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"ocument Number# $%TR%&&'%$&('O&)*%(

This manual prepared by# AIRCOM International+rosvenor ,ouse*'- / 0ondon Road

Redhill! 1urrey R,/ /023N+0AN"

Telephone# 455 6&7 / ) ' &&8a9# 455 6&7 / ) ' &:eb# http#%%www.aircom.co.u;

Applied UMTS Planning &

Optimisation Workshop forExperienced Radio Engineers

P0 !"O0#$



Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isationi©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Ta%le of ontents

' (ntrod)ction '

Technolog* Re+ie,- '(././ :ideband C"MA /

(.( 1el -Assessment 2uestions 5(.) 1el Assessment Answers /5

# Sim)lation Tool .)nctionalit* and Parameters ')./ Creating a )+ service /

)././ "e ining Carriers. ()./.( "e ining <it Rates )

)./.) "e ining the service ))./.5 Terminals. 5)./.' )+ parameters. ')./.* 1imulating per ormance *)./. +enerating Output Arrays *)./.= :ritten reports =)./.> 1tatic 1imulation%Monte Carlo analysis =

).( 39ercise =

/ Traffic Anal*sis '5./ Terminal density# /5.( 1el -Assessment 2uestions 55.) 39ercise *

! ink 1)dget and ell apacit* ''./ ?MT1 and +1M comparison. /

'././ Recovering the :anted 1ignal /'./.( The 3 ect o Inter erence rom Other Cells# ''./.) 0oading 8actor. *'./.5 Activity 8actor *'./.' Analysing the "ownlin;.

'.( The 0in; <udget ='.(./ $rocessing +ain =

'.) Coverage or a voice channel. //'.5 Required 3b%No /('.' Networ; Capacity Considerations /('.* Asymmetric tra ic. /('. 1ingle channel cells /)'.= Conclusions /5'.> 1el -Assessment 39ercises /'

$ 2imensioning a UMTS 3et,ork '*./ Introduction /*.( "imensioning outputs /*.) Approaches to the "imensioning Tas; (*.5 Coverage-based dimensioning )

*.5./ Choice o $ropagation Model )*.5.( 3nvironmental 3 ects )*.5.) $ac;ing Cells into a Coverage Area 5

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isationii©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



*.5.5 39ample# 5*.' Capacity-based planning 5

*.'./ The 3rlang '*.'.( Mi9ed 1ervices '*.'.) ?sing Campbell@s Theorem in capacity dimensioning **.'.5 "etermining the Relative Amplitude o di erent services. =

*.* 1imple Capacity and Coverage =*. Iterative Coverage and Capacity $lanning =*.= 1ensitivity Analysis >*.> Ma or 1ources o 3rror /&*./& 1el -Assessment 39ercises. /&

4 2imensioning Planning PS Traffic- './ $ac;et vs. Circuit 1witched. /.( 3rlang C or shoppers. ).) Other ?ses or 3rlang C ).5 $rovisioning o Channels or $ac;et Tra ic ).' ?plin;%"ownlin; Imbalance 5.* The e ect on Noise Rise o increasing base station user power '. The loading e ect o mi9ed services. *

. ./ 39ample# *.= $ac;et capacity on systems dominated by C1 tra ic

.=./ 39ample.> 1el -Assessment 39ercises =

5 3et,ork 2imensioning and Planning '=./ Introduction /=.( 1imulating the 3 ect o Imper ect 1ite 0ocation and ,igh 1ites >

6 What is Optimisation7 '

'0 Site ocation (ss)es ' The Ideal 1ituation /

Mis-placed sites. 5 ,ot 1pots * 1ite "ensity >/&./ ,igh 1ites /'

'' .actors imiting apacit* '

//./ Cell Throughput ///././ The 3 ect o Mobility on Capacity ///.( Ma9imising 8requency Re-use 3 iciency '//.) "ownlin; Capacity and Orthogonality =

//.)./ $ilot 1IR as an indicator o downlin; capacity /)//.5 The Noise Rise 0imit /'

' Antenna Selection '/(./ Antenna +ain B Coverage //(.( Repeaters (/(.) Roll-out Optimised Con iguration 6ROC7 '

'# Soft 8ando+er (ss)es '/)./ Macro-diversity B Ma9imal Combining +ain /

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isationiii©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



/)././ 39ercise / '/)./.( 39ercise ( '

/).( Optimising 1o t ,andover $arameters *

'/ Parameter Planning '/5./ Introduction //5.( $ilot Channel $ower (/5.) Ma9imum $ower per ?ser )/5.5 Common Channel $owers '

'! Micro9cell Planning '/'./ Introduction //'.( Micro-cells targeting hot spots (

'$ o+erage & apacit* '

/*./ Introduction //*.( "ownlin; 0imited 5/*.) $redicting the Capacity o the "ownlin; =

/*.)./ 39ample /*.5 (/

'4 Anal*sis and Optimisation of 2o,nlink apacit*- '/ ./ Analysis o Identical ?sers // .( eri ication ?sing A Monte Carlo 1imulator. )/ .) A Rapid Method or 3stimating "ownlin; Capacity 5

/ .)./ Isolated Cells 5/ .).( An 3venly 0oaded Networ; */ .).) ?plin;-downlin; balance.

/ .5 Interim Conclusion/ .' 1imulator-aided $rediction or ?nevenly-loaded Networ;s/ .* Optimisation Issues =/ . Conclusions /&

'5 Practical Sim)lation '/=./ 39ercise using M,A@s /

/=././ Networ; with no M,A@s (/=./.( Insert M,A at centre o networ; )/=./.) All sites with M,A@s 5

/=.( "ownlin; 0imited case D M,A@s '/=.(./ "ownlin; limited case or networ; without M,A@s '

/=.(.( M,A applied to all sites */=.) Transmit "iversity/=.)./ oice Tra ic D NO T9 diversity/=.).( *5;bps 1ervice D NO T9 diversity =/=.).) T9 "iversity oice 1ervice >/=.).5 T9 "iversity *5;bps 1ervice /&/=.).' T9 and R9 "iversity Applied D oice 1ervice ///=.).* T9 and R9 "iversity Applied to *5;bps 1ervice /(

'6 Meas)ring S)ccess '/>./ Customer 8ocus //>.( Eey 2uality Indicators E2I@s (/>.) Eey $er ormance Indicators E$I@s )/>.5 Measurements 5

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isationi+©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



0 2ri+e Test Meas)rements '(&./ The concept o "rive Testing /(&.( Test mobile Measurements )(&.) Interpretation o Measurements *

(&.)./ ?sing Measurements to alidate Improvements >(&.).( Comparing ?plin; and "ownlin; Capacity /&

(&.5 ?sing Measured "ata /&

' 3eigh%o)r Planning '(/./ Neighbour 0ists /

(/././ Initial Neighbour 0ist +eneration )(/./.( Optimisation o Neighbour lists# 5(/./.) Inter- req B Inter-system Neighbour $lanning# *

A)tomation Topics '

((./ Modelling /((.( Total $ower Targets 5

# .rom (nitial Roll9O)t to Mat)re 3et,ork '()./ Initial Roll-Out /

()././ The Initial $lan (().( 3volution o the Networ; )

/ S)mmarising ase St)d* '! Introduction /' The initial situation /* Ma;ing the measurements / Analysing Measurements /

Coverage / Inter erence (/ "ownlin; Capacity (

Ta;ing corrective action )5 Conclusions )*

! Appendix '('./ Ampli icadores M,A /

Messages '

('.( RRC Connection /('.) 3vent /a /)('.5 3vent /b /5('.' 3vent /c and 3vent /a /'

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation+©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Scope and Ass)mptions

• This do!" ent provides notes and s"pporting aterial #or the Applied UMTS Planning& Opti isation !o"rse$

• It is ass" ed that delegates have a good %no ledge o# UMTS Te!hnology and haveso e e'perien!e o# !ell"lar planning ethods$

•o)rse O%:ecti+es

At the end o# the !o"rse( delegates sho"ld gain a good %no ledge o# UMTS Radio)et or% Planning and Opti isation$ *elegates sho"ld +e a+le to !o plete the #ollo ingo+,e!tives-

• ?nderstand and appreciate the ;ey planning parameters governing a ?MT1 service

• $roduce a lin; budget or a ?MT1 system or a variety o services

• "emonstrate an in depth understanding o the capacity and coverage issues speci ic to ?MT1-C"MA networ;s

• ?nderstand and predict the e ects o ?MT1-speci ic phenomena such as Cell <reathing! 1o tCapacity and $ilot $ollution

• ?nderstand the implications o planning asymmetric services

• ?nderstand the issues behind implementing high speed data services

• Appreciate the di erent simulation methods available and their relative advantages anddisadvantages

• ?nderstand how pac;et services can be modelled

• $redict improvements delivered by a variety o techniques in a variety o di erent circumstances

• ?nderstand the various methods available or coverage and capacity enhancement

• ?nderstand in impact o shadow ading on so t-handover windows

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation

©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



o)rse Timeta%le

2a* ' 2a* 2a* # 2a* / 2a* !&>&& D /&5& 1ession /

-Technology Review

1ession ' D

0in; <udget

1ession > -

$ractical

1ession /) D

1o t handover

1ession / D

"ownlin;Capacity

//&& - /()& 1ession ( D?TRANInter aces

1ession * -$ractical

1ession /& D3stablishing aNominal $lan

1ession /5 D$racticale9ercise on1,O

1ession /= DMeasurementdata

/5&& D /')& 1ession ) DTra ic

Analysis

1ession DCell Capacity

1ession // D"imensioningand $lanning

or $ac;et-based 1ervices

1ession /' DMicro Cell$lanning

1ession /> D1ignalling

/'5' - / && 1ession 5 D$ractical39ercises

1ession = D"imensioninga ?MT1Networ;

1ession /( D8actors 0imitingcapacity

1ession /* D$arameterplanning

1ession (& -Conclusion





' (ntrod)ction

This !o"rse is designed to provide a #ast.tra!% introd"!tion to the te!hni/"es(ter inology and !hallenges spe!i#i! to the planning and i ple entation o#!ell"lar o+ile syste s "tilising UMTS C*MA te!hnology$

The #a!t that all "sers have !ontin"o"s a!!ess to the #"ll spe!tr" posesinteresting pro+le s to the planning engineer$ Users share the ti e.#re/"en!yreso"r!e in a "!h ore inti ate anner than is the !ase in previo"s generation!ell"lar syste s$ )o longer is a "ser allo!ated its o n #re/"en!y +and or ti eslot and allo ed to do "!h as he ill ith it$ Rather( every a!tion that a "serta%es i pa!ts on every other "ser$ Another a,or depart"re #ro previo"sgenerations is the esta+lish ent o# high.speed data servi!es +eing o##ered as thenor $ UMTS is +y no eans a voi!e.+ased servi!e ith a #e high.te!h add.ons$

ith the ne te!hnology !o es ne ter inology$ It is essential to +e a+le to#o!"s on the #e para eters that do inate syste per#or an!e and "nderstandho these inter.relate$ The !o"rse ta%es a pra!ti!al approa!h to these pro+le s

a%ing e'tensive "se o# si "lations o# a UMTS syste $ At the !o en!e ento# the !o"rse a /"i!% revie o# the "nderpinning te!hnology ill +e #ollo ed +yan e'planation o# the planning para eters re/"ired +y a si "lator$ The !a"seso# lin% #ail"re ill +e st"died in parti!"lar detail$

The #a!t that the spe!tr" #or UMTS is "!h ider than that #or 1SMne!essitates the !onsideration o# radio propagation aspe!ts and an investigationo# spe!i#i! te!hni/"es adopted +y UMTS syste s to over!o e any potentialpro+le s$

Tra##i! o##ered to a UMTS syste ill +e di##erent to that e'perien!ed on earliersyste s$ Si "lators tend not to re/"est tra##i! inp"t in ter s o# the +"sy.ho"r

rlang vol" e +"t( rather( ho any si "ltaneo"s ter inals there are li%ely to+e re/"esting a parti!"lar servi!e$

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation'©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Lin% +"dgets #or UMTS e'hi+it !ertain variations #ro those "tilised #or 1SMsyste s$ The pheno enon o# 3)oise Rise has an i pa!t( as does any overheadto a!!o odate i per#e!t po er !ontrol$ Additionally( the larger +and idthleads to higher noise levels +eing e'perien!ed than o"ld previo"sly +e the !ase$

ithin UMTS syste s( the #a!t that all +ase stations !an "se the sa e #re/"en!y+and leads to pro+le s not previo"sly e'perien!ed$ Re!eiving strong signals#ro a n" +er o# di##erent +ase stations !a"ses di##i!"lty hen the o+ile triesto identi#y a do inant pilot signal$

In di ensioning a UMTS syste it is i portant to +e a are o# di##eren!es hen!o pared ith 1SM syste s$ Cell !apa!ity and tr"n%ing e##i!ien!y are very

"!h servi!e dependent$ *i##erent servi!es tolerate di##erent noise levels$1raphi!al di ensioners !an provide a vis"al esti ate o# the n" +er and lo!ationo# !ells in order to serve a parti!"lar n" +er o# servers$ 5o ever( !are "st +eta%en +e#ore relying on s"!h esti ates$ The pheno enon o# so#t !apa!ity a##e!tsonly those syste s ith a #re/"en!y re."se #a!tor o# one and is there#ore not

en!o"ntered ith 1SM syste s +"t plays a signi#i!ant role in UMTS syste s$

)o inal planning ta%es the di ensioning stage on step #"rther and prod"!es atentative proposal #or a or%ing syste $ Pa!%et tra##i! is e'pe!ted to play anever.in!reasing role in UMTS syste s$ The #a!t that delays are tolerated +y s"!htra##i! !ategories a%es it ne!essary to e ploy rlang C( rather than rlang 6(predi!tions in order to esti ate the n" +er o# !hannels #or a given thro"ghp"t$

The ne te!hnology and ne approa!h to syste planning +rings neopti isation te!hni/"es$ A thoro"gh "nderstanding o# the te!hnology involved

ill lead to an intelligent approa!h to opti ising and re#ining systeper#or an!e$ A thoro"gh preli inary analysis o# a net or% !an drasti!allyred"!e the need #or e'tensive si "lations$

A!!ordingly this !o"rse is divided into a n" +er o# se!tions-

• Te!hnology Revie

• Si "lator 7"n!tionality and Para eters

• Tra##i! Analysis

• The Lin% 6"dget

• UMTS )et or% *i ensioning

• sta+lishing a )o inal Plan #or UMTS Syste s

• *i ensioning and Planning #or Pa!%et S!hed"led Tra##i!

• hat is Opti isation 8

• 7a!tors Li iting Capa!ity

• So#thandover Iss"es

• Para eter Planning

• *o nlin% Capa!ity

• Meas"re ent *ata( *rive Tests





The a,or o+,e!tive is that +y the end o# the !o"rse( delegates have an"nderstanding o# all the a,or i pli!ations in developing a UMTS net or%$ This

ill in!l"de the a+ility to predi!t the !apa!ity o# a given net or% in a variety o#!ir!" stan!es and( #"rther( the a+ility to di ension and plan a net or% in order

to provide a re/"ired servi!e to a variety o# "sers in!l"ding spee!h( !ir!"its it!hed and pa!%et s it!hed data$ Additionally( on !o pletion o# the !o"rsedelegates ill +e #a iliar ith opti isation te!hni/"es and o# te!hnologi!alenhan!e ents to !onventional e/"ip ent$ Methods o# predi!ting theper#or an!e o# s"!h enhan!e ents ill +e "nderstood$

Introduction

The UMTS S*stemThe UMTS S*stem

F New Terminology

F New Technology

F New 1pectrum

F New Techniques required or

F "etermining 0in; <udgets

F Networ; "imensioning

F Nominal $lanning

F 1imulation

F Optimisation

&o)rse O%:ecti+es&o)rse O%:ecti+es

F To understand the ma or implications in developing a ?MT1 networ;

F To be able to predict networ; capacity

F To be able to design a networ; to provide a required service

F To be able to design or multiple services including pac;et data

F To become amiliar with optimisation techniques and inter erence issues.

Introduction

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Technolog* Re+ie,-

-'-' Wide%and 2MA

ide+and C*MA syste s o!!"py a +and idth o# 9 M5:$ *igital in#or ation isspread +y a !hannelisation !ode and then s!ra +led +y a s!ra +ling !ode$ a!ho# these !odes is a digital se/"en!e at the 3!hip rate o# ;<40000 !hips perse!ond$ M"ltiplying the essage +y these high !hip rates has the e##e!t o#spreading the signal po er over a ider +and idth$ Many !hannels !an +e

"ltiple'ed into the sa e #re/"en!y +and at the +ase station +y "tilisingorthogonal !hannelisation !odes$ The overall e##e!t is that ea!h individ"al!hannel !ontri+"tes only a s all #ra!tion o# the total po er trans itted +y the+ase station$ 6e!a"se the s!ra +ling !ode is a 3Pse"do Rando 6inarySe/"en!e the trans itted signal ill have the appearan!e o# noise$ a!hindivid"al essage !hannel ill +e +"ried in this noise and ill need to +ee'tra!ted at the re!eiver$ This is a!hieved +y de.s!ra +ling and de.spreading atthe re!eiver a%ing "se o# the pro!essing gain here ea!h !hannel is de.spread"sing its o n "ni/"e !hannelisation !ode$

On the "plin% ea!h o+ile has a "ni/"e s!ra +ling !ode that allo s the +asestation to dis!ri inate +et een any "sers$

On the do nlin% the +ase station trans its syn!hronisation and pilot !hannelsalong ith the essage !hannels$ The pilot !hannel is si ply an "n od"lateds!ra +ling !ode se/"en!e$ This is "sed to allo the ide+and radio !hannel!hara!teristi!s to +e esti ated and the Ra%e re!eiver ithin the o+ile stationto +e a"to ati!ally progra ed$ 7"rther it is the pilot signals #ro vario"s +asestations that the o+ile onitors in order to in#or handover de!isions$

One vital para eter is %no n as !=Io- the ratio o# the energy per !hip in the pilotsignal to the re!eived noise density$ In order to "se the pilot signal e##e!tively(




the val"e o# !=Io "st +e at least >?9 d6$ Setting the trans it po er level o#the pilot #or s a signi#i!ant ele ent o# net or% planning$

7"rther to the pilot !hannel +eing re!eived at an appropriate level( ea!h servi!ere/"ires a !ertain signal to noise ratio in order to +e e##e!tive$ This signal tonoise ratio is %no n as the +=)o ratio$ + is the energy per +it o# data sent and)o is the noise po er density a#ter pro!essing$ The relationship +et een + and

! is de#ined +y the pro!essing gain and !an +e !al!"lated +y dividing the !hiprate o# ;<40000 !hips per se!ond +y the a!t"al data rate$ The ne!essary val"eo# +=)o in order to deliver an a!!epta+le servi!e varies #ro servi!e to servi!eand depends on the !onditions prevalent in the radio !hannel$ 1enerally( thelo er the data rate the greater the overhead i posed +y the !ontrol !hannel andhen!e the higher the val"e o# +=)o that sho"ld +e targeted @+e!a"se thetrans ission o# a!t"al "ser +its o!!"pies a s aller per!entage o# the total ti e $Bal"es o# +=)o have a +ig i pa!t on the net or% per#or an!e$ Typi!al val"esvary #ro ?$9 d6 to ?0 d6$ They are #"rther in#l"en!ed +y the sophisti!ation o#

the re!eiver$ I# a re!eiver e ploys "lti."ser dete!tion #or e'a ple it !an !opeith a lo er target +=)o val"e in a si "lator than i# no inter#eren!e !an!ellationas adopted$

Orthogonality +et een the !hannelisation !odes ill allo a #"rther pro!essinggain to +e realised in the do nlin%$ In pra!ti!e( "ltipath pheno ena red"!e the+ene#it #ro orthogonality$ This is a!!o"nted #or +y introd"!ing an orthogonality#a!tor that ass" es a val"e +et een :ero and one$ A val"e o# one representsthe sit"ation here per#e!t orthogonality is aintained and :ero represents thesit"ation here there is e##e!tively no orthogonality +et een the di##erent !odes$In typi!al pra!ti!al sit"ations( a val"e o# 0$ has +een #o"nd to +e appropriate$

T o #"rther %ey para eters #or a UMTS !hannel are there#ore the target +=)oval"e on the "plin% and the do nlin%$ 7ail"re to a!hieve these ill res"lt in!onne!tion #ail"re$

The #a!t that ea!h "ser a##e!ts all other "sers in#l"en!es the ad ission !ontrolalgorith s ithin C*MA syste s$ Ad itting a ne "ser ill in!rease the noisee'perien!ed +y all e'isting "ser !hannels$ This pheno enon is re#erred to as3)oise Rise $ )oise Rise es!alates as ore "sers a!!ess the syste $ It has thee##e!t o# red"!ing the a'i " path loss +et een o+ile and "ser and hen!e itred"!es the !overage distan!e$ This 3!ell +reathing pheno enon sho"ld +eli ited i# !overage is to +e aintained$ This entails setting a li it to )oise Riseas part o# the syste planning pro!ed"re$

On!e the a+ove #o"r %ey para eters @ !=Io( Uplin% +=)o( *o nlin% +=)o()oise Rise have +een de!ided "pon( a si "lator !an +e "sed to predi!t theper#or an!e #or that servi!e on a parti!"lar net or%$

Ideally( a dyna i! si "lator sho"ld +e "sed that si "lates the ove ents anda!tivities o# a n" +er o# s"+s!ri+ers$ In order to o+tain a res"lt that net or%planners !an have !on#iden!e in( s"!h a si "lator o"ld have to +e r"n anyti es ith di##erent "ser +ehavio"r on ea!h r"n$ As ay +e e'pe!ted( s"!h asi "lator ill +e e'tre ely de anding( +oth on develop ent and !o p"terreso"r!es$ 5o ever( a si ple stati! analysis is not s"##i!ient #or UMTS syste sas the lo!ation o# "sers ithin a !ell !overage area has a dra ati! e##e!t on the





per#or an!e$ There#ore a stati! si "lator s"!h as a Monte Carlo si "latorsho"ld +e "sed$ S"!h a si "lator ill allo!ate a n" +er o# ter inals to theregion o# interest in a rando anner$ Then( assigning a rando priority tothese ter inals( atte pts ill +e ade to esta+lish the re/"ired servi!e #or ea!h

ter inal$ *"e to the #a!t that ea!h ne "ser a##e!ts all e'isting "sers( thesi "lation "st go thro"gh a #e iterations +e#ore the po er levels assigned toea!h ter inal sta+ilise$

Reports generated ill sho the per!entage o# s"!!ess#"l 3!alls and the reasons#or #ail"re$




- Self9Assessment ;)estions

?$ $ hat is the pro!essing 1ain( in d6( i# a UMTS syste "tilising a !hip rate o#;<40 %+ps is "sed ith the #ollo ing "ser rates-

6it Rate @%+ps Pro!essing 1ain @d6?2$2

4;<4

2$ List the t o a,or #"n!tions o# the pilot !hannel$

Ans er?$

2$

;$ A voi!e !hannel ith a "ser data rate o# ?2200 +ps is re!eived in the presen!e o# noise@that !an +e ass" ed to +e the e/"ivalent o# additive hite ga"ssian noise A 1) s"!hthat the re!eived signal to noise ratio is >? d6$ *eter ine +=)o at the o"tp"t o# there!eiver$

Ans er +=)o D d6

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation/©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



4$ A o+ile re!eives a ?2200 +ps voi!e !hannel #ro a +ase station at a level o# >?0 d6 $ The +ase station is trans itting ?2 additional identi!al voi!e !hannels pl"s a pilot!hannel and !o on !hannel that are +oth re!eived ith po er levels o# >?04 d6 $ The+a!%gro"nd ther al noise level o# the o+ile is >EE d6 $ *eter ine the val"e o# +=)oat the o"tp"t o# the re!eiver #or the #ollo ing orthogonality #a!tors$

Total po er re!eived#ro other !hannels(in!l"ding pilot and!o on !hannels@Orthogonality 7a!tor 0 0$9 ?$0Modi#ied ##e!tivePo er #ro other!hannels in!l"dingpilot and !o on!hannels @

Total o# Modi#ied##e!tive Po er and

Ther al )oise @ Total o# Modi#ied

##e!tive Po er and Ther al )oise @d6Signal to )oise Ratio@d6

Pro!essing 1ain @d6+=)o

9$ Start the progra 3e+no$e'e and e'peri ent +y !hanging the n" +er o#!hannels( the po er levels( the data rate and the orthogonality #a!tor$ ns"rethat yo" "nderstand the res"lts o+tained in all !ases$

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation!©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



&2MA&2MA 99 2irect Se<)ence Spread Spectr)m2irect Se<)ence Spread Spectr)m

UMTS Technology Overview

8rame $eriod 6we may still needrames%timeslots or signaling7

&2MA Spreading&2MA SpreadingF3ssentially 1preading involves changing the symbol rate on the air inter ace

Identicalcodes

T9 <it 1tream

$

Code Chip 1tream

Spreading

$

Channel

Air Inter aceChip 1tream

$

Code Chip 1tream

Despreading

$

R9 <it 1tream

$


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation$©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Spreading and 2espreadingSpreading and 2espreading

R9 <it 1tream


T9 <it 1tream/

-/

Code Chip 1tream

GSpreading

Code Chip 1treamGDespreading


Spreading andSpreading and 2espreading2espreading ,ith code =,ith code =


T9 <it 1tream/

-/

Code Chip 1treamGSpreading

Code Chip 1tream HGDespreading

R9 <it 1tream


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation4©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



SpreadingSpreading

F I the <it Rate is R b! the Chip Rate is R c! the energy per bit 3 b and the energy

per chip 3 c then

F :e say the $rocessing +ain + p is equal to#

F Commonly the processing gain is re erred to as the 1preading 8actor

b

ccb R

R E E ×=

b

c p R

RG =


Spreading in noiseSpreading in noise

F The gain due to "espreading o the signal over wideband noise isthe$rocessing +ain

1ignal

$

1preading Code

T9 1ignal$

R9 1ignal 6 T9 1ignal 4 Noise7

$

Channel

:ideband Noise%Inter erence

$

1preading Code 1ignal

$





T*pes of &odeT*pes of &odeF 1ummarising#

F Channelisation CodesFAre used to separate channels rom asingle cell or terminal

F 1crambling CodesFAre used to separate cells and terminals

rom each other rather than purelychannels

F "i erent base stations will use thesame spreading codes with separationbeing provided by the use o di erentscrambling codes.

1/

1(

1)

C/ C( C)

C/ C( C)

C/ C( C)


&hannelisation &odes&hannelisation &odes

F Channelisation codes are orthogonal and hence provide channel separation

F Number o codes available is dependant on length o code

F Channelisation codes are used to spread the signal





&hannelisation &ode >eneration&hannelisation &ode >eneration

F Channelisation codes can be generated rom a ,adamard matri9

F A ,adamard matri9 is#

F :here 9 is a ,adamard matri9 o the previous level

F 8or e9ample 5 chip codes are#F /!/!/!/

F /!-/!/!-/

F /!/!-/!-/

F /!-/!-/!/

− x x x x

3ote # These two codes correlate ithey are time shi ted


F Orthogonal ariable 1preading 8actor Codes can be de ined by acode tree#

F 18 1preading 8actor o code 6ma9imum '/( or ?MT17

SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Cch,1,0 = (1)

Cch,2,0 = (1,1)

Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)

Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)

Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)

Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)

O?S. codesO?S. codesUMTS Technology Overview

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation'0©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



?is)alising?is)alising the Processing >ainthe Processing >ain

:%,J :%,J :%,J

:%,J :%,J d<:%,J3 b

No

3 c

Io

3 b

No

3 b%No

3 b

No

3 b%No3 b

No

:%,J d<:%,J1ignal

Intra-cell Noise

Inter-cell Noise

BeforeSpreading

AfterSpreading With Noise

AfterDespreading/ Correlation

PostFiltering Orthog = 0

PostFiltering Orthog> 0


?ital Parameters?ital Parameters

F 3c%Io o the $ilot Channel is used toF estimate 6KsoundL7 the channel 6multipath characteristics7

F decide which server is Kbest serverL

F ma;e handover decisions

F Typical requirement -/' d<

F 3b%No in both uplin; and downlin; a ects error ratios.F Typical requirement / to /& d<

F Required value o 3b%No depends on propagation conditions andsophistication o receiver.

F Noise rise limits path loss and coverage.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation''©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Rake Recei+er Rake Recei+er

Correlator

Code +enerators

61 B C7Channel

3stimator

$hase Rotator "elay 3qualiJer

Matched 8ilter

(

;

I

2

A typical ra;e receiver with threeingers


3oise Rise3oise Rise

F The e ective noise loor o the receiver increases as the number o activemobile terminals increases.

F This rise in the noise level appears in the lin; budget and limits ma9imumpath loss and coverage range.

Three ?sers

<ac;ground NoiseOne ?ser

Two ?sers





S*stem Sim)latorsS*stem Sim)lators

F 1tatic Analysis

F 1tatic 1imulation

F "ynamic 1imulation


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation'#©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



-# Self Assessment Ans,ers

hat is the Pro!essing 1ain @ in d6 i# a UMTS syste "tilising a !hip rate o# ;<40%+ps is"sed ith the #ollo ing "ser rates8

i$ ? %+psii$ 4 %+psiii$ ;<4 %+ps

Sol"tion #or i

dB

RGain

b

8.2316000

3840000lo g10

3840000lo g10

10

10

=

×

×=

List the t o a,or #"n!tions o# the pilot !hannel$

?$ Channel sti ation

2$ Cell Sele!tion

A ?2200 +ps voi!e !hannel( has a signal to noise ratio o# .? d6$ *eter ine the+=)o$

Sol"tionPro!essing 1ain D 29 d6

+=)o D 29 > ? D E d6

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation'/©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



A o+ile re!eives a ?2200 +ps voi!e !hannel #ro a +ase station at a level o#.?0 d6 $ The +ase station is trans itting ?2 additional identi!al voi!e !hannelspl"s a pilot !hannel and !o on !hannel that are +oth re!eived ith po erlevels o# .?04 d6 $ The +a!%gro"nd ther al noise level o# the o+ile is .EE d6 $

*eter ine the val"e o# the +=)o at the o"tp"t o# the re!eiver #or the #ollo ingorthogonality #a!tors$

i$ 0ii$ 0$9iii$ ?$0

Sol"tion to ii

W

W

W

13-

14-

13-

103.81Total

107.96dBm-1042

103.01dBm-10612

common)and !lot(!ncchann"l#oth"$%$om&o'"$Total

×=

×=×

×=×

Ta%ing Orthogonality to +e 0$9-

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation'!©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004

W -13101.9&o'"$%%"ct! "*od!%!"d ×=

W -13101.26dBm99-&o'"$ +o!#"Th"$mal ×==

dBm9,

10.163&'$(%%.*od!%!"d +o!#"Th"$mal -13

−=

×=+ W

dB11(-9 )--106S+ −==

dB14 +

dB2a!n&$oc"##!ng

0

/ ==



Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation'$©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



# Sim)lation Tool .)nctionalit*

and Parameters

hen planning a radio net or% it is vital that the para eters entered into theplanning tool odel( or irror( the reality on the gro"nd$ UMTS !ell"lar syste sare distin!tly di##erent #ro any previo"s generation and re/"ire si "lation toolsthat o##er a radi!ally di##erent #"n!tionality$ This se!tion !ontains a +rie#overvie o# the ay in hi!h nterprise ;g si "lates UMTS syste s$ Thepara eters re/"ired are identi#ied and their relevan!e e'plained$ 7"rther(#a!tors in#l"en!ing the val"es o# para eters are identi#ied and typi!al val"ess"ggested$

#-' reating a #> ser+ice

The se/"en!e to adopt has a de#inite logi! to it +"t re/"ires #a iliarisation$ In+rie# e shall-

?$ *e#ine Carriers2$ *e!lare availa+le +itrates;$ *e!lare Servi!es4$ *e#ine Ter inal Types9$ Con#ig"re Sites$

On!e this has +een done( the ter inals !an +e spread a!ross the region and thesi "lation initiated$




#-'-' 2efining arriers-As ith any servi!e( radio !arriers "st +e allo!ated$ ithin a UMTS servi!e( it isonly ne!essary to allo!ate a single !arrier +e!a"se a #re/"en!y re."se #a!tor o#

one is possi+le$ The ;1 Carriers indo ithin nterprise ;1 allo s the "ser tore.na e the !arriers @that are( +y de#a"lt( na ed !arrier ? to !arrier ;2 #oreasier identi#i!ation$ a!h !arrier is also assigned a !hannel n" +er on the"plin% and do nlin%$ These !arrier n" +ers are as de#ined +y one o# the

Te!hni!al Spe!i#i!ation 1ro"ps o# the Third 1eneration Partnership Pro,e!t @;1PPand are listed alongside the a!t"al !arrier #re/"en!y in the ta+le$

UTRA R7Channel)" +er

7re/"en!y( TF( M5: 7re/"en!y( RF( M5:

? ?E22$0 2??2$02 ?E22$2 2??2$2; ?E22$4 2??2$44 ?E22$ 2??2$9 ?E22$< 2??2$<

?E2G$0 2??G$0G ?E2G$2 2??G$2< ?E2G$4 2??G$4E ?E2G$ 2??G$?0 ?E2G$< 2??G$<

9 ?EGG$0 2?GG$09G ?EGG$2 2?GG$29< ?EGG$4 2?GG$49E ?EGG$ 2?GG$

0 ?EGG$< 2?GG$<

The !hannel n" +ers are designed to give so e #le'i+ility in the positioning o#the !arrier #re/"en!y aro"nd the id.point o# 9 M5: slots$ The ter s TF and RFre#er to the Mo+ile station and TF !an there#ore +e regarded as the UPLI)H andRF regarded as the *O )LI)H$





#-'- 2efining 1it Rates

Any servi!e ill re/"ire a +earer to provide the data !hannel$ *i##erent +earers!an +e na ed and de#ined$ The air inter#a!e +itrate is "sed in lin% +"dget!al!"lations @esta+lishing the re/"ired trans it po er to deliver the target +=)oval"e and the "ser +itrate is "sed to deter ine the thro"ghp"t o# a parti!"lar!ell$ Care "st +e ta%en hen "sing target +=)o val"es to ens"re that the+itrate entered as the air inter#a!e +itrate is appropriate #or the parti!"lar +=)oval"e$

#-'-# 2efining the ser+ice

#-'-#-' The 3oise Model

The noise odels allo a 6 R to +e entered( !orresponding to val"es o# +=)o$Altho"gh the a!t"al trans itted data is at the !hip rate o# ;$<4 Mega!hips perse!ond( the "niversal !o parator o# signal /"ality is the ratio +=)o here + isthe energy re!eived per +it o# in#or ation and )o is the noise po er density$Bal"es o# +=)o are dire!tly !o para+le ith ea!h other regardless o# the val"eo# para eters s"!h as the spreading #a!tor$

