaH HHTeJIJIHreHI.I;HH, CTy,D;eHThl.
0,D;HHM H3 IIOCJie,D;OBaTeJihHhiX CTOpOHHHKOB KpHTH
qeCKOrO peaJIH3Ma 6hiJI HwcoJLail AJLe~<:canopoBUll He~<:
pacoB. Be,D;y~ee MecTo B ero TBop~ecTse 3aHHMaJia TeMa
HapO,IJ.HOH »<H3HH, ee 6ecrrpOCBeTHOCTH H ropeCTH (IIOaMa
«KoMy aa PycH mHTh xopomo» H ,D;p.).
PyccKaH mHBOIIHCL BTopo:H rroJIOBHHhl
XIX B. pemaJia Te me o6m;ecTseHHLie sorrpocLI, ~To H
JIHTepaTypa. Be,D;~HM aarrpasJieHHeM pyccKoii mHBOIIH
CH CTaJI KpHTH~eCKHH peaJIH3M.
0,D;HHM H3 KpyrraefimHX XY)J.O»<HHKOB 3TOrO HarrpaB
JieHHH HBJIHeTCH BacuJLUU rpuzopbe8Ull IIepoB. Oa cy
MeJI C 06JIH~HTeJihHhiM rracpOCOM IIOKa3aTh MHOrHe He
IlpHrJIH)J.Hble CTopOHhl cospeMeHHOH eMY mH3HH. KapTHHhl
Ileposa - aTo pa3sepHYThiH paccKa3 o
IIOJIOmeHHH pOCCHHCKHX COCJIOBHH
( «CeJihCKHH KpeCTHbiH XO,ll; Ha Ilacxe»,
« lfaerrHTHe B MbiTHm;ax», «IlpHe3)J. ry
sepaaHTKH B KyrreqecKHH )J.OM >>, «IlO
CJie,D;HHH Ka6aK y aacTaBhll> ). Oco6oe
BIIe~aTJieHHe IlpOH3BO)J.HT IIOJIOTHa,
H3o6pamarom;He aeJierKyiO mH3Hh ,D;e
Teii ( «Tpo:HKa» ).
B 1863 r. 14 BhlrrycKHHKOB AKa.u.e
MHH xy,D;omeCTB OTKa3aJIHCb IIHCaTb
06H3aTeJihHhle )J.JIH IIOJIY'!eHHH ,li;HIIJIO
MOB KapTHHhl Ha CIOmeT CKaH,D;HHaB
CKOH MHc}>OJIOrHH. OaH o6ocaOBhiBaJIH
3TO TeM, ~TO B COBpeMeHHOH »<H3HH
ecTL 6oJiee .u.ocTOHHhle cromeThl.
ByaTapH rroKHHYJIH aKa,D;eMHIO H ocaosa
JIH IJeTep6yprcKyiO apTeJih xy ,li;Ojf(HHKOB,
KOTopaH B 1870 r. 6hiJia rrpeo6pa3osaaa B
TosapHJ:~ecTBO rrepe,D;BH»<HhiX xy.u.omecTBeHHhiX BhiCTa
BOK. IJepe,D;BH)KHbiMH 3TH BbiCTaBKH Ha3biBaJIHCh IIOTO
MY, ~TO HX YCTpaHBaJIH He TOJibKO B IleTep6ypre H
MocKBe, ao H rro ace:H PoccHH. 3To 6biJIO caoeo6pa3aoe
«xom.u.eaHe a aapo,D;» pyccKHX xy.u.omHHKOB. OcaoBHhiM
KpHTepHeM OT6opa KapTHH Ha BhiCTaBKH, CTaBmHe
Bhl,ll;aiOID;HMHCH C06hiTHHMH B »<H3HH pOCCHHCKOH rrpo
BHH~HH, 6biJIO Tpe60BaHHe OTpamaTh »<H3Hh CO BCeMH
ee OCTpbiMH Ilp06JieMaMH, BO BCeH 3JI060,D;HeBHOCTH.
XyiJo:HCnuKu·nepeoeu:HCnuKu
4 .13. PyccKue nucame.nu: a) All. f[exoe; 6) HA. HeKpacoe
4 .14. TpoilKa. XyiJo:HCnuK B.r. llepoe
4.16. Heu38ecmna.H. XyiJo:HCnuK H.H. KpaMcKoil
4 .17. CocnoBbtu 6op. XyiJO:HCKUK H.H. II!Uuti(;UH.
PyKOBO~HTeJieM H TeopeTHKOM nepe~BIDKHHKOB 6biJI HBan Hu~oJLaeBu't Kpa.Mc~ou. KpaMcKo:H: BorueJI B ncTopino pycCiwii mHBOITHCH rrpem~e Bcero KaK Bbi~aroIIJ;Hiic.a rropTpeTHCT. OH co3~aJI n;eJiyro cepHro o6pa30B KpynHeiirnHx ~e.aTeJieM: pyccKoii KYJibTYPbi - M.E. CaJITbiKOBa-:rn;e~pHHa, H.A. HeKpacoBa, JI.H. ToJicToro. MHorne npOH3Be~eHH.H KpaMcKoro CTO.HT Ha rpaHH rropTpeTa H TeMaTHtiecKoii KapTHHbi ( << HeH3BeCTHa.a •>, <• HeyTernHoe rope»).
Cpe~H xy~omHHKOB, rro~rrncaBIIIHX rrepBbiR ycTaB ToBapn~eCTBa nepe~Bll'f<HHKOB, 6biJIH TaKme H.H. re, A.K. CaBpacoB, M.M. liiHIIIKHH, 6paTb.H K.E. H B.E. MaKOBCKHe, B.r. IIepoB. HecKOJibKO no3~Hee K HHM rrpncoe~HHHJIHCb M.E. PerrHH, B.A. CypHKOB, 6paTb.H B.M. H A.M. BacHeD;OBhl, H.A . .ffporueHKo, K.A. CaBHD;KHH H ~p. C cepe~HHbi 1880-x I'I'. yq:aCTHe B BhlCTaBKax IIpliHHMaIOT B.A. CepoB, M.M. JleBHTaH, B.,n;. IloJieHOB.
BeprnHHoii peaJIH3Ma B pyccKoii mHBOIIHCH BTopoii rroJIOBHHbi XIX B. cnpaBe~JIHBO C"t:IHTaeTc.a TBOp"t:IeCTBO HJLbU EcjJu.MOBU'ta Penuna H BacuJLu.R. HBanoBu'ta Cy· pU~OBa, KOTOpbie B CBOHX KapTHHaX C03~aJIH C06HpaTeJibHbiR o6pa3 pyccKoro Hapo~a. HaH6oJiee rpoMKoe o6-IIJ;eCTBeHHOe 3By-qaHHe HMeJIH pa60Tbi PerrHHa « BypJiaKH Ha BoJire •> , <<He m~aJIH » , « 0TKa3 OT HCIIOBe~H •> , « ApecT nponaraH~HcTa». B 18 70- 1880-x rr. xy~omHHK yBJieKc.a HCTopn-qecKHMH TeMaMH - « IJ;apeBHa Co<l>b.H », « MBaH rpo3HbiH H CbiH ero MBaH 16 HO.H6p.H 1581 ro~a·>' <<3anopomD;bl rrnrnyT ITHCbMO Typen;KoMy cyJITaHy». PenHH 06Jia~aJI H HeCOMHeHHbiM ~apOM IIOpTpeTHCTa, OCTaBHB HaM o6pa3bl IIHCaTeJieH, KOMII03HTOpOB, aKTepOB.
IloJIOTHa BacHJIH.H MBaHOBH"t:Ia CypHKOBa - aTo xy~omecTBeHHO BOCC03~aHHa.H HCTOpH.H, I'JiaBHbiM repoeM KOTOpOR HBJI.aeTc.a pyccKHR Hapo~. « YTpo cTpeJien;KoM: Ka3HR•>, «MeHIIIHKOB B Bepe3oBe», <•Bo.apbiH.a Mopo3oBa», «IloKopeHHe CH6HpH EpMaKOM » - aTH KapTHHbi BOIIIJIH a 30JIOTOH <t>oH~ pyccKoii xy~omecTBeHHoii KYJibTyphl.
