Section 2: “The French and Indian War”

“Opening Shots”• Scuffles between the French and the British in the

________________ triggered the opening shots of the French and Indian War. A young Major, ___________ ___________ played an important part when fighting began.

• Lieutenant Dinwiddie ordered Washington to build a fort where the ___________ and _____________ Rivers meet. It was to protect Virginia’s claims in the Upper Ohio River Valley.

“Trapped at Ft. Necessity”• On the way to the Ohio country, Washington and his

men learned that the French had already built ______________________ on their exact spot. When Washington learned the French planned to counter-attack, he and his men built a makeshift stockade called ________________________. The French surrounded it and because he was trapped and outnumbered, he had to ________________.

“The Albany Congress”• Delegates gathered in Albany, New York for 2

reasons: 1) they wanted to persuade the ___________ to help them and 2) to plan a

__________________.• The Iroquois thought the British and French were

quarreling about land that belong to them. They joined ___________________.

• ______________________, the delegate from Pennsylvania proposed the Albany Plan of Union. It called for a ________________, with representatives from each colony to make laws, raise taxes, and set up the defense of the colonies. No colony approved it because they didn’t want to give up their powers.

“Early Years of the War”• French advantages at the start of the war:

• New France had a single government and could act when necessary, unlike the English colonies who had 13 separate assemblies to approve all decisions.

• Britain had advantages too: the colonies were clustered closely together, unlike the French settlements that were ________________. The population of the British colonies was about ___ greater than that of New France. The British ruled the ________.

• For the first 2 years of war, it went badly for the _______________.

“A Bold Leader Takes Charge”• The head of the British government, _________

___________,set out to win the war in America. Once

that was done, he could focus on other parts of the world. He sent the best generals to America and promised large payments for military services and supplies. Under his leadership the_________________________.

“The Fall of New France”• The fall of __________________ sealed the fate of

New France. In 1760, the British took ___________ and the war in N. America ended.

• Fighting dragged on in Europe until the British and French signed the __________________ in 1763.

• The Treaty of Paris marked the end of French

power in North America. Under the treaty, the British gained __________ and all French lands east of the __________________. France was allowed to keep a few sugar-growing islands in the West Indies. Spain gave up __________ to Britain. In return, Spain received all French land west of the Mississippi including New Orleans.

Section 3: “A Storm Over Taxes”• Read Section 3 intro.• During the War, English colonists moved into the

____________, often clashing with Native American tribes.

• Native American tribes became angry with the English and found a leader in ____________, an Ottawa chief who led an attack on the British at ______________. Other tribes joined in and were able to capture most British forts along the frontier. Troops and colonists gained most of them back.

• When the French signed the Treaty of Paris, they could no longer help the Native Americans, so one by one the nations dropped out of “______________________.”

Act Purpose Effect

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar Act of 1764

Stamp Act of 1765

Townshend Acts

“Colonists Fight Back”• Some angry colonists joined the ____________

__________, which was first formed during the Stamp Act to protest British policies.

“Leaders in the Struggle”• Men and women in the _______________ and

________________ colonies were especially active in the colonial cause.

• In New England, the leaders were _______ and _____________ as well as_______________.

• In Virginia the leaders were ______________ and _____________.

“Centers of Protest”• Boston and New York were centers of protest. In

New York, a dispute arose over the _______ ____________, which required New Yorkers to provide housing, beds, etc., to British soldiers. The colonists protested because they saw it as another way to tax them without their consent. The New York assembly refused to obey the law, so Britain _____________________.

• Britain also sent soldiers to Boston to protect __ ______________. Bostonians saw this as a reminder that Britain was trying to bully them into paying unjust taxes.

“The Boston Massacre”• On March 5, 1770, a crowd began throwing

snowballs, oyster shells, and chunks of ice at British soldiers. The soldiers panicked and fired into the crowd, killing 5 people including ______ ___________, a freed slave and Son of Liberty.

• Sam Adams called this incident ____________ ___________, and outrage spread among the colonists.

• The soldiers were arrested and tried. ______ _________ agreed to defend them, saying that they deserved a fair trial. His arguments convinced the jury and the soldiers received light sentences.

“Repeal of the Townshend Acts”• In 1770, Parliament voted to repeal the Townshend

Acts because the _______________________ were hurting British merchants. King George III asked Parliament to keep the tax on ______ as a symbol of its right to tax the colonists. Most colonists ended their nonimportation agreements and calm returned for awhile.

Section 4: “To Arms!”“Britain Strikes Back”

• It is very likely that, while he may not have organized the Tea Party that ______________

knew it was planned. The __________________ was meant to show that the colonists would act firmly.

• The British reacted harshly in 4 ways: 1) by shutting down ____________________. It would remain closed until the colonists paid for the tea.

• 2) Parliament also forbad the colonists to hold _____________ more than once a year w/o gov’t permission.

• 3) Parliament provided for customs officials and others to be tried in Britain instead of Massachusetts. Colonists said that dishonest

officials could break the law and avoid punishment.• 4) Parliament passed a new _____________. The

colonists called these laws _________________ because they were so harsh.

• The ________________________spread news about the new laws, and people from other colonies responded to help Boston.

“The First Continental Congress”• In response to the Intolerable Acts, colonial leaders

called a meeting in _______________. Only Georgia didn’t send a delegate.

• They passed a resolution backing Massachusetts and agreeing to boycott British

Intolerable

goods until the laws were repealed. They also urged each colony to set up and train its own _____________.

“The Shot Heard ‘Round the World”• In Massachusetts, volunteers known as ______

________ trained regularly, while Britain built up its forces.

• British General ________ learned that there was a store of arms in Concord and planned a surprise march to seize the arms. The _______________ were watching as the British troops left Boston.

• Messengers warned that the __________ were coming. ______________ was one of many.

• At daybreak the British met up with 70 minutemen at Lexington. Outnumbered, the colonists began to leave, when the “_________________________” rang out. A brief struggle followed and the British moved on to Concord. Finding no arms, they turned back to Boston and on a bridge outside of Concord, met 300 _______________. The British were forced to retreat.