0

/

+

"n#!t&o'"$ +o!#" /!t

n"$g

&o'"$ +o!#"&o'"$ S!gnal

th"nBand'!dth /!t$at"Band'!dth"n#!t&o'"$ +o!#"

/!t$at" /!tn"$g

&o'"$ +o!#"&o'"$ S!gnal

=

≈

≈×

×=

If

In UMTS syste s the +it rate is de onstra+ly not appro'i ately e/"al to the+and idth$ In these !ir!" stan!es it is very i portant that +=)o is "sed to

,"dge signal /"ality rather than the re!eived signal to noise ratio$




#-'-#- Allocating a carrier

hen ; rd generation servi!es are introd"!ed( ea!h ne servi!e needs to +ena ed and a !arrier "st +e allo!ated to that servi!e$

#-'-#-# irc)it S,itched Options-

I# the servi!e has +een de#ined as a Cir!"it S it!hed the +earers @de#ined+itrates that !an +e a!!essed +y this servi!e "st +e de!lared$

#-'-#-/ Packet S,itched Options-

The ean do nlin% +itrate( the ean pa!%et si:e( the ean n" +er o# pa!%et!alls per session( the reading ti e +et een !alls( the ean n" +er o# pa!%ets ina !all and the re.trans ission rate are all !on#ig"ra+le +y the "ser$ *etails o#para eters governing pa!%et s!hed"led tra##i!( together ith e'planations o#their eaning( are provided in 3Tra##i! Analysis $

#-'-/ Terminals-

7ro the "sers perspe!tives( it is the ter inal that delivers the servi!e$ Anysi "lation "st in!l"de spreading ter inal types that are !apa+le o# providing;1 servi!es$ On!e the tra##i! has +een spread( the trans it po er( dyna i!range and po er step si:e are de#ined( together ith the ini " val"e o# pilot

!=Io( that is re/"ired +y that parti!"lar ter inal are entered together ith theval"es #or antenna gain( +ody loss and re!eiver noise #ig"re$ One or ore o# the;1 servi!es de#ined !an +e allo!ated to a parti!"lar ter inal type$Con#ig"ring ;1sites




#-'-! #> parameters-

An area o# the sites data+ase is pla!ed spe!i#i!ally #or de#ining ;1 para eters$;1 !arriers !an +e allo!ated to a parti!"lar site and vario"s para eters de#ined$

Parameter DefinitionMa' Po er d6 The a'i " a!t"al radiated po er that ill +e o"tp"t

#ro that parti!"lar !ell$Ma' n" +er o#!hannels

The n" +er o# !hannels that the !ell is !apa+le o#serving$ This is di!tated +y the !on#ig"ration o#e/"ip ent ithin the +ase station$

Pri ary Channels The n" +er o# !hannels that are e'!l"sive to that !elland ill not +e allo!ated #or handover p"rposes$

5andover Channels Channels that are availa+le to +e allo!ated to nearrivals to the !ell to allo so#t handover to ta%e pla!e$)ote that it is possi+le #or the s" o# Pri ary and5andover to e'!eed the a'i " n" +er$ Thedi##eren!e +et een the Ma'i " and the Pri aryn" +er is e##e!tively the ini " n" +er that isreserved #or handover p"rposes$

)oise Rise The a'i " noise rise that the !ell ill tolerate$ Thishas a dire!t +earing on a'i " loading #a!tor$

Pilot Po er The level o# pilot po er is !r"!ial to syste operation$It is the pilot !=Io that is eas"red to deter ine

hether or not a !onne!tion !an +e ade$Orthogonality #a!tor Orthogonality on the do nlin% in an ideal environ ent

o"ld +e ?$ That o"ld ean that the anted signal isnot a##e!ted +y 3o n !ell inter#eren!e$ M"ltipathpropagation dil"tes the e##e!tiveness o# the orthogonalspreading !odes "sed$ A val"e o# +et een 0$9 and 0$<is typi!al depending on the environ ent$

Co on !hannelpo er

The po er allo!ated to the !o on !hannels

S!ra +ling Code a!h !ell has a "ni/"e s!ra +ling !ode to allotrans issions #ro di##erent !ells to +e disting"ished#ro ea!h other$

A!tive Set Si:e The a'i " n" +er o# serving !ells in!l"dinghandover !ells$

)oise 7ig"re The )oise 7ig"re in d6 o# the re!eiver$Syn!h Channel Po er The po er not availa+le to tra##i! !hannels as it is "sed

+y the Syn!hronisation Channels$Ma' Po er=Conne!tion The a'i " a o"nt o# po er that !an +e allo!ated toa single servi!e on a single ter inal$




#-'-$ Sim)lating performance

#-'-$-' Sim)lator parameters

The Monte Carlo si "lator allo s the "ser to de#ine !ertain para eters on aglo+al +asis$

Si "lation resol"tion *eter ines the si:e o# the grid that is 3stepped thro"ghs/"are +y s/"are as the si "lation pro!eeds$

Po er ControlStandard *eviation

This para eter a!!o"nts #or the #a!t that po er !ontrolis not per#e!t and that the re!eived signal ill vary a+o"tthe ideal val"e ith a given standard deviation$

Chip Rate This is #i'ed #or UMTS at ;<40000 !hips per se!ond$Covering Cells The n" +er o# !ells that ill +e !onsidered as potential

servers or inter#erers$ It has an i pli!ation on the!o p"ter reso"r!es re/"ired$

Intra.site Correlation The !orrelation o# slo #ading #ro a ter inal to t o!ells on the sa e site$

Inter.site Correlation The !orrelation o# slo #ading #ro a ter inal to t o!ells on di##erent sites$

#-'-4 >enerating O)tp)t Arra*s

A hole variety o# o"tp"t arrays !an +e generated$ The engineer ay haveo!!asion to "tilise all o# these arrays to !ond"!t diagnosti! and opti isation tas%son a net or%$ The ta+le indi!ates the val"e o# a sele!tion o# di##erent arraysavaila+le$




Array Description6est Server Presents the level o# !=Io at all points #or the

+est server @i$e$ the highest val"e o# !=Ioo+taina+le #ro any +ase station$

6est Server +y Pilot A !olo"r.!oded indi!ator sho ing hi!h !ellprovides the +est pilot signal #or all lo!ations$

Cell Uplin% Load Indi!ates the per!entage o# #"ll loading on all"plin% paths$

Coverage Pro+a+ility Indi!ates the pro+a+ility o# +eing a+le toesta+lish a !onne!tion at all lo!ations$

*o nlin% A!hieved +=)o 1ives details regarding the a!t"al +=)o val"ea!hieved ta%ing into a!!o"nt pro!essinggains$

*o nlin% 6 R Si ilar array to the *o nlin% +=)o +"t theo"tp"t is !onverted to 6 R in a!!ordan!e ith

the noise odel$*o nlin% !overage pro+a+ility Splits the do nlin% only aspe!t o"t o# the!overage pro+a+ility array

Mean Io hen a poor !=Io val"e is o+tained( this arrayhelps to isolate hether the pro+le is d"e tolo ! or 5igh Io$

Mean )o$ o# so#t handover !ells The ean n" +er o# !ells in the a!tive set ata parti!"lar lo!ation$

Most pro+a+le handover type Sho s hether so#t or so#ter handover isore li%ely to o!!"r in a parti!"lar lo!ation$

Path 6alan!e This identi#ies hether "plin% #ail"re( do nlin%#ail"re( or +oth is responsi+le #or a !onne!tion#ailing$

Pilot !=Io Indi!ates the /"ality o# the pilot signal at alllo!ations$Pilot strength hen a poor !=Io val"e is o+tained( this array

helps to isolate hether the pro+le is d"e tolo ! or 5igh Io$

Uplin% Coverage Pro+a+ility Used in !on,"n!tion ith 3*o nlin% CoveragePro+a+ility and 3Path 6alan!e arrays( ithelps to diagnose !overage pro+le s anddeter ine hether the "plin%( do nlin% @or+oth are responsi+le$

Uplin% Re/"ired TF Po er I# high TF po ers are needed( this !an !a"sepro+le s #or +attery li#e and inter#eren!e toad,a!ent areas and net or%s$




#-'-5 Written reports

In addition to the vis"al arrays generated$ Te't reports are availa+le that provide/"antitative s" aries$

ReportsCell 6lo!%ing ReportCell 7or ard Per#or an!eReportCell Reverse Per#or an!eReportCell Thro"ghp"t ReportCo posite Report

#-'-6 Static Sim)lation"Monte arlo anal*sis

The Monte Carlo analysis in!orporated ithin ;1 is %no n as a stati! si "lation$ The o+ile ter inals are distri+"ted thro"gho"t the area and the si "latordeter ines the pro+a+ility o# !overage +eing o+tained at vario"s points$ It isnor al to repeat this any ti es to +"ild "p a statisti!al pi!t"re "sing all the3snapshots o+tained$

#- Exercise

Jo" no have the opport"nity to appre!iate ho the relevant para eters !an +e!onsidered +y a UMTS planning tool$ 7"rther( the o"tp"ts o# s"!h a planning toolin the #or o# vis"al arrays and te't reports !an +e e'a ined$ 7ollo thede onstration o# the si "lation pro!ed"re$ Ti!% the +o' to !on#ir yo"

"nderstanding o# the steps involved$

?$ Open the nterprise S"ite @STARTKPRO1RAMSKAIRCOMInternationalK nterprise B4$2K nterprise S"ite $ and !he!% that yo" !an see the!oastline o# ersey +y !li!%ing on the 2* vie and !he!%ing the !oastline polygon$I port ersey 6asi! as an FML




Complete


2* vie

*ata Types



2$ Sele!t Filters and All to vie the sites$

Complete




;$ 'a ine the Sites *ata+ase to esta+lish the !on#ig"ration and para eters$

4$ Progressively e'pand the data+ase tree "ntil yo" !an see a !ell na e$ Then pressthe In#oKK +"tton$ The 1eneral and the Cell Con#ig ta+s give in#or ation regardingthe propagation odel and the antenna type( a:i "th and do ntilt$ The ;g parata+ gives details o# the relevant UMTS para eters assigned to the !ell$


In#o +"tton



Complete

9$ ns"re that yo" "nderstand the signi#i!an!e o# ea!h para eter and rite a+rie# des!ription in the ta+le +elo $

Para eter *es!riptionMa' T' Po er@d6Ma' T'Po er=Conne!tion @d6Ma' n" +er o#!hannelsPri aryChannels

5andoverChannels)oise Rise @d6Pilot Po er@d6Orthogonality#a!torSo#t 5andover

indoPri ary and

Se!ondary Co onChannel Po er @d6




S!ra +ling CodeA!tive Set Si:ePri ary andSe!ondary Syn!Channel Po er

Complete

$ )o loo% at the ;g servi!es and +earers +eing o##ered$ To do this( yo" go tothe Tools en" on the ;g ta+ and loo% at the Carriers( 6earers and Servi!es s"+.

en"s in t"rn$

Complete

G$ The ;g Carriers dialog +o' allo s yo" to na e !arriers and de!lare ad,a!ent!arriers$

Complete




<$ The ;g 6earers dialog +o' details the +earers that have +een de#ined$ These"st +e s"pported +y the ne!essary hard are in the )ode 6s$ )oti!e that

+itrates !an +e de#ined #or the 3air inter#a!e and #or the 3"ser $ Also then" +er o# !hannel ele ents re/"ired is spe!i#ied$

Complete

E$ Servi!es are also de#ined that a!!ess the de!lared +earers$ 7"rther( it is at theservi!e level that the re/"ired +=)o val"es are de#ined$ 'a ine ea!h ta+ in t"rn$

Complete




?0$ The ne't step involves de#ining Ter inal Types$ Lo!ate theOptionsKTer inal Types s"+. en"$ )oti!e that di##erent ter inal types !an +ede#ined that a!!ess di##erent servi!es$ Also( e'a ine the ay in hi!h thedi##erent Ter inal Types are spread in a!!ordan!e ith the !l"tter !ategories$

Complete

??$ )o ( spread the tra##i! "sing the Raster i:ard that !an +e a!!essed via the ToolsKTra##i! s"+. en"$ ns"ring that the 2* vie in!l"des the entire island(page thro"gh the i:ard sele!ting +oth ter inal types and !reate the ter inaldensity array$




Complete

?2$ )o display the tra##i! array on the 2* vie #or the t o ter inal types$

Complete

?;$ 5aving i ported the site para eters and spread tra##i!( e are no ready tor"n the Monte Carlo i:ard hi!h !an +e #o"nd on the Monte Carlo en" on the;1 ta+$ Again ens"ring that the #"ll island is !ontained in the 2* vie ( page




thro"gh the i:ard$ Stop and e'a ine the dialog +o' sho n$ ns"re that yo""nderstand the eaning o# ea!h para eter$ nter a +rie# des!ription o# their

eanings in the ta+le +elo $

Para eter *es!riptionSi "lation resol"tionPo er Control Std *ev)" +er o# Covering CellsIntra Site Coe##i!ientInter Site Coe##i!ient

Chip Rate

?4$ As yo" page thro"gh the Monte Carlo i:ard( sele!t all availa+le ter inaltypes +eing !onsidered$ Contin"e paging thro"gh the i:ard and run thesi "lation$

Complete


Complete



?9$ 'a ine the ;1 si "lation 3per servi!e and 3per !arrier arrays$

Complete




? $ Additionally( e'a ine the reports$ Co posite reports provide generalstatisti!s regarding the ter inals served and reasons #or #ail"re$

?G$ The Thro"ghp"t report #or a servi!e gives a +rea%do n o# the thro"ghp"t( in%+ps( #or ea!h !ell$ 'a ine the per servi!e reports #or the t o servi!es$

Comple

te

?<$ The Per Carrier reports display res"lts #or ea!h !ell that are 3!arrier iderather than parti!"lar to a servi!e( "plin% noise rise +eing an e'a ple$ 'a inethe Uplin% and *o nlin% per#or an!e reports #or the !arrier$

Complete




Planning ProcessPlanning ProcessF $lan nominal networ; site locations in usual way

F Calculate pathloss predictions in normal way

F "e ine )g Carriers

F 1et up )g <itrates

F 1et up )g 1ervices

F "e ine Terminal Types

F Create terminal density array

F1et up )g 1imulation $arameters

F Run simulation

F iew results on ("-view B e9amine reports

3g Simulation Tool Functionality

Planning ProcessPlanning Process

F Customers use Terminals.

F Terminals need access to 1ervices.

F 1ervices require <itrates and Carriers.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation0




(np)ts to the Monte &arlo Sim)lator (np)ts to the Monte &arlo Sim)lator

TerminalTerminal"istribution"istribution

Array Array

1ervice1ervice"e initions"e initions

$athloss$athloss$redictions$redictions

Node <Node <Con igsCon igs

Monte CarloMonte Carlo1imulator 1imulator )+ Output)+ Output

Arrays and Arrays andReportsReports

1imulator1imulator$arams$arams


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation'




#g &arriers#g &arriers

F The )g Carriers dialog bo9 allowsthe users le9ibility to de ine#

F Named carriers

F A record o the channel number

F Two ad acent carriers and relativeattenuation.


#g#g 1itrates1itratesF <itrates are declared as available to

services.

F The bitrate can be declared as di erentor the Air Inter ace and or the ?ser.

F The KAir Inter aceL value is ta;en tocalculate the 3b%No and set powerlevels the K?serL value is used toreport on cell throughput.

F Care must be ta;en with these values.Target 3b%No values are declared witha nominal user bit rate in mind.

F It is also possible to record the numbero channel elements required by thebearer.






#g Ser+ices#g Ser+ices

F 1ervices must be allocated a carrier and abitrate.

F 3ach service has a separate 3b%No valueassigned to it.

F It is the 3b%No entered at this point that isused in deciding on ailure conditions inthe simulator.

F 1ervices are declared to be either pac;etswitched or circuit switched.


Terminal T*pesTerminal T*pes

F :e spread the tra ic to the networ; usingthe Tra ic wiJard.

F 3ach terminal type has essentialparameters de ined that a ect thecoverage rom a particular cell.

F 3ach terminal type can have one or moreservice allocated.

F The tool will assume both services areKactiveL when simulating the networ;.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#




UMTS &ellsUMTS &ells

F Many vital parameters are de ined inthe 1ite "atabase#

F Ma9imum Transmit $ower

F Ma9imum $ower per ?ser

F Common Channel $ower

F $ilot $ower

F Ma9imum number o channels

F Noise Rise 0imit

F Con iguration is carried out or eachcell on a K$er CarrierL basis.


Starting the Sim)lator Starting the Sim)lator

F Once the terminals have been spread over the coverage area!the Monte Carlo wiJard can be started.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation/




Terminal ist >enerationTerminal ist >eneration

F Terminals are generatedindependently or each snapshot

F The number o terminals in an activesession is determined using the meanin a pi9el and a $oisson distribution

F This means that the number oterminals in a snapshot is not i9ed -only the mean number o terminals is

i9ed

F 8our snapshots are shown with same

inputs 6=(!==! ' and == terminals7


Monte &arlo Snapshot @'Monte &arlo Snapshot @'

F At the start o the snapshot the mobile and cell powers are initialised

F These can be used to initialise the noise on the uplin; and downlin;

F Then the irst terminal in the terminal list is tested or ailure conditions

F I it ails it is turned o and plays no urther part in the simulation

F I it does not ail then its T9 power and the T9 power o the cell it is

connected to are modi ied

F $otential handover cells are then tested or handover


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation!




Monte &arlo Snapshot @Monte &arlo Snapshot @

F Any modi ications to the required T9 power o handover cells is then made

F In turn this allows the modi ication o the noise on the uplin; and downlin;

F The ne9t terminal in the li st is then tested or ailure conditions etc

F Once the entire list has been inished the simulator returns to the irst terminal

and repeats the process

F This continues until convergence has been reached

F Once convergence has been reached the results o the snapshot are

appended to the results o the overall simulation


Shado, .adingShado, .ading

F 1hadow ading is calculated independently or ever combination oNode-< and terminal in ever snapshot

F This means that two terminals located at the same pi9el within a singlesnapshot may have a di erent path loss to a Node-<

F 1hadow ading is based upon a lognormal distribution with thestandard deviation as entered into the 1imulator wiJard

F The standard deviation will depend on the environment 6clutter category7.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation$




Selecting O)tp)tsSelecting O)tp)ts

The arrays and reportsrequired can be selected.


Arra*sArra*s

F Arrays are split intoF $er 1ervice arrays

F $er Carrier arrays

F As additional services%carriers are addedto the simulation additional arrays becomeavailable to represent these new items






Using Arra*sUsing Arra*s

F The ;ey can be used to displayvisually what the arrays are showing

F The Map In ormation window allowsthe user to see the value o the arrayunder the mouse

F ,andover and coverage arrays canbe displayed semi transparently sothat multiple layers can be seentransparently


Sim)lating ,ith Arra*sSim)lating ,ith Arra*s

1creenshots showing coverage probability arrays

a ter /! /&! /&&! '&&! /&&& and /&&&& snapshots






&o+erage Pro%a%ilit* Arra*&o+erage Pro%a%ilit* Arra*

F The Coverage $robability array showsthe probability that a lin; may bemaintained on both the uplin; and thedownlin;


8ando+er Pro%a%ilit* Arra*8ando+er Pro%a%ilit* Arra*

F The ,andover $robability array showsthe probability o an active set o ( orgreater.

F $robability o 1o ter ,andover array isshown here.






Most Pro%a%le &a)se of .ail)reMost Pro%a%le &a)se of .ail)re

F This array displays the most li;elycause o ailure.

F It is possible to set a threshold suchthat a colour is displayed only i

ailures e9ceed a given percentage.


PixelPixel Anal*ser Anal*ser

F The $i9el Analyser allows the user toinvestigate the ("view on a pi9el bypi9el basis! gainingdetails o the pilotstrength received

rom a number oNode <s.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#0©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



&omposite Report&omposite Report

F The Composite Report details the system statistics or the simulation run


(ndi+id)al Reports(ndi+id)al Reports

F It is possible to e9amine each category on a site by site basis.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#'©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



ExtrasB Tips and TricksExtrasB Tips and Tricks


The Message ogThe Message og

F In at least >& o problems the Message 0og points you in the directiono the cure - it is worth ;eeping an eye on it.

F Ma;e a note o the timing to ensure that the message is current.





The CPassi+e ScanD TerminalThe CPassi+e ScanD Terminal

F A ter a snapshot has been completed! the $assive 1can terminalattempts to ma;e a single e9tra connection at every pi9el position.

F This allows a ull geographical picture to be created a ter a singlesnapshot! i necessary.

F ?se ul or revealing obvious problems such as low pilot strength.

F Results do not contribute to reports.

F Not a substitute or the ull Monte Carlo analysis.


Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation##©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



level o# +lo!%ing the rlang 6 odel s"ggests that e o"ld need appro'i ately;0 !hannels availa+le on a tr"n%ed syste $ This !an +e interpreted that( i# 20

rlangs o# total tra##i! as de anded d"ring the +"sy ho"r( then ore than ;0"sers si "ltaneo"sly de anding servi!e o"ld +e regarded as an e'tre ely rare

event$ The si "lator in nterprise ;1 a!!o odates this a"to ati!ally and( i#20 is entered as the n" +er o# ter inals then the a!t"al n" +er spread #or anygiven snapshot o"ld not +e e'a!tly 20 on ea!h o!!asion +"t( rather a n" +er!hosen #ro a Poisson distri+"tion ith ean o# 20$ This o"ld( ith appropriate#re/"en!y( spread ore than ;0 ter inals$ It is e'tre ely i portant to note thatthe n" +er entered is the n" +er o# si "ltaneo"sly a!tive ter inals and not thetotal n" +er o# ter inals lo!ated ithin the !overage area$

S"ppose that e have the #ollo ing ar%et #ore!ast #or the !overage area-

Boi!e- 200 ter inals eighted as #ollo s-

*ense Ur+an- 90Ur+an- 20*ense S"+"r+an ?9S"+"r+an- ?0

lse here- 9

)ote that these eights are #or the density o# ter inals per s/"are %ilo etre( notthe n" +er o# ter inals per !l"tter area$ So( #or e'a ple i# there is #ive ti esthe area !lassi#ied as 3"r+an in the !overage area as there is !lassi#ied as3dense "r+an then there ill +e t i!e as any ter inals allo!ated to the "r+anareas as there is to the dense "r+an areas$

In addition to that there ill +e data servi!es re/"ired$ e ill ass" e that ?44%+ps data servi!es are o##ered on the a!ro!ell layer$ The ar%et #ore!ast is #ora pea% de and o# 29 ter inals( ?00 eighted to the *ense Ur+an area$ This

o"ld s"ggest that it is o##ered on a li ited +asis to the !ity !entre only as this isan area o# highest de and and that the #ore!ast de and in other areas does not

,"sti#y the invest ent to i ple ent s"!h a servi!e$ )ote that the ?44 %+ps dataservi!e ill +e a !ir!"it s it!hed 3real.ti e servi!e$

Also( the ar%et s"rvey s"ggests that a n" +er o# "sers ill ish to "se theUMTS servi!e to a!!ess the internet via laptop !o p"ters$ This ill +e a nonreal.ti e( pa!%et s it!hed servi!e$ The pri!ing str"!t"re developed #or theintrod"!tion o# the servi!e has +een ar%et tested$ The s"rvey s"ggests that apea% o# 90 ter inals ill ish to "se the servi!e$ Again this is ?00 eighted tothe dense "r+an area as the pri!ing str"!t"re ill ean that the servi!e illinitially attra!t only +"siness "sers$

hereas the data trans#er re/"ire ents o# a ?44 %+ps !ir!"it s it!hed!onne!tion is e'tre ely !lear( as is the re/"ire ent #or voi!e !ir!"its( the datatrans#er re/"ire ents #or a pa!%et s it!hed !onne!tion are less o+vio"s$ It is

ne!essary to a%e so e ass" ptions regarding the typi!al internet !onne!tion$ Then it is possi+le to enter appropriate para eters into the si "lation tool$





/- Self9Assessment ;)estions

?$ $ The a'i " n" +er o# si "ltaneo"s !hannels that a !ell !an provide islin%ed to the data rate o# the servi!e in /"estion$ The ta+le +elo lists theappro'i ate n" +er o# si "ltaneo"s !hannels that !an +e provided #or vario"sservi!es$ Use the rlang 6 ta+le to deter ine the n" +er o# rlangs thro"ghp"tthat !o"ld +e a!!o odated #or ea!h servi!e #or a 2 +lo!%ing ratio and hen!edeter ine the tr"n%ing e##i!ien!y as a per!entage$

Ans erServi!e )" +er o# !hannels rlangs

served Tr"n%ing

##i!ien!yLo *ata RateSpee!h

<0 <$G <

7"ll RateSpee!h

;9

4 %+ps data <;<4 %+ps data




2 A pa!%et servi!e is +eing "sed to do nload digitised photographs via the do nlin% o# aUMTS !ell$ In a parti!"lar servi!e session ?0 photographs are do nloaded( ea!h +y aseparate trigger !o and$ a!h photograph is !oded into a #ile o# si:e E00 %+ytes and isdivided into 20 pa!%ets #or trans ission$ a!h photograph ta%es in"tes to do nload$A#ter do nloading( the vie er e'a ines the pi!t"re #or ; in"tes +e#ore triggering thene't do nload$ nter the appropriate para eters on the ta+le +elo $ 7"rther(deter ine the e/"ivalent CS a!tivity #a!tor i# a ?44 %+ps +earer is "sed and a re.trans ission rate o# 29 is adopted$

Pa!%et Tra##i! Para etersMean Pa!%et Si:eMean n" +er o# Pa!%et

!alls=sessionReading ti e +et een !allsMean n" +er o# pa!%ets in a!allMean pa!%et inter.arrival ti eRetrans ission rate 296earer rate ?44 %+ps

/"ivalent CS a!tivity

;$ The !orre!t ethod #or !o p"ting the e##e!t o# re.trans ission rate is ore!o pli!ated than ay +e e'pe!ted$ There is an "pper li it o# a!tivity #a!tori posed +y the pa!%et delivery ti e and the pa!%et inter.arrival ti e$ Thee/"ations "sed +y the si "lation tool are sho n +elo $ Use the3Pa!%etTra##i!$e'e progra to e'peri ent ith val"es and o+tain the relevanta!tivity #a!tors$ This "ses the sa e algorith as the ;g si "lation tool$

axm

d packet R

S T

8=

( ) ( )[ ] packet d d d pcionretransmis

pc pc session T N D N N R

D N T +−

++−= 1

10011

1001001( ) ×

+= session

packet d pcionretransmis

T

T N N R Activity

here- packet T D Average pa!%et ti e period @sd S D Si:e o# a Pa!%et @+ytes

axm R D Ma' 6it Rate @+it=s sessionT D Average session ti e period @s

pc N D )" +er o# pa!%et !alls per session pc D = Reading ti e +et een pa!%et !alls @sd N D )" +er o# pa!%ets ithin a pa!%et !all




Che!% that the tra##i! has +een spread +y vie ing the appropriate *ata Type onthe 2* vie $

)e't( r"n the Monte Carlo si "lator$ As the a!tivity #a!tor is so lo ( it isne!essary to r"n any snapshots to get a statisti!ally signi#i!ant pi!t"re$ R"n?000 snapshots and e'a ine the arrays and reports$




Multi-Service Traffic Analysis

Traffic 2ensit*Traffic 2ensit*F Tra ic "ensity is orecast in terms o a density in terms o 3rlangs per square

;ilometre.F "i erent orecasts are given or di erent clutter categories.

F Enowing the clutter categories in the required service areas all ows tra ic to besimulated.

Tra ic "ensity :eightings

Clutter Category /# /&Clutter Category (# '&Clutter Category )# )&Clutter Category 5# /&


/

5 (

)




F It is important to realise that the weightings are in terms o terminaldensities.

F 1ometimes the clutter category with the highest weighting occupies a smallpercentage o the area.

F Notice that the actual tra ic volume per category di ers rom the tra icdensity. Tra ic density is the parameter entered in the simulation tool.

2ensit* +ers)s 3)m%ers2ensit* +ers)s 3)m%ers

Area :eightings

Clutter Category /# (=Clutter Category (# /*Clutter Category )# (=

Clutter Category 5# (=

:eighting o ActualTra ic per Category

Clutter Category /# /(.Clutter Category (# )*.5

Clutter Category )# )=.(Clutter Category 5# /(.


/

5 (

)

F In telephony systems! tra ic requirements are in 3rlangs. ?MT1 users can beregarded as data terminals with varying requirements.

F Mar;eting orecasts will still predict tra ic to be served in 3rlangs.

F 1ystem simulation entails spreading a number o terminals across the coverageregion and analysing success rates.

F The number spread or each snapshot varies according to a $oisson distribution.

F This simulates the variation that will occur in reality during t he busy hour.

F A orecast number o 3rlangs o tra ic can be entered as the number o terminals.Ideally a Kmean number o terminals in use during busy hourL orecast should beproduced.

ErlangsErlangs +ers)s Terminals+ers)s TerminalsMulti-Service Traffic Analysis




2ifferent T*pes of Traffic2ifferent T*pes of Traffic

F oice 6Adaptive Multirate - typically /(.( ;bps7

F Circuit 1witched "ata 61peeds up to )=5 ;bps7

F $ac;et 1cheduled Tra ic


2ifferent T*pes of Traffic2ifferent T*pes of Traffic 99 (mplications(mplications

F The more channels available! the higher the trun;ing e iciency.

F 3.g. )& trun;s or (& 3rlangs 6* 7! trun;s or ) 3rlangs 65) 7! 5 trun;s or /

3rlang 6(' 7.

F A cell e ectively o ers ewer trun;s or high speed data with the result that

e iciency drops.

F $ac;et tra ic allows or transmission delays which increases e iciency.





Packet Traffic &haracteristicsPacket Traffic &haracteristics

F $ac;et 1ervice 1ession

F $ac;et Call

F $ac;et 1iJe

F Inter-arrival Time

F Reading Time


Str)ct)re of a Packet Ser+ice SessionStr)ct)re of a Packet Ser+ice Session

Reading Time

$ac;et 1ervice 1ession "uration

Packet SiFe (nterarri+alT ime

$ac;et Call

F A $ac;et 1ervice 1essionconsists o a number o calls.6A period Ksur ingL the internetwould orm a servicesession.7

F 3ach call consists o anumber o pac;ets.

F Time intervals betweenpac;ets and calls areimportant parameters





T*pical (nternet SessionT*pical (nternet Session

F /( pages viewed.6/( calls persession.7

F Average page /& ;bytes

F 1ession duration (5 minutes

F Reading Time //( seconds

F 3ach page ormed o /&pac;ets.

F 3ach page ta;es = seconds

to appear.

$ac;et Tra ic $arametersMean $ac;et 1iJe /&&& bytesMean pac;et calls%session /(Reading time between calls //( secondsMean number o pac;ets in a call /&Mean pac;et interarrival time &.= seconds

Average bit rate data ÷ time

/&&& 9 = 9 /& ÷ /(& ** bits per second

Note# The /(& second period considered consists o thecall download time plus the //( seconds reading time.


E<)i+alent &S Acti+it*E<)i+alent &S Acti+it*

F The Internet sur ing session requires an average bit rate o ** bits persecond.

F I the mean actual transmission bit rate was *5&&& bits per seco nd! our pac;etswitched circuit has an equivalent activity actor o

F Circuit 1witched tra ic with very low activity actors would have similarcharacteristics to $ac;et 1witched tra ic.

** ÷ *5&&& 9 /&& /.&5





ReRe 99transmission Ratetransmission RateF In real9time circuits! any need or re-transmission is very undesirable as it

results in delay.

F "elays are seen as more acceptable in packet services.

F Aiming or a high value o 3b%N 0 to result in a negligible re-transmissionrequirement is not the most e icient strategy.

F I N0 is seen as beyond our control then the most e icient method rom anKenergy per data bit correctly communicatedL viewpoint is when t he ratio

is a minimum. 6 83R being the 8rame 3rror Ratio .7

F Analysis o various transmission path models suggest that a retr ansmission rateo (' is near the optimum.

FER N

E b

−10


F Requiring re-transmission will place an additional capacity requirement on thesystem.

F $ercentage increase or a <loc; 3rror Ratio! <03R is given as

F Thus a (' Retransmission requirement will result in a )) incre ase incapacity requirement.

Effect of ReEffect of Re 99transmissiontransmission

1001

×− BLER BLER





The anted signal has to +e re!eived hen in the presen!e o# ther al noise andthe signals #ro other "sers$ The #a!t that these "sers all trans it in the sa e#re/"en!y +and ith a pse"do noise spreading !ode eans that they ill a!t in asi ilar anner to ther al noise and add to it$ I# e !onsider the po er in the

anted signal to +eP , @o"r anted signal is !onsidered to +e the

j th

!hannel andthe total po er re!eived +y the +ase station is Itotal then the e##e!tive signal tonoise ratio is given +y

tota!

" I

"

−

The re!eived level o# +=)o is deter ined +y s"+,e!ting the a+ove ratio to apro!essing gain$ The pro!essing gain is e/"al to-

RW

here R is the data rate o# the j th !hannel$

Th"s the +=)o ratio #or that !hannel is given +y-

tota!

b " I

"

RW

N E

−=

0

Rearranging the e/"ation gives-

tota!

b

tota!

b

btota!

b

tota!

I L

RW

E N I "

W

R

N E

W

R

N E

I

"

W

R

N E

" I

"

=

+

=

+

=

=−

0

0

0

0

1

1

here L is the #ra!tion o# the total po er re!eived at the +ase station that!onstit"tes the 3 anted signal $

Inserting typi!al val"es$





1271

1220038400004.01

112200

3840000

4.00

=

×+==

=

=

b

L

R

W E N

Th"s the j th "ser "st +e responsi+le #or ?=?2G o# the total po er re!eived +y the+ase station$

There are an in#inite n" +er o# possi+ilities that a!hieve this re/"ire ent$ 7ore'a ple i# the j th "ser as the only "ser( then ther al noise !o"ld +e responsi+le#or ?2G ti es the po er at the re!eiver$

This res"lts in a signal to noise ratio o# ( dB0.211271lo g10 10 −= ( !learly

de onstrating the e##e!tiveness o# the pro!essing gain in spread spe!tr"syste s$

Alternatively( the trans it po ers o# the o+ile ter inals !o"ld +e in!reased tos"!h a level that ther al noise is negligi+le$ In s"!h a !ir!" stan!e the !apa!ity!o"ld +e shared +y "p to ?2G identi!al "sers$ In reality( o# !o"rse( a sit"ation+et een these t o e'tre es ill e'ist$

)o ( the total po er re!eived #ro all N "sers and ther al noise is given +y

∑=

=+=

N

ntota! tota! " I L I

1 here Pn is the ther al noise po er$

As all the anted signals are 3pse"do noise ( the ratio ntota! " I is %no n as the3noise rise $ The e/"ation !an +e si pli#ied to

#L N

n

tota!