K maHpy pyccKHX Hapo~HbiX CKa3aHHii o6paTHJIC.H Bu~mop MuxauJLOBU'l BacneLfOB ( <•AJieHyrnKa», «BHT.H3b Ha pacnyTbe », « BoraTbipH », « IIocJie no6oHIIJ;a Mrop.a CB.HTOCJiaBH"t:Ia c IIOJIOBD;aMH» ). Ero KapTHHbi npoHHKHyTbl ~YXOM HapO~HbiX CKa30K, peJIHI'H03HbiMH HCKaHH.HMH H pa3MbiiiiJieHH.HMH o cy~b6e Hapo~a-6oraTbip.a.
rJiaBHbiM 06'beKTOM BHHMaHH.H MHOI'HX xy~O'f<HHKOB cTaJI cpe~HepyccKHH rreii3am, cypoBa.a npHpo~a PyccKoro CeBepa. KapTHHbi H Bana H 8aH.08Utta m UUl~una nepe~aiOT MoryiiJ;eCTBO, CHJIY, aeJIH"t:IHe pyccKoii npHpO~bi ( «Pomb•>, «Py6Ka Jieca•>, «CocHOBbiH 6op» ). AJLe~ce10 KonopambeBu'ty CaBpacoBy 6JIHme neft3am JIHpH"t:IeCKHH, IIpOHH3aHHbiH IIJ;eMSIIIJ;eM JII060Bbl0 K po~HOM 3eMJie { «rpatiH npHJieTeJIH» ).
Oco6oe MecTo B neiba.me BTopo:H nonoBHHhi XIX B. 3aHHMaeT Apxun H 6ano6U'i Kyuno:m:u, KOTOpbi:H 6brn MacTepoM nopa3HTeJihHhiX cBeTOBhiX 3<P<PeKTOB ( « YKpaHHCKaH HO'Ih •> , <• Bepe3oBaH po~a * , « Ho'Ib Ha ,ll;Henpe •>). ll3yMHTeJibHhie no KpacoTe pyccKHe ne:H:3a.mH H3o6pa.meHhi Ha KapTHHax Hcaa1ea H.!l.bU'ia Jle6umana . BonhiiiOH nonynHpHOCThiO noJib30BaJIRCh nonoTHa H 6ana Koncmanmuno6u~ta Auea306C1COZO, KOTOpbi:H 6onhiiie Bcero nro6Hn H3o6pamaTb Mope.
8noxo:H: pac~BeTa CKYJibnTYPhi cTana BTopaH nonoBHHa XIX B.
Ha116onee H3BecTHbiM CKYJihnTopoM 6hiJI M ap!C M ameeeeu'i Anmo1CO.!l.bc1Cuu. ITo CBOHM B033peHHHM OR npHMhiKaJI K nepe,n;BHmHHKaM. AHTOKOJibCKHM co3,n;an cepHro HCTOPH'IeCKHX IIOpTpeTOB: «llBaH l'p03HbiH>>, <<fleTp I», «.HpocJiaB My,n;phiH*, <•EpMaK•> .
Bhr,n;aro~HMCH co6hiTHeM B KYJihTypHo:H .mH3HH CTpaHbi CTaJIO OTKpbiTHe B MocKBe B HIOHe 1880 r. co3-,n;aHHoro Ha Hapo,n;Hhre no.mepTBOBaHHH naMHTHHKa A .C. ITymKHHy. ABTopoM naMHTHHKa 6hiJI H3BeCTHhiH CKYJihnTOp A.!l.eKcanop Muxau.11.oeu'i OneKywun .
Muxau.11. Ocuno6U'l MUJcewun B
cBoeM naMHTHHKe <• TbiCH'IeJieTHe PocCHH •> B HoBropo,n;e (1862) H3o6pa3HJI 129 CKyJihiTTypHbiX <lJMryp Bhi,ll;aiO~MXCH ,n;eHTeJie:H: poccMHCKoii HCTOPMR. ITo,n;o6HhiM npHeMOM OH ITOJib30BaJICH H npH C03,ll;aHHM naMHTHHKa EKaTepHHe n B fleTep6ypre (1873).
4.18. II eu.Ja:HCHaR JICU80nUCb emopou noJLOBUHbt XIX e.: a) H a ocmpoee BaJLaa.M. XyiJo:HCHUIC A.H. KyuniJ:JICu; 6) TuxaR o6umeJLb. XyiJOJICHUIC H.H. Jieeumau
4.19. CKyJLbnmypa emopou noJLoeunbt XIX e.: a) llaMRmllUIG A.C. JiywKuHy. CIGyJLbnmop A.M. OneKywuH; 6) HeaH TpoJJLbtit. CKyJLbnmop M.M. AnmoiCOJLbCKuu
KaK o6w.ecrseHHas:t )I(VI3Hb VI pa3-BVITVIe npOCB€W.€HVIR BO BTOpOL7! nonOBVIHe XIX B. orpa3VInVICb Ha pyccKo L71 n vtreparype, Ha ee MeCTe B )l(vt3H VI o6w.ecrsa?
KaKVIe npo6neMbl no,LlHVIMana nVI
reparypa BTOpolii nonOBVIHbl XIX B.?
B YeM npVIH U,VIn VIanbHoe pa3nVIYVIe )I(VIBOnVICVI nepBOL71 VI BTOpOL71 nonosvtHbl XIX a.?
Yro Hosoro BHecnVI nepe,LlBVI)I(HVIKvt B pyccKOe VICKyCCTBO? K KaKOMY HanpasneHVIIO B VICKYCCTBe OHVI OTHOCSlTCSl?
KaK Bbl .LlYMaere, noYeMy xy,LlO)I( HVIKVI He TOnbKO OT06pa)l(anVI )I(V13Hb Hapo,Lla, HO VI ace Yaw.e o6paw.anVICb K VICTOpVIYeCKVIM CIO)I(eTaM?
0 HOBbiX HBJleHIIIHX B apXIIITeKTy
pe, MY3b1Ke, rearpe
0 cBoeo6p a3111111 pyccKot:1 MY3bi
KaflbHot:1 KYilbTYPbl
0 pon111 rearpa B o6w,ecrBeHHot:1
>K1113HIII nopecpopMeHHOt:1 POCCIIIIII
0 CaM06biTHbiX HapOAHbiX npo
MbiCJlaX
Q KaKOBbl oco6eHHOCTIII pa3BIIITIIIH
apXIIITeKTypbl nepBOt:1 nOJlOBIIIHbl
XIX B.?
KpynHet:1wlllx a p x iiiTeKropoB 111
KOMn03111TOpOB nep BOt:1 nOJlOBIIIH~
XIX B.
KaKIIIe xyAo>KecrBeHHble Hanpa s
neHIIIH 6blfllll rocn OACTBYIOil\IIIMIII B
pyCCKOM TearpanbHOM IIICKYCCTBe
nepBot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B.?
O co6aH crpaHIIIL.ta B pyccKot:1 apxlll
r eKr ype Bropot:1 nonoBIIIHbl XIX B. -
:no AOXOAHble MHOrQ3Ta>KHble Ill
MHOrOKBapT111pHble AOMa, 1113 KOTO
pbiX 3aKa3YIIIK crpeMIIIJlCH 1113BJleYb
MaKCIIIMaJlbHYIO np1116blflb, 3arpa
YIIIBaH Ha IIIX crpOIIITeflbCTBO MIIIHIII
MaJlbHble cpeACTBa. Coopy>KeH111e
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HIIIIO TlllnOBOt:1 apx111TeKrypb1 XX B.