L "

I η −

=−

=

∑=

=

11

1

1

1

here #Lη is the "plin% loading #a!tor ith a val"e

+et een :ero and one$ )oti!e that this #a!tor( η UL is the #ra!tion o# the po erre!eived +y the +ase station #ro "sers ithin its !overage area to the total

po er re!eived$




And

!-'- The Effect of (nterference from Other ells

The #a!t that UMTS syste s share the sa e #re/"en!y +and eans that "sers inother !ells ill a!t as noise so"r!es that a##e!t the !ell loading$ This a##e!t isa!!o"nted #or +y introd"!ing a ne para eter( i( here i is the ratio o# 3other!ell to 3o n !ell inter#eren!e$ The val"e o# i depends on the geographi!allayo"t o# !ells and also o# the relative loading o# neigh+o"ring !ells$ 7or anevenly loaded( evenly spa!ed layo"t !onsisting o# se!tored !ells a val"e o# 0$ isappropriate$ The loading and noise rise are then a##e!ted as sho n$


$

R

W

Eb

N $

L

+=∑

=

= 01 1

RW

Eb N $

+

−=

011

1!#" +o!#"

W E N

W E N

R

$ R

b

b

+

−=

+

−=

0

0

gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl"

tth$o ghtotal1

1

11-!#" + o!#"

( )

( )

W E

N

i

W E

N

i

b

b

+

+−=

+

+=

0

0

gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl"

1tth$o ghtotal1

1!#" +o!#"

gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl"

1tth$o ghtotalFacto$ oad!ng



Servi!es are not in "se ?00 o# the ti e$ To a!!o"nt #or this an a!tivity #a!tor( ν is introd"!ed( hi!h has a val"e +et een :ero and one$ The loading #a!tore/"ation is odi#ied to +e!o e

( )ν i $ R

W N

E b+= 1Facto$oad!ng 0

!-'-! Anal*sing the 2o,nlink-

Si ilar !al!"lations to those per#or ed #or the "plin% are appropriate to thedo nlin%$ 5o ever( the do nlin% +ene#its #ro the !hannelisation !odes +eingorthogonal$ M"ltipath propagation on the radio path ill di inish the e##e!t o#this orthogonality$ In !al!"lations the orthogonality is a!!o"nted #or +y the

introd"!tion o# an 3Orthogonality 7a!tor $ This #a!tor is "s"ally re#erred to as αand ta%es on a val"e +et een :ero and ?( ? representing per#e!t orthogonality$

The do nlin% loading #a!tor #or M identi!al "sers is then given +y$


( )

( )

W E N

i

W E N

v R

i

b

b

+−≈

+

+−=

0

0

51th$o gh t

51th$o gh tFacto$ oad!ngo'nl!n

here R is the data rate o# asingle !hannel and ν is thea!tivity #a!tor o# that !hannel$



Uplink Budget #5% loading ($ times !! k psc&annels'

Sensitivity .?? $9 d6Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise d6

Allo a+le pathloss ?4E$9 d6

*o nlin% 6"dget

Re/"ired T' Po er per !hannel 24 d6 Total T' Po er #or < !hannels ;; d6

Uplink Budget 0% loading ( 0 times !! k psc&annels'

Sensitivity .?? $9 d6

Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise ?0 d6

Allo a+le pathloss ?49$9 d6

Do"nlink Budget

Pathloss ?49$9 d6

Re/"ired T' Po er per !hannel 24 d6 Total T' Po er #or ?0 !hannels ;4 d6

It is seen #ro the a+ove path loss ta+les that the a'i " pathloss on the"plin% red"!es ith loading$ A red"!tion o# allo ed pathloss +y d6 !orrespondsto a #a!tor o# appro'i ately 0$ ; #or !overage range @or 0$4 #or !overage area $It !an +e seen that a%ing the a'i " o+ile trans it po er 2G d6 insteado# 2? d6 o"ld then pla!e the @a!hieva+le de and o# 40 d6 on the +asestation res"lting in a +alan!ed path$ I#( ho ever( e no repeat the !al!"lation#or voi!e @or lo data rate !hannels( a di##erent pi!t"re e erges$ As loadingin!reases( the !overage +e!o es do nlin% li ited$ This is +e!a"se the total"plin% po er is really the !o +ined po er o# all the o+ile stations$ I# ea!hstation is sending a lo data rate signal( there are generally a lot o# the $ Boi!eservi!es re/"ire a higher +=)o val"e than high speed data servi!es @#or reasonsthat ill +e dis!"ssed later $ A val"e o# 9$9 d6 is "sed in this instan!e$ 7or thisval"e o# +=)o a pole !apa!ity o# G %+ps is a!hieved$ 90 loading illrepresent ;;< %+ps or ;;<=?2$2 ≅ 2< voi!e !hannels$ E0 loading o"ld!orrespond to 90 voi!e !hannels$

itho"t repeating all the !al!"lations( the sa e prin!iples hold$ The trans itpo er per !hannel on the do nlin% ill need to +e a+o"t ; d6 greater than onthe "plin%$ I# 2? d6 is the a'i " "plin% @ o+ile po er then( at 90loading the +ase station ill +e re/"ired to deliver 2< 24 d6 D ;<$9 d6 "ser




!hannel po er$ This is !lose to the a'i " that o"ld +e availa+le$ P"shingthis to 90 voi!e !hannels o"ld severely stret!h the do nlin% !apa+ilities$ I#(instead o# "sing #"ll rate ?2$2 %+ps voi!e( a lo er data rate as !hosen so thateven ore !hannels !o"ld +e !onne!ted( the !apa!ity +e!o es de onstra+ly

do nlin% li ited$

Uplin% and do nlin% per#or an!e$ In pra!ti!e it is not ,"st the in#erior noiseper#or an!e o# the o+ile re!eiver that in#l"en!es the di##eren!e in trans itpo er re/"ire ents$ In addition( it is o#ten the !ase that higher target +=)oval"es "st +e set on the do nlin%( adding to this po er di##eren!e$ 5o ever( itis red"!ed +y the #a!t that there is orthogonality +et een the !hannelisation!odes on the do nlin% that is not present on the "plin%$ As +all.par% #ig"res(those in the +"dgets /"oted a+ove serve as a "se#"l starting point$

!-# o+erage for a +oice channel-

The lin% +"dget "st +e re!al!"lated #or voi!e( in order to esti ate !overagedi##eren!es$

Uplink Budget 50% loading ()$ times )*) k psc&annels'

Ther al )oise .?0< d6)oise 7a!tor 4 d6

+=)o @?2$2 %+ps voi!e 9$9 d6Pro!essing 1ain 29 d6

Sensitivity @!al!"lated #ro a+ove .?2;$9 d6

Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise ; d67ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control 2 d6

T' Antenna 1ain 0 d6iR' Antenna 1ain ?< d6i

T' Po er 2? d6

Allo a+le path loss ?9G$9 d6

The ?9G$9 d6 allo ed path loss #or the voi!e !hannels "st +e !o pared ith?92$9 d6 path loss #or the e/"ivalent loading in a ?44 %+ps !hannel$ The 9 d6di##eren!e !orresponds to a red"!tion in !overage area o# appro'i ately 90@;0 red"!tion in range $




!-/ Re<)ired E%"3o

Capa!ity in UMTS syste s in intrinsi!ally !onne!ted ith the +=)o val"e$ I#+=)o is do"+led then the !apa!ity is halved$ Clearly setting appropriate val"es#or +=)o ill have a dra ati! e##e!t on the per#or an!e$ It is o# so e s"rpriseto note that the re/"ired +=)o #or voi!e @typi!ally 9 d6 is higher than that #orhigh speed data @typi!ally ?$9 d6 $ The reason #or this is tied in ith the val"eta%en #or pro!essing gain in the voi!e syste s$ ;<40000=?2200 D ;?9 hi!h!orresponds to a 29 d6 gain$ 5o ever( altho"gh the "ser data rate is ?2200 +ps(the spreading #a!tor "sed is a!t"ally ?2< that !orresponds to a data rate o#;0000 +ps$ The di##eren!e in the t o #ig"res is ade "p o# the overhead #or a!y!li! red"ndan!y !he!% and also hal# rate !onvol"tional !oding$ These providean overall advantage @in other ords( i# they eren t "sed !apa!ity o"ld +e

orse +"t nevertheless do ean that the apparent re/"ired +=)o val"e is high$

!-! 3et,ork apacit* onsiderations

e have seen that loading #a!tor in#l"en!es the )oise Rise and that this )oiseRise in#l"en!es the lin% +"dget$ The !o +ination o# these t o #a!ts prod"!es aninteresting e##e!t hen !onsidering the !apa!ity o# a net or%$

S"ppose a region is provided #or +y a net or% o# sites that provides !ontin"o"s!overage hen the )oise Rise is 2 d6$ Tra##i! is #ore!ast to gro and the de!isionis ade to do"+le the n" +er o# sites +y pla!ing an e'tra site in +et een all thee'isting sites$ In this ay the re/"ired range o# ea!h site is red"!ed #ro aninitial val"e o# R to R=√2 as ea!h site needs to !over hal# the original area$ This

eans that the a'i " path loss ill red"!e$ The a o"nt +y hi!h it red"!esdepends on the environ ent$ I# e ta%e a typi!al e/"ation lin%ing path loss L d6

ith range R % - R L log3137 += then the path loss ill de!rease +y2log3, D 9$; d6$ This eans that the )oise Rise #or ea!h !ell !an +e

allo ed to rise #ro 2 d6 to G$; d6$ This represents an in!rease in loading #a!tor#ro 0$;G to 0$<?$ There#ore( ea!h !ell !an !arry over t i!e as "!h tra##i!$ 6yin!reasing the n" +er o# !ells +y a #a!tor o# t o( the a o"nt o# tra##i! +eing!arried !an in!rease +y a #a!tor o# 4$4$ )ote that a #"rther do"+ling o# then" +er o# !ells ill not prod"!e s"!h a re ar%a+le in!rease in the tra##i!.!arrying !apa+ility$ In!reasing the )oise Rise to ?2$ d6 ill in!rease the loading#a!tor to 0$E9( not a h"ge in!rease !o pared ith 0$<?$

!-$ As*mmetric traffic-

Boi!e tra##i! has a tenden!y to +e( on the hole( sy etri!$ That is the vol" eo# tra##i! on the "plin% appro'i ately e/"als that on the do nlin%$ *ata tra##i! ise'pe!ted to +e so e hat asy etri! ith the a,ority o# the tra##i! o!!"rringon the do nlin%$ Th"s( the loading #a!tor on the do nlin% ill +e higher than thaton the "plin%$ This ill p"t an e'tra strain on the do nlin% that ill add to the

pro+le s already e'perien!ed on a highly loaded do nlin%$




!-4 Single channel cells

The #le'i+ility inherent in UMTS allo s the entire !apa!ity o# a single !ell to +ea!!o"nted #or +y a single "ser$ In this instan!e the e##e!t o# noise risedisappears$ )oise rise a##e!ts other "sers o# the sa e !ell$ I# there are no other"sers then the lin% +"dget !an +e !ond"!ted ignoring this inter#eren!e$ I# e!onsider the !ase here three parallel !odes o# spreading #a!tor 4 are "sed +y asingle "ser( this o"ld give a theoreti!al data rate o# 0$G9';<40000 D 2$E M+psand an a!t"al "ser data rate approa!hing 2 M+ps$

*"e to the higher trans it po er o# the +ase station( the do nlin% !overage areaat this data rate o"ld +e e'pe!ted to +e greater than the "plin%$

Do"nlink Budget +ingle user at appro,imately )- ps

Ther al )oise .?0< d6)oise 7a!tor G d6

+=)o @2 M+ps data 9 d6Pro!essing 1ain 2 d6

Sensitivity @!al!"lated #ro a+ove .E< d6

Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise 07ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control ? d6

T' Antenna 1ain ?< d6iR' Antenna 1ain 2 d6i

T' Po er 42 d6

Allo a+le path loss ?9E d6

The #a!t that the hole !ell s !apa!ity is ta%en "p +y one "ser allo s !overageover a large area$ 5o ever( even ith a 2G d6 o+ile trans itter( theallo a+le path loss is li%ely to +e red"!ed to ?90 d6$ This o"ld represent ared"!tion in !overage range o# 99 $ It is o# interest that the e'pe!tedasy etry in data tra##i! helps to +alan!e this !overage$ A ?; d6 di##eren!e inallo a+le path loss !an +e !o pensated #or +y "sing a syste that has a ?; d6higher pro!essing gain$ ?; d6 !orresponds to a ratio o# 20$ ;<40000=20 ≅ ?E2%+ps$ Th"s it is( in prin!iple( possi+le to have #"ll !ell !overage ith 2 M+ps onthe do nlin% and ?44 %+ps in the "plin%$




!hannels a!tive lends itsel# to an asy etri! provision o# data servi!es$ This ise'pe!ted to #it in ell ith !"sto er re/"ire ents$

!-6 Self9Assessment Exercises

?$Co plete the #ollo ing lin% +"dget and dra !on!l"sions regarding the li%elya+ility o# the do nlin% a pli#ier +eing a+le to eet the re/"ired total trans itpo er$

Uplink Budget

Ther al )oise .?0G d6)oise 7a!tor ; d6

+=)o @< %+ps 9 d6Pro!essing 1ain d6

Sensitivity @!al!"lated #ro a+ove d6

Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise 4 d67ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control 2 d6

T' Antenna 1ain 0 d6iR' Antenna 1ain ?< d6i

T' Po er 2? d6

Allo a+le pathloss

Do"nlink Budget

Pathloss

Sensitivity @2d6 higher than "plin% d6Inter#eren!e Margin @)oise Rise ; d67ast 7ading Margin @Po er Control 2 d6

R' Antenna 1ain 0 d6i T' Antenna 1ain ?< d6i

Re/"ired T' Po er per !hannel Total T' Po er #or <0 !hannels

2$




The ink 1)dgetThe ink 1)dget

The ink 1)dgetThe ink 1)dget

F+1M and ?MT1 compared

FMore thermal noise in ?MT1 systems. ET o< -/& d<m

F$rocessing +ain 6d<s7 in ?MT1

/& log 6)=5&&&&%?ser Rate 6bps77

F$ower Control Margin or imper ect 8ast 8ading $owerControl must be considered in ?MT1 systems

F Inter erence Margin or Noise Rise must be considered in?MT1 systems

The Lin !udget




Reco+ering the Wanted SignalReco+ering the Wanted Signal

b

RW

E N

L

+

=01

1

( )

91

1220038400003.01

1

12200 3840000 3.00

=

×+=

===

b

L

RW E N

Inserting typical values or a voice service#

The Lin !udget

Reco+ering the Wanted SignalReco+ering the Wanted Signal

$ossibility /#

F1ingle user.

FThermal Noise responsible or>5%>'ths o received power.

F1NR /%>5 -/>.= d<

?ser ! is responsible or /%>'th o received power

$ossibility (#

F$ower level so high that thermalnoise is insigni icant.

F>' identical users possible.

$ractical situations will lie in between these two e9tremes.

The Lin !udget





Acti+it* .actor Acti+it* .actor

( )

%acto$.act! !t#"$th"!# 'h"$"

1 Facto$ oad!ng 0

υ

υ

RW

i $ N E b +

=

?sers are not active /&& o the time.

It is necessary to ad ust the loading actor to ac;nowledge this act

The Lin !udget

2o,nlink &onsiderations2o,nlink &onsiderations

The "ownlin; bene its rom orthogonality between channelisation codes.

)1(

gh t#"$ th$o#!ngl" Ca ac!t&ol"

0

i

W E N

b

+−

+

=α

α is orthogonality actor and has a value between Jero and /.

The Lin !udget





Uplink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+iceUplink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+ice

Thermal Noise# -/&= d<m! Noise 8igure# 5 d<! 3b%No# /.' d<

$rocessing +ain# /5 d< 6/& logP)=5&%/55Q7

Sensiti+it* 9''$-! d1m

Margins# Noise Rise# ) d<! 8ast 8ading# ( d<

Antenna +ains# (& d<i

T9 $ower# (/ d<m

FAllo,a%le Path oss '! -! d1

The Lin !udget

2o,nlink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+ice2o,nlink 1)dget for '// k%ps ser+ice

Allo,a%le Path oss '! -! d1

Sensiti+it* 9''#-! d1m



Required T9 $ower# (5 d<m per channel

/ #1911.1

41.13840

144 Ca ac!t&ol" =

+=

8or ) d< Noise Rise! capacity >'' ;bps or * channels. * 9 K(5 d<mL )/.= d<m

6ignoring orthogonality7

The Lin !udget





Uplink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+iceUplink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+ice

Thermal Noise# -/&= d<m! Noise 8igure# 5 d<! 3b%No# ' d<

$rocessing +ain# ( d< 6/& logP)=5&%=Q7

Sensiti+it* 9' $ d1m



T9 $ower# (/ d<m

Allo,a%le Path oss '$ d1

The Lin !udget

2o,nlink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+ice2o,nlink 1)dget for 5 k%ps ser+ice

Allo,a%le Path oss '$ d1

Sensiti+it* 9' # d1m



Required T9 $ower# (5 d<m per channel

8or ) d< Noise Rise! capacity 5& ;bps or '/ channels. '/ 9 K(5 d<mL 5/ d<m

/ #81.1

3840316.08 Ca ac!t&ol" =×+= 6ignoring orthogonality7

The Lin !udget





&apacit* (ss)es example&apacit* (ss)es exampleF Networ; originally provides coverage at NR (d<

Radius o each cell is RR

I number o cells is doubledthe radius reduces to R% √(

$ath loss will reduce by '.) d<.NR can increase by '.) d<.

The Lin !udget

&apacit* (ss)es example&apacit* (ss)es example

F NR o ( d< corresponds to a loading actor o ) .

F NR o .) d< corresponds to loading actor o =/

F 3ach cell can now handle more than double the tra ic.

F "oubling the number o cells has increased the capacity by aactor o 5.5.

Note that doubling the number again would give a NR o /(.* d<6loading actor >' 7 which would not produce such aremar;able improvement.

The Lin !udget




TargetTarget E%E% "3o ?al)es "3o ?al)es

F Capacity is lin;ed to 3b%No value

FTypical values# oice 5 d< ,igh 1peed "ata /.' d<

F 0ower overhead in control data or higher speed data.

F Also! 3b%No value assumes processing gain o )=5&%/(.( or/((&& bps voice. Actual transmitted data is )&&&& bps.

F Target 3b%No controlled by RNC and will depend upon prevailingconditions.

The Lin !udget

Single &hannel &ellsSingle &hannel &ells

F ?MT1 8le9ibility allows or one user to ta;e up entirecell@s capacity.

F Noise Rise is now irrelevant as no other users.

F <ase station has higher capacity ma;ing coverageuplin; limited.

F Asymmetry in power can be re lected in asymmetry inthroughput. 3.g. ( Mbps possible in downlin; with /55;bps in uplin;.

The Lin !udget




$ 2imensioning a UMTS 3et,ork

$-' (ntrod)ction

*i ensioning a net or% is the pro!ess +y hi!h e esti ate the n" +er o# sitesand !ells re/"ired to servi!e anti!ipated de and$ The o"t!o e to thedi ensioning pro!ess #eeds into virt"ally all areas o# pro,e!t develop ent and

ill in#l"en!e #"t"re strategy regarding

?$ Pro,e!t Manage ent2$ Rollo"t Pro!ed"res;$ Bendor Co parison4$ Con#ig"ration Co parison9$ 6"siness Planning

)ote that the pro!ess +eing dis!"ssed here !on!erns di ensioning the net or%rather than di ensioning a parti!"lar site or trans ission lin%s +et een sites$

$- 2imensioning o)tp)ts

The pri ary o"tp"t o# a di ensioning pro!ess is an esti ate o# the n" +er o#sites$ This sho"ld go into ore detail than erely providing a glo+al n" +er$*i##erent regions and environ ents re/"ire a di##erent approa!h$ So e areas

ill +e served +y se!tored antennas and so e ill +e served +y o ni.dire!tional

antennas$ Regions !an +e separated +y their tra##i! density !hara!teristi!s$Ur+an areas( #or e'a ple( ill generate ore tra##i! de and per "nit area than




ill r"ral areas$ *i##erent environ ents ill re/"ire di##erent approa!hes topropagation odelling$ In the di ensioning pro!ess( ea!h distin!tly di##erentarea sho"ld +e treated separately$ In that ay( the o"tp"t o# the di ensioningpro!ess sho"ld identi#y the n" +er o# sites o# ea!h type and their appro'i ate

lo!ations$ 7ro this #o"ndation it is possi+le to identi#y the opti " rollo"tstrategy together ith pro,e!t ilestones and esti ates o# the reso"r!e re/"ired$It sho"ld also +e possi+le to divide the net or% area into sel#.!ontained :onesthat !an +e i ple ented separately on a 3t"rn.%ey +asis$

A#ter identi#ying the n" +er o# sites and their appro'i ate lo!ations it is thenpossi+le to !arry o"t a preli inary planning e'er!ise in order to esti ate !orenet or% and trans ission net or% re/"ire ents$

7inally( it is i portant to realise that the di ensioning pro!ess has +een +asedon esti ates o# "ser de and$ It is i portant to +e a+le to assess ho sensitive

the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired( #or e'a ple( is to errors in s"!h esti ates 7ore'a ple( i# the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired is do inated +y !overage rather than!apa!ity( then an in!rease in "ser de and ill not a##e!t the re/"ired n" +er o#sites$ 5o ever( i# the net or% is !apa!ity li ited( then the n" +er o# sitesre/"ired ill +e ro"ghly proportional to "ser de and$

$-# Approaches to the 2imensioning Task

There is no single 3approved ethod o# ta!%ling di ensioning pro+le s$ Al ostevery pra!ti!al sit"ation ill re/"ire so e innovative thin%ing to over!o e"n"s"al pro+le s$ 5o ever( it is possi+le to investigate di##erent approa!hesthat !an +e gro"ped generi!ally as sho n +elo $

$ Si ple Coverage.+ased di ensioningG$ Si ple Capa!ity.+ased di ensioning<$ Si ple Co +ined Coverage and Capa!ityE$ Intera!tive Coverage and Capa!ity

All o# the a+ove re/"ire !ertain ite s o# in#or ation as inp"ts to the e'er!ise$ These in!l"de-

?0$ A des!ription o# the servi!es re/"ired$??$ Hno ledge o# the de ographi! distri+"tion o# pop"lation?2$ The di##erent environ ents ithin the !overage area?;$ *etails regarding the lo!al geography?4$ Intended site !on#ig"rations- in parti!"lar ast heights





Clearly( s"!h a di##eren!e in predi!tions is "na!!epta+le and a ethod is re/"ired+y hi!h it is possi+le to assess the aggregate loading and hen!e the n" +er o#voi!e.e/"ivalent tr"n%s re/"ired$ The ethod is re#erred to as Ca p+ell s

Theore and !o +ines the eans and varian!es o# ore than one servi!e into ares"ltant ean and varian!e$ Re#erring to the e'a ple o# ?2 rlangs o# voi!etra##i! pl"s rlangs o# 4 %+ps tra##i!( the Ca p+ell s Theore ethod iss" arised +elo $

?$ or% o"t the ean o# the !o +ination( !onsidering the 3a plit"de @ino"r !ase the a plit"de o# the voi!e servi!e is ta%en to +e ? and that o# the

4 %+ps servi!e is ta%en to +e ; $ ( ) ( ) 3036112m"an =×+×=2$ or% o"t the varian!e o# the !o +ination +y "ltiplying the de and+y the s/"are o# the a plit"de o# ea!h servi!e$

6636112a$!anc" 22 =×+×=

;$ Cal!"late an inter ediate para eter( 2.2m"an

a$!anc" ==c

4$ Cal!"late an e/"ivalent O##ered Tra##i!-

63.13m"an

T$a%%!c;%%"$"d ==c

9$ 7ro rlang 6 ta+les( deter ine the n" +er o# tr"n%s re/"ired toservi!e ?;$ ; rlangs o# tra##i!$ This is #o"nd to +e 2? tr"n%s @this #ig"re isre#erred to as the 3 Capacity $ 5o ever this is a n" +er o# tr"n%s #or anotional aggregate servi!e( not the e/"ivalent n" +er o# 3singlea plit"de tr"n%s$

$ 7inally deter ine the n" +er o# 3a plit"de ? e/"ivalent tr"n%s @ino"r !ase voi!e.e/"ivalent tr"n%s re/"ired #or ea!h servi!e$ )ote that yo"

ill not get e'a!tly the sa e n" +er #or ea!h servi!e$ In other ords( #ora given n" +er o# tr"n%s( the +lo!%ing ratio e'perien!ed ill vary #roservi!e to servi!e$ 7ort"nately( this di##eren!e is "s"ally very s all$

( )( )( ) data)(%o$493212.2

)(%o$ o!c"471212.2am l!t d"t"< !$"m"n

=+×==+×=+×= capacityc

'a ining the #ig"res a+ove reveal that the #irst t o atte pts represent3pessi isti! @9? tr"n%s and 3opti isti! @;E tr"n%s approa!hes$

$-!-# Using amp%ellGs Theorem in capacit* dimensioning

Ca p+ell s theore ill help assess the loading on a parti!"lar !ell hereas thetra##i! #ore!ast given ill +e #or a parti!"lar area$ In order to %no the loading ona !ell e need to divide the total load +y the n" +er o# !ells$ 6"t thedi ensioning e'er!ise is intended to deter ine the n" +er o# !ells$ Thissee ingly i possi+le sit"ation !an +e resolved +y "sing Ca p+ell s Theore to

assess the loading #or n !ells then solving #or n $ As an e'a ple e ill !onsider anet or% in hi!h ea!h !ell has a no inal !apa!ity o# ;2 3a plit"de one tr"n%s$




A tra##i! #ore!ast is ade #or di##erent servi!es ea!h o# hi!h has a di##erenta plit"de$

Servi!e A plit"de 7ore!astinrlangs

Boi!e ? 2904 %+ps *ata 2 ;

?44 %+ps *ata 4 4?;<4 %+ps *ata < ?2

I# the a+ove #ore!ast #or the net or% is spread over n !ells then the loading onea!h !ell ill +e the s" o# the a+ove #ig"res divided +y n $ 7ollo ing the step.+y.step pro!ed"re n" erated a+ove e #ind

nnc

c

nnnnn

nnnnn

210028.3636m"an

028.36361926

m"ana$!anc"

19268124412632 0a$!anc"

6368124412632 0m"an

222

=×=

===

=×+×+×+=

=×+×+×+=

At this ,"n!t"re e o"ld need to "se the rlang 6 ta+les to loo% "p the n" +ero# tr"n%s that !an serve @2?0= n rlangs o# tra##i!$ 5o ever( itho"t any%no ledge o# n ( e are st"!%$ In order to deter ine a sol"tion #or n ( e "stapproa!h the pro+le #ro a %no ledge o# the notional !apa!ity o# a single !ell$

This ill allo "s to deter ine a val"e that ill e/"al @2?0= n and hen!e allo "sto deter ine n $

Ta%ing the notional !apa!ity o# a single !ell to +e ;2 3a plit"de ? e/"ivalentse "st rearrange the e/"ation ( ) am l!t d"t"< !$"m"n +×= capacityc to give

( )c

capacity am l!t d"-t"< !$"m"n= $ On this e/"ation the 3re/"ire ent is pre.

de#ined as ;2$ The a plit"de varies #ro one to eight$ It is ne!essary to de!ideon an a plit"de #or hi!h the 2 +lo!%ing ratio is re/"ired$ Ta%ing this to +e theservi!e o# a plit"de 4 @in this ay the servi!es ith a plit"des one and t o illre!eive a slightly +etter +lo!%ing ratio than 2 and the servi!e ith a plit"de 4

ill re!eive a slightly orse ratio e !an #ind the !apa!ity to +e( )

2.903.3

432 =− $

7ro the rlang 6 ta+les( E tr"n%s ill servi!e 4$;4 rlangs o# tra##i! and

there#ore the n" +er o# !ells 4834.4

210 ==n !ells$ a!h o# the 4< !ells ill

servi!e- 9$2? rlangs o# voi!eQ ?$;2 rlangs o# 4 %+ps dataQ 0$<9 rlangs o# ?44%+ps data and 0$29 rlangs o# ;<4 %+ps data$




$-!-/ 2etermining the Relati+e Amplit)de of different ser+ices-

In the previo"s e'a ple the vario"s servi!es ere o# a plit"de one( t o( #o"rand eight$ In reality they need not +e integer n" +ers$ Their a plit"de is ta%ento represent the level o# loading that they pla!e on the !ell s reso"r!e$ This is a!o +ination o# the data rate and the re/"ired +=)o$ In #a!t( their relativeloading is proportional to the prod"!t o# data rate and +=)o @as a ratio $ 7ore'a ple( s"ppose the servi!es had +=)o re/"ire ents as #ollo s$

Servi!e +=)o @d6 +=)o @ratioBoi!e ?2$2 %+ps d6 ;$EE

4 %+ps 2$9 d6 ?$G<?44 %+ps 2 d6 ?$9<;<4 %+ps ? d6 ?$2

I# the voi!e servi!e is de#ined as having an a plit"de o# ? then the relativea plit"de o# the other servi!es !an +e #o"nd #ro

/ +oo!c"$at"datao!c"/ +o#"$ !c"$at"data#"$ !c"am l!t d" ×

×= hi!h #or the 4 %+ps servi!e is

!al!"lated to +e 34.2

99.32.12

78.164=

×

×$ The a plit"des o# the other servi!es !an

+e !al!"lated in a si ilar anner$

$-$ Simple apacit* and o+erage

The !overage.+ased di ensioning e'er!ise ill"strated a+ove did not !onsider!apa!ity and the !apa!ity.+ased di ensioning e'er!ise did not !onsider!overage$ Clearly( this !o"ld !a"se pro+le s$ One si ple approa!h thatprevents an "nder.esti ation o# the re/"ired n" +er o# !ells is to !arry o"t thedi ensioning e'er!ise "sing +oth ethods and sele!ting the higher predi!tion #orthe n" +er o# !ells re/"ired$ This is o+vio"sly a so e hat !r"de ethod and a

ore a!!"rate di ensioning e'er!ise ill !onsider the intera!tion +et een!apa!ity and !overage in a UMTS syste $

$-4 (terati+e o+erage and apacit* Planning

hen a%ing an esti ate o# the !overage range #or a !ell( the lin% +"dget "sedill have in!orporated a no inal )oise Rise$ The a!t"al noise rise is dependent

on the loading$ There#ore( the initial esti ate #or !overage ta!itly in!l"ded anesti ate #or the loading o# ea!h !ell$ 5o ever( e !annot !arry o"t a realisti!




esti ation o# the loading o# ea!h !ell "nless e %no the n" +er o# !ells @apara eter that the di ensioning e'er!ise is eant to deter ine $ It is there#orene!essary to !ond"!t an iterative pro!ess in hi!h the n" +er o# !ells !al!"latedis "sed to esti ate the loading #a!tor and the di##eren!e +et een this esti ated

loading #a!tor and that ass" ed at the start o# the e'er!ise is "sed to ad,"st thedi ensioning e'er!ise$

In a si ilar anner( hen a%ing an esti ate o# the !apa!ity o# ea!h !ell( thisesti ate i pli!itly ass" es a level o# )oise Rise that ill( in t"rn( a##e!t the!overage range$ On!e the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired has +een deter ined( it ill+e possi+le to deter ine the re/"ired range o# ea!h !ell and then !he!% hetherthis range is !onsistent ith the ass" ed level o# )oise Rise$

The iterative pro!ess !o en!es ith a !overage.+ased di ensioning e'er!ise$ This ill ass" e a parti!"lar noise rise$ The re/"ired n" +er o# !ells o"tp"t #ro

this e'er!ise ill then +e "sed to deter ine the loading o# the !ells +y "sing thetra##i! #ore!ast and Ca p+ell s Theore $ This ill allo the )oise Rise #or thatloading to +e !al!"lated$ This is li%ely to +e di##erent #ro the original )oise Riseass" ed$ The !overage.+ased e'er!ise is then repeated "sing the ne )oiseRise res"lting in a di##erent n" +er o# !ells hi!h ill res"lt in a di##erent )oiseRise predi!tion$ The pro!ess !ontin"es and ill !onverge at a val"e #or hi!h the)oise Rise predi!ted #ro the !ell loading agrees ith the )oise Rise ass" ed #orthe !overage.+ased e'er!ise$

The !overage.+ased( !apa!ity.+ased and iterative pro!esses all lend the selvesto the "se o# a si ple spreadsheet to di ension a given region or environ ent$

$-5 Sensiti+it* Anal*sis

Any di ensioning e'er!ise sho"ld in!l"de an esti ate o# the li%ely sensitivity o#the n" +er o# !ells to the level o# tra##i! en!o"ntered$ This ill give an indi!ationon ho 3#"t"re.proo#ed the syste ill +e and also ho any errors in the ar%et#ore!ast ill a##e!t the n" +er o# sites re/"ired$ Ideally( errors in the #ore!astsho"ld +e a!!o panied +y an esti ate o# the li%elihood o# s"!h errors o!!"rring$

This in#or ation !an "s"ally +e gained #ro e'a ining the !on#iden!e li its o#the ar%et #ore!ast$ The ta+le +elo gives an e'a ple in hi!h the li%elihood o#3high tra##i! ( 3 id tra##i! and 3lo tra##i! s!enarios are in!l"ded$

S!enario Li%elihood o#o!!"rren!e

)" +er o# sitesesti ated

5igh Tra##i! 20 000Mid Tra##i! 0 9000Lo Tra##i! 20 4000




Sol"tion-*eter ine a plit"des ta%ing the a plit"de o# voi!e servi!e as ?( "sing the

e/"ation%o$ o!c"/ +o%o$ o!c"$at"data

#"$ !c"%o$/ +o#"$ !c"%o$$at"data#"$ !c"o% am l!t d"

×

×=

@Re e +er( +=)o "st +e inserted into the a+ove e/"ation as a ratio$

Servi!e A plit"de? %+ps data

4 %+ps data

)e't or% o"t the ean-

Mean D

Barian!e D

)o ( !al!"late the inter ediate para eter( !$

m"an

a$!anc"=c D

)e't( !al!"late the e/"ivalent o##ered tra##i!

==c

m"anT$a%%!c;%%"$"d

)o loo% "p the n" +er o# tr"n%s needed to servi!e this o##ered tra##i! #ro therlang 6 ta+les$

)" +er o# Tr"n%s D

@This is re#erred to as the 3!apa!ity

7inally( !onvert this to the e/"ivalent n" +er o# a plit"de ? tr"n%s #or ea!hservi!e$

( ) am l!t d"ca ac!tt$ n #1am l!t d"< ! al"nt +×= c

Ta%ing the ? %+ps servi!e as o"r re#eren!e( e/"ivalent a plit"de ? tr"n%s D




)o e need to assess the noise rise that o"ld +e !a"sed +y this level o#loading$ Using the appro'i ate ethod o# !al!"lating the pole !apa!ity o# a !ell-

0

2400

N E ty "o!e%apaci

b

= e get the pole !apa!ity o# the 3a plit"de ? servi!e to

+e

=.010

2400

The n" +er o# tr"n%s !al!"lated there#ore represents a loading #a!tor o#-

This o"ld res"lt in a noise rise o# d6$

;$ Capacity/Based Dimensioning* A parti!"lar net or% o##ers the #ollo ing servi!es-

Servi!e +=)o @d6 +=)o @ratioBoi!e ?2$2%+ps

d6 ;$EE

4 %+ps 2$9 d6 ?$G<

?44 %+ps 2 d6 ?$9<;<4 %+ps ? d6 ?$2

The tra##i! #ore!ast is as #ollo s-

Servi!e 7ore!astde and@ rlangs

Boi!e ?2$2%+ps <20

4 %+ps 2<;?44 %+ps ?44;<4 %+ps 29

Use Ca p+ell s Theore to esti ate the n" +er o# !ells re/"ired to satis#y this#ore!ast de and ass" ing that ea!h !ell has a no inal !apa!ity o# ;93a plit"de ? tr"n%s $

Sol"tion- 7irstly( !al!"late relative a plit"des o# the vario"s servi!es$




to 0*0 dB $ In the +ite Data ase set the oise Rise Li it to 8 dB $ Spread ;?ter inals ithin the polygon and r"n the Monte Carlo si "lator$ 'a ine thereports$

Altho"gh ;? rlangs is the n" +er #or a 2 6lo!%ing Ratio( yo" ill #ind that theper!entage #ail"re rate /"oted in the report is "!h less than 2 $ This is+e!a"se the tool is reporting the aggregate #ail"re !onsidering all the a!tiveter inals$ 7or e'a ple i# #or 2 o# the snapshots 4? ter inals atte pt to a!!essthe syste and ? #ails that ill res"lt in an aggregate #ail"re rate o# 0$02 ' ?=4? N0$09 $ O# parti!"lar interest( is the 3 ean n" +er o# #ail"res report$ I# it isass" ed that ea!h 3#ail"re snapshot in!l"ded only one #ail"re( then this e/"alsthe per!entage o# snapshots #or hi!h a #ail"re o"ld +e en!o"ntered$

On!e e are !lear a+o"t the pro!ed"re ith one servi!e( e !an e'a ine thee##e!t o# "ltiple servi!es$ S"ppose e ish to load the !ell ith the #ollo ing

tra##i!

Servi!e o#A plit"de ?

?2 rlangs

Servi!e o#A plit"de ;

; rlangs

Servi!e o#A plit"de 9

2 rlangs

I# e a%e ?2200 +ps voi!e ith an +=)o o# d6 the a plit"de ? servi!e( thea plit"de ; servi!e !o"ld +e 4 %+ps ith an +=)o o# ;$9G d6 and the a plit"de9 servi!e !o"ld +e ?44 %+ps ith an +=)o o# 2$ E d6$ Con#ig"re these servi!esand( i# ne!essary( !reate ter inal types to a!!ess the $ Re e +er to a%e thea!tivity #a!tor ?00 and the po er step si:e 0$0? d6 in all !ases$ )o spread ?2ter inals o# voi!e( ; ter inals at 4 %+ps and 2 ter inals at ?44 %+ps$Ca p+ell s Theore !an +e e ployed to predi!t the average )oise Rise and the2 pea% )oise Rise$

dB4.2!#" +o!#" "a2

62.08049.8 %acto$act! !t "a2

49.812.8717$"< !$"dt$ n #o% n m/"$#"$ !c",1am l!t d"gCon#!d"$!n

17t$ n #o% n m/"$B,$langF$om

8.102.8731 t$a%%!co%%"$"d

87.23189 a$am"t"$,t"!nt"$m"d!a

89233112a$!anc"

dB2.10.39)-10log(1!#" +o!#"m"an

0.398031%acto$act! !tm"an

31233112m"an

222

=

==

=+×==

==

==

=×+×+×=

=−==÷=

=×+×+×=

c




In the Sites *ata+ase( set the )oise Rise to e/"al 4$2 d6$ R"n the Monte Carlosi "lator$ Jo" sho"ld noti!e that the ean )oise Rise is appro'i ately 2$? d6and also that the per!entage o# #ail"res is higher #or the higher a plit"deservi!es$ Again( it is the ean n" +er o# #ail"res #or ea!h servi!e that is ost

signi#i!ant$




3et,ork 2imensioning3et,ork 2imensioning

Session O%:ecti+esSession O%:ecti+es

F To answer the questions#

F :hat is dimensioning

F ,ow might we carry out dimensioning

F :hat are the ;ey issues with dimensioning

F :hat are the ;ey equations that we need

F :hat is sensitivity analysis and how is it carried out

"etwor #imensioning




T*pes of 2imensioningT*pes of 2imensioning

F There are many di erent ways to dimension a networ;F There is no right@ way but there are many wrong@ ways

F These can be generically grouped#F 1imple Coverage

F 1imple Capacity

F 1imple Combined Coverage and Capacity

F Interactive Coverage and Capacity

F <enchmar; $lanning

1preadsheet@ based

$lanning Tool based

"etwor #imensioning

2imensioning (np)ts2imensioning (np)ts

En+ironment

Site&onfig)ration

>eographic2emographic

Ser+ice

"etwor #imensioning




Simple &o+erageSimple &o+erageF 0in; <udget based

F I.e. simple numerical calculation

F 8irstly a lin; budget is created

F The ma9imum path loss is used to calculate the cellrange using a propagation model

F The cell range is used to calculate the site area

F 1ite Numbers 6Total Area7%61ite Area7

&reate ink 1)dget

&alc)late Range

&alc)late Site Area

&alc)late 3)m%er ofSites in a gi+en Area

Max P

Max Range

Max Area

"etwor #imensioning

He* (ss)es ,ith Simple &o+erageHe* (ss)es ,ith Simple &o+erage

2imensioning2imensioning

F CapacityU

F <uilding $enetration

F 1hadow 8ading

F $ropagation Model

F 1ite 3nvironment $arameters

"etwor #imensioning





Site En+ironment ParametersSite En+ironment Parameters

F "i erent con igurations in di erent environmentsF M,A

F Gpolar%1pace "iversity

F Antennas

F Requires di erent lin; budgetsW

F 0oading on sites may also di er with environment

F To ta;e advantage o the capacity-coverage tradeo

F Also di erent number o sectors

"etwor #imensioning

Area &alc)lationArea &alc)lation

F Cells are comple9 shapes

F :e assume in dimensioning that cells con orm toa regular shape

F ,e9agons are commonly used because o theirclose pac;ing properties

F E actors used to represent the di erence betweena circle o radius r and the site area

F The E actor will depend upon the number osectors

H J 0-5 4

H J 0-$

r

r

2r k Area π =

"etwor #imensioning





En+ironment 2istri%)tionEn+ironment 2istri%)tion

F 1preadsheets don@t deal withtopology or morphologyaccurately

F ,ills! par;s and distributed targetareas

F Inter erence and tra ic capturedby sites will vary

F Margins or site acquisition and

overlap are required

?rban Area 1ite Numbers

1uburban Area

1ite Numbers

"etwor #imensioning

Simple &apacit* 2imensioningSimple &apacit* 2imensioning

F Capacity calculation based

F 8irstly calculate ma9imum capacity percarrier

F Calculate ma9imum o ered tra ic persector

F Calculate site area based on tra icdensity

F 8inally calculate the ma9imum numbero sites in an area

&alc)late &arrier&apacit*

&alc)late SectorOffered Traffic

&alc)late Maxim)mSite Area

&alc)late 3)m%er ofSites in a >i+en

Area

"etwor #imensioning





ErlangErlang 9911

F 3rlang-< ormula provides an estimateo the pea; tra ic 6not e9ceeded morethan 9 6usually ( 7 o the time giventhe average tra ic 6quoted in 3rlangs7.

F 3rlang-< should only be used or#F circuit switched tra ic

F single services

F ?MT1 is multi-service and pac;etswitched...

ariation o demand with time

time

demand

average

pea;

"etwor #imensioning

Accommodating a m)ltiAccommodating a m)lti 99ser+ice s*stemser+ice s*stem

F The 3rlang < ormula relies on the variance o the demand equallingthe mean 6a $oisson distribution7.

F I a particular service requires more than one Ktrun;L per connection!the demand is e ectively linearly scaled and the variance no longerequals the mean.

F Methods to investigate#F 3quivalent 3rlangs

F $ost 3rlang-<

F Campbell@s Theorem

"etwor #imensioning





E<)i+alentE<)i+alent ErlangsErlangs ExampleExample

F Consider ( services sharing the same resource#F 1ervice /# uses / trun; per connection. /( 3rlangs o tra ic.

F 1ervice (! uses ) trun;s per connection. * 3rlangs o tra ic.

F :e could regard the above as equivalent to )& 3rlangs o service /#F )& 3rlangs require )> trun;s or a ( <loc;ing $robability

F Alternatively! we could regard the above as equivalent to /& 3rlangs oservice (.

F /& 3rlangs require / trun;s! 6equivalent to '/ Kservice / trun;sL7 or a (bloc;ing probability

F $rediction varies depending on what approach you choose.

"etwor #imensioning

F Consider ( services sharing the same resource#F 1ervice /# uses / trun; per connection. /( 3rlangs o tra ic.

F 1ervice (# uses ) trun;s per connection. * 3rlangs o tra ic.

F :e could calculate the requirement separatelyF 1ervice /# /( 3rlangs require /> trun;s or a ( <loc;ing $robability

F 1ervice (# * 3rlangs require /( trun;s 6equivalent to )* Kservice / trun;sL7.

F Adding these together gives '' trun;s.

F This method is ;nown to over-estimate the number o trun;s required as canbe demonstrated by considering services requiring an equal number otrun;s.

PostPost ErlangErlang 9911"etwor #imensioning





F Consider ( services requiring equal resource#

F 1ervice /# uses / trun; per connection. /( 3rlangs o tra ic.F 1ervice (# uses / trun; per connection. * 3rlangs o tra ic.

F :e could calculate the requirement separatelyF 1ervice /# /( 3rlangs require /> trun;s or a ( <loc;ing $robabilityF 1ervice (# * 3rlangs require /( trun;s.

F Adding these together gives )/ trun;s.

F The accepted method o treating the above would be to regard it as a total o/= 3rlangs that would require (* trun;s.

F $ost 3rlang-< overestimates the requirement.

PostPost ErlangErlang 9911"etwor #imensioning

&amp%ellGs Theorem&amp%ellGs TheoremF Campbell@s theorem creates a composite distribution where#

> c is ;nown as the capacity actor

F The amplitude used in the capacity is the amplitude o the target service

F Once the o ered tra ic and Capacity are derived! +o1 can be derived with3rlang-< -X similarly Required Capacity can be calculated i O ered Tra icand +o1 target is ;nown

( )

c

a% %apacity ii −=

c ffic'fferedTra

α =

∑∑

==i

iii

iiii

ba

bac

γ

γ

α ν

2

α meanυ varianceγ

i arrival rate

a i amplitude o serviceb i mean holding time

iib(=T$a%%!c;%%"$"dS"$ !c"

"etwor #imensioning





&amp%ellGs Theorem Example@&amp%ellGs Theorem Example@

F Required Capacity is di erent depending upon target service or +o1 6inservice / 3rlangs7#

F Target is 1ervice / C / 6(.( 9 (/7 4 / 5

F Target is 1ervice (! C ( 6(.( 9 (/7 4 ) 5>

F "i erent services will require a di erent capacity or the same +o1. In other

words# or a given capacity! the di erent services will e9perience a slightlydi erent +o1.

"etwor #imensioning

Traffic Anal*sis Methods &omparedTraffic Anal*sis Methods &ompared

F 3quivalent 3rlangsF Optimistic i you use the smallest amplitude o trun; 6)>7

F $essimistic i you use the largest amplitude o trun; 6'/7

F $ost 3rlang-<F $essimistic 6''7

F Trun;ing e iciency improvement with magnitude ignored

F Campbell@s theoremF Middle band 65 - 5>7

F "i erent capacities required or di erent services - realisticF $re erred solution or dimensioning! but not ideal...

"etwor #imensioning





&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &amp%ellGs&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &amp%ellGsTheoremTheorem

F ?n ortunately! we cannot now loo; up K(/&% nL in the 3rlang < tables.

F :e need to introduce a notional capacity per cell in terms o K1ervice /trun;sL.

F :e will assume that each cell has a capacity o )( such trun;s.

nnc210

028.3636m"an

t$a%%!co%%"$"d =×

==

"etwor #imensioning

&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &amp%ellGs&apacit* 2imensioning ,ith &amp%ellGs

TheoremTheorem

F Considering the equation

> % i is prede ined as )(. a i depends on the service we use as ourKbenchmar;L.

F Choosing service ) as the Kbenchmar;L service ma;e a i equal to 5.

F There ore >.(' 6or! rather! >7 trun;s will service 5.)5 3rlangs.

ca% ii −= Ca ac!t

( )2.9

028.3432

3 =−=%

"etwor #imensioning




Simple &o+erage and &apacit*Simple &o+erage and &apacit*2imensioning2imensioning

F 1imply carry out both coverage AN" capacitydimensioning and combine them! ta;ing the ma9imumvalue

F This should be carried out on a per environment basis@!pre erably per region.

"etwor #imensioning

&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*

2imensioning2imensioningF In this case a lin; is made between the coverage and capacity

F The coverage is calculated rom an initial lin; budget. This lin;budget will include an assumption o Noise Rise

F Then the number o subscribers captured per cell is calculated

F The required loading to support the subscribers to the desired+o1 is calculated.

F This can be used to recalculate the Noise RiseWand ed bac; intothe lin; budget

"etwor #imensioning




&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*&omplex &o+erage and &apacit*2imensioning @example2imensioning @example

F 0in; budget is created assuming 5 d< Noise Rise

F /(& Cells required.

F Analysis o tra ic orecast suggest each cell will e9perience ( d< Noise Rise

F Re-create lin; budget

F >& Cells required

F Analyse loading# ) d< Noise Rise

F Re-create lin; budget

F /&& Cells required

F Analyse loading# (.= d< Noise RiseWWW.

"etwor #imensioning

1enchmark Planning1enchmark Planning

F A irst pass@ nominal plan is created

F The problems o non-contiguous clutter and di raction are removed

F A capacity chec;@ is required to ensure that cells aren@t overloaded

F ery resource hungryW

F 1ensitivity analysis is impossible

"etwor #imensioning

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#/©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Category 1,ample DelayConversational Intera!tive 1a es 290 sIntera!tive e+ 6ro sing 4 s

Strea ing #tp trans issions ?0 s6a!%gro"nd e. ail K?0 s

I posing these li its on the delay res"lts in ore trans ission reso"r!e +eingre/"ired$ The /"e"ing delay is a #"n!tion o# the o##ered pa!%et tra##i!( the

a'i " n" +er o# lin%s availa+le and the ean holding ti e o# ea!h !all$ Therlang C #or "las are "sed to deter ine the pro+a+ility o# a delay o!!"rring( the

pro+a+ility o# s"!h a delay +eing larger than a !ertain ti e and also the eandelay$

As an e'a ple( !onsider a !ell that o##ers 29( ?2$2 %+ps ter inals$ *ata is sent in?000 +it pa!%ets$ e need to deter ine the n" +er o# rlangs o# tra##i! that !an+e servi!ed ith a ean delay o# ?0 s$

here P@K0 is the pro+a+ility o# there +eing any delayQ T 2 is the ean 3holdingti e @?000 +its divided +y ?2200 +its per se!ond in this e'a ple( e/"al to <2

s ) is the n" +er o# !hannels availa+le and A is the tra##i! servi!ed in rlangs$

The rlang C ta+le "st +e e'a ined to #ind a val"e o# A #or hi!h

1rlang C resultsA P @K0 P @K0 [email protected] 0$2?< 0$0442? 0$;0G 0$0G22 0$4;4 0$?49

7ro the a+ove ta+le it !an +e seen that appro'i ately 22 rlangs o# tra##i! !an+e servi!ed in this ay$ This !o pares ith ?G$9 rlangs o# !ir!"it s it!hedtra##i! ith a +lo!%ing pro+a+ility o# 2 $ This s"ggests that there is a gain intr"n%ing e##i!ien!y a##orded +y tolerating a ?0 s delay in trans ission$

One interesting #a!tor is that the ean delay depends on the ean holding ti e(hi!h in t"rn is proportional to the pa!%et si:e$ It ay see te pting to red"!e

the pa!%et si:e in order to red"!e the ean delay$ 5o ever( it "st +e +orn inind that signalling overheads ill gro proportionately as the pa!%et si:e

red"!es and also that the pa!%et si:e "st +ear a relationship to the in#or ation+eing sent$



A N T

" −>= 2)0("la*"an

( )122.0

8210

2,0 ==−

> A

"



7or e'a ple( !onsider a re/"ire ent to send a digitised photograph via a pa!%ettrans ission syste $ I# the #ile is 20 %+its in si:e and is divided into 20 pa!%ets@ea!h ? %+it in si:e then the average delay o# a single pa!%et "st +e "ltiplied+y 20 to deter ine the delay o# the entire trans ission @ hi!h is( o# !o"rse( hat

interests the "ser $ Short essage servi!es o#ten li it a trans ission to ?2<alphan" eri! !hara!ters( hi!h ill re/"ire appro'i ately ? %+it o# data$ Thestandard orld ide e+ odel that as prod"!ed +y onitoring a!t"al "sage(has a standard pa!%et si:e o# ;<40 +its and a ean n" +er o# pa!%ets per !alle/"al to 29$

hat is !lear regardless o# the odel "sed is that any toleran!e o# delay illin!rease e##i!ien!y a+ove that e'perien!ed on !ir!"it s it!hed tr"n%s$

4- Erlang for shoppers-

V"e"ing and delay !an +e vis"alised in ter s o# shoppers aiting #or servi!e#ro !o"nter assistants in a shop$ S"ppose ; !o"nter assistants are on d"ty$

This represents the e/"ivalent o# ; tr"n%s +eing availa+le$ I# !"sto ers arrive atore than a given rate and ta%e ore than a !ertain ti e to +e served( then a

/"e"e ill #or $ It ill then +e possi+le to deter ine the average /"e"ing ti e#or !"sto ers$ I# the ti e !"sto ers ta%e to +e served @the 3holding ti e isli ited and !"sto ers ere sent to the +a!% o# the /"e"e( the average /"e"ingti e o"ld +e red"!ed +"t( as so e !"sto ers o"ld have to /"e"e severalti es( "ser satis#a!tion o"ld pro+a+ly not in!rease$

4-# Other Uses for Erlang It is also possi+le to "se the rlang C #or "la to deter ine the pro+a+ility thatthe delay does not e'!eed a !ertain val"e$ 7or the !ir!" stan!es stated @t enty.#ive( ?2$2 %+ps !hannels availa+le( ?000 +it pa!%ets giving a holding ti e o# <2

s the pro+a+ility o# !ertain delays +eing e'!eeded is as #ollo s$

*elay @ s Pro+a+ility? 24;2 ?;4< G

4 4?2< 0$;

)oti!e that these delays are proportional to the average holding ti e$ It is o#interest that the pro+a+ility o# :ero delay is independent o# the holding ti e +"t(on!e a non.:ero delay is esta+lished( any delays e'perien!ed are proportional tothe holding ti e$

4-/ Pro+isioning of hannels for Packet Traffic




4-$ The effect on 3oise Rise of increasing %ase station)ser po,er

I# the +ase station po er !an +e in!reased( this !an lead to an in!rease in the)oise Rise on the do nlin% and hen!e to an in!rease in the thro"ghp"t$5o ever( the in!rease in the )oise Rise is not n" eri!ally e/"al to the in!reasein +ase station po er$ This is +e!a"se o# the !onstant level o# ther al noise thatis present$ In the #ollo ing analysis( the in!rease in )oise Rise #ro its originalval"e o# X d6 is deter ined hen the +ase station trans it po er is in!reased#ro B d6 to C d6 $

Consider the trans itter to possess a noise generator in addition to the "serpo er generator$ This ill si "late the e##e!t o# ther al noise and allo the

e##e!t o# the in!rease in +ase station po er to +e assessed$

Let the e##e!tive ther al noise po er +e A d6 ( the )oise Rise +e X d6 and theUser Po er +e B d6 $ e !an say that

Then( i# the User Po er is in!reased to C d6 ( e !an say that

)e )oise Rise D


−

=

−=

−=

−=

=+

=+

−

−

+

110

10log10

110

10log10

110

1010

11010

10101

101010

10

10 o'"$ #"$

10

10

10

10

10

1010

1010

1010

101010

NR

,

B

,

B A

, A B

, A B

, A B A

A



'$ Con!l"sion is that this !ell !o"ld a!!o odate an additional ;00 %+ps pa!%ets it!hed data on the "plin% and ?<E0 %+ps on the do nlin%$

4-6 Self9Assessment Exercises

?$

*eter ine the *elay Loss Pro+a+ility #or a !ell that o##ers the e/"ivalent o# 4tr"n%s( i# the +"sy ho"r tra##i! is 2 rlangs( the a!!epta+le delay ti e is ?0 sand the ean holding ti e is 9 s$

Ans er #ro rlang C ta+les)DAD

T?=T2DP@Kt D

Co pare this ith the n" +er o# tr"n%s re/"ired to provide a si ilar +lo!%ingpro+a+ility "sing the rlang 6 predi!tion$

2$

This e'er!ise "sing the ;1 tool ill !o pare t o servi!es$ One represents Cir!"itS it!hed voi!e( the other pa!%et s it!hed voi!e$ The e'er!ise sho"ldde onstrate that the thro"ghp"t !apa!ity #or the pa!%et s it!hed servi!e isgreater than that #or the !ir!"it s it!hed servi!e$ In pra!ti!e the additionaltr"n%ing e##i!ien!y o# pa!%et servi!es o"ld give a !onsidera+le #"rtheradvantage$

'a ine the 3Pa!%et Boi!e servi!e @"nder OptionsKServi!es-pa!%et s it!hedta+ and a%e s"re that yo" are !o #orta+le that the para eters des!ri+e apla"si+le voi!e servi!e$

)e't( e'a ine the t o Ter inal Types that "tilise these servi!es$ Jo" sho"ld#ind that they are spread identi!ally$

Spread the tra##i! #or +oth ter inal types "sing the tra##i! raster i:ard$

R"n the Monte Carlo si "lation @#or ea!h servi!e in t"rn #or the Ur+an Area only@this ill save ti e and !on!entrate the si "lation on the area o# greatestde and $




Uplin% Pole Capa!ityCapa!ity #or 0 loading

A o"nt availa+le-ultiplying due to ! dB difference in1 4 o gi.es9

*o nlin% Pole Capa!ity

)oise rise and loading #ro 2E0 %+ps loadingAllo a+le in!rease in )oise Rise

Allo a+le in!rease in loading

*o nlin% pole !apa!ity at +=)o o# 2 d6

3&roug&put t&at represents increase inloading*

4$

Si "lating i'ed servi!es$ The e'a ple o# page E. s"ggests that pa!%et data!an +e added to an e'isting !ir!"it s it!hed servi!e ith little i pa!t on the CSservi!e$ The #ig"res predi!ted s"ggest that( i# a !ell is serving 20( ?2$2 %+pster inals @ ith ?00 a!tivity #a!tors and +=)o o# d6 then ?2 3pa!%etter inals "sing a servi!e re/"iring ?44 %+ps on the do nlin% and ?9 %+ps onthe "plin% !an +e added @again ?00 a!tivity #a!tor( +"t +=)o o# ?$9 d6 $

It is possi+le to spread ter inals des!ri+ed s"!h that they are !on#ined to a s allarea$( and served +y a single( isolated !ell$ Per#or a Monte Carlo si "lation

ith ,"st the spee!h servi!e( and then the spee!h pl"s pa!%et$ Co pare thereports( e'a ining the total thro"ghp"t$ 'peri ent ith di##erent n" +ers o#ter inals and ,"dge the res"lts$




/"ations and Ta+les-

rlang C #or "las-


( ) ( )

( )

( ) ( )

( )

( )( )

#"cond#!nd"la "dcall#ond"la: "$ag"

#"cond#!ncall#allond"la: "$ag"#"cond#!nt!m"-hold!ng#"$ "$*"an

#"cond#!nd"la t!m":cc" ta/l"

$lang#!ng$otoo%%"$"dT$a%%!c

g$ota a!la/!l!-% ll!n#"$ "$#o% + m/"$

ang$"at"$ thd"lao% &$o/a/!l!t

@"$oang$"at"$ thd"lao% &$o/a/!l!t0'h"$"

0

0

1AA

1A0

2

1

2

1

1

22

21

)(

1

0

2

1

===

====>=>

−=−>=

>=>

−+

−=>

−−

−=

=∑

D

DT

T

A

N

T t "

"

A N T

D

A N T

" D

e " t "

N N N A

i A

N N N A

"

T T

A N

N i

i

N i

N



2ela* &ategories for UMTS2ela* &ategories for UMTS

&ategor* Example 2ela*

Conversational Interactive +ames Y('& msInteractive :eb <rowsing Y5 s1treaming tp transmissions Y/& s<ac;ground e-mail X/& s

#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic

Example Res)ltExample Res)lt

F (' KTrun;sL! each with /((&& bps capacity.

F Mean delay o /& ms acceptable.

F Result# (( 3rlangs o tra ic carried.

F Note# 3rlang < or &.&( +o1 would predict / .' 3rlangs carried.

F Accepting a delay increases trun;ing e iciency.





ErlangErlang & for Shoppers& for Shoppers#imensioning $ac et Scheduled Traffic

.actors affecting the dela*.actors affecting the dela*

F "elay is proportional to the holding time.

F ,olding time proportional to pac;et siJe.

F Need to consider KsensibleL pac;et siJe.

F www model has standard pac;et siJe o )=5& bits.

F 1hort te9t message o /(= alphanumeric characters will require

appro9imately / ;bit o capacity.





Pro%a%ilit* of the 2ela* exceeding a gi+enPro%a%ilit* of the 2ela* exceeding a gi+en+al)e-+al)e-

F The higher the delay! the lower the probability.F The curve is an e9ponential decay.

Pro%a%ilit* +s- 2ela*

&

'

/&

/'

(&

('

)&

& (& 5& *& =& /&& /(& /5&

2ela* @ms

P r o % a %

i l i t * @ K A

0ine /


2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices2imensioning Call packetD ser+ices

F $ac;et tra ic may dominate demand in ?MT1.

F 3 iciency issues or pac;et data become very signi icant.






F Tolerance o delays implies tolerance o re-transmissions.

F Retransmission possibility allows or very low 3b%No

F Target 3b%No as low as / d< with (' 83R will provide ma9imum e iciency.

F)) e9tra demand due to retransmission more than o set by increasedcapacity.



F I i &.'! 3b%No / d<! pole capacity ( Mbps.

F At '& loading actor! a capacity o / Mbps could be e9pected.

F '& ;bps o o ered tra ic will result in / Mbps carried iretransmission ratio is (' .

F ,igh trun;ing e iciency will result in very high levels o tra icserviced.

F "elay implications o retransmissions need to be addressed.

F 8rame period o /& ms signi icant.





Effect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlinkEffect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlink3oise Rise3oise Rise

110

1010

11010

10101

10

1010

1010

1010

−=

−=

=+−

−

,

B A

, A B

, A B

−=

−=

11010log10

110

10log10

10

10 o'"$ #"$

10

10

10

10

NR

,

B

A

The irst step in calculating the new noise rise is to assign a value to the powero the virtual noise source! A.


Effect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlinkEffect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlink

3oise Rise3oise Rise

( )+=

−10

10 101log10!#" +o!#" +"' A%

Then i the user power is increased rom B d<m to % d<m#






Effect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlinkEffect of 1ase Station Po,er on 2o,nlink3oise Rise3oise Rise

39ample# Original Noise Rise ( d<. <ase 1tation Transmit $ower )*d<m.

Transmit $ower is increased to 5/ d<m.

Intermediate $arameter A )=.)) d<m

New Noise Rise is 5.'' d<.

6Noise Rise has increased by (.'' d< or a <ase 1tation power increase o' d<. This increase in Noise Rise represents an increase in loading actorand! hence! an increase in throughput.7


Pa)se for 1reathPa)se for 1reath

F +eneral Ideas#

F A small amount o e9tra capacity or C1 tra ic with high3b%No can be converted to a larger amount o tra ic ora service at a low 3b%No.

F39tra $ower available in the downlin; can be convertedto e9tra capacity by increasing the Noise Rise andhence the loading actor.






&oncl)sions&oncl)sions

F Tolerating "elays increases trun;ing e iciency -e iciencies higher than =& can usually be assumed.

F Tolerating retransmissions reduces required 3b%No to aslow as / d<.

F $ac;et data that is heavily asymmetric in the downlin;

direction can be planned or at the lin;budget%dimensioning stage.






(terati+e Spreadsheet 2imensioning(terati+e Spreadsheet 2imensioning

F Carry out lin; budget todetermine range 6remember

lin; budget assumes a NR7

F Assess loading o cell andpredict Noise Rise. This willdi er rom assumed NoiseRise.

F Re-calculate range usingpredicted Noise Rise.

F Re-assess the loading o thecell and re-predict the NoiseRise.

F Eeep Calculating Range andre-assessing Noise Rise.

F 8inally! the iterations shouldconverge so that the assumedand predicted values o NoiseRise agree.

$lanning a UMTS "etwor

>raphical Explanation>raphical Explanation

F Increasing Range causes more tra ic to be gathered.F +athering More tra ic increases Noise Rise and reduces Range.

Range/PathLoss

Number of active users

nt"$#"ct!on g! "# th"o "$at!ng o!nt





Coverage Area ?000 % 2

Tra##i! to +e Served 4000 rlangsMo+ile Trans it Po er 2? d6Cell )oise 7loor .?02 d6

Path Loss Model- Loss D ?;G ;9log@R d6

The res"lt is that <2 sites o"ld +e re/"ired$ The )oise Rise li it sho"ld +e setto ;$E d6 in order to aintain !ontin"o"s !overage$

Example O)tp)tExample O)tp)t

F 8or voice service over an area o /&&& ;m ( o ering 5&&& 3rlangs o Tra ic#

F=( sites with (5* cells were required.

FNoise Rise 0imit o ).> d< was required to maintaincontinuous coverage .


It is possi+le at this stage to pla!e sites on a ap s"!h that !ontin"o"s !overage!an +e aintained$ 5o ever( it is highly li%ely that the a!t"al lo!ation o# sites

ill not +e as re/"ired$ 7"rther( ass" ptions ade hen !reating thespreadsheet ay not +e a!!"rate in pra!ti!e$ 7or these reasons( and #or otherin!l"ding those listed +elo ( it is ne!essary to "tilise a planning tool that ill!onsider pra!ti!al variations #ro the initial +road ass" ptions ade$




S)mmar* of (nitial Res)ltsS)mmar* of (nitial Res)ltsF $arameters#

F 3b%No d< 6Incorporating 3b%No and $ower Control7

F 1.". d<

F 5&&& Terminals

F NR limit ).> d<

F Results#F Coverage $robability >=.&

F Almost all ailures due to Noise Rise


Action takenAction taken

F ).> d< NR limit provides continuous coverage even when all cells aresimultaneously at their ma9imum load.

F In reality not all cells would besimultaneously at their ma9imumloading. The neighbour can o tenKassistL an overloaded cell.

F Noise Rise limit can be raised.

F Noise Rise was raised to ' d<.





S)mmar* of Res)ltsS)mmar* of Res)ltsF $arameters#

F 3b%No d< 6Incorporating 3b%No and $ower Control7

F 1.". d<

F 5&&& Terminals

F 3R limit !-0 d1

F Results#F Coverage $robability >>. 6c. . >=.& 7

F 3ven split o ailures between NR and ?0 3b%No


3ext Step3ext StepF As Noise Rise limit was raised without any apparent gaps in coverage

appearing! it should be possible to raise the amount o tra ic served.

F Tra ic spread raised to 5*&& terminals.

F Results#F Coverage $robability >=. 6c. . >>. 7

F =) NR and / ?0 3b%No.





5- Sim)lating the Effect of (mperfect Site ocationand 8igh Sites

Sim)lating the Effect of Pro%lemsSim)lating the Effect of Pro%lemsF Imper ect location o sites.

F '& o sites moved randomly byup to / ;m rom ideal position.

F +aps appear in coverage.





S)mmar* of Res)ltsS)mmar* of Res)ltsF $arameters#

F 3b%No d< 6Incorporating 3b%No and $ower Control7F 1.". d<

F 5*&& Terminals

F 3R limit !-0 d1

F Results#

F Coverage $robability > .' 6c. . >=. 7F = NR and (( ?0 3b%No

F ?neven distribution o ailures

F Results#

F K$roblem areaL gives >'coverage probability 6c. . > .' orwhole area7.


Action takenAction takenF Antennas were re-pointed in an attempt to restore coverage.

F Improvement was marginal 6>*.& c. . >'.= 7

F $roblem is uneven distribution o loaddue to improper placement o sites.Those sites with largest area su eredNoise Rise ailures.

F NR ailure occurs i more than appro9.(> terminals attempt to access a cell.

Average is /> terminals.





Pro%lems ca)sed %* 8igh SitesPro%lems ca)sed %* 8igh Sites

F $robability o NR ailurevery high in high site area.

F 8R3 or high site 5=6*) average7

F Throughput or high site (* 3 6/= 3 average7


Action takenAction taken

F39cess coverage area reduced by down-tilting the antennas o the

high-sites.

F Result#

F Coverage probability increased to >'./ 6c. . = be oredown-tilting and >=. with Kper ectL sites7.





Spotting a 8igh SiteSpotting a 8igh Site

F 39amining the <est 1erver by$ilot array on the (" view isin ormative.

F ?sing a KdummyL +1M terminaland e9amining tra ic captured ispossibly more in ormative as itconsiders tra ic distribution.

F 1ite)'C# +1M-"e ault /=.&>5*F 1ite)*A# +1M-"e ault /=.()&/F 1ite)*<# +1M-"e ault />.'&*'F 1ite)*C# +1M-"e ault /=.555F 1ite) A# +1M-"e ault /).> />F 1ite) <# +1M-"e ault /5.5>/'F 1ite) C# +1M-"e ault /=.(5/5F 1ite)=A# +1M-"e ault ) .&5 *F 1ite)=<# +1M-"e ault )=. *55F 1ite)=C# +1M-"e ault )*. (F 1ite)>A# +1M-"e ault /&.*/ )F 1ite)><# +1M-"e ault /=.>5/F 1ite)>C# +1M-"e ault /&./(&)

D ,igh 1ite


8igh Sites8igh Sites 99 a final ,orda final ,ord

FThere is no single de inition o a high site.