AP TEKTYPA, MY3biKA, TEATP, HAPO,AHOE TBOP'IECTBO
XyAo>KeCTseHHa~ KYilbTypa BTopolil nonosii1Hbl XIX s. CTaHOBII1TC~ BC~ 6onee AeMOKpaTII1YHOiil 111 BC~ 6onee Kp111TII1YeCKOiil no OTHOWeHII110 K Cyll.\eCTBYIOLL\111M nop~AKaM . 0Ha npespall.\aeTc~ s csoeo6pa3HYIO o6Ll.\eCTseH HYIO Tp1116yHy, nbiTaeTc~ AOHeCTII1 AO snacTII1 caMble 6one3HeHHble npo6neMbl, cyll.\eCTBYIOLL\111e s CTpaHe, npeAnaraeT cso111 nyTII1 nepeyupolilusa >KII13HII1. V1 CTOYHII1 -KOM BAOXHOBeHII1~ MaCTepos KYilbTypbl BC~ B 60JlbWelil CTeneHII1 CTaHOB~TC~ HapOAHOe TBOpYeCTBO 111 TpaA111U,II1111 .
B apxnTeKType oKOH'IaTeJihHO R3mHJI ce-6H KJiaccnu;H3M. HOBbie TlHihi 3,11;8HHH rrpOMbiiiiJieHHhiX npe.n;rrpRHTHH R l'OCy,ll;apCTBeHHbiX yqpem.n;eHHH, BOK3a
JIOB, M8l'83HHOB, p biHKOB, 60JibHRIJ;, 6aHKOB, MOCTOB, Te
aTpOB Tpe60BaJIR HOBbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX peiiieHHH. 3o.n;'!Re CT8JIH RCK8Tb HX B npOIIIJIOM, RCIIOJib3YH MOTHBbl H 3aKOHOMepHOCTR CTapbiX apXRTeKTypHbiX CTHJie:i1:: l'OTH
KR, peHeccaHca, 6apoKKO n rrp. 8To rrpnaeJio K rocno.n;CTBY aKJieKTHKH (oT rpeqecKoro cJioaa « 3KJiere:i1:H~ -
Bbi6npaTh, H36npaTb). MoTRBhl anoxn Bo3pom.n;eHRH ncITOJih3yeT M. M ecMaxep npn npoeKTHpoBaHHR Apxnaa rocy.n;apCTBeHHOrO COBeTa, A.M. KpaKay -- BaJITHHCK0-
1'0 BOK3aJia n oco6HHKa 6apoHa UlTnrJinu;a Ha AHrJin:i1:
cKo:i1: Ha6epemHoii HeBbi.
PacrrpocTpaHeHHhiM cTaHOBRTCH HeopyccKH:i1: (RJIH ncea.n;opyccKM:i1:) CTRJib . B Mo.n;y axo.n;HT IIIaTpOBhie 3aaepIIIeHHH, 6aiiieHKR, Y30p'I8Tble ,ll;eKOpbl, <}lnry pHbie H8JIHqHHKR. B 3TOM CTHJie 6hiJIR ITOCTpOeHbl 3H8MeHRTbie MOCKOBCKHe 3,ll;aHnH: JilcTopnqecKn:i1: My3e:i1: (A.A. CeMeHoB n B.O. Ulepay.n;), ropo.n;cKaH .n;yMa (,IJ:.H. "tJnqaroa), BepXHMe TOpl'OBbie pH,ll;bl (A.H. IloMepaHu;ea).
4.20. IIaMRmn UJf:U ap xumeKmyp bt Bmopou noJJ.06Uttbt X I X e.: a ) H cmopu <LecKuil .llty Jeil; 6) Bepx nue mopzOBbte pRiJbt
BTopaa nonoBHHa X I X B. - BpeMa pac~BeTa pyccKoro MY3hiKaJihHoro HCKyccTBa. Ero CHMBOJIOM cTaHOBHTCa TBOp"<IeCTBO Mory-qe-H: KY"<:IKH - co,ApymecTBa naTH Bbl,li;8IOII'I;HXCR KOMIT03HTopoB: MuJLuR A.JLeJCceeBuva BaJLaJCupeBa, Mo{}ecma IIempoBuva MycopzcJCozo, ~e-
3apR AnmonoBuva K10u, A.JLe-,ccan{}pa IIopcjJupbeBu'la Bopo{}una, HuKoJLaR An{}peeBU'la Pu.M.cJCozo-KopcaJCoBa. KoMn03HTOpbi Mory"<Ie-H: KY"<:IKH co3,n;ann pa,n; 6eccMepTHhiX npoH3Be,JJ;eHHH, cpe,JJ;H KOTOpbiX ,JJ;paMhl MycoprcKoro (< BopHC ro,n;yHOB •> H (< XOB8HII'I;HH8•>, onepa PHMCKOroKopcaKOBa <<IlCKOBHTRHKa•>, MY3hiKaJibHoe nonoTHO BoPOAHHa <<KHR3b Mroph>>.
BTopaa nonOBHHa XIX B. no,n;apnna MHPY reHHH II empa H JLbU'la q ailJCOBCJCozo. BepmHHaMH ero TBOp"<IecTBa RBJIRIOTCR onepbl «EBreHHH 0HerHH» H «IlHKOB8R ,n;aM8•>, 6aneThl «Jie6e,n;nHoe o3epo», <<Cnall'l;aa KpacaBnn;a», «~eJIKYH"<IHK».
B 1860 r. 6naro,n;apa cTapaHHRM nnaHHCTa H 6necTaII'I;ero ,n;npnmepa HuKoJLa.R. FpuzopbeBu'la Py6unwmeilna noasnnoch MocKoscKoe oT,n;eneHne PyccKoro MY3biKaJibHOro 0611'1;eCTB8 H CHMQJOHHqeCKHH OpKeCTp. B 1866 r. npH My3hiKaJibHOM o611'1;eCTBe 6brna co3,n;aHa KOHcepsaTopna.
McTopna pyccKoro TeaTpa BTopo-H: noJIOBHHbi X I X B. CBH3aHa c HMeHeM AneKcaH,n;pa HHKonaeBH"<Ia OcTpoBcKoro, co3,n;aBmero oRono nonycoTHH nbec ( «rpo-38», «JieC>>, <<BecnpH,Z1;8HHHII;8>>, <<BOJIKH H OBII;bl>> H ,n;p.). OH BblcTynan npoTHB HeBemecTBa, OTCTaJIOCTH, B3biBaa K ryMaHHOCTH, npOCBell'l;eHHIO.
IIepBoe MecTo B TeaTpaJihHOM MHpe 3aHHMaJI MaJihiH TeaTp. IIocTaHOBKaMH nhec B HeM pyKOBOAHJI caM A.H. OcTpOBCKHH. BoJihillHM ycnexoM nOJih30Banca AJieKC8H,ll;pHHCKHH TeaTp B IleTep6ypre.
B aKTepcKo-H: cpe,n;e Bbl,n.aroll'l;eeca MecTo npnHa,JJ;nemano TeaTpaJihHhiM ,n;nHacTHRM Ca,n.oBCKHX, CaMo-H:noshlx, BacnnheBhiX. B 1870-x rr. B3omna 3Be3,n;a Mapuu HuJCoJLaeBHbt Ep.M.oJLoBoil.
IIoaBJieHne KpynHo-H: npoMhiiiiJieHHOCTH H COBpeMeHHOrO TpaHCITOpTa npHBeJIO K HC"<Ie3HOBeHHIO Tpa,n.H~HOHHbiX npe,n;MeTOB 6biTa, HO 3T8 anoxa cTaJia BpeMeHeM B03pom,n.eHHH HHTepeca K ,n;peBHHM nony3a6hiThiM pyccKHM peMecnaM. M3,n.enHa Hapo,n;Hhrx MacTepos H3 npe,n.MeTOB nosce,n;HeBHoro 6h1Ta npeBpall'l;aiOTCH s npoH3Be,AeHHH ncKyccTBa. B aTo BpeMa s Poccnn CKJia,ll;biBaiOTCH HJIH B03pom.n.aroTca xy,n;omecT
seHHhie npOMbiCJibl, llOJiy-qHBillHe MHpOBYIO H3BeCTHOCTb: ,Zl;biMKOBCK8H HrpyiiiKa, rmeJibCKaH nocy,n;a, XOXJIOMCK8R pOCITHCb ITO ,n;epesy, ll8BJIOBOllOC8,n.CKHe ITJiaTKH H III8JIH, MCTepCKaR H naJieXCKaH Jl8KOB8H MHHH8TIOpa.