F "o not thin; that it is KwrongL to place ?MT1 base stations onhilltops.

F ,igh sites tend to gather uplin; inter erence generated by other users.

F$roblems occur as area becomes more heavily loaded 6i the tra icis reduced rom 5&&& terminals to (&&& terminals! coverage ise9cellent even with KuntreatedL high sites7.

F I coverage area is very lightly loaded - no problem.





Opti ising a UMTS net or% is distin!tly di##erent #ro the opti isation o# a1SM net or%$ The #a!t that e have a single #re/"en!y on a !ell layer poses!hallenges #or the net or% planner$ 7or e'a ple( it is no longer possi+le to"se a #re/"en!y plan to help red"!e the i pa!t o# poorly position sites$7"rther( there is no #i'ed !apa!ity o# a TRF in a UMTS net or%$ Thethro"ghp"t possi+le depends on the servi!es +eing "tilised and the radioenviron ent$

The high level o# "t"al inter#eren!e +et een "sers and !ells leads to a trade.o## +et een !apa!ity and !overage$ As "se o# the net or% in!reases( so doesinter#eren!e$ This higher level o# inter#eren!e red"!es the a'i " path lossover hi!h a !onne!tion !an +e satis#a!torily ade$ Opti ising #or !overageand opti ising #or !apa!ity ill entail a di##erent approa!h( +oth to planningand to in#rastr"!t"re invest ent$

hen opti ising any net or%( it is vital that any i prove ents !an +e!on#ir ed +y eans o# eas"re ents ade on the net or%$ 7eed+a!% #rodrive.test eas"re ents and OMC reports "st +e in!orporated into a!ontin"o"s !y!le o# opti isation and onitoring$

Wh* is Optimising different for UMTS 7Wh* is Optimising different for UMTS 7

F 1ingle 8requencyF Cannot requency plan around problems

caused by KrogueL sites.

F 8le9ible structure sensitive to small changesin per ormance

F Air inter ace per ormance directly a ectscapacity and coverage.

O%timisation Overview





e/"al to the re/"ired pro+a+ility$ 5o ever( in UMTS syste s the pheno enono# )oise Rise ill a##e!t the lin% +"dget$ It is nor al to add a )oise Rise @or3inter#eren!e argin into the lin% +"dget$ It is also "s"al to set this to theli it #or a parti!"lar !ell$ This eans that the !al!"lations ade ill res"lt in apath loss +eing o"tp"t that ill give a E0 !onne!tion @"plin% +=)opro+a+ility even i# the !ell is #"lly loaded$ At lo er loading levels thepro+a+ility ill +e greater$ Th"s( i# an average pro+a+ility is re/"ired( a lo erval"e o# )oise Rise sho"ld +e "sed$ This val"e o# )oise Rise !o"ld +e e/"al tothat prod"!ed "nder 3average rather than 3pea% loading !onditions$ Thedi##eren!e that this ill prod"!e ill again depend on the desired !apa!ity o#the !ell$ The ta+le sho s the di##eren!e +et een pea% and average )oise Riseand( #"rther( provides an esti ate in the di##eren!e this o"ld a%e in theesti ate o# !overage area$

Pea% )oise Rise Average )oise Rise !overage areadi##eren!e

2 d6 ?$; d6 E9 d6 ;$4 d6 ?E

?0 d6 9$< d6 4;

Ass" ptions- )R !a"sed +y voi!e tra##i! on !ell ith pole !apa!ity o# 9!onne!tions$ Cell provisioned #or average tra##i! on a 2 +lo!%ing pro+a+ility$Propagation e'ponent ass" ed to +e ;$9$

The Uniform 3et,orkThe Uniform 3et,ork

F An ideal situation.

F Issues

F Capacity%Coverage

Trade-o

F Ability to place sites

where they are

required.

Site Location Issues





&apacit*"&o+erage Trade&apacit*"&o+erage Trade 99Off Off

F ?plin; $ole Capacity in ;bps

F Typical values give a pole capacity6voice /((&& bps! 3b%No 5.= d<! i &.*7as appro9imately *' voice connections6/&& activity7.

F Ta;ing the coverage possible or ' voiceconnections as a re erence it is possibleto compare coverage or other

capacities.

F Try the calculator! record area or 'users! then increase users and note areareduction.

( ))1

3840

0i N

E b +

≈


/&&

'&

(&

'

Number oConnections

='

5'

2imensioning Proced)res for UMTS2imensioning Proced)res for UMTSF +eneral Rule is to add in a slow

ading margin.

F In ?MT1 a NR margin mustalso be included.

F Result will be that coverageprobability is achieved at NRlimit.

F At lower values o NR!coverage is better thancalculated.

F $erhaps coverage probabilityshould be calculated at averagecell loading levels.


9&- α

9&- α

$6connect7

$6connect7

'.*

&

'&

* >&

'

$oint 0ocation $robability D the probability o beingable to connect at thispoint

Area 0ocation $robability D the probability oconnecting in the area ointerest




2imensioning Proced)res for UMTS2imensioning Proced)res for UMTS

F Ratio o $ea; to Average Noise Rise is not constant.

F I voice tra ic 6pole capacity *' connections as be ore7is considered with an 3rlang < distribution! di erencesin coverage area predictions can be calculated ordi erent values o NR limit.


((. (

)/.)

5&.>>

Resulting Area

'.= d<

).5 d<

/.) d<

AverageNoise Riseusing3rlang <

5

(5

>

AreaIncrease

/).&/& d<

('.(5' d<

) .5( d<

Resulting Area

$ea; NoiseRise

<reathing

Mis9placed sites-An evenly loaded net or% is #airly straight#or ard to provision ith evenlyspa!ed sites$ A pro+le arises i# yo" are not a+le to pla!e the sites here yo"

o"ld li%e the to +e$ In this sit"ation a parti!"lar !ell ay have a !overagearea larger than the average$ Consider the e'a ple here a !ell "stin!rease its range #ro ?;00 etres to 2000 etres @a 90 in!rease $ Thisin!rease o"ld raise the path loss at the !ell edge +y appro'i ately d6$

This o"ld red"!e the pro+a+ility o# !onne!tion at the !ell edge #ro an initialval"e o#( typi!ally( G9 to less than 90 hen the noise rise e'perien!ed onthe !ell is !lose to the li it$ A!tion that !an +e ta%en o"ld +e to red"!e the)oise Rise li it$ Perversely( this red"!es the !apa!ity o# the !ell hen its!overage area has +een in!reased +"t it o"ld in!rease the pro+a+ility o#!onne!tion at the !ell edge$ Additionally( it o"ld +e possi+le to o##er red"!ed+itrate servi!es at the !ell edge$ ith voi!e servi!es( that o"ld lead to anin!rease in the a'i " path loss tolerated o# "p to 4 d6$

Another possi+ility to !onsider is the "se o# an a!tive repeater station$




MisMis 99placed Sitesplaced Sites

F I sites cannot be placed

e9actly as required! thecoverage area o some siteswill increase.

F '& range increase leads topath loss increase o * d<.

F 6 )' Z log 6 /.' 7 *.( d< 7

F 0ocation probability willreduce! possibly to less than'& .


F0ocation $robability '

F0ocation $robability '&

MisMis 99placed Sites possi%le actionplaced Sites possi%le action

F Coverage helped by reducing NR limit.F This will reduce capacity o the cell.

F Reduction o bit rate o services o eredF /((&& bps reduced to 5 '& bps gives a 5 d< bene it.

F "eploy a repeater station.


FRepeaters can improve coverage to remote parts o the cell.




Traffic 8otspotsTraffic 8otspots Accommodating &ots%ots

F In a ?MT1 networ; thea ect o a hotspotdepends on its location inrelation to the networ;cells.

Traffic 8otspots an anal*sisTraffic 8otspots an anal*sis

Accommodating &ots%ots

FThermal Noise $ower -/&( d<m

F$ower rom ,otspots -/&( d<m

FNR ) d<

F$0 /&& d<

F$0 /5' d<

FNoise $ower -/&(d<m

F$ower rom,otspots -/5 d<m

FNegligibleinter erence

F In a ?MT1 networ; thea ect o a hotspotdepends on its location inrelation to the networ;

cells.




Traffic 8otspots an anal*sisTraffic 8otspots an anal*sis Accommodating &ots%ots


F$ower rom ,otspots -/&( d<m

FNR ) d<

F$0 /(/ d<

F$0 /(' d<

FNoise $ower -/&( d<m

F$ower rom ,otspots -/&* d<m

FNR /.' d< 6loadingactor o )& 7

F In a ?MT1 networ; thea ect o a hotspotdepends on its location inrelation to the networ;cells.

Traffic 8otspots an anal*sisTraffic 8otspots an anal*sis

F 1uppose the servingcell employs! ore9ample! uplin;diversity and thenallows the NR toreach =.* d<.

F Inter erence is nowvery damaging.

Accommodating &ots%ots


F$ower rom ,otspots ->5 d<m

FNR =.* d<

F$0 /(/ d<

F$0 /(' d<

FNoise $ower -/&( d<m

F$ower rom ,otspots ->= d<m

FNR '.' d<6loading actor o ( 7




Dual slope propagation C&aracteristic* It has +een #o"nd that #or aparti!"lar environ ent and site !on#ig"ration the path loss !an +eappro'i ated +y the e'pression d k k log21 + here d is the distan!e in%ilo etres and % 1 and %2 are !onstants #or a parti!"lar environ ent and!on#ig"ration$ The para eter % 2 is related to the propagation e'ponent and is!r"!ial in deter ining the level o# inter.!ell inter#eren!e$ The lo er the val"eo# %2 the orse the inter.!ell inter#eren!e$ In a 1SM net or% that delivers atypi!al C=I val"e o# ?0 d6 hen the val"e o# % 2 is ;9 @an e'ponent o# ;$9 ( theval"e o# C=I ill red"!e to appro'i ately G d6 i# the val"e o# % 2 red"!es to 29@an e'ponent o# 2$9 $ In a UMTS net or%( the val"e o# the relative inter#eren!epara eter I( ill in!rease i# the e'ponent red"!es$ A typi!al val"e #or I in anevenly loaded net or% is 0$ #or an e'ponent o# ;$9$ 7or an e'ponent o# 2$9( it!an e'!eed ?$

The #a!t is that signal strength is ore a!!"rately odelled +y a d"al.slopegraph here %? and %2 have t o di##erent val"es- 3near and 3#ar $ The val"eo# %2 ) AR ill +e less than that o# % 2 7AR$ The point o# transition +et een the t oval"es is re#erred to as the %nee o# the graph$ The distan!e at hi!h the %nee

o!!"rs depends "pon the height o# the !ell antenna @it in!reases ith antennaheight $ Typi!ally( the %nee !o"ld +e e'pe!ted to o!!"r at a+o"t 900 etres#or an antenna height o# ?9 etres and ??00 etres #or an antenna height o#;0 etres$ This eans that the ore densely yo" atte pt to pa!% the sites(the lo er the e'ponent and the orse the inter.!ell inter#eren!e$

A!tion that needs to +e ta%en to ini ise the ad,a!ent !ell inter#eren!ein!l"des red"!ing the !ell height @to a%e the distan!e to the %nee s allerand to do n.tilt !ell antennas( /"ite severely$

hen sites are densely pa!%ed( !overage +e!o es a se!ondary iss"e +e!a"seo# the s all !ell +o"ndaries$ The !apa!ity o# the !ell e##e!tively e/"als its pole!apa!ity$ Cr"!ial in this pole !apa!ity is the val"e o# inter.!ell inter#eren!e$ I#

the !ell range is ?00 etres and the !ell antenna height is ?9 etres( a do n.tilt o# <$9 degrees ill point the ain lo+e at the edge o# the !ell$ Additionaldo n.tilt ill red"!e the signal strength at the !ell edge +"t ill have theadvantage that it ill also red"!e the a o"nt o# inter#eren!e gathered #road,a!ent !ells$ *o n.tilts o# greater than ?0 degrees !an +e e'pe!ted in s"!h!ir!" stan!es$




(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lems(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lemsIncreasing Site #ensity

F :hat is the capacity o a ?MT1Cell

F K<allpar;L igures suggest thatappro9imately )( simultaneousvoice connections can beaccommodated. 6 /&& voiceactivity 7

F This has in luenced thehardware con iguration o cells.

F <ut! how densely can sites bepac;ed

)()(

)()(

)()(

)()(

)(

)( )( )(

)()(

)(

)(

(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lems(ncreasing Site 2ensit* Pro%lemsIncreasing Site #ensity

F As sites become moredensely pac;ed! inter-cellinter erence increases.

F 8requency reuse e iciency!8R3! decreases

F Two main reasons#F ?sing KnormalL levels o

down-tilt leads to the mainbeam penetratingneigbouring cells

F The dual-slope nature opath loss against distance.

)()(

)()(

)( )( )(

)()(

)(

)(

>i &.*

>i /.&




Antenna 2o,nAntenna 2o,n 99tilttiltIncreasing Site #ensity

F 8or a given level odown-tilt! the level ointer-cell inter erencewill increase when thecell siJe reduces.

0arge cells# low level o inter-cell inter erence

1mall cells# high level o inter-cell inter erence

2)al2)al 99Slope &haracteristicSlope &haracteristicIncreasing Site #ensity

F $ropagation e9ponents quoted usually re er to the K arL slope.

F The e9ponent near to the base station is usually considerablyless 6(.& being a typical value7.

F Remember that up until now we have had ).'

F $athloss /) 4 )' 9 log 6R7

distance

0oss 6d<7

Near slope

8ar slope

<rea; point




2)al2)al 99Slope &haracteristicSlope &haracteristic

F Increasing the e9ponent reduces inter erence and

increases networ; capacity.

F Reducing antenna height will lead to an increase inthe e9ponent. K8ar valueL o e9ponent typically 6urbanenvironment7

F Also reducing antenna height brings the Kbrea; pointLcloser to the <T1. 6brea; point )& 9 . BTS 7

F "own-tilting antennas will also reduce mutualinter erence.

Increasing Site #ensity

( ) BTS .10log66.0.4 ×−

(mplications for (ncreasing Site 2ensit*(mplications for (ncreasing Site 2ensit*

F As site density increases! inter erence will increase.

F Reducing <ase 1tation height and down-tilting antennaswill help to reduce this.

F 8or very small cell ranges! the amount o down-tilting willbe severe.


FAt a range of '00 metresB a '! metre mast,ill ha+e to %e do,n9tilted %* 5-! degrees topoint at the cell edge-

Ftan 9' @'!"'00 J 5-! o

FAdditional do,n9tilting ,ill red)ce fieldstrength at the cell edge %)t also red)cem)t)al interference-

F?ertical %eam,idth of antenna is significant-




?ertical Antenna?ertical Antenna 1eam,idth1eam,idthF 1ectored antennas with a typical horiJontal beamwidth o

=' degrees can have a variety o vertical beamwidths.F A high gain 6e.g. /= d<i7 antenna will have a vertical

beamwidth o only about ) degrees.F A lower gain 6e.g. /) d<i7 antenna will have a vertical

beamwidth o about /( degrees.F 0ower gain antennas are li;ely to cause ewer problems

when severely down-tilted.


/= d<i antenna /) d<i antenna

'0-'8igh Sites

A high site is a site that has a lo er path loss at a parti!"lar distan!e than is3nor al #or !ells in the net or%$ I# 1SM lega!y is "sed #or esta+lishing aUMTS net or% any 1SM " +rella site is li%ely to a!t as a high site in a UMTSnet or%$ Re e +er that it is not possi+le to #re/"en!y plan yo"r ay o"t o#tro"+le in a UMTS net or%$ Jo" !annot isolate a rog"e site +y allo!ating aseparate !arrier to it$ The #a!t that the path loss is lo er to a high site eansthat it ill tend to do inate a net or% "nless a!tion is ta%en$ hen a o+ilesele!ts a !ell it eas"res the pilot !hannel po er$ The high site ill have alarger area o# !overage than its neigh+o"rs i# they are all trans itting thesa e pilot !hannel po er$ That ill lead to the !ell +e!o ing overloaded very/"i!%ly ith its )oise Rise li it +eing rea!hed$ 7"rther( the neigh+o"ring !ells

ill +e a##e!ted +y do nlin% inter#eren!e generated +y the high site$Many o# the pro+le s asso!iated ith a high site !an +e red"!ed +y !are#"lpara eter planning$ So eti es( ho ever( the res"lts !an +e a little strange$It is te pting to red"!e the pilot po er o# the high site in order to red"!e itstra##i!$ 5o ever( this o"ld lead to o+iles in!reasing their trans it po er asthey !onne!t to !ells ith a higher path loss$ In this ay( the high site inparti!"lar o"ld e'perien!e a higher noise rise than i# it a!t"ally served thetra##i!$ One aspe!t that "st +e !onsidered is( +e!a"se the path loss is lo (the noise rise li it !an +e raised hilst still aintaining !overage$ I# this isdone( the pilot po er !an +e red"!ed itho"t severe !onse/"en!e$ The sa earg" ent !an +e "sed to allo the red"!tion in do nlin% po er @total !ellpo er and !ontrol !hannel po er $ This ill red"!e the do nlin% inter#eren!e

e'perien!ed +y neigh+o"ring !ells$




The presen!e o# the high site re ains "ndesira+le ho ever$ It ill +eoperating very near its pole !apa!ity ith the val"e o# inter.!ell inter#eren!ered"!ing this pole !apa!ity to odest levels$ Additionally( +e!a"se o# its highposition( the propagation e'ponent is li%ely to +e lo ith the res"lt that

"t"al inter#eren!e is #"rther enhan!ed$ It is !lear that !ontrolling theradiation #ro the !ells is !r"!ial in getting the a'i " per#or an!e #ro anet or%$ The per#or an!e o# a net or% !ontaining a high site ay +ei proved +y !are#"l do n.tilting o# the antennas$

S" arising( the #ollo ing para eters on a high site !an +e odi#ied toi prove the net or% per#or an!e

)oise Rise Li it In!reaseCell Po er *e!reasePilot ChannelPo er

*e!rease

Co on ChannelPo er

*e!rease

Antennas Consider *o n.tilting

The a o"nt o# in!rease or de!rease that sho"ld +e ade is appro'i atelye/"al to the a o"nt +y hi!h the path loss at a parti!"lar distan!e is lo erthan 3nor al $ 5o ever( this is not a !onstant and so e e'peri entation ill+e ne!essary in order to deter ine the opti " sol"tion$

8igh Sites8igh Sites

F The higher the site#F The lower the loss to a particular point 6o set /5 log /&Ph<T1 Q7

FRemember that it is the Ke ective heightL o the <T1 that isconsidered.

F The lower the propagation e9ponent 6o set &.** log /&Ph<T1 Q7

F Result#

F ,igh 1ites su er inter erence on the uplin; and generateinter erence on the downlin;.

&igh Sites




'' .actors imiting apacit*

''-' ell Thro)ghp)t

.actors imiting &apacit*.actors imiting &apacit*F Cell Throughput is given by the simpli ied e9pressions or pole

capacity in ;bps multiplied by the loading actor [

F Crucial parameters are 3b%No! inter-cell inter erence i! \orthogonality and [ loading actor 6which is a ected by theNoise Rise limit7.

'a%acity Limiting Factors

( )

( )η

α

η

×+−

×+

i N E

i N E

b

b

1

3840

1

3840

0

0

F?plin;

F"ownlin;

''-'-' The Effect of Mo%ilit* on apacit*

A!hieving a high !apa!ity #ro a UMTS !ell is dependent "pon +eing a+le to

deliver a!!epta+le levels o# 6 R hilst operating at lo +=)0 val"es$ The "seo# a #ast( !losed.loop po er !ontrol te!hni/"e allo s the average val"e o#




+=)0 to +e very near to the ini " a!!epta+le$ Typi!ally( the po ertrans itted in ea!h dire!tion @altho"gh it is "plin% !apa!ity that is osta##e!ted +y this te!hni/"e !an +e ad,"sted +y ? d6 every 0$ G s @?900 5: $

Th"s #ades o# "p to ?900 d6=s !an +e !o pensated #or$ The intention is thatthis ill allo the re!eiver to e'perien!e a !onstant signal level even hen the!hannel is e'perien!ing 3#ast #ading - that is( the o+ile is oving thro"gh a

"ltipath inter#eren!e pattern ith a spatial period o# the order o# aavelength @?9 ! $

.actors imiting &apacit* E.actors imiting &apacit* E %% "3 "3 00

F ,igh capacity levels depend on low levels o 3b%No beingused. 6 Note <3R must be acceptable 7.

F Achieving this relies on accurate! ast power control tocompensate or ast ading.

F 8ast ading occurs as a mobile moves through aninter erence pattern.

F Inter erence patterns develop due to re lections.

F Repetition distance depends on angle between incidentand re lected waves.


θ( )θ λ co#2 ×





.actors imiting &apacit* E.actors imiting &apacit* E %% "3 "3 00

F I the mobile cannot respond to power control commands!the ?3 will notice a variation in the received signal.

F This will lead to <3R variations that will cause the networ;to require a higher target 3b%No 6a K ast ading marginL orKpower control marginL will be required7.

F The e ect can be to increase the target 3b%No rom anormal value o perhaps 5 d< to /& d< or more or astmoving mobiles.

F This will reduce the capacity o a cell rom typically )(simultaneous connections to only = D a dramatic reduction .

F 0esson# the multipath environment and user mobility cana ect the target 3b%No and hence cell capacity.


.actors imiting &apacit* .RE.actors imiting &apacit* .RE

F 8requency re-use e iciency is the name given to theproportion o received power that comes rom a cell@s ownusers rather than rom all users including other cells.


11

11

c"ll!nt$ac"ll!nt"$

1

1c"ll!nt"$c"ll!nt$a

c"ll!nt$a

−=

+=+

=+=

FRE i

i FRE




''- Maximising .re<)enc* Re9)se Efficienc*7re/"en!y Re."se ##i!ien!y is a %ey indi!ator o# ho ell the availa+le

spe!tr" is +eing "sed$ It sho s the per!entage o# po er that is re!eived atthe !ell @e'!l"ding ther al noise that !o es #ro "sers o# that !ell$ Any !ellhas a li it to the a o"nt o# )oise Rise that ill +e tolerated +e#ore nead ission atte pts are re#"sed$ O"t o# !ell po er ill !a"se noise rise ,"st as

"!h as in.!ell po er$ Inter#eren!e #ro o"tside the !ell ill there#ore red"!ethe !apa!ity o# that !ell$ In #a!t the 7re/"en!y Re."se ##i!ien!y #a!tor @7Rindi!ates the #ra!tion o# !ell reso"r!e that is availa+le #or "sers o# that !ell$7or an evenly loaded net or%( a val"e o# 9 is tho"ght to +e typi!al$

In a UMTS net or%( the pro+le is ade orse +y the #a!t that o+iles nearthe edge o# a !ell ill +e +oth trans itting at near a'i " po er and also ina lo!ation here the path loss to the ad,a!ent !ell is a ini " $

Unevenly loaded net or%s yield s"rprisingly lo val"es o# 7R $ I# areas o# hightra##i! density are near the edge o# a !ell( they ill prod"!e high levels o#inter#eren!e leading to a red"!tion in the !apa!ity o# neigh+o"ring !ells$Si ilarly( a !ell providing !overage over a large geographi! area that iss"rro"nded +y s aller !ells serving areas o# high "ser density ill e'perien!ehigh levels o# inter#eren!e ith the res"lt that its !apa!ity is adverselya##e!ted$

The ost e##e!tive ethods o# in!reasing 7R are- do n.tilting !ell antennashere appropriate and planning the lo!ation o# )ode 6s to try and ens"re that

they are pla!ed as !lose as possi+le to any predi!ted tra##i! hotspots$





F The ideal situation is where the receiving antenna can onlyKseeL its own users but not those o other cells. ie 8R3 /

F The power rom neighbouring mobiles close to the cellborder cause the biggest problems.


,igh power mobiles close to

Cell border cause 8R3 reduction


F A large cell serving a low subscriber density surrounded byseveral smaller cells serving high subscriber densities wille9perience a low value o 8R3.


A 0arge cell will e9perience low 8R3

<ecause it is surrounded by

many users o other cells





F ,otspots near the cell border will cause more problems thatevenly distributed neighbouring cells

F A quantitative analysis is not always possible. A simulatoris e9tremely valuable in helping to develop a eel or theseriousness o potential problems.


,ot spots near cell border cause8R3 reduction


F Increasing 8R3 # the main weapon is to down-tiltantennas.

F This is most e ective when there is a large anglebetween the line rom the antenna to the cell edgeand the horiJontal.

F In the case o large cells! planning to avoid hotspotsnear the cell border will reduce the incidence o low8R3.





''-#2o,nlink apacit* and Orthogonalit*

The para eter %no n as 3orthogonality des!ri+es the a o"nt o# "t"alinter#eren!e that ill +e e'perien!ed +et een "sers o# the sa e !ell$ The #a!tthat do nlin% trans issions ithin a !ell are syn!hronised eans that theOBS7 !odes "sed provide inter#eren!e re,e!tion that is not possi+le on the"plin%$ In #a!t( an isolated !ell ith per#e!t orthogonality ill have an in#initepole !apa!ity @altho"gh the need #or "ltiple s!ra +ling !odes o"ld!o pro ise this $ The a o"nt o# inter#eren!e re,e!tion de!reases in

"ltipath environ ents$ e shall no analyse t o sit"ations in hi!h onlyorthogonality is !hanged$ The e##e!t on do nlin% po er re/"ire ents anddo nlin% !apa!ity ill +e e'a ined$

.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*.actors imiting &apacit* Orthogonalit*

F "ramatic e ect on downlin; capacity.


( )i+−

=α 1 +

3840 Ca ac!t&ol"

0 /





F 39ample# 3b%No 5 d<! i &.*! /((&&bps


('*=

/.&

/>(*

&.=

/'5//(=5//&&>*)$ole Capacity

&.*&.5&.(&Orthogonality

$ole Capacity6;bps7

'000

000

Orthogonality0-! '0





F Answer#

F At an orthogonality o &.5! the pole capacity is ('*= ;bps.

F /&(5 ;bps represents a loading actor o )> .

F ,ence the Noise Rise would be appro9imately (./ d<.

F The e ective received tra ic power would be -/&5.&* d<m

F Actual received tra ic power is (.( d< higher 6-/&/.=* d<m7

indicating a transmit power o )*.' d<m 6lin; loss /)=.5 d<7.

F 5(. d<m would be able to deliver almost ( loading actor

and hence the throughput possible should be appro9imately

/=5* ;bps.



F Answer 6continued7#

F At an orthogonality o &.=! the pole capacity is >*5 ;bps.

F /&(5 ;bps represents a loading actor o /) .

F ,ence the Noise Rise would be appro9imately &.* d<.

F The e ective received tra ic power would be -//(.( d<m

F Actual received tra ic power is .& d< higher 6-/&'.( d<m7

indicating a transmit power o )).( d<m 6lin; loss /)=.5 d<7.

F 5(. d<m would be able to deliver almost )' loading actor

and hence the throughput possible should be appro9imately

( =) ;bps.






F Orthogonality degradation is caused by a multipath radio

propagation environment.

F Typically! it is o the order o &.* in an urban environment! higher

in rural environments.

F In an isolated cell! an indication o the orthogonality can be

obtained by measuring the pilot 1IR when the transmit powers o

all channels are ;nown.

F At low values o path loss! all inter erence power will be due to

inter erence rom other channels.





''-#-' Pilot S(R as an indicator of do,nlink capacit*

The po er o# the pilot !hannel does not vary ith ti e$ The val"e o# the ratio3Pilot to )oise pl"s Inter#eren!e @Pilot SIR indi!ates the /"ality o# thedo nlin% !hannel at a parti!"lar lo!ation$ 7or e'a ple( i# the pilot SIR is > d6then the SIR e'perien!ed +y a tra##i! !hannel o# the sa e po er as the pilot

o"ld also +e . d6$ I# the re/"ired +=)0 #or the +earer !arried on the tra##i!!hannel as( say( 4d6 then a pro!essing gain o# ?0 d6 o"ld +e needed$

This li its the thro"ghp"t to ;<4 %+ps$ The val"e o# the pilot SIR indi!ates the!apa!ity o# the do nlin% per "nit po er @+its per se!ond per illi att $ Thepilot SIR ill vary ith lo!ation and ith orthogonality and the a o"nt o#loading on the net or%$

.actors imiting &apacit* Pilot S(R.actors imiting &apacit* Pilot S(R

F Although a minimum value o pilot 1IR is a pre-requisite or any

communication between the ?3 and the Node <! its level will

indicate the quality o the user environment at any location.

F The 1IR o the pilot channel indicates the 1IR 63c%Io7 o any

channel with the same transmit power.

F I the target 3b%No o such a channel was ;nown then the

required processing gain! and hence user bitrate! could be

determined.





.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit

F A small cell can have a higherNR limit D lower path loss.

F Cell selection determined by$ilot power.

F <oundary should be so thatmobile transmits with minimumpower.


,ighNR limit

0ow NRlimit

Mobile at boundary

should require appro9equal T9 power to eithercell

.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit.actors imiting &apacit* 3R limit

F Conditions on each cell vary.

F 3.g. i NR limit is ( d< on largecell! the average level o noiserise could be /.) d<. NR limito smaller cell o /& d<suggests an average o '.= d<

F 6 3rlang < calculator7.

F $ilot powers should be set sothat large cell pilot power is 5.'d< greater than that o thesmaller cell 6all other thingsbeing equal7.


,ighNR limit

0ow NRlimit

Mobile at boundaryshould require appro9equal T9 power to eithercell




' Antenna Selection

' -'Antenna >ain & o+erageIt is !o on to se!torise the !overage at a site +y eans o# e ployingseveral dire!tional antennas rather than a single( o ni.dire!tional antenna$*ire!tional antennas have a higher gain than an o ni$ Se!torising also hasthe e##e!t o# introd"!ing ore !ells per site and th"s a%es the deploy ent o#a !ell ore e!ono i!$ The !overage range is seen to in!rease +y typi!ally90 #or a ;.se!tor site and <0 #or a .se!tor site$ 5o ever( that ass" esthat the noise rise li it is not ad,"sted$ The noise rise li it is !r"!ial ini ple enting the 3!apa!ity=!overage trade.o## in UMTS net or%s$ It ay +ethat( rather than in!rease the !overage( site !apa!ity sho"ld +e in!reased +yraising the noise rise li it$ The a o"nt that this ill in!rease the !apa!itydepends on the setting o# the )R li it prior to it +eing in!reased as therelationship +et een thro"ghp"t and noise rise is non.linear$




Antenna >ain and &o+erageAntenna >ain and &o+erage

/5//*=/&&5.&

/5=/=&/&&).'

/'=(&&/&&).&

)sector

*sector

Omnie9ponent

Antennas and Sectorisation

Omni# typical gain /( d<i

Three-sector antenna#

Typical gain /= d<i

1i9-sector antenna#

Typical gain (/ d<i

Relative range o di erent antennas

( )10" on"nt

12

1

2 10 ×−

= / /

R R

SectorisationSectorisation and .REand .RE Antennas and Sectorisation

#50/ k%ps

05! k%ps

$5# k%ps

Thro)ghp)t"site

!!K

$'K

$!K

.RE

$#/ k%ps

$6! k%ps

$5# k%ps

Thro)ghp)t"cell

'6 d1

'$ d1

'0 d1

3R limit

!65 k%ps

$ k%ps

#45 k%ps

Thro)ghp)t"cell

' d1$// k%ps0-5$

6 d14'! k%ps0-$/#

# d14$' k%ps0-!/'

3Rlimit

Pole&apacit*

i3 o ofsectors

F 1ectorising sites results in greater cell overlap at low path loss

levels and hence reduces 8R3 6bad7.

F ,owever or similar ranges! NR limit can be raised and cell

capacity can rise.

F "epends on initial conditions. eg 3b%No '.(d<! /(.(;bps

' - Repeaters The "se o# repeaters is a long.esta+lished ethod o# e'tending the !ell!overage area$ They are e'tensively "sed in 1SM net or%s to #ill gaps in!overage$ In a UMTS net or% they sho"ld +e "sed ith !are$ Altho"gh they!an in!rease !overage( and even lead to an i prove ent in the #re/"en!y re."se e##i!ien!y( they !an adversely a##e!t the !ell !apa!ity$ This is +e!a"se the





presen!e o# the repeater ill inevita+ly add noise to the !hannel$ The res"lt o#this ill +e that the target +=)0 ill rise$ An in!rease o# +=)0 ill lead to ared"!tion in !apa!ity$

RepeatersRepeaters Antennas and Sectorisation

F Repeaters e9tend coverage. +ain provided in three ways#

F Repeater antenna is Hagi directed at the cell 6gain /= d<i7

F Repeater antenna is elevated w.r.t. mobile antenna 6gain estimated at /& d<7

F Repeater has an ampli ier o gain & d<

RepeatersRepeaters Antennas and Sectorisation

F Total gains typically /&& d<.

F I path loss to a point is /& d< more than ma9imum tolerated!

mobiles whose lin; loss to the repeater is less than >& d< can

be served.




' -#Roll9o)t Optimised onfig)ration @RO The ROC !on#ig"ration has +een p"t #or ard +y vendors as a lo .!ost ethodo# providing !overage hilst ini ising in#rastr"!t"re !osts$ It is +ased on theass" ption that "plin% !overage is prioritised initially over do nlin% !apa!ity$

The te!hni/"e involves !reating three.se!tored sites and then sharing thepo er o# one po er a pli#ier +et een the three !ells on the do nlin%$ On the"plin%( ea!h !ell has a separate re!eiver th"s providing the sa e !apa!ity and!overage that o"ld +e e'pe!ted #ro a )ode 6 ith standard !on#ig"ration$

The red"!tion in po er availa+le to ea!h !ell on the do nlin% leads to thenet or% !apa!ity +eing appro'i ately e/"al in the "plin% and do nlin%dire!tions$

RollRoll 99o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO&o)t Optimised &onfig)ration @RO& Antennas and Sectorisation

F Coverage! rather than capacity! will be the initial priority.

F Coverage is e9pected to be uplin; limited.

F ROC provides a minimum con iguration that can be

upgraded in a straight orward manner.





F ROC is based on a )sectored site.

F ) TRGs are used in thereceive direction only withonly one TRG 6and henceonly one $A7 being usedon the downlin;.

TRG/ $A

To R9 o TRG/ To R9 o TRG)


(

(


F ?plin; is the same asnormal )-sectored site.

F "0 coverage is reduced.

TRG/ $A



(

(





F I $A is (& :! only *. : goes to each

antenna.

F O that *. :! two-thirds will be or usersoutside the sector.

F Only (.( : is use ul power.

F $ower or a user in any sector istransmitted to all three sectors.

F 39ample# Assume a user requires &.(':!

then the site must send )9&.(': toprovide power in the speci ic sector.

F There ore only ( users can be providedor! instead o the =& e9pected.

:anted power or userin this sector is alsotransmitted to the othertwo sectors.


F The e ect on "0 capacity dependson the path loss.

F 8or small values o path loss thee ect on "0 capacity could besmall.

F 8or large values o $0 thedi erence could be substantial.

F A actor o /#5 6ROC vs. /4/4/7 isappropriate i coverage is planned

or /(.( ;bps voice. <oundary problems mayoutweigh any saving




'# Soft 8ando+er (ss)es

'#-'Macro9di+ersit* & Maximal om%ining >ain

So#t 5andover is a ne!essity in any single.#re/"en!y !ell"lar net or%$ In a"lti.#re/"en!y te!hnology( s"!h as 1SM( the possi+ility e'ists to ens"re that

the 3ne !onne!tion has a signi#i!antly lo er path loss than the 3old!onne!tion +e#ore handover ta%es pla!e$ In a single #re/"en!y net or%( theres"lting inter#eren!e on the 3ne !ell o"ld drasti!ally red"!e the !apa!ity

o# the net or%$ So#t handover entails the o+ile si "ltaneo"sly !onne!tingith ore than one !ell$ Altho"gh the ost signi#i!ant p"rpose o# introd"!ingSo#t 5andover as to red"!e "plin% inter#eren!e( there are other +ene#i!iale##e!ts$ 7irstly( hen ore than one path is provided #or the radio lin%( adiversity gain is o+tained$ There is a lo pro+a+ility o# +oth !hannels s"##eringa +ad #ade si "ltaneo"sly$ Th"s there is a red"!ed need #or a argin toa!!o odate s"!h #ades$ In this ay( the target +=)0 val"e !an +e red"!ed

hen in so#t handover$ This is tr"e o# +oth the "plin% and the do nlin%$

In addition to the diversity @or 3 a!ro.diversity gain a##orded( the re!eiver inthe o+ile @and the re!eiver at a )ode 6 that is "sed hen t o !ells #ro thesa e )ode 6 are in so#t( or rather 3so#ter handover pro!esses the "ltiplere!eived signal to prod"!e and o"tp"t that is o# higher /"ality than any

individ"al signal$ The res"lt on the "plin% is that the trans it po er o# theo+ile !an +e s"+stantially red"!ed hen in so#t handover > having +ene#i!iale##e!ts #or !overage and inter#eren!e$ On the do nlin%( providing additionalhandover !hannels pla!es a po er +"rden on the !ell$ This is partially @+"t"s"ally not #"lly o##set +y red"!tion in the target +=)0 val"e$ The general!on!l"sion is the So#t 5andover assists the "plin% +"t pla!es an additional+"rden on the do nlin%$ The a o"nt o# "se ade o# so#t handover a##e!ts therelative !apa!ities o# the t o dire!tions$




Soft 8ando+er Soft 8ando+er

F As well as providing vital power control unctionality! 1o t ,andoverimproves the quality o the channel by means o two methods.

F Macro-diversity +ain

F Ma9imal Combining +ain

Soft &andover

MacroMacro 992i+ersit* >ain2i+ersit* >ain

F I the mobile communicates withmore than one cell! protectionagainst ailure is provided as this

ailure would have to occur on alllin;s to cause a call to drop.

F As the better quality lin; can beselected! there is less variation inoverall channel quality.

F This leads to a reduction in $owerRise D the increase in averagetransmit power that occurs as amobile responds to power controlcommands.

9!

0

!

'0

'!

0

!

Mo%ile Tx P,r A+erage 3on9fading

Po,er Rise

Soft &andover





MacroMacro 992i+ersit* >ain2i+ersit* >ain

F The reduction in $ower Risehelps to increase uplin;capacity as the average T9power is reduced.

9!

0

!

'0

'!

0

!

Mo%ile Tx P,r A+erage 3on9fading

Red)ced Po,er Rise follo,ing Macro 2i+ersit* >ain

Soft &andover

Soft 8ando+erSoft 8ando+er L L &om%ining the Signals&om%ining the Signals

F On the ?plin; there are two possible methods o combining the two6or more7 signals.

F :hen the two cells are on separate sites 6conventional Kso tLhandover7! the RNC simply selects the better o the two signals.

F :hen the two cells are on the same site 6Kso terL handover7!ma9imal combining o the two signals can be implemented.

F Ma9imal combining leads to an output that is o better quality 6 lessnoisy 7 than either o the individual signals.

F Ma9imal combining is implemented in the mobile to combine thedownlin; signals.

F Macro-diversity gain and Ma9imal combining gain combine toproduce 1o t ,andover +ain.

Soft &andover




Soft 8ando+erSoft 8ando+er L L Maximal &om%iningMaximal &om%ining

F Consider the case where two signals arrive at the inputs to acombiner. One is KgoodL 6e.g. 3b%No = d<7 and the other is KpoorL63b%No / d<7.

F It is possible to combine the signals such that the output has an3b%No greater than = d<. This requires correct 6Kma9imalL7 weightingo the two signals.

F3b%No =d<

F3b%No /d<

F

Soft &andover

Soft 8ando+erSoft 8ando+er L L Maximal &om%iningMaximal &om%ining

F The 3b%No at the output when the inputs are ma9imallycombined is given by the simple ormula.

F It must be noted that 3b%No is quoted as a ratio 6not in d<7.

F = d< corresponds to *.) as a ratio.

F / d< is a ratio o /.(*.

F These sum to .'* which is =.= d<.

20100

+

=

N E

N E

N E bb

o&t

b

Soft &andover




'#-'-' Exercise 'hat +=)o i prove ent is o##ered hen t o signals o# e/"al /"ality are

!o +ined 8

Ans er -.

'#-'- Exercise hat is the +=)o at the o"tp"t o# a !o +iner i# the inp"t is !o posed o# t o

signals one ith an +=)o o# d6 and the other ith and +=)o o# .2 d68

Ans er-




'#- Optimising Soft 8ando+er Parameters

Optimising Soft 8ando+er ParametersOptimising Soft 8ando+er Parameters

F The parameter o most signi icance is the 1o t ,andoverKAddL and KRemoveL :indows.

F They in luence the number o terminals in so t handover.

F +enerally! the larger the window is made! the lower theloading on the uplin; and the higher the loading on thedownlin;.

F The path loss at the cell edge will in luence the optimumvalue o the 1,O window.

F The lower the path loss the larger the value can be 6as thedownlin; will probably have plenty o spare power available7.

Soft &andover





F The amount o improvement on the uplin; and loading on thedownlin; depends on the amount o so t handover gainachieved.

( d<window

5 d<window

Soft &andover


F 1uppose each terminal shown above represents a *5 ;bps5 d< 3b%No connection.

( d<window

5 d<window

Soft &andover




Estimating .REEstimating .RE

F 1uppose the terminals are arranged ingroups o 5 with the path loss to the twoNode <s changing in / d< increments.

F The red terminals will each cause aninter erence level / d< less than the wantedsignals# equivalent to the load o )terminals.

F The orange terminals will each cause an

inter erence level ) d< less than the wantedsignals# equivalent to ( terminals.

F Total inter erence load# ' equivalentterminals. 8R3 *(.' 6'%=7

( d<window

5 d<window

Soft &andover

Estimating .RE and oadingEstimating .RE and oading

F 3b%No is 5 d<

F $ole Capacity >>' ;bps

F 0oading '5 6NR ).5 d<7

F On "0! i 0in; 0oss /(' d<! each

terminal will require appro9imately/' d<m o power! a total level o (5d<m tra ic power.

( d<window

5 d<window

Soft &andover




Estimating The Effect of S8O &oncl)sionEstimating The Effect of S8O &oncl)sion

F 1etting the window to the optimum siJe canbalance the uplin; and downlin; in a networ;.

F Note that e9ample here is with symmetricalloading. 39cessive 1,O reduces the ability orthe "0 to serve asymmetric users.

F Note also that 1,O requires additionalhardware in the Node < to provide thenecessary bearers.

( d<window

5 d<window

Soft &andover




'/ Parameter Planning

'/-'(ntrod)ction The per#or an!e o# a net or% !an +e in#l"en!ed +y the setting o# para eters(parti!"larly at the )ode 6$ This se!tion reports on re!o ended val"es #orvario"s para eters s"!h as Pilot Po er and Syn!hronisation Channel po er asa proportion o# the a'i " po er availa+le #ro a !ell$ Additionally( the

a'i " po er that a single "ser is per itted to "se in#l"en!es thethro"ghp"t availa+le to s"!h a "ser and also ens"res that a !ertain !apa!ity is%ept availa+le$

Parameter PlanningParameter Planning

F :e have already e9amined ad usting the Noise Rise limit and 1,Oparameters.

F $robably the most signi icant parameter is the $ilot channel power.

F The pilot is vital to be able to synchronise the channel sound thechannel select the serving cell.

F :ithout pilot coverage! there is no coverage.

$arameter $lanning




'/- Pilot hannel Po,er

Parameter Planning Pilot &hannelParameter Planning Pilot &hannel

F ,owever! there is no point in providing pilot coverage inareas where it is not possible to establish a tra ic channel.

F The pilot channel power needs to be decided in con unctionwith other cell parameters.

F 1ynchronisation channel power

F Ma9imum power

F Ma9imum power per user

$arameter $lanning


F 1ynchronisation channel power# this is the channel themobile initially loc;s onto. It ma;es sense or the cell withthe strongest 1C, to also be the best pilot.

F Ma9imum power pilot power is related to ma9imum cellpower D it is pointless using a large raction o the totalavailable power in the pilot leaving little or the userchannels.

F Ma9imum power per user. This is again related to the pilotpower and dictates the ma9imum user data rate that can beprovided in di erent environments 6e9periencing di erentlevels o pilot 1IR7.

$arameter $lanning






F Typical alues#

)& d<mMa9imum power%user

(= d<m1C, $ower 6$rim%1ec-1C,7

)) d<m$ilot $ower

5) d<mMa9imum $ower

$arameter $lanning

'/-#Maxim)m Po,er per User




Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser

F 1uppose planning o pilot coverage aims or a minimum valueo pilot 1IR to be -/( d<.

F 1IR D 1ignal to Inter erence Ratio

F I the ma9imum power per user equals the pilot power thenthe 3c%Io e9perienced in these areas will also be -/( d<.

$arameter $lanning

Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser Parameter Planning Maxim)m po,er")ser

F I required 3b%No is! or e9ample! 5 d< then a processinggain o /* d< will be needed. This corresponds to athroughput o appro9imately >* ;bps.

F Note that the throughput will be higher or the same transmitpower in regions with a better 3c%Io.

F I ma9imum power per user is reduced to! say 5 d< belowpilot! then ma9imum throughput will be reduced to )= ;bps atthe cell edge.

$arameter $lanning




'/-/ ommon hannel Po,ers

Parameter Planning other parametersParameter Planning other parameters

F KRules o ThumbL or other parameters to equalise coverage or allvital channels.

-' d< relative to pilot power 1-CC$C,

- = d< relative to pilot power AIC,

-= d< relative to pilot power $IC,

-' d< relative to pilot power $-CC$C,

$arameter $lanning




'!- Micro9cells targeting hot spots

MicroMicro 99cell planningcell planning

F Micro-cells can provide coverage or areas o high subscriber density.

F They are usually targeted at Khot spotsL.

F The micro-cell layer may not provide continuous coverage. In thiscase continuous coverage is provided by the macro-cell layer.

Macro cell layerprovidingcontinuouscoverage Micro cells

serving hotspots.

Micro-cell $lanning


F In this situation the micro-cell layer must be allocated a di erentcarrier requency to the macro-cell layer.

F I they are allocated the same requency! uplin; inter erence on themacro-cell will prevent coverage rom being continuous.

Macro cell layerprovidingcontinuous

coverageMicro cellsserving hotspots.

Micro-cell $lanning






F As the path loss on micro-cells is small! they tolerate high Noise Rise.

F I the macro-cell uses the same requency as the micro-cell! this NoiseRise will appear on the macro-cell either triggering NR limit ailures orreducing coverage to a similar range to that o a micro-cell.

$ower rom mobiles served bymicro-cell generate Noise Rise onthe macro-cell i they share thesame requency.

Micro-cell $lanning


1mall! Kmicro-cellsL orming parto the macro-cell layer.

F The capacity o the macro-cell layer can be ma9imised by ma;ing thecells small. ,owever! it is essential that these very small Kma cro-cellsLprovide complete coverage.

F The larger macro-cells will probably e9perience a low 8R3 requencyre-use e iciency 6i will be large7 leading to poor per ormance.

Micro-cell $lanning




MicroMicro 99cell planning explanation of lo, .REcell planning explanation of lo, .RE

i

i

+==

11

F

o'"$c"llo'n

o'"$c"lloth"$

,igh subscriber density inneighbouring cell leads to highvalue o i, lo' F .

Micro-cell $lanning

MacroMacro 99cell microcell micro 99cell interferencecell interference

0in; loss to serving macro-cellappro9imately /5& d<. To maintainrequired 3b%No! the mobile musttransmit at appro9imately 4(& d<m.

0in; loss to micro-cell on ad acentcarrier as low as =& d<. )) d<protection insu icient to prevent NR

ailure.

F The so-called Knear- arL problem includes the situation where amobile being served by the macro-cell layer gets very close to amicro-cell on the ad acent carrier.

F Inter ering receive levels@ as high as - ' d<m are theoreticallypossible.

F "ropped calls will result.

Micro-cell $lanning




Sol)tions to (nterference Pro%lemSol)tions to (nterference Pro%lem

F Hou can physically prevent path losses as low as =& d< occurring.

F Hou could per orm hard handover to micro-cell layer.

F Hou could raise the Noise 8loor o micro-cell receiver.

F -=' d<m inter erence power is less serious i the noiseloor is -=& d<m.

F Micro-cell lin; budgets will o ten be able to withstand aNoise Rise o /' d< above a noise loor o -=& d<m.

Micro-cell $lanning

&hallenging the Ass)mptions&hallenging the Ass)mptions

F Conventional wisdom suggests that micro-cells need aseparate layer 6i.e. a separate carrier requency7 because#

F They serve a high user density

F They operate at high Noise Rise limits

F ,ence generate high levels o noise rise inneighbouring cells

F ,ence would Kwipe outL the macro-cell i it wassharing the same requency

Micro-cell $lanning





F Recent research wor; 6K)g (&&(L! I33! 0ondon! May (&&(7suggests that it may sometimes be bene icial to employ amicro-cell sharing the same requency as a macro-cell.

F :hat has changed :hat is the secret

Micro-cell $lanning


F 1uccess o the requency-sharing strategy depends on controllingthe pilot power o the micro-cell and macro-cell to balance theloading o the two cells to the required level.

F 8or the strategy to be a KsuccessL#

F Overall uplin; power must be reduced or similar tra ic loading.

F Capacity must be increased Ksigni icantlyL.

Micro-cell $lanning





F Overall power reduction#.

:ithout a micro-cell! the powerlevels will converge so thatsatis actory 1NR is achieved.

:ith a micro-cell 6at the samerequency7! the power levels o

mobiles near the new cell will reduce.

<ut how much e9tra capacity couldthis generate

Micro-cell $lanning

&an s)ch micro&an s)ch micro 99cells cope ,ith ChotspotsDcells cope ,ith ChotspotsD

F The purpose o micro-cells is to service areas o higher thannormal tra ic density.

Micro-cell $lanning





F Consider a macro-cell whose noise rise limit is set so as to limit the number

o simultaneous voice connections to )&. This will service (( 3rlangs otra ic.

F A hotspot o /& e9tra 3rlangs o tra ic is produced by a small area.

Micro-cell $lanning


F Ma or issues#

F $ilot $ower

F NR limit on Micro-cell

FMacro9cell

FMicro9cell

Micro-cell $lanning




Ma:or Planning (ss)esMa:or Planning (ss)es

F $ilot $ower#F "etermines Kcapture areaL.

F Mobiles at cell edge will transmitdi erent powers on either side oKborderL.

F Macro-cell mobile will cause more

NR on micro cell than it will onserving cell.

Micro-cell $lanning

Ma:or Planning (ss)esMa:or Planning (ss)es

F NR limit#

F NR limit can be increased so thatNR rom ad acent cell does notcause ailures.

F Critical that it is not made so highthat 3b%No ailures result or T9

powers rise so as to cause NRailures in macro-cell.

Micro-cell $lanning




&ritical Parameters&ritical Parameters

F 1iJe and position o hotspot#

F Micro-cell tra ic cannot approach that o macro-cell.

F $hysical siJe o coverage o micro-cell should be ;eptsmall or best per ormance.

F $hysical distance between two cells helps with isolation.

F Tailoring o radio environment so that path loss increasesrapidly outside micro-cell coverage area helps considerably.

Micro-cell $lanning

&ase St)d* Res)lts&ase St)d* Res)lts

F Original Macro-cell (( 3rlangs # &.(' ailure

F Introduce /& 3rlang hotspot# /) ailure

F Cover hotspot with identical cell# * ailure 6only /-( e9traterminals served7.

F Reduce pilot power o micro-cell by /& d<! increase NR limit ormicro-cell by /& d<# &.= ailure.

Micro-cell $lanning





F K1ame requencyL micro-cells can service wea; hotspots.

F This ma9imises the service achieved rom a single carrier but#

F 1ervice per cell drops signi icantly 6e.g. )) increase intra ic served or /&& increase in cells7.

F Cost o micro site is substantially cheaper

F I short on spectrum! ie only / carrier provides or growth intra ic

Micro-cell $lanning




'$ o+erage & apacit*

'$-' (ntrod)ction

(ntrod)ction(ntrod)ction

F Coverage and CapacityF :hat are the limiting actors

F ,ow can you spot uplin; limited coverage

F ,ow can you tell downlin; limited coverage

F Tra ic Mi9F Application dependent 6 will alter with time 7

F ,igh degree o data rate mi9ing

F ?MT1 is not optimised or voice

'overage versus 'a%acity




Techni<)es for impro+ing co+erageTechni<)es for impro+ing co+erage

F In general coverage is ?plin; limited

F "ownlin; limited situations are possible or e9ample#F Asymmetric data rates 4

F Mast head ampli iers

F 0ow base-station power

F ?0 "iversity employed

F ?sers positioned at high path loss

F 0in; budgets provide a method or calculating initial cellrange.

F Improving coverage may result in reductions in capacity


imiting S*stemsimiting S*stems

F ?plin; 0imited

F Noise Rise ailures! caused by the number o attachedmobile terminalsF Capacity i9ed by 0oading 8actor F Ma9imum coverage in luenced by Noise Rise limitF ?plin; 3b%No ailures

F "ownlin; 0imitedF "ownlin; 3b%No ailuresF Caused by the Node < power limit being reachedF Capacity variable due to mobile positions in cell

F Ma9imum uplin; coverage de ined by Noise Rise limit!3b%No! data rate and mobile transmit power.






oad E<)ationoad E<)ation

F :e will use separate ?plin; and "ownlin; 0oad 3quations

F <oth IncludeF 3b%No

F $rocessing +ain D eg ()dB for voi$e at *(+(%,ps

F Activity 8actor

F Inter-cell Inter erence

F 1o t ,andover +ain

F 1peci ic to "ownlin;F Orthogonality actor D t pi$all 0+-


Up inkUp ink &ell oad&ell oad

F Capacity 0imited

F Capacity is directly proportional to ma9imum uplin; cell load

F "etermined by Noise Rise limit

F 3 ective Noise 8loor rises e9ponentially with cell load

F $ole Capacity is never reached due to inite power o mobile terminals

F )& cell load produces /.' d< noise rise

F & cell load produces '.( d< noise rise





Up inkUp ink &ell oad&ell oad

F Capacity 0imited

F Capacity is directly proportional to ma9imum uplin; cell load

F "etermined by Noise Rise limit

F $ath 0oss rises e9ponentially with cell load

F $ole Capacity is never reached due to inite power o mobile terminals

F )& cell load is /.'d< noise rise

F & cell load is '.(d< noise rise


'$- 2o,nlink imited




2o,nlink imited2o,nlink imited

F Increase cell loading Increase in cell capacity

F Range o cell is reduced 6 cell breathing 7

F $ower per user is less due to smaller path loss

F $N< $ users 4 $ pilot 4 $ common


3ode 1 Transmit Po,er 3ode 1 Transmit Po,er

F The Node < must provide power or each active user in eachcell! including those connected in so t-handover.

F The Node < must also support the pilot! control andsynchronisation channels

F I we assume (& o the cell power is assigned to these


8igh propagation loss scenarios/$ d1m

Standard operation/# d1m @ 0W

Medi)m capacit*B look at )sing carriers at'0W instead of ' carrier at 0W

/0 d1m @'0W

o, capacit*B mainl* ser+ice co+erage#4 d1m @!W

Application3ode 1 Tx Po,er per cell per carrier




Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er

F$ilot set at ))d<m! Common Channel set at ))d<m

FOrthogonality set at &.''! Inter-cell Inter erence set at &.'! 3b%No set at *.' d<


&

/&

(&

)&

5&

'&

*&

&

=&

/5& /5' /'& /'' /*& /*' / &

Maxim)m Allo,ed Propagation oss @ d1

3 ) m

% e r o

f S p e e c h

U s e r s

Node < $ower ) d<m

Node < $ower 5& d<m

Node < $ower 5) d<m

Node < $ower 5* d<m

&

/&

(&

)&

5&

'&

*&

&

=&

/5& /5' /'& /'' /*& /*' / &

Maxim)m Allo,ed Propagation oss @ d1

3 ) m

% e r o

f S p e e c h

U s e r s

Node < $ower ) d<m

Node < $ower 5& d<m

Node < $ower 5) d<m

Node < $ower 5* d<m

Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er Propagation oss + &ell Transmit Po,er

F I we assume that path loss is /'&d<

F Number o users or each power level is

(5*

*=5)

*&5&

)&)

?sers$ower 6d<7





Re<)iredRe<)ired TxTx Po,er + 3)m%er of Speech UsersPo,er + 3)m%er of Speech Users

F Note as loading actor! [! tends to /!

Node < power tends to in inity

F )*d<m pilot 4 common power

common pi!ot R

W N

E

LW N

Tx"o0er DL

N

o

b

rf

++−

××××

=∑

=

η

ν

1

1


( )

N

o

b

DL i R

W N

E

+−××= ∑=

α ν η 11

)&

)(

)5

)*

)=

5&

5(

55

5*

5=

'&

'(

'5

'*

'=

*&

) &

) (

) 5

) *

) =

5 &

5 (

5 5

5 *

5 =

' &

' (

' 5

' *

' =

* &

* (

* 5

* *

* =

. &

. (

. 5

3)m%er of SpeechUsers

T x P o , e r @ d 1 m A

/5'd</'&d</''d</*&d<




'$-#Predicting the apacit* of the 2o,nlink

An example Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*An example Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*

F I a single e9tra user is

introduced! and this new user

demands downlin; data! it is

possible to predict the amount

o power required to deliver a

certain amount o data.

F This is an iterative process

and the result will depend on

the speci ic user environment.

F Is it possible to predict the

e9tra downlin; capacity o a

cell in general


F Actual Tra ic $ower# )* d<m

FMa9imum# 5( d<m

F Actual Tra ic $ower# )= d<m

FMa9imum# 5( d<mF Actual Tra ic $ower# )5 d<m

FMa9imum# 5( d<m

Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*

F The Noise Rise

e9perienced by a mobile

depends on the

throughput! the pole

capacity and the loading

actor.

F ,owever! pole capacity

and loading actor are

parameters that are

speci ic to a particular

user.

F The general e9pressionor pole capacity is given

here.


( )i N E b +−α 1

3840

0





F I general values or

orthogonality and i are

assumed 6e.g. bothequal to &.*7 then the

pole capacity can be

estimated or a given

value o 3 b%N&.

F I 3b%N& is ' d< 6)./* as

a ratio7 then the pole

capacity would be /(/5

;bps.

F I the throughput was hal

o this then the Noise

Rise e9perienced by atypical user can be

estimated to be ) d<.


( )i N E b +−α 1

3840

0

F 1o! cells serving '&

voice terminals at an3 b%N& value o ' d<

could be e9pected to

generate a Noise Rise

o ) d< on the

downlin;.






F In order to answer the questionK,ow much e9tra capacity is

available L it is necessary to

;now how much power is

available.

F 1uppose serving these users

required a tra ic power o )

d<m rom a ma9imum available

o 5( d<m.




F The question now

becomes# KI ) d<mproduces ) d< o noise

rise! how much noise

rise 6and hence

loading actor7 will 5(

d<m produce L.


3oise Rise +s- Thro)ghp)t

&.&&(.&&5.&&*.&&=.&&

/&.&&/(.&&/5.&&/*.&&/=.&&(&.&&

/ ( ) 5 ' * = > /& // /( /) /5 /'

Thro)ghp)t @x'00k%ps

3 o i s e

R i s e

1eries/

) d<m produces) d< NR

,ow much NR will5( d<m produce

:hat will be theincrease inthroughput





F The analysis involves

imagining that the cell

transmits not only user

power but also some

KNoise $owerL and the

mobile e9ists in a

noise- ree environment.


?ser $ower B d<m

Noise $ower A d<mΣ

F 8or e9ample! i the Noise

Rise was ) d< and the ?ser

$ower transmitted was )

d<m then the Noise $ower

would also be ) d<m.

Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*'overage versus 'a%acity

?ser $ower B d<m

Noise $ower A d<mΣ

F +enerally#

( )

dBm 110

10log10

10

10 o'"$ #"$

−= NR A





?ser $ower C d<m

Noise $ower A d<mΣ

F I the user power is

increased! the new

Noise Rise can ound.

( )dBm 101log10 10+=

− A% NR

?ser $ower increased


( )dBm 101log10 10+=

− A% NR

( )

dBm 110

10log10

10

10 o'"$ #"$

−= NR A

10101 NR−

−=η


F Noise Rise leads to loading

actor which leads to

throughput.

( )η

α i N

E b +−=

1

3840th$o gh t

0





F In the e9ample discussed.

F ) d<m o user power

produced ) d< noise rise.

F 5( d<m o user power would

there ore produce *.( d< o

NR.

F 0oading actor is now *

F $otential throughput is now

>(( ;bps at 3 b%N& o ' d<.

( )dBm 101log10 10+=

− A% NR

( )

dBm 110

10log10

10

10 o'"$ #"$

−=

NR A

10101 NR−

−=η

( )η

α i N E b +−

=1

3840th$o gh t

0


F This e9tra capacity o )/' ;bps at an

3 b%N& o ' d< can be used to deliver a

much higher throughput at a lower3 b%N&.

F 8or e9ample! i the e9tra capacity was

used by a pac;et bearer that required

an 3 b%N& o only / d<! >& ;bps would

be achievable.

39tra Capacity)/' ;bps at ' d<3b%No

39tra Capacity>& ;bps at / d<

3b%No





F This e9tra capacity o )/' ;bps at an

3 b%N& o ' d< can be used to deliver amuch higher throughput at a lower

3 b%N&.

F 8or e9ample! i the e9tra capacity was

used by a pac;et bearer that required

an 3 b%N& o only / d<! >& ;bps would

be achievable.



3b%No

S)mmarisingS)mmarising --'overage versus 'a%acity

F 39tra capacity has been predicted by

ma;ing general assumptions! in

particular regarding a global value o

the pole capacity on the downlin;.

F Method requires validation.

F 3nterprise )+! AIRCOM@s ?MT1

planning tool was used to veri y the

method.



3b%No




?erif*ing -?erif*ing -'overage versus 'a%acity

F 3nterprise )+ will predict the

per ormance o the networ; under a

particular de inable load by simulating

the action o the networ; as mobile

users request a service and succeed

or ail as appropriate.

F Critical parameters such as downlin;

tra ic channel power are recorded or

each cell in the networ;.



3b%No

?erif*ing?erif*ing'overage versus 'a%acity

F A networ; was dimensioned and ully

loaded with symmetric voice tra ic.

F Throughput per cell appro9imately

((& ;bps

F 3stimated Noise Rise on downlin; is

(.( d<.





F Report shows that downlin; tra ic

channel power is about )5 d<m.

F Ma9imum tra ic power o 5( d<m can

lead to a ./ d< downlin; noise rise.

F Throughput on downlin; can be

doubled.


F The simulator was run once morehaving added the appropriate amount

o downlin; only tra ic.

F 1imulation supports analysis. Tra ic

was served and downlin; tra ic power

was at near-ma9imum value.




&ontemplating&ontemplating'overage versus 'a%acity

F The input parameters were#

FMa9imum Tra ic Channel $ower

F3stimate o $ole Capacity

FReport o throughput and tra ic

channel power or a ;nown amount

o symmetric tra ic.

F It is this last requirement or which

3nterprise )+ simulation unctionality

is needed. Could we estimate thisW

"ownlin; T9$ower ) d<m

"ownlin; T9$ower 5( d<m

.)rther Anal*sis.)rther Anal*sis'overage versus 'a%acity

F 8actors that a ect the amount o

downlin; power required or a given

amount o tra ic#

F$athloss

F Antenna Characteristics

F$ilot and Common channel powers

FOrthogonality

FOut o Cell Inter erence

"ownlin; T9$ower ) d<m

"ownlin; T9$ower 5( d<m




.)rther Anal*sis.)rther Anal*sis'overage versus 'a%acity

F "etermining the power required or

one particular user is relativelystraight orward.


users evenly spread across the

coverage area is more di icult.


users unevenly spread across the

coverage area is ne9t to impossible.

1ingle user# easy

3venly spread users#not so easy

?nevenly spreadusers# very di icult

The e+enl* loaded cellThe e+enl* loaded cell'overage versus 'a%acity

F The big question is Kis there a magic

location such that the downlin; power

is the same as i all mobile were

located at that point L.

F :hat is the path loss to this point

F The problem is that path loss is not the

only variable. Inter erence also varies

signi icantly.

,igh $ath 0oss!,igh Inter erence

0ow $ath 0oss!0ow Inter erence

Magic 0ocation




The e+enl* loaded cellThe e+enl* loaded cell'overage versus 'a%acity

F A rule o thumb.

F The Cmagic spotD has a path loss 5 d<

less than the cell edge.

F :here did this igure come rom

FAnal*sis making s)ita%le

ass)mptions pl)s

FExperimentation )sing the

Enterprise #> sim)latorN

F Either ,a* the sim)lator is in+al)a%le-

,igh $ath 0oss!,igh Inter erence

0ow $ath 0oss!0ow Inter erence

Magic 0ocation

An exampleAn example'overage versus 'a%acity

F 1uppose the lin; loss to the cell edge is

/)' d< .

F The lin; loss to the magic spot is /)/ d< .

F Common Channel plus pilot power is )*

d<m Noise 8loor is -/&( d<m

orthogonality is &.*.

F :hat Noise Rise can be produced by a

tra ic channel power o 5( d<m

F 1olution# equivalent Knoise plus

inter erenceL -> .( d<m .

Magic 0ocation

F Received Tra ic Channel $ower -=>

d<m. Noise Rise '.* d<. 0oading

8actor ( .




Another exampleAnother example'overage versus 'a%acity

F 1uppose the lin; loss to the cell edge is

/5' d< .

F The lin; loss to the magic spot is /5/ d< .

F Common Channel plus pilot power is )*

d<m Noise 8loor is -/&( d<m

orthogonality is &.*.

F :hat Noise Rise can be produced by a

tra ic channel power o 5( d<m

F 1olution# equivalent Knoise plus

inter erenceL ->>.' d<m .

Magic 0ocation

F Received Tra ic Channel $ower ->>

d<m. Noise Rise /.* d<. 0oading

8actor )/ .

The Stor* so .ar The Stor* so .ar 'overage versus 'a%acity

F It is possible to ma;e Kball par;L estimates o the capacity on the

downlin;.

F The irst step is to estimate a nominal pole capacity

F Then estimate the noise rise that can be produced at the Kmagic spotL.

F ,ence deduce loading actor.

F This is a use ul K irst passL planning calculation to per orm.

F ,owever! it does not consider an unevenly loaded networ;! nor does it

help us optimise networ; per ormance.