4.21. ll.Jf. CfaiLK08CKUU.
4.22. M .H . EpAW JI08a .
X y iJoJIWUK BA . Cepoe
KaK Bbl .nyMaere, noYeMy rocno.nCTBYIOll.\111M111 CTIIlnflMIIl apX111T€KTypb1 BropoLii nonoslllHbl XIX B. cran111 3KneKTII1Ka 111 HeopyccKIIlLii cr111nb?
B YeM 3aKniOYaercfl npeeMCTBeHHOCTb MY3biKanbHOLii Kynbrypbl nepBOLii 111 BropoLii nonOBIIlHbl XIX B.?
KaKOBa 6blna o6ll.\eCTBeHHafl ponb rear pa? Kat<111e HOBble Yeprbl noflBIIlnlllcb B rearpaflbHOM lllCKYCCTBe?
n oYeMy BO BTOpOLii nOflOBIIlH€ X IX B. npo111CXO.Il ii1T B03pO>K.Il€HIIle HapO,IlHbiX npOMblcnOB?
Ka t<111e o6ll.\111e yepTbl xapaKTepHbl ,!lnfl pyccKoli! xy.nmKeCTBeHHolil Kynbrypbl BTOpoli! nonOBII1Hbl XIX B.?
0 poae HaceneH~5l B nope¢opMeHHOiii Pocc~~
06 ~3M€H€H~5lX B o6n~Ke ropOAOB
0 >K~3H~ ~ 6b1Te ropOACK~X «BepXOB» ~ «H~30B»
06 ~3MeHeH~5lX B >K~3H~ AepeBH~
KaKoB 6btn rpaA~~~OHHbllii o6pa3 >K~3H~ pOCC~IiiCKOrO Kp€CTb5lH~Ha B nepBolii nonoB~He XIX B.?
KaKOBbl xapaKrepHble YepTbt ABOpHHCKoro 6b1Ta nepBolii nonoB~Hbl XIX B.?
B 1863 r. B Pocc~~ 6btno ronbKO rp~ ropoAa c HaceneH~eM CBbiWe 1 00 TbiC YenoBeK (ner ep6ypr, MOCKBa, 0AeCca), B 1897 r. ~X 6btno y>Ke 14, np~YeM Y~cno >K~renelii nerep6ypra ~ MocKBbl npeBblc~no 1 MnH yenoBeK.
4.23. PoccuucKuu zopoa 8mopou n oJL08UHbL XI X e.: a ) KOHKa; 6) mop zo8bte pRiJbt
b T: HOBbiE I.IEPTbl B >KM3HM rGPOAA H JIEPEBHM n o,D, BJlV'lf!HV'leM nepeMeH B 3KOHOMV1Ke V1 06~eCTBeHHOM ycrpolllcrse B nopecpopMeHHolll PocCV'lV'l npoV130WJlV1 3Ha
YV1TellbHble V13MeHeHV1fl s o6pa3e )f(V13HV1 HaceneHV'lfl. AK
TV'lBHO WJla yp6aHV13aU,V1fl, BHe,o,peHV'le B )f(V13Hb pa3JlV1YHbiX
rexHV1YeCKV1X ,o,ocTV1)f(eHV1111. B 6biTY nepenneranV'lCb seKo
Bble Tpa,D,V1U,V1V1 V1 HOBWeCTsa V1H,D,yCTpV1aJlbHOro o6~eCTBa .
0TMeHa KpenoeTHOrO npaBa H nOJIOJKHTeJihHhie e~BHrH B 3KOHOMHKe PoeeHH Bhi3BaJIH poeT HaeeJieHHSI C 74 MJIH 'leJIOBeK B 1860 r. ~0 126 MJIH qeJIOBeK B 1897 r . M xoTSI PoeeHSI ocTaBaJiaeh eTpaHoM ~epeBeHCKOH (B eeJihCKOH MeeTHOeTH npOJKHBaJIO nO'lTH 87% ee rpaJK~aH), ropO~CKOe HaeeJieHHe 3a 3TO BpeMSI notiTH y~BOHJIOeh. TaKHM o6paaoM, B eTpaHe aKTHBHO llieJI npou,ece yp6aHH3811,HM.
llaMeHeHHSIM nO~BeprJIOCh ropo~eKOe KOMMYHaJihHOe X03SIHeTBO. YJIMD;hi MOeTHJIHCh 6yJihiJKHHKOM H 6pyetiaTKOH, ITOSIBHJIHeh ae<J;>aJihTOBhie TpOTyaphi, a B 1860-X rr. - KepOCMHOBhie <J;>OHapH, KOTOphie noeTeneHHO BhiTeCHSIJIMeh raaoBhiMH. B KOHn;e 1870-x rr. B IleTep6ypre aaropeJIMeh aJieKTPM'leCKHe JiaMni>I. B 1886 r. B MoeKBe 6hrJia noeTpoeHa 6oJihmaSI :meKTpHtiecKaSI eTaHU.MSI. Bo MHOrMx ropo~ax PoeeMR noSIBHJIMeh BO~OnpOBO~ H KaH8JIH38U.HSI.
Y Jiyq:maJieSI BHyTpMropo~eKoM TpaHenopT. B Ha'laJie 1860-x rr. B IleTep6ypre 6hiJia npoJIOJKeHa nepBaSI KOHHO-JKeJie3HaSI ~opora - KOHKa. B 1870-x rr. OHa ITOSIBHJiaeh B MoeKBe H O~eeee, a aaTeM M B ~pyrHx ropo~ax. B 1892 r. no yJIHD;aM KHeBa nporneJI nepBhiH TpaMBaii. K KOHU.Y 1890-x rr. TpaMBaH yme xo~HJIH no yJIHU.aM MoeKBhi, KaaaHH, HMJKHero HoBropo~a. KypeKa H ~pyrMx ropo~OB.
PoeT ~eJioBo:K JKM3HM npMBeJI K paaBHTHIO epe~eTB eBSI3H. B 1852 r. ey~eeTBOBaJia TOJihKO o~Ha TeJierpa¢HaSI JIHHHSI, eoe~HHSIBma.R MoeKBY H IleTep6ypr, a K Ha<JaJiy 1870-x rr. TeJierpa¢Hoi1: eeThiO 6hiJIH oxBatieHhi npaKTH<JeCKH Bee ry6epHCKHe M yea~Hhie ropo~a.
B 1882 r. 6hiJIH OTKphiThi TeJie¢oHHhre JIHHHH B IleTep6ypre, MoeKBe, O~eeee R PHre H nepBaSI Mem~yropo~Ha.R TeJie<J;>OHHaSI JIHHHSI IleTep6ypr - faT"t.JMHa.
B ropo~e Kam~oe eoeJIOBHe npoJKHBaJio B oeo6oii ero qaeTH. B u,eHTpe paenoJiaraJIHeb 60JihliiHe 6apeKHe oeo6HSIKM. 3~eeh JKe 6biJIO MHOrO He-
60JiblliHX, np€HMYIIJ,€CTB€HHO ,n;epeB.HHHbiX, ,ll;BOp.HHCKHX
OC06H.HKOB.
K ,n;aop.HHCKHM KaapTaJiaM npHMhiKaJIH KyneqecKHe.
B 3TOH qacTH ropo,n;a e.m,e .u;apHJIH cTapHHHbie HpaBhi H
,n;ep.maJic.H Taep,n;hiH ceMeHHhiH yKJia,n;. C 1890-x rr. 6ora
Toe CTOJIHqHoe Kyne'leCTBO IIOCTeneHHO rrepe6HpaeTC.H B
6hiBlliHe 6apCKHe yca,n;b6bi, CTpOHT OC06H.HKH IIO IIpO€KT8M
3H8MeHHTbiX apXHTeKTOpOB.
BepxymKa ropo,n;cKoii HHTeJIJIHreHIJ;HH, KpynHhie 11:
cpe,n;HR€ 'IHHOBHRKH, K8K rrpaBRJIO, C06CTBeHHbiX ,ll;OMOB
He RMeJIR. 0HH IIOKynaJIR RJIR apeH,ll;OB8JIR XOpOmHe
MHOrOKOMH8THbie KB8pT11:pbl.
IIo oKpaRHaM ry6epHCKRX ropo,n;oa ceJIRJIOCh MeJIKOe
Kyiie'leCTBO, MeiiJ,aHe, 6e,n;Hbl€ 'IHHOBHRKH. 0HH JKRJIH B
,n;epeB.HHHbiX O,ll;H03T8JKHbiX CTpOeHH.HX C ,ll;BOpOM H C8,ll;R
KOM. BHyTpeHH.H.H o6cTaHOBKa JKHJIRIIJ, 6hiJia HenpHT.Haa
TeJihHa H O,ll;H006pa3H8 .
JKRT€JIH ropo,n;oa OKOH'laTeJibHO rrepemJIR Ha o,n;e.m,n;y
eaporreiicKoro noKpo.H. C 1860-x rr. a Mo,n;y aomen np.H
MOH nH,n;JKaK, cKpbiBaiO.m,R:H qmrypy. IIR,n;.maK, JKRJieT H
6piOKR 11:3 mepCT.HHOH TK8HH TeMHbiX TOHOB CTaJIH KJiaC
CR'leCKRM CO'tJeTaHR€M MYJKCKOrO KOCTIOM8. roJIOBHbiMR
y6opaMH 6biJIR lliJI.Hna HJIH KOT€JIOK. AKTRBHOe BOBJieqe
HHe JKeHII1,11:H B ,n;eJIOBYIO H o6.m,eCTBeHHYIO JKI1:3Hb npRBe
JIO K ynpo.m,eHRIO JKeHCKOrO KOCTIOM8. 0H H8'IRH8€T B6R
paTh B ce6.H qepTbl MYJKCKOH MO,ll;bl - KpaXM8JibHhie
BOpOTHRKR, M8HJKeThi, raJICTYKH, T.HrOT€eT K TeMHbiM
TOH8M.
B o,n;e.m,n;e pa6otJRX, MeJIKRX Kyn.u;oa, Me.m,aH cotJeTa
JIRCh ropo,n;cKHe H ,n;epeaeHCKRe qepTbi. My.m'tJRHhi rro
aepx ,n;epeaeHCKOH py6aXH HOCRJIH IIR,ll;JK8KR. roJIOBHbiM
y6opOM 'tJa.m,e acero 6hiJI K8pTy3 C JI8KOBbiM K03blpbKOM.
Ha cMeHy canoraM npHmJIH 6oTRHKR. JKeHID;RHhi oT,n;a
aaJIH npe,n;no'tJTeHHe .HpKHM CHT.u;eahiM nnaTb.HM. Ha Ho
rax HOCRJIH KOJK8Hbl€ 60THHKR.
IIocTeneHHO MeH.H
nach ,n;epeaeHcKa.H JKR3Hh. Ymna B npomnoe KypHa.H R3-
6a. KepocRHoaoe ocae.m,eHRe 11: caetJR BbiTeCHRJIR JIYtJR
HY. B rroace,n;HeBHhiH 6biT ace m11:pe BHe,n;p.HJIRCh
rrpoMhimJieHHbie Toaaphi. KpecTb.HHe CTaJIR IIOJih30BaTh
c.H rJIHH.HHOH nocy,n;OH BMeCTO ,n;epeB.HHHOH, IIOKYII8JIH
CHTeD; H llieJIK, IIHJIR 'l8H C caxapOM, CTaJIH eCTb 60Jib
me M.Hca.
IIo npaa,n;HRKaM napHH Ha,n;eaaJIR aJibie aTJiaCHhie py-
6axH 11: IIH,ll;JK8KH; MeH.HJIH JlaiiTR 11: BaJieHKR Ha C8IIOrR C
ranomaMR. JKeHIIJ,RHhi o,n;eaaJIHCh a mepcT.HHble RJIR
meJIKOBble IIJI8Tb.H. IIeJIR rreCHR, BO,ll;RJIR xopOBO,ll;bi, Ha
Po.m,n;ecTBO H Kpe.m,eHHe ,n;eaymKR ra,n;aJIR, Ha Kpe.m,eHHe
ycTp8HBaJIH KOJI.H,ll;KR.
8 KpynHbiX ropo,D,ax cyU.teCTsosanl-1
paiiiOHbl, B KOTOpbiX IOTI-1JlaCb Ca
MaR 6ecnpocserHaR 6eAHOTa. B MocKse 3TO 6blna X1-1rposKa .
3,D,€Cb B MHOfOYI-1CJ1€HHbiX npi-1TO
HaX 1-1 HOYJ1€>KHbiX ,ll,OMaX 061-1TaJ11-1
«J11-1WHI-1€ JliO,ll,l-1»: H€y,D,aYHI-1KI-1,
npecrynHI-1KI-1 1-1 nponoiilubl.
H O'lJLe:JICnuKu. XyiJo:JICnuK B.E. MaKoacKuu
4 .2 4. Ha 6yJLbeape. XyiJo:J~CnuK B.E. MaKoecKuil.
KaKI-1€ I-13M€H€HI-1R np01-130WJ11-1 s
pyccKI-1X ropo,D,ax so sropoiil nono
BI-1He XIX s.? C YeM 6b1Jll-1 csR3aHbl
3TI-1 I-13M€H€HI-1R?
YTO HOBOfO nORBI-1J10Cb B >KI-13HI-1
1-1 6bne ropo>KaH?
noYeMy Kp€CTbRHCKaR >KI-13Hb M€
HRJlaCb M€AJ1€HH€€, H€>K€Jll-1 rOpO,D,
CKaR?
A.n:eKcaH,n;p III OTKaaa.rrcR OT rrpo,n;oJimeHRR JIR6e paJib
HhlX npeo6pa30BaHRH B IIOJIMTR'leCKOH li ,n;yXOBHOH c epe
pax. OH aaRJI Taep,n;hxH: Kypc aa c oxpaHe HRe o c aoa caMo
.n;epm.aaRR, yKperrJieHRe II03RII;RH ,ZJ;BOpRHCTB8 li
RCKOpeHeHRe peBOJIIOII;ROHHOrO ,ZJ;BRJKeHRR B CTp a H e . JIR-
6epaJibHhle ,n;eRTeJIR xapaKTepR30B8Jili rr;apCTBOB8 HRe
AJieKcaH,n;pa III KaK nepRo,n; <•KOHTppe<}JopM>>, T a K K aK
npoae,n;eHHbie RM aaKOHhi a o6JiaCTR rrpocaem;eHRR, rreqa
TR li MeCTHOrO yrrpaaJieHRR orpaHR'lliB8Jili ,n;eHCTBRe p e
<}JopM 1860- 1870-x r r .
IIpaaRTeJibCTBO AJieKcaH,n;pa III rrpoao,n;RJIO aKTRBHYIO
SKOHOMR'lecKyro rroJIRTRKY. BbiJIR OTMeHeHbi apeMeHHo
o6RaaHHoe COCTORHRe li IIO,ZJ;ylliH8R IIO,ZJ;8Tb, CHRJKeHbi
BbiKYIIHbie IIJI8TeJKR li apeH,ZJ;H8R IIJI8T8 38 3eMJIIO, 6biJI
coa.n;aa KpecThRHCKRH 6aHK, rroJiom.eHo Haqa.rro pa6oqeMy
3aKOHo,n;aTeJihCTBY. Pocc RR 11:3 arpapHoH: rrocTerreHHO rrpe
ap~a.rracb a arpapHO-RH,n;ycTpRa.rrhayiO .n;epm.aay. Ho p aa
BRTRIO CeJibCKOrO X03RHCTB8 rro-rrpem.HeMy Mellia.JIR Kpe
IIOCTHR'leCKRe rrepeJKRTKR li TeXHR'leCK8R OTCT8JIOCTb •
.J B 1880-x - Ha'laJie 1890-x rr. rrpoRaornJia rrep erpyrr
IIRPOBKa o6m;ecTaeHHo-rroJIRTR'lecKRX CRJI PoccRH.