( )i N E b +−α 1

3840

0





'$-#-' Example '$-/

As an e'a ple( !onsider the sit"ation here a net or% has +een di ensioneds"!h that the lin% loss to the edge o# ea!h !ell is ?;; d6$ All sites have threese!tors$ The pilot and !o on !hannel po ers are to represent 20 o# thetotal !ell po er$ sti ate the pole !apa!ity #or an +=)0 val"e o# 4 d6ass" ing that i D 0$9 and α D 0$ $

7"rther( esti ate thro"ghp"t possi+le on the do nlin% per !ell @#or an +=)0

val"e o# 4 d6 i# the total !ell po er is a 4; d6 and + ;G d6 $ Ass" e thatthe noise #loor o# the o+ile is .?0? d6 $

Sol"tion$ Pole Capa!ity D ( )i N E b +−α 1

3840

0

D?G00 %+ps

7or a se!tored !ell 3 agi! spot has a lin% loss o# appro'i ately ?2 d6$

I# total po er is 4; d6 ( then Co on pl"s pilot ill +e appro'i ately ;d6 $ This ill +e re!eived at a level o# .E0 d6 +"t ill have an e##e!tivelevel o# .E4 d6 @d"e to orthogonality $ I# this is added to the noise #loor o#the o+ile( the overall level o# noise pl"s inter#eren!e ill +e .E;$2 d6 $ The!ell ill have 42 d6 availa+le #or tra##i! po er$ In order to esti ate the )oiseRise prod"!ed( the e##e!tive po er ill +e ;< d6 hi!h ill +e re!eived at alevel o# .<< d6 $ The )oise Rise ill +e appro'i ately $; d6 hi!h!orresponds to a loading #a!tor o# GG allo ing the thro"ghp"t to +eesti ated at ?;00 %+ps$

I# total po er is ;G d6 ( then Co on pl"s pilot ill +e appro'i ately ;0d6 $ This ill +e re!eived at a level o# .E d6 +"t ill have an e##e!tivelevel o# .?00 d6 @d"e to orthogonality $ I# this is added to the noise #loor o#the o+ile( the overall level o# noise pl"s inter#eren!e ill +e .EG$9 d6 $ The!ell ill have ; d6 availa+le #or tra##i! po er$ In order to esti ate the )oiseRise prod"!ed( the e##e!tive po er ill +e ;2 d6 hi!h ill +e re!eived at alevel o# .E4 d6 $ The )oise Rise ill +e appro'i ately 9$? d6 hi!h!orresponds to a loading #a!tor o# E allo ing the thro"ghp"t to +eesti ated at ??G0 %+ps$

The di##eren!e ay not +e regarded as dra ati!$ The e##e!t o"ld +e orenoti!ea+le at higher levels o# path loss$





'4 Anal*sis and Optimisationof 2o,nlink apacit*-

Analysis o# the do nlin% o# a UMTS net or% is signi#i!antly ore !hallengingthan that #or the "plin%$ hen the !apa!ity in ter s o# si "ltaneo"s "sers is!al!"lated( it is "s"al to re#er to 3identi!al "sers $ 7or "sers to +e identi!al onthe "plin% they sho"ld have the sa e +itrate and 0 N E b $ On the do nlin%(the "sers sho"ld additionally e'perien!e identi!al lin% loss( o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e and orthogonality$ 7"rther( there is no noise rise li it on the

do nlin%$ Rather( the do nlin% trans it po er !an +e tho"ght o# as !apa+leo# delivering a parti!"lar loading #a!tor$

)evertheless( the sit"ation here the do nlin% o# a !ell is !apa+le o#a!!o odating a greater thro"ghp"t than the "plin% is e'pe!ted to +e typi!al$

This is largely d"e to t o #a!tors- ore po er is "s"ally availa+le on thedo nlin%Q orthogonality provides greater inter#eren!e red"!tion on thedo nlin%$ This paper presents an analysis o# the do nlin% that allo s rapidesti ates o# do nlin% !apa!ity to +e ade #or di ensioning p"rposes$ Aninitial analysis involving identi!al "sers is e'tended to one #or an evenly loaded!ell and( #"rther( to an evenly loaded net or%$ Unevenly loaded net or%s areta!%led +y e'plaining ho a report #ro a Monte Carlo si "lation at one levelo# loading !an +e "sed to esti ate the a'i " loading s"staina+le on thedo nlin%$ Additionally( it is e'plained ho a report on the /"ality o# the pilotsignal at vario"s lo!ations !an +e "sed as an indi!ation o# the ease ith hi!hparti!"lar data rates !an +e a!hieved at that lo!ation$ This has i pli!ations

hen a'i ising !ell !apa!ity #or a parti!"lar tra##i! distri+"tion$

'4-'Anal*sis of (dentical UsersAs an e'a ple o# a !ell that is #"lly loaded ith sy etri! tra##i!( !onsider a!ell ith a noise rise li it o# ; d6 and an o"t o# !ell to in !ell inter#eren!e ratio(i( o# 0$ $ This !ell is loaded ith tra##i! ith an 0 N E b o# d6$ The pole!apa!ity is appro'i ately 00 %+it=s hi!h( ith the loading #a!tor o# 90i posed +y the noise rise li it( eans that the "plin% !apa!ity ill +e ;00




%+it=s$ This !an +e ta%en to +e e/"ivalent to appro'i ately 29 si "ltaneo"s#"ll rate voi!e !onne!tions$ The !ell range on the "plin% is in#l"en!ed +y thetrans it po er$ I# the "plin% po er is ass" ed to +e 24 d6 @per "ser andthe noise #ig"re o# the re!eiver is ; d6( then the 29 d6 pro!essing gainavaila+le ill res"lt in the a'i " lin% loss @ hi!h is de#ined as thedi##eren!e +et een the trans itted and re!eived po er levels tolerated +eing?4< d6( ass" ing a ther al noise level o# >?0< d6 $In deter ining the do nlin% trans it po er re/"ired to at!h the "plin%loading( it is ne!essary to a%e ass" ptions regarding the val"e o# the pilotpo er( and o# other do nlin% !o on !hannels( as ell as lin% loss( o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e( orthogonality and noise #ig"re o# the o+ile re!eivers$ Therelevant e/"ations are-

( )

( ) D

)1(

D)1(1

D)1(

!nt α

α α

−+=

−−=−=

i " " "

L " N

" L

" "

Rot. Rcom R

L

&ser Rot.

L

Tcom Rcom

( ) RW

" " " " L

"

N

E

R Rot. Rcom N L

&ser b

!nt0 +++=

here L L is the lin% lossQ N " is ther al noise po erQ Tcom " is the trans ittedpo er o# !o on !hannels @in!l"ding pilot Q &ser " is the trans itted po er #oran individ"al tra##i! !hannel @!onsidered the sa e #or ea!h "ser Q Rot. " is theinter#eren!e po er e'perien!ed +y one "ser as a res"lt o# po er +eingtrans itted to @).? other "sersQ Rcom " is the re!eived level o# !o on!hannel po er having +een e##e!tively red"!ed d"e to orthogonality @#a!tor α

Qi is the o"t o# !ell to in !ell inter#eren!e ratio$

The total trans it po er needed to deliver the re/"ired 0 N E

b to ) "sers isthen given +y ( )Tcom&ser " N" + $ It is no possi+le to deter ine the total trans itpo er re/"ired to servi!e ) si "ltaneo"s !onne!tions or( alternatively( topredi!t the a'i " n" +er o# !onne!tions that !an +e servi!ed +y a given

a'i " trans it po er$

The #ollo ing ta+le sho s ho the total trans it po er #or 29 voi!e!onne!tions and the a'i " total n" +er o# possi+le e/"ivalent !hannels#or a trans it po er o# 4; d6 vary ith lin% loss ass" ing

dBD6D6.0D6.0 0 === N E i bα o+ile re!eiver noise #ig"re D d6Q !o on!hannel po er D ; d6 $





TA6L ? > Bariation o# *o nlin% Po er and Capa!ity ith Lin% Loss

Lin% Loss@d6

Total T'Po er #or29 "ser!hannels@d6

Ma'i "total!apa!ity #or

T' Po er o#4; d6@identi!al"ser!hannels

??0 ;G$ 2 4?29 ;G$ E 4?40 ;E$;; 4E?49 4?$ ; ;;?90 49$2 ?

It is seen that( #or lo val"es o# lin% loss( there is not "!h variation o#re/"ired trans it po er or do nlin% !apa!ity$ 5o ever( as the lin% lossrea!hes levels here signi#i!ant tra##i! !hannel po er is re/"ired to over!o ether al noise( the !apa!ity then de!reases dra ati!ally as lin% loss rises$

A si ilar analysis !an +e "nderta%en to sho the e##e!t o# di##erent levels o#orthogonality and o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e$

This straight#or ard analysis provides a "se#"l insight to the ay in hi!hdo nlin% !apa!ity is in#l"en!ed +y the para eters dis!"ssed$ 5o ever( the#a!t that the "sers are all ass" ed to +e identi!al leads to /"estions +eingas%ed regarding the general appli!a+ility$ It is largely #or this reason that theMonte Carlo analysis ethod has +e!o e "+i/"ito"s$ 6"t this tool has adanger o# en!o"raging a 3try it and see approa!h( rather than a ethodi!alapproa!h to di ensioning or initial planning o# the do nlin%$ ven i# the "sers

are evenly distri+"ted( a Monte Carlo si "lator o"ld still +e "sed$ A ethodo# predi!ting the do nlin% !apa!ity in the evenly loaded !ase o"ld +e o#interest as o"ld that o# predi!ting the e'tra do nlin% !apa!ity i# it is to +edistri+"ted proportionately to an e'isting sy etri! loading$

'4- ?erification Using A Monte arlo Sim)lator -In order that !on#iden!e !o"ld +e pla!ed in the predi!tion ethod des!ri+ed(and in the Monte Carlo si "lator ithin the AIRCOM ;g planning tool( #irstly 29"sers ere pla!ed at a position here the lin% loss as ?40 d6$ The !ell as

%ept isolated @i D 0 in order to aintain !ontrol over the sit"ation so that a!o parison !o"ld +e ade "nder !ontrolled !onditions$ The orthogonality#a!tor as set to 0$ $ It as #o"nd that ;4 d6 o# tra##i! po er as re/"iredto aintain an 0 N E b val"e o# G d6 at ?2$2 %+it=s i# the noise #ig"re o# the

o+ile re!eiver as 4 d6$ This agrees e'a!tly ith the predi!tion +y thesi pler ethod$ The Monte Carlo si "lator as then "sed to predi!t thedo nlin% po er re/"ired hen the tra##i! as evenly spread over a !ell!overage area$ It as #o"nd that( i# tra##i! as spread "ni#or ly over an area

ith a a'i " lin% loss o# ?44 d6( the do nlin% tra##i! po er re/"ired asagain ;4 d6 $ 7ig"re ? sho s the !overage area ith the lin% loss +eingindi!ated in ? d6 steps "p to a a'i " o# ?44 d6$ Th"s the e##e!t on thedo nlin% o# a gro"p o# "sers all at a lin% loss o# ?40 d6 as the sa e as thatevenly spread ith lin% losses varying #ro very s all val"es to ?44 d6$ It isas tho"gh the 3typi!al "ser as positioned at a loss 4 d6 #ro the edge o# the!ell$ In +oth !ases the Monte Carlo si "lator agreed ith the si ple




predi!tion ethod in predi!ting that 42 d6 @the a'i " availa+le tra##i!po er o"ld servi!e <9 si ilar do nlin% !hannels$ Th"s the t o!on#ig"rations @all at ?40 d6 path loss or spread "p to a a'i " lin% loss o#?44 d6 again prod"!ed the sa e loading on the do nlin%$ This as veri#iedat an orthogonality o# :ero( here ;G$0 d6 o# tra##i! po er as re/"ired toa!!o odate 29 ?2$2 %+it=s "sers and 42 d6 as !apa+le o# servi!ing 4"sers$

Coverage area o# test !ell ith lin% loss sho n varying in ? d6 steps$

'4-# A Rapid Method for Estimating 2o,nlink apacit*

'4-#-' (solated ells

6y in!l"ding the po er o# the anted signal ith the noise rise( it is possi+le todevelop a very rapid !al!"lation ethod #or the !apa!ity on the do nlin%$S"!h an appro'i ation is reasona+ly valid i# the !apa!ity is to +e shareda ongst any "sers( ea!h ith a odest thro"ghp"t @rather than very #e"sers ea!h ith a large thro"ghp"t $ The relevant e/"ations are-

Pole Capa!ity( PC D( )i N

E b +−α 1

3840

0 %+it=s

Potential )oise Rise( )RD

( )( )i " L "

L " i "

Tcom L N

L N T

+−+++−

α α

1

1ma=

Then- ( )/!t #

1.

3840

11ca ac!t

ma=

ma=

0 L N T

TcomT

b L " i "

" "

N E

NR "%

++−−=

−=

α

here ma=T " is the a'i " total trans it po er o# the !ell$ The advantageo# the appro'i ate ethod is that it allo s the rapid prod"!tion o# graphs thatde onstrate the e##e!t o# 6TS po er( lin% loss( orthogonality and o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e on the !apa!ity o# the do nlin%$

The e##e!t o# lin% loss on !apa!ity$ 7ig"re 2 sho s the e##e!t o# lin% loss #orvario"s 6TS po ers$ It is ass" ed that the o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i( D




0$ $ The orthogonality #a!tor D 0$ ( 0 N E b D 9 d6$ The level o# !o on!hannel po er is ass" ed to +e G d6 less than the a'i " po er$ It !an +eseen that there is a de#inite a'i " !apa!ity regardless o# po er level$ This

a'i " !apa!ity is rea!hed hen ther al noise is negligi+le !o pared iththe po er re!eived #ro the net or%$ Then-

TcomT " "

NR ma= and

Capa!ity D( )

−

+− ma=0

11

3840

T

Tcom

b " "

i N E α

%+it=sI# Tcom " is ta%en to +e G d6 +elo ma=T " then the a+ove e/"ation !an +e #"rthersi pli#ied to give

Capa!ity D( )

−

+− ma=0

11

3072

T

Tcom

b " "

i N E α

%+it=s$

&

(&&

5&&

*&&

=&&

/&&&

/(&&

/(& /)& /5& /'& /*&

ink oss @d1

& a p a c

i t * @ k % i t " s

4) d<m 45& d<m 45) d<m 45* d<m

The e##e!t o# lin% loss on do nlin% !apa!ity #or vario"s val"es o# 6TS po er$

$

The e##e!t o# varying orthogonality is no ined #or the sa e !onditionse'!epting that lin% loss is no #i'ed at ?49 d6 and orthogonality is varied+et een :ero and "nity$ It is noted that variation o# orthogonality has the

ost ar%ed e##e!t hen the 6TS po er is high$ At lo er levels o# 6TS po er(ther al noise @ hi!h is not a##e!ted +y orthogonality do inates the o+ilere!eive po er$

&

(&&

5&&

*&&

=&&

/&&&

/(&&

& &.( &.5 &.* &.= /

Orthogonalit*

& a p a c

i t * @ k % i t " s A

<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m

The e##e!t o# orthogonality on do nlin% !apa!ity #or vario"s val"es o# 6TSpo er$

7inally( the e##e!t o# varying the o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i( %eeping lin%loss #i'ed at ?49 d6 and the orthogonality #i'ed at 0$ as e'a ined$ Again(the e##e!t as ost noti!ea+le hen the 6TS trans it po er as high$ It !an+e seen that o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e and the val"e o# orthogonality +oth have asigni#i!ant i pa!t on the !ell !apa!ity$




&(&&5&&*&&=&&

/&&&/(&&/5&&

& &.5 &.= /.( /.* (

O)t of &ell (nterference

& a p a c

i t * @ k % i t " s

<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m$

The e##e!t o# o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i( on do nlin% !apa!ity #or vario"sval"es o# 6TS po er$

'4-#- An E+enl* oaded 3et,ork

The analysis has +een !ond"!ted #or vario"s val"es o# orthogonality #a!tor( α (

and o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio( i$ 5o ever( +oth o# these val"es have +eenass" ed to +e !onstant$ In pra!ti!e( the val"e o# i in parti!"lar ill varydra ati!ally a!ross the net or%( #ro very lo val"es !lose to the 6TS toval"es typi!ally approa!hing 2 at the edge o# the !ell$ This is in !ontrast to the"plin% here ea!h !ell ill e'perien!e si ilar levels o# o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e(typi!ally in the region o# 0$ $ hen the ethod #or identi!al "sers as!he!%ed against an evenly loaded isolated !ell( it as #o"nd that the loadingon the do nlin% as appro'i ately e/"al to that !a"sed +y identi!al "sersea!h ith a lin% loss 4 d6 less than the !ell edge$ The /"estion !an +ee'tended to as% 3is there an aggregate average val"e o# i that !an +e "sed torapidly esti ate do nlin% load and !apa!ity8 $ The !a"se o# o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e in +oth dire!tions is overlap o# the radiation patterns o# antennason neigh+o"ring !ells$ 7"rther( the "sers at the !ell edge are the prin!ipalprod"!ers o# "plin% inter#eren!e and vi!ti s o# do nlin% inter#eren!erespe!tively$ To gain !on#iden!e in any val"e +eing ta%en as appropriate #or"se in the predi!tion e/"ations( the Air!o nterprise ;g Monte Carlosi "lator as again "sed$ A net or% as !reated s"!h that <2 sites @24!ells !overed an area o# ?000 % 2$ The lin% loss to the !ell edge as ?;; d6$

The a'i " do nlin% !apa!ity ith a a'i " trans it po er o# 4; d6as #o"nd to +e 4 0 %+it=s at a val"e o# 0 N E b o# G d6$ In !o paring this

predi!tion ith that ade "sing the rapid !al!"lation ethod ith an ass" edlin% loss o# 4 d6 +elo the a'i " val"e( agree ent as a!hieved i# a val"e#or i o# 0$<9 as ta%en$ This agree ent held "p ell #or vario"s val"es o#loading and lin% loss$

This allo s a rapid appro'i ate ethod to +e developed here+y thedo nlin% !apa!ity o# a !ell !an +e esti ated #or initial di ensioning p"rposes$1iven the a'i " 6TS po er( the lin% loss to the !ell edge( orthogonality(the noise #a!tor o# the o+ile re!eiver( )7( and the re/"ired 0 N E b val"e o#

the servi!e-( ) ( )

−+××

−= − α 8,.1106

3840 Ca ac!t

1,ma=

0Tcom L

comT

b " L NF

" "

N E

I# typi!al val"es o# orthogonality @D 0$ ( ( ),ma=T Tcom " " = and )7 @D 4 are p"tinto the e/"ation

Capa!ity D ( )ma=

14

0

ma=

104.2

24,8

T Lb

T

" L N

E "

+× −

%+it=s




This tends to a a'i " o# 024,8

N E b %+it=s at negligi+le levels o# lin% loss$ The level at hi!h lin% loss +e!o es signi#i!ant in red"!ing !apa!ity dependson 6TS po er as ill"strated in #ig"re 2$

'4-#-# Uplink9do,nlink %alance-

The appro'i ate e/"ation #or a'i " thro"ghp"t on the do nlin% isre ar%a+ly si ilar to the pole !apa!ity on the "plin%$ The #a!t is that it ispossi+le to a!hieve higher levels o# loading #a!tor "nder typi!al @"plin% li itedlin% loss val"es on the do nlin%$ This sit"ation ay ell !hange as !ells+e!o e ore densely pa!%ed ithin a net or% and "plin% noise rise li its arein!reased to levels o# ?0 d6 or ore$ Then the "plin% and do nlin% !apa!ity

o"ld +e ore nearly e/"al$ 7eat"res s"!h as "plin% diversity and thei ple entation o# ast.head( lo .noise a pli#iers #"rther #avo"r the "plin%$

'4-/(nterim oncl)sion/"ations have +een developed that ill allo the !apa!ity o# a net or% in the

do nlin% dire!tion to +e esti ated #or di ensioning p"rposes$ Analysis has+een li ited to sit"ations here the geographi! distri+"tion o# "sers has +eenass" ed to +e "ni#or $ The ne't se!tion de onstrates ho reports #ro aMonte Carlo si "lation !an +e "sed to esti ate the do nlin% !apa!ity #or an"nevenly loaded net or%$

'4-!Sim)lator9aided Prediction for Une+enl*9loaded3et,orks

As an e'a ple o# the di##erent e'perien!es o# "sers on the do nlin%( !onsiderthe sit"ation here "sers are divided into t o gro"ps- one gro"p o# ?2 "sers

ith a lin% loss o# ?20 d6 and an o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratio o# 0$;Q the othergro"p o# ?2 "sers ith a lin% loss o# ?40 d6 and an o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e ratioo# ?$0$

An analysis reveals that the "sers !loser to the do nlin% trans itter @?20 d6lin% loss o"ld ea!h re/"ire a "ser po er ?G$ d6 hereas 22$0 d6 isre/"ired +y ea!h "ser at ?40 d6 lin% loss$ The #a!t that "sers are at di##erentlin% losses and e'perien!e di##erent levels o# o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e leads tothe di##erent "sers e'perien!ing a di##erent noise rise$ The "sers near to thetrans itter o"ld e'perien!e a noise rise o# 2$? d6 hereas the "sers at ?40d6 lin% loss o"ld e'perien!e a noise rise o# ?$4 d6$ )ote that noise rise isde#ined as the rise in e##e!tive noise level d"e to the presen!e o# tra##i!!hannel po er$ The !ontri+"tion to the overall inter#eren!e level d"e to!o on !hannel po er @that is at a !onstant level is !onsidered to +e part o#the original noise level and not part o# the noise rise$ The !r"!ial /"estionregarding the !apa!ity on the do nlin% is very "!h dependent on theenviron ent o# the individ"al "sers$ In the a+ove sit"ation( a total trans itpo er o# 4; d6 o"ld a!!o odate an e'tra 9; "sers i# they ere at a lin%loss o# ?20 d6 +"t only an e'tra 24 "sers i# they are at a lin% loss o# ?40 d6$ I#the in!rease is evenly divided +et een the t o !ategories( an e'tra ;2 "sers!an +e a!!o odated$




The analysis o# this( still over.si pli#ied( s!enario is not itho"t di##i!"lty and isnot in !losed #or $ 7or ore general sit"ations here tra##i! densities arede!lared on the +asis o# land "sage @!l"tter !ategories ( a Monte Carlosi "lator o"ld +e "sed$ 5o ever( there is a tenden!y to predi!t !apa!ity ona 3trial and error +asis( hi!h is so e hat ti e !ons" ing and generally"nsatis#a!tory$A pro!ed"re is no reported here+y the !apa!ity !an +e rapidly esti ated#ro the res"lts o# one si "lation$ It relies on an esti ation o# the pole

!apa!ity o# the !ell ( )

+− /!t #13840

0 i N E b α $ The val"e o# i sho"ld +eesti ated #ro the stati! analyser or( alternatively( a general val"e o# 0$<9"sed$ A single si "lation ill res"lt in a report o# the thro"ghp"t$ This !an +edes!ri+ed as a loading #a!tor that !an in t"rn +e "sed to predi!t the noise risee'perien!ed +y a representative "ser on the do nlin%$ It is then possi+le topredi!t the noise rise that o"ld +e prod"!ed i# the a'i " tra##i! po er

ere applied to the do nlin%$

As an e'a ple( a si "lation as !ond"!ted #or a loading o# 29 @?2$2 %+it=svoi!e "sers per !ell at an 0 N E b val"e o# d6$ The tra##i! !hannel po erre/"ired #or a parti!"lar !ell re/"ired as #o"nd to +e ;;$E? d6 $ It ispossi+le to !al!"late the loading #a!tor +ased on ass" ptions that the pole

!apa!ity is given +y ( ) 77213840

0=+− i N E b α %+it=s i#α D 0$ ( i D 0$<9$ Th"s

;00 %+it=s thro"ghp"t o"ld res"lt in a loading #a!tor o# ;E that o"ldprod"!e a noise rise o# 2$?4 d6$ The po er availa+le #or tra##i! is 42$0; d6 $In order to or% o"t the e'tra !apa!ity possi+le( it is ne!essary to ans er the/"estion- 3i# ;;$E? d6 !an prod"!e a noise rise o# 2$?4 d6( hat noise rise

o"ld +e prod"!ed +y a tra##i! po er o# 42$0; d6 8 $ It "st +e +orne in

ind that the tra##i! !hannel po er o# ;;$E? d6 ill +e re!eived as ane/"ivalent o# 88.34)1log(1091.33 =+−+ iα d6 $ This ne noise rise !an +e!onverted to loading #a!tor and( hen!e( to thro"ghp"t$ A si ple ethod o#!al!"lating the ans er to this /"estion involves !al!"lating the e/"ivalenttrans itted po er o# the noise( hi!h in this !ase is e/"al to

84.36110log1088.34 1014.2 =−− d6 $ Th"s a tra##i! po er o# 42$0; d6 @re!eivedas an e/"ivalent po er o# 4;$00 d6 on!e o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e andorthogonality have +een !onsidered o"ld res"lt in a noise rise o#

( ) 10.7101log10 1084.3643 =+ −d6$ This o"ld !orrespond to a loading #a!tor o#

<0$9 ( s"ggesting a possi+le thro"ghp"t o# 22 %+it=s e/"ivalent to 92 "sers$ This is the thro"ghp"t possi+le i# the additional "sers possess a si ilar

distri+"tion o# "ser density to those in the original si "lation$ This ethodhas +een #o"nd to !orrespond !losely to that deter ined +y si "lationethods e'!epting those sit"ations here the loading is do inated +y "sers

that e'perien!e o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e val"es signi#i!antly di##erent #ro 0$<9$ This !an +e pre.deter ined +y e'a ination o# the stati! analysis o"tp"t$

'4-$Optimisation (ss)esIt is !lear that the !apa!ity on the do nlin% is heavily in#l"en!ed +y o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e on the do nlin%$ )et or% !apa!ity !an +e enhan!ed +y ens"ring

that any areas o# high de and are in lo!ations here the o"t o# !ellinter#eren!e is a ini " $ One o"tp"t that !an +e o+tained +y !ond"!ting a




si "lation is the 3pilot SIR ( that is the /"ality o# the pilot signal on!einter#eren!e #ro other !hannels on the sa e !ell has +een red"!ed thro"ghorthogonality$ 7ig"re 9 gives an e'a ple o# a plot o# Pilot SIR #or a net or% #or

hi!h the total !ell do nlin% po er as 42 d6 and the pilot po er as ;;d6 $

Pilot SIR #or a heavily loaded net or%$

Bal"es o# pilot SIR o# the order o# >9 d6 ere reported #or areas dire!tly in#ront o# one o# the antennas( "p to a distan!e o# a+o"t hal# the !ell !overagerange$ The val"e then red"!ed to appro'i ately >?2 d6 at the edge o# the!ell$ It is o# note that this is the sa e SIR that o"ld +e o+tained +y any tra##i!!hannel ith a trans it po er e/"al to the pilot @2 $ The data rate that this

!hannel !o"ld s"stain depends on the re/"ired 0 N E

b and is e/"al to0

3840 N E

SIRb

× %+it=s$ Th"s the pilot SIR array !an +e interpreted as the

thro"ghp"t possi+le at a parti!"lar val"e o# 0 N E b #or "nit po er$ This !an +ee'pressed as 3+its per se!ond per att @or +its=,o"le $ The +its per ,o"le

possi+le at any one lo!ation is given +y( )0

3840000 N E "

SIR

bTpi!ot ××

This e'pression hasthe advantage o# +eing valid #or any level o# do nlin% loading altho"gh ostinterest o"ld pro+a+ly +e paid to levels o# thro"ghp"t possi+le "nder highloading !onditions$ In pra!ti!e( an orthogonality val"e o# 0$ o"ld red"!e thee##e!t o# o n !ell inter#eren!e on the pilot SIR +y 4 d6$ Th"s the +est val"e o#

SIR that !an +e o+tained @ hen o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e and ther al noise areat negligi+le levels is >4$4 d6$ This s"ggests that val"es o# appro'i ately 220%+it= at an 0 N E b val"e o# 9 d6 are a!hieva+le in the ost #avo"ra+lelo!ations$ hat is o# !onsidera+le interest #ro a !apa!ity enhan!e entvie point is that the val"e o# SIR varies +y appro'i ately 9 d6 ith a:i "th#or a !onstant range$ Th"s( the thro"ghp"t possi+le per "nit po er !an +ee'pe!ted to vary +y a #a!tor o# ; or ore$ The lo!ation o# areas o# high "serdensity sho"ld +e served +y a )ode 6 that is not only in !lose pro'i ity +"t(#"rther( !are sho"ld +e ta%en ith regard to the a:i "th o# the antennas o#ea!h !ell to ini ise the o"t o# !ell inter#eren!e e'perien!ed in these areas$




'4-4 oncl)sions/"ations here+y the !apa!ity o# the do nlin% o# a UMTS net or% !an +e

esti ated #or di ensioning p"rposes have +een p"t #or ard$ These e/"ationshave +een validated +y !o paring esti ates ith val"es o+tained "sing aMonte Carlo si "lator$ sti ates !an +e o+tained #or !ells here either all"sers are identi!al or( alternatively( the "ser distri+"tion is "ni#or thro"gho"tthe net or%$ In !ases here the "ser distri+"tion is non."ni#or ( theesti ates are li%ely to +e!o e less a!!"rate$ An additional ethod that is

ore s"ita+le #or these sit"ations has +een e'plained$ This involves "singin#or ation #ro a Monte Carlo si "lator in order to esti ate the possi+lethro"ghp"t hen the tra##i! !hannel po er on the do nlin% is a a'i " $

.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink'overage versus 'a%acity

FThe concept o the Kidentical userL.

Identical#

F<it Rate

F3b%NoF$ath loss

FOrthogonality

FInter erence




.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink

( ) ( )!nt

11 R

L

Tcom

L

&ser N "

L "

L N"

" +−+−+ α α


F$ower Received by each user#

$ Tcom

$ user

N-/KotherusersL

<it Rate

3b%No

$ath loss

Orthogonality

$ Rint

i L

N" "

L

&ser Tcom +=

.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink.)rther Anal*sis of the 2o,nlink

( ) ( ) ( ) RW

" L " N

L "

" L

" N E

R L&ser LTcom N L

&ser b

+−−

+−

+

=!nt0

111 α α


F3b%No delivered to each user#

Total Transmitted $ower

Tcom&ser " N" +




&apacit* +s- ink oss&apacit* +s- ink oss

/*5'.(*/'&

))

5>

*5

*5

Ma9imumusers or 5)

d<m T9$ower

5/.*)/5'

)>.))/5&

) .*>/('

) .*(//&

T9 $ower or(' users

6d<m7

0in; 0oss6d<7

dBm102 D /!t #12200 dBmD36

dBD6 + D6.0 D6.0 0

−===

=== N Tcom

b

" R "

E iα

#ownlin Analysis

RapidB Approximate MethodRapidB Approximate Method

F As $ user is allowed to approach in inity#

( )i N E

W RN b +−

≈α 1

0

FThe K$ole CapacityL.

#ownlin Analysis





FIdentical ?sers will e9perience identical noise rise.

F Noise rise can be converted to throughput.

F :e can predict the noise rise or given circumstances.

&

'

/&

/'

(&

('

& &.( &.5 &.* &.= / /.(

#ownlin Analysis


( )( )i " L "

L " i "

Tcom L N

L N T +−+

++−α

α 1

1ma=

:e can predict the noise rise or given circumstances.

The ma9imum noise rise that can be produced is

Then! capacity is given by

( )( ) L N T

TcomT

b L " i " " "

N E W

"% ++−

−=−α 1

.!#" +o!#"11

ma

ma

0

#ownlin Analysis




Effect of ink oss on &apacit*Effect of ink oss on &apacit*

There is a ma9imum capacity at low levels o lin; loss.

,igh transmit power allows this capacity to be

approached at signi icant levels o lin; loss.

&

(&&

5&&

*&&

=&&

/&&&

/(&&

/(& /)& /5& /'& /*&

ink oss @d1

& a p a c

i t * @ k % i t " s A

4) d<m 45& d<m 45) d<m 45* d<m

#ownlin Analysis

Maxim)m &apacit*Maxim)m &apacit*

At negligible levels o lin; loss! the e9pression or noise

rise becomes

TcomT

" " ma=

( )/!t #1.

1

3840

ma0

−

+− T

Tcom

b " "

i N E α

And capacity can be estimated rom

#ownlin Analysis




Maxim)m &apacit*Maxim)m &apacit*

I is ta;en to be i9ed at! or e9ample! '!

then capacity is given by

Tcom

T

"

" ma=

( )/!t #

1

3072

0i N

E b +−α

And ma9imum capacity can be estimated rom

#ownlin Analysis

Effect of Orthogonalit*Effect of Orthogonalit*

+raph shows the e ect o orthogonality on the

downlin; capacity or a lin; loss o /5' d< and i set at

&.*.

&

(&&

5&&

*&&

=&&

/&&&

/(&&

& &.( &.5 &.* &.= /

Orthogonalit*

& a p a c

i t * @ k % i t " s A

<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m

#ownlin Analysis




Effect of O)tEffect of O)t 99of of 99&ell (nterference&ell (nterference

+raph shows the e ect o variations in the value o i on

the downlin; capacity or a lin; loss o /5' d< and

orthogonality o &.*.

&(&&5&&*&&=&&

/&&&/(&&/5&&

& &.5 &.= /.( /.* (

O)t of &ell (nterference

& a p a c

i t * @ k % i t " s A

<T1 $ower# ) d<m 5& d<m 5) d<m 5* d<m

#ownlin Analysis

Extending the ?alidit*Extending the ?alidit* L L The E+enl*The E+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork

1o ar! Kidentical usersL have been considered.

Consideration is now given to an evenly loaded

networ;.Crucially! is there a

representative value

o lin; loss and out-o -

cell inter erence that

can be used to

estimate downlin;

capacity

#ownlin Analysis




Extending the ?alidit*Extending the ?alidit*

39perimentation with Monte

Carlo simulation suggeststhat#

The e ective value o lin; loss

is 5 d< less than that to the

edge o the cell.

The e ective out-o -cell

inter erence ratio is &.='.

Ma9 throughput /!t #24 8

0 N E b

#ownlin Analysis

Extending the ?alidit*Extending the ?alidit* 99 An ExampleAn ExampleNetwor; o cells with lin;

loss to edge o /)) d<.Ma9imum throughput on

downlin; at 3b%No o d<is 5*& ;bit%s or 5) d<mtransmit power.

Note#

$ole Capacity */) ;bit%s

I (& o power is orcommon channels then

Ma9 throughput 5>& ;bit%s

#ownlin Analysis




UplinkUplink 992o,nlink 1alance2o,nlink 1alance

/!t #24 8

0 N E b Appro9imate "ownlin; $ole Capacity

Appro9imate ?plin; $ole Capacity

Initial e9pectation is that loading actors will be higheron the downlin;.

?plin; "iversity and M,A will avour the uplin;.

/!t #2400

0 N E b

#ownlin Analysis

The Une+enl*The Une+enl* 99loaded 3et,orkloaded 3et,ork

The situation is complicated by the act that di erent

users e9perience di erent levels o noise rise.

8or e9ample! consider the case where there are (5

voice users! split into two! equal groups.

F0in; loss /(& d<

Fi &.)FNR (./ d<

F0in; loss /5& d<

Fi /.&FNR /.5 d<

#ownlin Analysis





8or a more general

situation! the

ma9imum capacity is

o ten determined

using a Monte Carlo

simulator on a trial

and error basis.

#ownlin Analysis


,owever! i the pole capacity is estimated rom

Then a single simulation result can be used to estimate

the ma9imum downlin; capacity.

Reports rom the simulation include downlin; tra ic

channel power and throughput.

( )i N E b +−α 1

3840

0

#ownlin Analysis





As an e9ample! it was ound that a cell supported )&&

;bit%s at an 3b%No value o * d< using )).> d<m otra ic channel power.

$ole Capacity estimated at ( ;bit%s.

,ence representative noise rise estimated as (./5 d<.

5( d<m o tra ic channel power is available.

:hat noise rise 6and hence throughput7 would this

cause

#ownlin Analysis


I )).> d<m causes (./5 d< o noise rise then 5( d<m

would cause ./ d< o noise rise.

0oading actor o =& .

Resulting throughput o *(( ;bit%s at an 3b%No value o *

d<.

Tested with Monte Carlo simulation and ound to be

valid or general situations where the distribution o the

new load was similar to the e9isting load.

#ownlin Analysis






8or heavily concentrated Khot spotL situations. A static

analysis can result in an estimate or downlin; valueso i.

#ownlin Analysis

Optimising Thro)ghp)tOptimising Thro)ghp)t L L )sing Pilot S(R)sing Pilot S(R

The value o i in luences

throughput. Any hotspots

should be located where i islow. 39amining the $ilot

1IR as part o a static

analysis when the networ;

is heavily loaded will

indicate the throughput

possible.

#ownlin Analysis






I the pilot is at 4)) d<m! the 1IR

reported will be that or any tra icchannel with the same power.

This in luences throughput.

3.g. 1IR -* d< target 3b%No 5 d<

Ma9imum throughput or )) d<m

)=5 ;bit%s.

/>( ;bit%s%watt 6/>( ;bit%V7.

#ownlin Analysis


$ilot 1IR varies between -'

d< and -/( d<.

;bit%V parameter varies by a

actor o '.