0CJI86JIR II03RII;RH H 8 pO,ZJ;HHKOB, IIORBRJIRCb rre pBbie
M8pKCRCTCKRe opraHR3 8I.J;RM, yMeHbiiiRJIOCb BJIHRHHe JIR-
6epaJIOB Ha o6m;ecTaeHHo-rroJIRTR'lecKy ro JKR3Hh cTpaHhi,
38TO YCRJIHJI8Cb pOJib KOHCepB8TOpOB, MHOrRe R,ZJ;eR KO
TOpbiX JierJIH B OCHOBY npaBRTeJihCTBeHHOH IIOJIRTRKH.
Ha Mem.,n;yHapo,n;HoH: apeHe Poc cRR coxpaHRJia rroJiom.e
HRe aeJIHKoH: .n;epm.aabi 11: .n;o KoHu;a XIX CTOJieTHR rro.n;,n;ep
JKHBaJia MRP Ha caoRx rpaHRu;ax. O,n;HaKo B03HRKmHe
BHemHeiiOJIRTR"tfeCKRe npOTRBOpe"tiRR y,n;a.JIOCb JIHIIIb Bpe
MeHHO rroraCRTb, HO He y cTpaHRTb OKOH"tf8Te JibHO.
,IJ,alilre xapaKTepV1CTV1KY nw;HoCTV1 AneKcaHApa Ill.
KaKV1e ~en111 npecneAOBana rocyAapcreeHHaR 111 co~VlanbHaR nonV1TV1Ka AneKcaHApa Il l?
B YeM COCTORnV1 OC06eHHOCTV1 06ll.(eCTBeHHOrO ABV1)t(eHV1R np111 npaeneHV1V1 AneKcaHApa Il l?
KaK111e V13MeHeHV1R npo1113own111 B pyccKOiil npoMb1WneHHocTV1 B KOH~e XIX B.?
KaK or pa3V1nV1cb B pyccKolil Kynbrype oco6eHHOCTV1 )t(V13HV1 pa3nV1YHbiX cnoeB 06ll.(eCTBa?
CnOBAPb
~'biOT8HT - oqnn:I;ep, COCTOHII.V•Iii IIpH BOeHHOM H8'IaJihHHKe ,AJIH BhlllOJIHeHHH
ero nopyq:eHHH.
AK~H3 (8KI.I;H3Hble C60pbi) - KOCBeHHbiH H8JIOI' Ha npe,n;MeTbl IIOTpe6JieHHH.
AK~Hs: - :u;euuaH 6yMara, CBH,n;eTeJibCTBYIOII.I;aH o Bauoce onpe,n;eJieuuoro KanH
Ta.rra B npe,n;npHHTHe H ,A8IOII.I;8H ee BJia,n;eJibi.I;Y npaBO C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha Hero H
yq:aCTHH B npH6hlJISIX.
AJ!hM8H8X - JIHTepaTypuo-ny6JIHI.I;HCTH"'IeCKHH C60pHHK.
AMIIIICTHH - 'I8CTH'IHOe HJIH IIOJIHOe OCB060m,n;eHHe OT cy,n;e6HOI'O H8K838HH.H,
npOH3BO,AHMOe BepXOBHOH BJI8CTbiO.
AMnHp - (B nepeBo,n;e: HMnepH.H) paauoBHAHOCTh KJiaccHIJ.H3Ma B apxHTeKType,
B03HHKma.H so <f>pau:u;HH npH HMnepaTope HanoJieoue.
AneJIJUIJJ;HH - o6maJiosauHe pemeHH.H cy.n;a B 6oJiee BhiCOKOM cy.n;e6HOM opraue
C :u;eJibiO nepeCMOTpa 3TOI'O pemeHH.H.
Apeu.na - IIOJiyq:eHHe 3eMJIH, CTpOeHHH H npoqero BO BpeMeHHOe IIOJib30B8HHe.
ApMHK - Ka<t>Tau H3 TOJICToro cyKua.
AccHrua:u;HH - 6yMamuhle .n;euhrH.
BHpma - yq:pem.n;euHe ,n;JI.H aaKJIIO'IeHH.H <t>HuaucoBhlX H ToprOBhlX c.n;eJioK c Ka
IIHTaJIOM H KPYIIHhiMH napTHHMH TOBapoB.
B10.n;meT - pocnHch KOJIH'IeCTBa .n;oxo,n;oB H pacxo,n;oB rocy.n;apcTBa, opraHH38.1J,HH
HJIH OT,AeJibHOI'O 'leJIOBeKa.
BepeTeuo - cTepmeHh ,n;JI.H uaMaThlB8HH.H HHTH np:u np.H,n;eHHH.
BHHH811 MOHOIIOJIHSI - HCKJIIO'IHTeJibHOe npaBO rocy,n;apCTB8 Ha H3I'OTOBJieHHe H
npo,n;amy CIIHpTHbiX H8IIHTKOB.
BoJI&uocJiymaTeJIL - qeJioBeK, cJiymaror:u;Hii JieK:u;HH B BLICmeM yqe6uoM aaBe,n;e
HHH 6e3 38'1HCJieHH11 B CTy,AeHTbi.
rpam,l.l;aHCKHe npaBa - npaBa, Onpe,n;eJI.HIOII.I;He B03MOmHOCTb Y'!8CTH.H rpam,n;a
HHH8 rocy,n;apCTBa B IIOJIHTH'leCKOH, 06II.I;eCTBeHHOH H KyJihTypHOH )KH3HH CBOeH
CTpaHbi.
rpam,~.~;aHCKOe OOUJ;eCTBO - 06II.I;eCTBO, r,n;e BJI8CTb rocy,n;apCTBa IIOCTaBJieHa IIO,A
KOHTpOJib 06II.I;eCTB8 H OCyii.I;eCTBJI.HeTC.H CTpOrO Ha OCHOBe 38KOHOB.
ryMaHHTapHbie uayKH - H8YKH, HMeiOII.I;He OTHOmeHHe K H3Y'-IeHHIO tieJIOBel:feC
KOI'O 06II.I;eCTB8 (HCTOpH.H, <)lHJIOJIOI'H.H, 3KOHOMH'IeCKHe uayKH H T. ,n;.).
EcTeCTBeuu&Ie uaYKH - uayKH, H3Y'!8IOII.I;He npHpo.n;y.
JKaH,1.1;8pMepH11 - IIOJIHI.I;HH, HMeiOII.I;a.H BOeHHYIO opraHR38I.I;HIO H BhliiOJIH.HIOOJ;8.H
aa,n;alJH BHYTPH cTpaHbi H apMHH. IlepBbie mau.n;apMCKHe tiaCTH B pyccKoii apMHH
6biJIH C03A8Hbl B 1815 r.
ll,~.~;eOJIOr - Bblp83HTeJib H 38II.I;HTHHK H,n;eOJIOI'HH - COBOKYIIHOCTH B3I'JI.HAOB,
H,AeH, B KOTOpbiX OTpamaeTC.H OTHOmeHHe JIIO,AeH K cyr:u;eCTBYIOII.I;eH ,n;eHCTBHTeJib
HOCTH.
HeayHTLI - •IJieHhi KaTOJUl'-IecKo:H: MOHamecKo:H: opraHH3aii,HH (opAeHa), CTaBHBme:H: IJ,eJibiO yKpenneane n pacnpocTpaaeaHe KaTOJIHIJ,H3Ma 11 BJiaCTH nanhi pnMCKoro. HacneKTOP - AOJI»<.HOCTHOe JIHIJ,O, npoBep.HIO~ee npaBHJibHOCTb "IhHx-nn6o AeHCTBMH. HacTaHU,HH - cTyneHh B cTpoeHHH noAqnaeHHbiX APYr APYrY opraaoB. HaTeHAaHT - BOeHHbiH, aanMMaiO~HHC.H caa6meaneM BORCK. Ha«t>anTepHH - nexoTa.
Kaau,eJinpHH - OTAeJI yqpemAeHH.H. <(KanHT3JIHCTLie>> KpeCTLHHe - KpeCTb.HHe, HMeBillHe KaiiHTaJI (AeHbrH, KOTOpbie BKJI3AbiBaiOT B npOH3BOACTBO) H 3aHMM3BillMeC.H npeAIIPHHHMaTeJibCTBOM. Kape - nocTpoeane nexoTbi qeThlpexyronhHHKOM AJI.H oTpamean.H aTaKH co Bcex CTOpOH. KJiaccLI - 6onhmne rpynnhi JIIOAeii, OTJIMqaiO~nec.H no cBoeMy MecTy B npoH3-BOACTBe H pacnpeAeJieHHH ero pe3yJihTaTOB. KoMMyHaJILaoe xoaSIHCTBO - coBoKynaoCTh npeAIIPH.HTHH no o6cnymnBaHHIO aaceneHHSI ropo)l,OB. KoacepBaTH3M - Teqeane, cTopoHHHKH KOToporo OTCTaHBaiOT HAeH coxpaaeHHH TP8AHI.I,HH, npeeMCTBeHHOCTH B noJIHTHqecKoii 11 KYJihTypaoii »<.H3HH. KoacnHpau,HH - MeTOAhi, npnMea.HeMhle aeneraJihHOH opraaHaan;neii AJI.H coxpaHeHM.H B TaHHe CBOero Cy~eCTBOB3HH.H H Ae.HTeJibHOCTH. KoaCTHTyu,Houaoe npaBJienHe - yrrpaBneane rocyAapCTBOM B cTporoM cooTBeTCTBHH C HOpMaMH KOHCTHTYI.I,HH. Koau,eccHH - )l,oroBop, 3aKJiroqeaHhiH rocyAapCTBOM c qacTHhiM npeAIIPHHHMaTeneM, HHOCTpaHHOH qmpMOH Ha HCIIOJib30BaHHe IIpOMbiillJieHHbiX npe)l,rrpH.HTHH, npnpOAHhiX 6oraTCTB, rrocTpoiiKy mene3HbiX AOpor n APYrHx xo3.HHCTBeHHbiX 06'heKTOB. Kocneam.Ie aaJiorn - aan;eaKa, ycTaHaBmrBaeMaH rocyAapcTBOM aa TOBaphi MaccoBoro noTpe6neHH.H. KpaMoJia - aaroBop, M.HTe»<., aeqTo 3arrpe~eaaoe. Kpe)l,nT - rrpeAOCTaBneaHe AeHer HJIM TOBapoB B AOJir c rrocJieAyiO~HM 11x B03-Bp~eaHeM c rrpon;eaTaMH.
JlerKaH IIpOMLilliJieHHOCTL - IIpOH3BOACTBO H3AeJIHH, rrpeAHa3HaqeHHbiX )l,JIH IIOTpe6JieHH.H, OTJIHqaeTCH OT T.H»<.eJIOH IIpOMbiillJieHHOCTH - IIpOH3BOACTBa cpeACTB rrpOH3BOACTBa (MeTaJIJia, M3IDHH, TOIIJIHBa H T.)l,.). Jleli:6 - IIpHCTaBKa, 03Haqaro~afl <(COCTOH~HH rrpH MOHapxe>>. Jln6epaJIH3M - Teqeane, 06'beAHHHIO~ee CTOpOHHHKOB napJiaMeHTCKOrO CTpO.H, rpa»<.A8HCKHX CB060)l, (Bbi6opa Bepbi, CB060Abi CJIOBa, C06paHHH, 06'beAHHeHHH H T.A.) H CB060Abi npeAIIPMHHMaTeJibCTBa.
Maaenp - rrepeABHmeane BoiicK aa TeaTpe BoeHHhiX AeiicTBHH. MaaH«J>ecT - TopmecTBeaaoe nHCbMeaaoe o6pa~eHHe BepxoBHOH BJiaCTH K aaceneHHIO. MaconLI - qneHbi pennrnoaao-rroJIHTnqecKoii opraan3an;nn, KOTopa.H CBoeii IJ,eJihiO npoBoarnamaeT o6'heAHHeHne qeJioBeqecTBa. IIepBnqaa.H opraHH3aiJ,HH aa-3hiBaeTC.H JIO»<.eH.
Me~euaTCTBO - noKpoa:HTeJibCTBO HayKaM H HCKYCCTBaM co cTopoHbi 6ora ThiX H
BJIHSITeJihHhlX JIIO~eH.
MucTH~H3M - Bepa B 3ara~o-.:moe, Heoo'b.HCHHMoe -.:renoBe-.:recKoMy pa3y M y .
Mo6HJIH33~H.H - nepeBO~ BOOpymeHHbiX CHJI H3 MHpHOrO COCTO.HHH.H B OOeBy iO
rOTOBHOCTb.
Hapo~uoe npe~cTaBHTe.JILCTBO - y-.:racTHe BbiOOpHbiX npe~cTaBHTeneM: OT Hapo~a
B opraHax rocy~apcTBeHHoro ynpaBJieHH.H.
Ha~HOH3JIH3M - B3rJISI~bi, HarrpasJieHHhie Ha coxpaHeHHe HaiJ;HOHaJibHOH caMo
ObiTHOCTH HJIH ooecrre-.:reHHe HaD;HOHaJibHOH He3aBHCHMOCTH.
Ha~uouaJILHoe caMocoauauue - ocoaHaHHe rrpe~cTaBHTeJI.HMH Hapo~a cBoero
e~HHCTBa, npaBa Ha He3aBHCHMOCTb H CBOOO~y.
He~OHMKH Heynna-.:reHHhle B cpOK HaJIOrli, coopbl.
HurHJIH3M - oTpHn;aHHe o6ID;enpHHSITbiX :u;eHHOCTeii.
OnoJI'IeuHe - BoiicKo, coa~asaeMoe B noMOID;b peryn.HpHoii apMHH ua ~oopoBOJib
HbiX Ha-.:ranax.
IleHLKa - BOJIOKHO H3 KOHOITJIH ~JI.H IIpOH3BO~CTBa KaHaTOB.
IlepeCeJieJI'IeCK3.H llOJIHTHK3 - nepeMeiD;eHHe HaCeJieHH.H Ha llOCTO.HHHOe mH
TeJibCTBO B ManoHaceneHHhle oKpaHHHhie paiioHhl - B CH6Hpb, romHoe Ilpny
panbe, Ha CeBepHbiH KaBKa3, B HoBopoccnro, HnmHee IloBoJimbe, Ha CBOOO~Hbie
3eMJIH.
Ilo~~eBK3 - ~JIHHHa.H MymCKa.H BepXH.H.H O~em~a C MeJIKHMH COOpKaMH Ha
T3JIHH.
IIO~OXO~HLIH H3JIOr - HaJIOr, pa3Mep KOTOpOrO 3aBHCHT OT pa3Mepa ~OXO~a Ha
JIOrOIIJia TeJibiD;HKa.
IIOJIHrOH - MeCTO HCIIbiTaHH.H -.:rero-JIHOO.
IIOJIHTH-.:reCKHe Tpe60B3HH.H - TpeOOBaHH.H H3MeHeHH.H llOJIHTH"tleCKOrO pemHMa.
IloJIHTH'IeCKHH pemHM - coBoKynHOCTb npHeMoB, MeTo~oB, {j;>opM, crroc oooB ocy
IIJ;eCTBJieHH.H noJIHTH-.:recKoii, BKJiro-.:r:asr rocy~apcTBeHHyro, BJiaCTH B o6ID;eCTBe.
06hr-.:ruo no~paa~ensreTc.H Ha ~eMoKpaTH-.:recKHH n pa3JIH'IHhie BH~bi H e,D;eMoKpaTn
-.:recKHx pemHMOB.
IloJIH~eit:cKoe rocy~apcTBO - xapaKTepHCTHKa noJIHTH-.:recKoro CTposr, npH Ko
TopoM npaKTHKyeTCSI IIO,D;aBJieHHe BHyTpeHHHX npOTHBHHKOB MeT0~3MH IIOJIHTH
-.:reCKOrO HaCHJIHSI, cnemKH H CbiCKa cnnaMH oxpaHhi rrop.H~Ka. B TaKOM rocy~ap
CTBe CyiD;eCTByeT KOHTpOJib 3a MeCTOnpeOhlBaHHeM, nepe~BHmeHHeM,
llOBe,D;eHHeM rpam~aH, Be,D;eTC.H COOp CBe,D;eHHH 0 .HBHbiX H BepO.HTHbiX npOTHBHH
KaX BJI3CTeH.
IloJiycpaopHK3T - npo~yKT Tpy~a, KOTOpbiH ~OJimeH npOHTH eiiJ;e O~Hy HJIH He
CKOJibKO CTyneHeH OOpaOOTKH, npe:>K,D;e -.:reM CT8Tb rOTOBbiM H3~eJIHeM.
IlomJIHHa - ,D;eHemHhlH c6op, B3HMaeMbiH rocy,D;apcTBeHHhlMH opraHaMH. TaMo
meHHasr llOIIIJIHHa - COOp 3a BB03HMble HJIH BbiB03HMbie H3 CTpaHbl TOBapbi.
IlpaBOBOe rocy~apCTBO - rocy~apCTBO, B KOTOpOM BJiaCTb OCyiiJ;eCTBJI.HeTC.H Ha
OCHOBe cnpaBe~JIHBbiX 3aKOHOB.
IlpHC.fDKHLIH llOBepeHHLIH - MBOKaT Ha rocy,D;apCTBeHHOH CJiym6e npH OKpym
HOM cy,D;e HJIH Cy,D;eOHOH naJiaTe.
IlyOJIH'IHOCTL - ocyiiJ;eCTBJI.HeMbiH B rrpHCYTCTBHH nyOJIHKH, OTKpbiTbiM.
Pa,IJ;HKaJILHLIH - peiiiHTeJihHhlH o6paa ,IJ;e:iicTBHH.
PeaK~SI - nOJIHTHKa aKTHBHoro conpoTHBJieHHSI nporpeccHBHhlM nepeMeHaM B
o6~ecTse.
PeBOJilO~HOHHhiH rryTh paaBHTHSI - nyTh pa3BHTHSI o6~eCTBa, npe,IJ;nOJiararo~~d1:
pe3KHH, CK8'tJK006pa3HhlH nepexo.n; K HOBOMY o6~eCTBeHHO-ITOJIHTH'tJeCKOMy
ycTpOHCTBY.
PecKpHnT - nHChMO MOHapxa K no.n;,IJ;auHoMy.
Pe~H,IJ;HB - nosTopHoe npoSIBJieu.ae "tJero-Jin6o.
PocTOB~ecTBO - npe,li;OCTaBJieu.ae ,Z~;euer B .n;oJir c sanMauneM c .n;omKHHKa npo
u.euToB c npe,~J;ocTaBJieHuo:ii cyMMhl.
CeiiM - uaasaune aaKouo.n;aTeJihHoro opraua BJiaCTH B pa,IJ;e CTpau. B Ha'<laJie
XIX B • .n;enyTaThl B ceiiMhl na6npaJIHCh OT cocJIOBHH, a npasa nx 6biJIH orpaun
'<leHHhlMH.
CeKTaBTLI - '<~JieHhl peJinrnoaHhlX rpynn, ue npnaHaiO~Hx Y"tJeHne ocuosuo:ii
II,epKBH.
CenapaTHLIH MHp - MHp, aaKJIIO'!eHHhlH c npoTHBHHKOM o.n;HHM na rocy,Z~;apcTB,
BXO,ll;Si~HX B KOaJIHII,HIO CTpaH, Be.n;yiii,HX BOHHy, 6ea Be)J;OMa HJIH COrJiaCHSI CBO
HX COI03HHKOB.
CuTe~ - noKpaiiieHHas:I XJIOII'tJaTo6yMamuas:I TK8Hh.
Co~HaJIHCTH'IeCKHe yqeBHH - yqeHHSi o6 ycTpoii:cTBe o6~ecTBa, ocuosauuoro ua
06~eCTBeHHOH C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha OCHOBHhle cpe,IJ;CTB8 npOH3BO,ll;CTBa (3eMJIIO,
npe.n;npHSiTHSi H T . .n;.) npH OTCYTCTBHH 3KCITJIY8T8II,HH '<leJIOBeKa '<leJIOBeKOM.
CTauu~a - 60JihiiiOe Kaaaqhe ceJieune.
CTa'IKa - oprauHaosauuoe npeKpa~eune pa60Thl c u.eJihiO .n;o6HThCSI swnoJiue
HHH Tpe60B8HHH.
CyKuo - IIIepcTSIHas:I TKaHh.
CropTYK - sepxHSISI MymcKas:I O,l.l;em,ll;a, THn nn,Z~;maKa c ,ll;JIHHHhlMH noJiaMH.
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nOAPO&HEE Anucu.M-06 E.B., Ka~tencJCuil A.B. Pocci-ui B XVIII -rrepBOH rroJIOBHHe XIX BeKa I E.B. AHHCHMOB, A.B. KaMeHCKHH. - M.: 1994.
FopiJun JI A. M.HTem. pecpopM8TOpOB I .H.A. rop~HH. JI.: 1989.
HJLbUii C.B. BHTTe 1 C.B. MJibHH. - M.: 2006.
KuJLH-CICaJt 0.11. IlecTeJib 1 O.M. KH.HHCKa.H. - M.: 2006.
Jleean006CICUU AA. BpeM.H rpaHOBCKoro: y HCTOKOB cpopMHPOB8HH.H pyccKoH: HHTeJIJIHreHI.J;HH I A.A. JieBaH~oBCKHH. - M.: 1990.
MuponenJCO C.B. CaMo~epm.aBHe H pecpopMbi. IloJIHTHqecKa.H 6opb6a B PoccHH B Ha'laJie XIX B. I C.B. MHpoHeHKO. - M.: 1989.
MuponeH-JCO C.B. CTpaHHI.J;bi TaHHOH HCTOPHH caMo~epm.aBH.a: IIOJIHTH'lleCKa.H: HCTOpH.H POCCHH nepBOH IIOJIOBHHbl XIX cToJieTH.H I C.B. MHpoHeHKO. - M.: 1990.
MocKBa. BbiT XIV- XIX BB. - M.: 2005.
MocKBa B O'lepKax 40-x ro~oB XIX BeKa. - M.: 2004.
Ilanmun H.K., liJLu.M.aiC E.F., Xopoc B.F. PeBOJIIOI.J;HOHHa.H Tpa~HI.J;H.H: B PoccHH. 1783-1883 I ll.K. IlaHTHH, E.r. IlJIHMaK, B.r. Xopoc. - M.: 1986.
IIecJCoe A.M. IlaBeJI I I A.M. IIecKOB. - M.: 2003.
PoccHiiCKHe KOHcepBaTopbi. - M.: 1997.
Ce~tenJCoea T.r., Ce.M.enJCoe A.B. ,IJ;eHem.Hble pecpopMbi PoccHH B XIX B. 1 T.r. CeMeHKOBa, A.B. CeMeHKOB. -CII6.: 1992.
CoJL06be6a A.M. IlpoMbiiiiJieHHa.a peBOJIIOI.J;H.H B PoccHH B XIX BeKe 1 A.M. CoJIOBbeBa. - M.: 1990.
ToMcunoe B. ApaK'lleeB 1 B. ToMCHHOB. - M.: 2003.
(/JeiJopoe BA. ,IJ;eKa6pHCTbi H Hx BpeM.H 1 B.A. <I>e~opoB. -M.: 1992.
(/)eiJopoe BA. M.M. CnepaHcKHH H A.A. ApaK'lleeB 1 B.A. <l>e~opoB. - M.: 1997.
~bt.M.6aee H.H. CJiaB.HHOcpHJibCTBO. - M.: 1986.
:3uiJeJLb.M.an H.JI. PeBoJIIOI.J;H.H: cBepxy B PoccHH. - M.: 1988.
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CTBa. O,u;HaKo pa3phiB c HaH6oJiee pa3BHThiMH B npo
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