Re-directing antennas can

cause variation by a actor

o ) or more.

#ownlin Analysis






F "ownlin; capacity can be estimated or dimensioning

purposes.

F 3stimates compared with Monte Carlo simulator

predictions.

F 3stimates less accurate where networ; is not evenly

loaded. 1imulations can lead to a more accurate

estimate.

F 1ite location and antenna aJimuth have ;ey role in

optimising downlin; throughput.

#ownlin Analysis





'5 Practical Sim)lation

'5-' Exercise )sing M8AGs

&ase St)d*&ase St)d* 99 M8AM8A

F Networ; Cluster o sites! large regionputting pressure on coverage

F ) sector sites

F 1tandard voice users

F 1ite AF ?plin; limited

F Noise Rise not pressured

F Node < power plenty

'ase Study - Advanced




'5-'-' 3et,ork ,ith no M8AGsUplin% +=)o #ail"res denote high pathloss #or U s$





'5-'- (nsert M8A at centre of net,ork*e#ined !entral area$




'5-'-# All sites ,ith M8AGs




'5- 2o,nlink imited case L M8AGs

'5- -' 2o,nlink limited case for net,ork ,itho)t M8AGs




'5- - M8A applied to all sites

)o sol"tion #or this type o# pro+le




'5-# Transmit 2i+ersit*

'5-#-' ?oice Traffic L 3O Tx di+ersit*




'5-#- $/k%ps Ser+ice L 3O Tx di+ersit*




'5-#-# Tx 2i+ersit* ?oice Ser+ice




'5-#-/ Tx 2i+ersit* $/k%ps Ser+ice




'5-#-! Tx and Rx 2i+ersit* Applied L ?oice Ser+ice




'5-#-$ Tx and Rx 2i+ersit* Applied to $/k%ps Ser+ice




'6 Meas)ring S)ccess

'6-' )stomer .oc)s

&)stomer .oc)s&)stomer .oc)sF Residential Customer

F Important to get the message delivered

F Always on Internet

F 1implicity o use o application

F <usiness Customer F "etailed service level agreements! 10A@s

F Availability or coverage de ined

F Customisation o inter ace

F Customer mi9%clutter will become highly diversi ied

($I




&)stomer Experience >ap&)stomer Experience >ap

F The customer e9perience gap is the di erence between

what the customer wanted and what they got.

F There is a semantic disparity between what is good or theservice provider and what is good or the customer.

F The problem is#

F $arameters that are easy or networ;s to measure do nottranslate well into parameters that are understood by thecustomer

F $arameters that are readily understood by the customer arenot easy or the networ; specialist to measure.

($I

'6- He* ;)alit* (ndicators H;(Gs

He* ;)alit* (ndicatorsHe* ;)alit* (ndicators L L H;(GsH;(GsF E2I@s provide a measurement o a speci ic aspect o per ormance

F The E2I measurement draws onF Eey $er ormance Indicators E$I@s

F E2I@s provide or an end-to-end service measurement

F Reasons or end-to-endF Retain high value customers

F Regulation requires a measure on quality 6 end-to-end 7

F 1ervice levels are being set by regulators

F Introduction o value added services! require these ) rd party vendors tobe monitored.

($I





He* ;)alit* (ndicatorsHe* ;)alit* (ndicators L L H;(GsH;(GsF E2I@s can be divided into ( types

F 1ervice E2I@s

F $roduct E2I@s

F Networ; 3lements provide networ; per ormance data

F This data is collected to orm E$I@s

F The E$I@s are used to produce 1ervice E2Is

F 1ervice E2Is are used as primary input or internal%partner 10As

F 1ervice E2Is provide the main source o data or $roduct E2Is

F $roduct E2Is support the contractual 10As with the customer

($I

'6-# He* Performance (ndicators HP(Gs

He* Performance (ndicatorsHe* Performance (ndicators L L HP(GsHP(Gs

F E$I@s are calculated rom active measurements

F )+$$ standards de ine the ?3 and ?TRAN measurements ta;en

F E$I@s will gather these measurements and calculate an average valueF Average ?plin; 0oad

($I

∑∑= RSSI

" Load #p!ink Avera/e tx




'6-/ Meas)rements

Meas)rementsMeas)rementsF The ?TRAN may control a measurement in the ?3 either

F <y broadcast o 1H1T3M IN8ORMATIONF And%or by transmitting a M3A1?R3M3NT CONTRO0 message.

F The ollowing in ormation is used to control the ?3 measurements

F Meas)rement identit* # A re erence number that should be used bythe ?TRAN when setting up! modi ying or releasing the measurementand by the ?3 in the measurement report.

F Meas)rement command # / o ) di erent measurement commands.F 1etup# 1etup a new measurement.F Modi y# Modi y a previously de ined measurement! e.g. to

change the reporting criteria.F Release# 1top a measurement and clear all in ormation in the

?3 that are related to that measurement.

F Meas)rement t*pe

($I




Meas)rement T*peMeas)rement T*peF (ntra9fre<)enc* meas)rements

F downlin; physical channels at the same requency as the active set.F (nter9fre<)enc* meas)rements

F downlin; physical channels at requencies that di er rom the requency o the activeset and on downlin; physical channels in the active set.

F (nter9RAT meas)rements

F downlin; physical channels belonging to another radio access technology e.g. +1M.

F Traffic +ol)me meas)rements

F uplin; tra ic volume.

F ;)alit* meas)rements

F downlin; quality parameters! e.g. downlin; transport bloc; error rate.

F A measurement ob ect corresponds to one transport channel in the case o <03R.

F UE9internal meas)rements

F ?3 transmission power and ?3 received signal level.

F UE positioning meas)rements

F A measurement ob ect corresponds to one cell.

($I

Meas)rement &ontrol MessagesMeas)rement &ontrol Messages

F :ithin the measurement reporting criteria ield in theMeasurement Control message the ?TRAN noti ies the ?3 whichevents should trigger a measurement report.

F The listed events are the toolbo9 rom which the ?TRANF the reporting events are needed or handover evaluation unction!

F or other radio networ; unctions.

F The measurement quantities are measured on the monitoredprimary common pilot channels 6C$IC,7 o the cell de ined in themeasurement ob ect.

($I




UE Meas)rementsUE Meas)rementsF The re erence point or these measurements is at the antenna connector o

the ?3

F Antenna +ain

F <ody 0oss

F C$IC, R1C$ 6 Received 1ignal Code $ower 7 -//5 d<m

F $CC$C, R1C$ 6 handover to T"" only 7

F ?TRA carrier R11I 6 Received 1ignal 1trength Indicator 7

F Reporting range -/&& to -(' d<m

F +1M carrier R11IF Range as speci ied in T1 5'.&&=! RG03 at - &d<m

F C$IC, 3c%Io

F Reporting range -(5 to & d<

($I

#>PP TS !-'## +ersion /-6-0 Release / page !$95'

&alc)lated 2&alc)lated 2 PathlossPathloss

F $athloss in d< $rimary C$IC, T9 power - C$IC, R1C$.F $rimary C$IC, T9 power the unit is d<m.

F C$IC, R1C$ the unit is d<m.

F I necessary $athloss shall be rounded up to the ne9t higher integer.F Results higher than /'= shall be reported as /'=.

F Results lower than 5* shall be reported as 5*.

($I

So)rce TS !-##' section '/-'




UE Meas)rementsUE Meas)rementsF Transport Channel <03R

F 3stimate o the transport channel bloc; error rate.

F CRC chec;ing

F 3stimated over time D range & to /

F 1ynchronisation

F 18N-C8N observed time di erence! range & to >=)&5&& chip

F 18N-18N observed time di erence! range & to >=)&5&& chip

F ?3 R9-T9 time di erence! range *= to /(=& chip

F ?3 Transmitted $ower 6 Total on one carrier 7

F Range -'& to 4)) d<m

($I

UE Transmitted Po,er TestUE Transmitted Po,er TestF 39ample o test procedure speci ied in

F T1 ('./)) version 5.>.& Release 5 page /)=

($I

&.&/Target quality value on "TC, <03R

On$ower Control

"0 Re erence Measurement - Channel /(.( ;bps"C, parameters

?al)eParameter

A:+N$ropagation Condition

-/) d<C$IC,]3c%Io

- &dBm 3.84*E@oc

& d<o$ oc

OCN1 other cell noise source Note (

"$C,]3c%Ior Note/

-/' d<$IC,]3c%Ior

-/( d<1C,]3c%Ior

-/( d<$CC$C,]3c%Ior

-/& d<C$IC,]3c%Ior

&ell 'Parameter

Note /# The "$C, level is controlled by the power control loopNote (# The power o the OCN1 channel that is added shall ma;e t he totalpower rom the cell to be equal to I or




UE Transmitted Po,er TestUE Transmitted Po,er Test

F 1et the ?3 power and Ma9imum allowed ?0 TG power to

the ma9imum power or that ?3 power class.

F 1end continuously during the entire test ?p power controlcommands to the ?3.

F Measure the output power o the ?3. The output powershall be averaged over the transmit one timeslot.

F Chec; that the reported ?3 transmitted power is within thespeci ied range.

F "ecrease the Ma9imum allowed ?0 TG power with / d<and signal the new value to the ?3.

F Repeat rom step )7 until the entire speci ied range or the?3 transmitted power measurement has been tested!F the accuracy requirement or the ?3 transmitted power

measurement is speci ied /&d< below the ma9imum poweror the ?3 power class.

($I

UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rementsF Received total wide band power

F I receive diversity is being used then ta;e the average o the power

F Measurement period /&&ms

F Range is -//(d<m to -'&d<m

F 1ignal to Inter erence Ratio 1IR

F Measured on a "$CC, D "edicated $hysical Control Channel

F 6R1C$ % I1C$7 9 18F R1C$ - Received 1ignal Code $ower 6o one code7

F I1C$ - Inter erence 1ignal Code $ower

F 18 D 1preading 8actor ('*

F Measurement period =&ms

F Range -// to (& d<

($I

So)rce TS !-'##




UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rements

F 1ignal to Inter erence Ratio 1IR

F Measured on a "$CC, D "edicated $hysical Control Channel

F 6R1C$ % I1C$7 9 18

F R1C$ - Received 1ignal Code $ower 6o one code7

F I1C$ - Inter erence 1ignal Code $ower

F 18 D 1preading 8actor ('*


F Range -// to (& d<

($I

Measuredquantity value

Reported value

(&.& = 1IR d<?TRAN]1IR]*)

/>.' = 1IR Y (&.& d<?TRAN]1IR]*(

/>.& =1IR Y />.' d<?TRAN]1IR]*/

WW.

-/&.' =1IR Y -/&.& d<?TRAN]1IR]&(

-//.& = 1IR Y -/&.' d<?TRAN]1IR]&/

1IR Y -//.& d<?TRAN]1IR]&&

UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rementsF 1IR error 1IR D 1IR target


F Accuracy ^)d<

F Range -)/ to )/ d<

($I

)/.& = 1IR error d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]/('

)&.' = 1IR error Y )/.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]/(5

)&.& = 1IR error Y )&.' d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]/()

W W W

&.&= 1IR error Y &.' d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&*)

-&.' = 1IR error Y &.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&*(

W W W

-)&.' = 1IR error Y -)&.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&&(

-)/.& = 1IR error Y -)&.' d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&&/

1IR error Y -)/.& d<?TRAN]1IR]3RROR]&&&

Meas)red <)antit* +al)eReported +al)e




UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rementsF Transmitted carrier power

F Ratio o total transmitted power on one "0 carrier to the ma9imum possible

power o this "0 carrier! range & to /&&


F Transmitted code power

F Measurement o the "$CC, ield o any dedicated radio lin;


F Range -/& to 5* d<m

F Re lects the power on the pilot bits o the "$CC, ield

F Transmitted channel <3R D range & to /

F $hysical channel <3R D range & to /

($I

UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rements

($I

F 18N-18N observed time di erence D 1ynchronisation

F Measurement period /&& ms

F Range -/>(&& to />(&& chip

F Round trip time

F RTT T r9 D Tt9

F Tr9 D time o reception o "$CC,%"$"C, rom ?3

F Tt9 D time o transmission o "0 "$C, to a ?3


F Range = *.&&&& to (>().= '& chip




UTRA3 Meas)rementsUTRA3 Meas)rements($I

F$RAC,%$C$C, $ropagation delay

F One-way propagation delay o either $RAC, or $C$C,

F $rop "elay 6T r9- Tt9 D ('*&7%(

F Tr9 D time when $RAC, message rom ?3 arrives! a ter

AIC, arrives

F Tt9 D time when AIC, is transmitted

F ('*& length o AIC,

F "ivide by ( gives one-way propagation

F Only RAC, messages with correct CRC will be considered

F Range & to *' chip




0 2ri+e Test Meas)rements

0-' The concept of 2ri+e Testing

2ri+e Test2ri+e TestF $re-construction phase

F $rimary use o drive testing is to validate a propagation model

F $ost-constructionF Test or coverage

F Measure $ilot strength

F Inter-cell Inter erence D i

F Number o so t handover channels 6 active set siJe 7

F 3 ective loading o cells

F <ig problem

#rive Test Measurement




2ri+e Test E<)ipment2ri+e Test E<)ipment

F 1ome equipment suppliersF Anritsu

F http#%%www.eu.anritsu.com


F$ortability and ease o setup prove to be thestrongest points o the Anritsu scanner.

FThe Anritsu scanner was very simple to set up

FThe in ormation collected! although limited toR1C$! 3c%Io and 1IR measurements or up to )(received scrambling codes.

FThe receiver sensitivity was ound to be betterthan that o the Agilent scanner- measuring R1C$signal levels as low as -/((d<m.

2ri+e Test E<)ipment2ri+e Test E<)ipment

F 1ome equipment suppliersF Agilent

F http#%%we.home.agilent.com%


FThe e9tensive amount o output in ormation

F Although more complicated in terms o setup

F Agilent scanner provides the user with moremeasured in ormation and additional graphical

unctionality.

F A strong solution but has limited sensitivity andis not hand portable.





2ri+e Test Planning2ri+e Test Planning

F $re-planning o drive test routesF Enowledge o networ;

F1ite location

F1ite con iguration

F Enowledge o location

FTowns

FTerrain

F Operator ;nown issues

F+1M problem areas


0- Test mo%ile Meas)rementsPre.planning o# drive test ro"tes is essential prior to any a!tive testing$ Lo!al

%no ledge o# the environ ent( ith pro+le areas highlighted ill prod"!e+etter res"lts$ Ta%e noti!e o# terrain( and pop"lation density ie to ns$ Cons"ltprevio"s or% ay+e #or 1SM drive tests( and pi!% o"t relevant areas$

*rive tests ill have to +e repeated at di##erent ti es o# day and days o# theee% i# a!!"rate i pressions o# the tra##i! and radio !hara!teristi!s are to +e

gained$ Jo" ay also need to repeat drive tests i# +"ilding or% is on.goingand seasonal variations in tra##i! is e'pe!ted$ 7or e'a ple to"rists and spe!ialevents ill !hange ho the net or% is loaded$

;g > UMTS=C*MA is a "lti.appli!ation plat#or and as s"!h varying de andsare pla!ed on the net or% hen di##erent appli!ations are "sed$




TestTest 99mo%ile Meas)rementsmo%ile Meas)rements

F A ;nown C$IC, transmit power incon unction with the C$IC, R1C$ and?TRA carrier R11I would allow thecalculation o pathloss to the cell andallow an estimation o cell dominance inidle mode.

F 3stimate o the orthogonality o thedownlin; is still problematic

F "rive test data is essential to validatepropagation models.


2ri+e Test Meas)rements2ri+e Test Meas)rements

F $rediction AssessmentF Test Site &omparison

F Comparison o model against drive test measurements o site not used inthe calibration process

F 2ri+es +s- Predicted 1est Ser+er F Comparison between predicted and measured best servers

F 2ri+es +s- Predicted Pilot Poll)tionF Comparison between predicted and measured pilot pollution





F Test 1ite Comparison

F "rive Test data compared with )g calibration tool

F Analysis should provide both mean and standard deviation agreement

F 8or e9ample D Mean error o /.=d< D 1." o .> D Is a good practical it

F "rives vs. $redicted <est 1erver F 39poses discrepancies with map data and local eatures

F Mud ban;s! roc;s!

F 39poses limitations in antenna models and propagation model

F "rives vs. $redicted $ilot $ollutionF :ill highlight regions o multipath inter erence! di icult to calculate


2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis

F 1uggested Improvements

F ?se o multiple propagation models or terrain.

F 8lat areas

F ,illy areas

F ?rban areas

F Accurate clutter de inition

F "rive test to be repeated in some areas where ma or discrepancies occur


2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis2ri+e Test Meas)rements Anal*sis




TestTest 99mo%ile Meas)rementsmo%ile Meas)rementsF The commonly identi ied E$Is are not in themselves appropriate or

pre-launch optimisation and acceptance

F Test-mobile measurements! depending on the availability oengineering mobiles! should allow measurement o #

F C$IC, and $-CC$C, availability

F "C, - "edicated channel "0 per ormance

F Cell dominance

F Active set siJe

F Required ?0 T9 $ower

F These measurements would be possible under both loaded andunloaded conditions


0-#(nterpretation of Meas)rements

It is not s"##i!ient to %no hat eas"re ents !an +e ade$ The opti isationengineer needs to +e a+le to interpret eas"re ents to identi#y pro+le s(!hoose the ost appropriate eas"re to re!ti#y the pro+le ( and identi#y the+est ethod #or enhan!ing net or% per#or an!e$ This ill o#ten entail ta%ing an" +er o# HPI s in !on,"n!tion$ 7or e'a ple( it is o#ten ne!essary to %no the!ondition o# the "plin% and o# the do nlin% hen !hoosing +et een alternativeproposed ethods o# net or% opti isation$

7or e'a ple( a drive test in "nderta%en d"ring the +"sy ho"r in a live net or%$ The test ro"te is ?00 etres in length along a ro"te s"!h that the distan!e to thenearest !ell re ains appro'i ately !onstant$ The #ollo ing HPIs are e'tra!ted#ro the eas"red data$




!=)o Serving Cell .?? d6!=)o )eigh+o"r ? .20 d6!=)o )eigh+o"r 2 .22 d6

Average Uplin% Channel Po er 2?$4 d6Average *o nlin% Total Tra##i! Channel Po er ;E$ d6

)ote the a'i " "plin% !hannel po er is 2; d6 and the a'i " totaldo nlin% !hannel po er is 42 d6 $

hat !an an intelligent loo% at s"!h res"lts reveal8 7irstly( the !ell is "nderstress @ hi!h is pro+a+ly hy the drive test as per#or ed $ e !an see #rothe pilot eas"re ents that there is only one do inant serving !ell$ e arenear the edge o# the !ell #ro the "plin% !overage vie point @dangero"sly near

,"dging +y the "plin% po er levels re!orded $ Let "s ass" e that the reason #or

!arrying o"t the drive test as +e!a"se !overage levels ere reported as poor inthis parti!"lar road$ hat ethods o"ld yo" re!o end #or i proving this!overage8

e sho"ld !onsider the !ost.+ene#it i pli!ations o# any possi+le sol"tions-

Additional Site Bery e'pensive > last resortMast 5ead A pli#ier Cheapest Sol"tion > pro+a+lyUplin% *iversity More e'pensive than M5A +"t

!apa!ity +ene#its

I# e narro do n the possi+ility to either installing an M5A or i ple enting"plin% diversity e need to esta+lish the +ene#its that ea!h o"ld +ring$ hen!onsidering UL diversity( the possi+ility o# in!reasing !apa!ity "st +e assessed$In this !ir!" stan!e a load ill +e trans#erred to the do nlin%$ 5o ever( thedata re!eived sho s that the do nlin% tra##i! po er is near its li it and that thedo nlin% o"ld +e!o e the li iting #a!tor i# UL diversity as i ple ented$ TheM5A appears to +e an attra!tive( rapid( relatively !heap sol"tion > +"t > o"ld it

or%8 It is possi+le #or the M5A to o##er no i prove ent at all$ Re e +er thata M5A only o##ers i prove ent i# there is a noise pro+le to start ith( pro+a+ly!a"sed +y high #eeder loss$ I# s"!h !ir!" stan!es e'ist( then an i prove ent o#a+o"t 2 d6 !an +e e'pe!ted @an e'a!t !al!"lation is possi+le $ This level o#i prove ent sho"ld reveal itsel# thro"gh a s"+se/"ent drive test ith the U

trans it po er +eing lo er than +e#ore the M5A as installed$

Alternative sol"tions- a still.!heaper sol"tion o"ld +e to si ply red"!e the)oise Rise li it o# the !ell +y 2 d6 or so$ It is signi#i!ant that the test as done atthe +"sy ti e o# day hen the !ell )oise Rise level o"ld +e at or near its li it$Red"!ing the li it ill have a !overage +ene#it +"t ill red"!e the !apa!ity$ It isi portant to realise that the a o"nt +y hi!h it red"!es the !apa!ity depends onthe original setting$ I# the original setting as ; d6 then red"!ing it +y 2 d6

o"ld red"!e the a'i " loading #a!tor #ro 90 to 2? $ I# ho ever theoriginal setting as ?0 d6 then the loading #a!tor red"!tion o"ld +e #ro E0to <4 ( a "!h less severe red"!tion$ I# !overage is !r"!ial to the area "ndertest and is +eing ,"dged as "nsatis#a!tory( this ight ell +e the short ter

sol"tion to adopt hilst an M5A is ordered and installed$




(nterpretation of Meas)rements(nterpretation of Meas)rements

F It is not su icient to ;now what measurements can be made.

F The optimisation engineer needs to be able to interpret measurements

F This will o ten entail ta;ing a number o E$I@s in con unction.

F 8or e9ample! lets imagine a drive test

F The test route is /&& metres in length along a route such that the distance to thenearest cell remains appro9imately constant.

F The ollowing E$Is are e9tracted rom the measured data.


;E$ d6Average *o&nlin% Total Tra##i!Channel Po&er

2?$4 d6Average Uplin% Channel Po&er.22 d6!= )o )eigh+o"r 2

.20 d6!= )o )eigh+o"r ?

.?? d6!= )o Serving Cell

Fma9imum uplin; channel power is () d<m

Fma9imum total downlin; channel power is 5( d<m.

(nterpretation of Meas)rements(nterpretation of Meas)rementsF The cell is under stress

F ?plin; power is close to ma9imum

F There is only one dominant serving cell.

F $ilot levels o other cells are much lower than main cell

F :e are near the edge o the cell rom the uplin; coverage viewpoint

F ?plin; power is close to ma9imum

F 0et us assume that the reason or carrying out the drive test was because

coverage levels were reported as poor on this particular road.

F :hat methods would you recommend or improving this coverage





(nterpretation of Meas)rements(nterpretation of Meas)rementsF Mast head Ampli ier

F Only reduces eeder loss and can introduce "0 problems due to insertion loss

F Transmit "iversity

F :ill increase load on "0 and with ast moving tra ic has little e ect.

F Additional 1ite

F ery e9pensive option and should be last on list

F Reduce Noise Rise 0imit

F Reduction o noise rise limit will increase coverage but will reduce total

capacity.


0-#-' Using Meas)rements to ?alidate (mpro+ementsLet "s no !onsider a di##erent sit"ation$ S"ppose e are +"ilding a net or% to!over a !ity.!entre area$ Site density is going to +e high and so !overage ill not+e a pro+le $ e are in an inter#eren!e.li ited sit"ation$ 6e#ore the net or% iss it!hed on( it is s"ggested that the i prove ent that !an +e e'pe!ted #roi ple enting "plin% diversity sho"ld +e investigated$ A!!ordingly( a drive test is!arried o"t itho"t diversity and then repeated ith diversity a!tivated on the"plin%$ e are to !on#ir that the diversity re!eiver is or%ing !orre!tly and(#"rther( e are to !o ent on the i prove ent that ill +e o##ered +y s"!h anet or%$

The pro+le is one o# !he!%ing that a red"!tion in "plin% T' po er res"lts #roena+ling diversity( then "sing s"!h res"lts to predi!t an in!rease in !apa!ity$ I#

e are in a sit"ation here !overage is not an iss"e( then the i prove ent in"plin% !apa!ity ill +e in proportion to the red"!tion in re/"ired trans it po er$7or e'a ple( i# the red"!tion is an average o# ;$9 d6( then e !an ass" e thatthe target +=)o red"!tion is also ;$9 d6$ This is a ratio o# 2$2 and a !apa!ityi prove ent +y a #a!tor o# 2$2 !o"ld +e e'pe!ted$ Re e +er( M5A s o"ld dono good hatever in this sit"ation as they do not in!rease the pole !apa!ity$5o ever( the /"estion "st +e as%ed regarding the do nlin% !apa!ity$ O"rprevio"s analysis @se!tion ?2 s"ggests that the do nlin% ay ell prove to +ethe li iting #a!tor in s"!h a sit"ation$ Again( do nlin% eas"re ents !an +e p"tto good "se$




0-#- omparing Uplink and 2o,nlink apacit*I# the net or% is /"iet( then the "plin% loading #a!tor eas"red +y the UTRA)sho"ld +e a relia+le indi!ator o# "plin% !apa!ity in ter s o# si ilar "sers to thesingle "ser !ond"!ting the drive test$ On the do nlin%( it !an +e ass" ed thatthe do nlin% T' po er as re/"ired to over!o e the inter#eren!e e##e!t o# the!o on and pilot po ers$S"ppose the data availa+le( hen there is a single "ser present on the net or%(sho ed the #ollo ing average levels @ itho"t diversity +eing i ple ented $

*o nlin%-

o Pilot ;; d6

o Tra##i! Channel 20 d6

o Total Trans it po er ;G d6

Uplin%-o Loading #a!tor 4

The "plin% re!ord si ply s"ggests that( at pole !apa!ity( 29 !onne!tions !o"ld +eade$ On the do nlin%( at lo levels o# path loss it is reasona+le to ignore

ther al noise$ The tra##i! !hannel po er to total trans it po er ratio is .?G d6$?G d6 is 90 as a ratio$ This p"ts a pole !apa!ity o# 90 !hannels on the do nlin%$5o ever( i# e have a !onstant trans ission at ;G d6 ( and the a'i "total trans it po er is 4; d6 ( then the a'i " noise rise on the do nlin% ill+e d6 and the a'i " loading #a!tor G9 $ This p"ts a li it o# ;<si "ltaneo"s !onne!tions$I# this as the !ase( e !an say that e are in an "plin%.li ited sit"ation @i#si "ltaneo"s tra##i! is to +e "sed +"t i ple enting UL diversity ight ell leadto a do"+ling o# "plin% !apa!ity that o"ld reverse the sit"ation and a%e itdo nlin% li ited$

0-/ Using Meas)red 2ataOne o# the +iggest ;1PP do!" ents is TS29$;;? v4$?0 Release 4( RadioReso"r!e Control RRC proto!ol spe!i#i!ation$ At E42 pages this isn t ado!" ent that yo" print o"t and have sitting on yo"r des%$ e are going to"se this do!" ent as an online re#eren!e and investigate drive test essage#lo data$




S*stem (nformation Str)ct)reS*stem (nformation Str)ct)re

F Measurement data which can be recorded are in the orm o message lows.

F These message lows indicate which bloc;s o in ormation have beentransmitted and rom which channel.

F <roadcasy In ormation is organised into a structure

F Master In ormation <loc; MI<F 1cheduling <loc; 1<

F 1ystem In ormation <loc; 1I<


1C,3"?0IN+]<0OCE]/<CC,/&#55#(5.''5RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/&#55#(5.'&5RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]/<CC,/&#55#(5.5'5RRC"

MA1T3R]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE<CC,/&#55#(5.5/5RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/&#55#(5.)=5RRC"

S*stem (nformation 1locksS*stem (nformation 1locks S(1GsS(1Gs

F /= 1I<@s de ined by 3T1I T1 ('.))/ Release 5F Type /

F NA1 system in ormation as well as ?3 Timers and counters

F Type (F ?RA identity

F Type )F $arameters or cell selection and re-selection

F Type 5

F 1ame as Type ) but in connected modeF Type '

F $arameters or con iguration o common physical channels

F Type *F 1ame as Type ' but in connected mode





S*stem (nformation 1locksS*stem (nformation 1locks S(1GsS(1Gs

F /= 1I<@s de ined by 3T1I T1 ('.))/ Release 5F Type

F 8ast changing parameters or ?0 inter erence

F Type =F Only or 8"" D static C$C, in ormation to be used in the cell

F Type >F Only or 8"" -- C$C, in ormation to be used in the cell

F Type /&F Only 8"" D ?sed by ?3@s having their "C, controlled by a "RAC.

F "RAC

F Type //

F Contains measurement control in ormation to be used in the cell

F Type /(F 1ame as Type // but in connected mode


S*stem (nformation 1locksS*stem (nformation 1locks S(1GsS(1GsF /= 1I<@s de ined by 3T1I T1 ('.))/ Release 5

F Type /)F ?sed or AN1I-5/

F Type /5F Only T""

F Type /'F ?3 positioning method or e9ample +$1

F Type /*

F Radio bearer! transport channel and physical channel parameters to bestored by ?3 or use during ,andover ,O

F Type /F Only T""

F Type /=F Contains $0MN identities o neighbouring cells





Example #g Message .lo,Example #g Message .lo,

F 39erciseF Chec; the 1I<@s with the descriptions in the 3T1I T1 ('.))/ document

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/&#55#('.&)'RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/&#55#(5.>='RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/&#55#(5.>)'RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]/=<CC,/&#55#(5.=='RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]<CC,/&#55#(5.=''RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3])<CC,/&#55#(5.=('RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3](<CC,/&#55#(5. >'RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<C,<CC,]<C,/&#55#(5. 'RRC"

1H1T3M]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE]TH$3]/<CC,/&#55#(5. ('RRC"

MA1T3R]IN8ORMATION]<0OCE<CC,/&#55#(5.* 'RRC"



F In this segment a call is establishedF Chec; the 1I<@s with the descriptions in the 3T1I T1 ('.))/ document

RA"IO]<3AR3R]13T?$]COM$03T3"CC,/&#)*#)/.555RRC?

RA"IO]<3AR3R]13T?$"CC,/&#)*#)&. ))RRC"

"O:N0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#)&./*(RRC"

CA00]$ROC33"IN+"CC,/&#)*#)&./*(0)"?$0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#(>.=*(RRC?

13T?$"CC,/&#)*#(>.=*(0)?

"O:N0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#(>.=5(RRC"

CM]13R IC3]ACC3$T"CC,/&#)*#(>.=5(0)"

INITIA0]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#)*#(>.')/RRC?

CM]13R IC3]R32?31T"CC,/&#)*#(>.')/0)?

"CC,]RRC]CONN3CTION]13T?$]COM$03T3"CC,/&#)*#(>.5*/RRC?

RRC]CONN3CTION]13T?$CCC,/&#)*#(=.**&RRC"

RRC]CONN3CTION]R32?31TCCC,/&#)*#(=.)(&RRC?






F "uring Call is message low is repeated over and over

M3A1?R3M3NT]CONTRO0"CC,/&#)=#5>.5&)RRC"

ACTI 3]13T]?$"AT3]COM$03T3"CC,/&#)=#5=.>)(RRC?

ACTI 3]13T]?$"AT3"CC,/&#)=#5=.>((RRC"

M3A1?R3M3NT]R3$ORT"CC,/&#)=#5=.*'/RRC?

RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13]COM$03T3"CC,/&#55#(5.&)5RRC?

RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13]COM$03T3"CC,/&#55#().==5RRC?

RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13]COM$03T3"CC,/&#55#(). ')RRC?

RRC]CONN3CTION]R303A13"CC,/&#55#(). /)RRC"

?$0INE]"IR3CT]TRAN183R"CC,/&#55#().5))RRC?

IM1I]"3TAC,]IN"ICATION"CC,/&#55#().5))0)?

F Call detach sequence





' 3eigh%o)r Planning

'-'3eigh%o)r ists

3eigh%o)r Planning3eigh%o)r Planning"eigh)our $lanning

F 8or )+ cells! neighbour lists can consist o upto

F )( co requency neighbours

F )( ad acent requency neighbours

F )( gsm neighbours

F The RAN broadcasts the initial neighbour cell lists o a cellin the system in ormation messages on the <C,.

F In 1,O state! neighbour lists rom the active sets arecombined in the RNC and sent to the ?3 on the "CC,.




3eigh%o)r Planning3eigh%o)r Planning"eigh)our $lanning

F To identi y a ?MT1 neighbour cell! this list includes the

ollowing in ormation#F +lobal RNC identi ier 6$0MN identi iers! RNC identi ier7

F Cell identi ier

F 0AC

F RAC

F Channel Number

F 1crambling code o the $rimary Common $ilot Channel6$-C$IC,7

F 8or a +1M neighbouring cell! the ollowing in ormationis sent#

F Cell +lobal Identi ication! C+I MCC4MNC40AC4CI

F <CC, 8requency

F <1IC





'-'-' (nitial 3eigh%o)r ist >eneration

(nitial 3eigh%o)r ist >eneration(nitial 3eigh%o)r ist >eneration"eigh)our $lanning

F The initial neighbour lists or a new system or portion o a system canbe generated as ollows#

F generate a best server array plot

F run the neighbour creation.

F :hile carrying out post analysis! the neighbour lists or each cell canbe prioritised according to the boundary lengths 6longest boundary

irst7.

F "o not be tempted to add more distant sites to the neighbour list K ustin caseL.

F The ob ective is to ;eep the neighbour lists to the minimum length andhence reduce search times.

F 8or intra- requency neighbours! where 1,O and so ter handover arealso possible! ;eeping neighbour list to a minimum can also help inreducing the overall networ; load by avoiding unnecessary 1,O.




'-'- Optimisation of 3eigh%o)r lists

Optimisation of 3eigh%o)r istsOptimisation of 3eigh%o)r ists"eigh)our $lanning

F Neighbour lists should be made as accurate as possible.F <ecause i there is a situation when the mobile detects a

candidate cell! which is not! de ined in the neighbouring cell.

F Then the mobile has to decode the cell! to identi y the cell andreport it bac; to RNC.

F 1econdly! handovers can only be per ormed rom one cell toanother i the target cell is a neighbour to the serving cell.

F 1o! even i a mobile receives pilot signal rom a neighbouringcell which is ul illing the handover criteria but that cell is notde ined in the neighbour list o the serving cell! handover willnever occur.




Optimisation of 3eigh%o)r istsOptimisation of 3eigh%o)r ists"eigh)our $lanning

F "i erent approaches can be used or di erent areasdepending on the importance o the area and thecomple9ity o the networ;.

F 8or most critical areas! pilot strength measurementmessages sent by ?3 to the networ; can be accessedthrough OMC.

F These measurements can be ta;en over a speci iedperiod o time and can be analysed on cell by cell basis.

F Overall trend 6more requently occurring7 o the cellsreported by the mobile can be compared with the originalneighbour lists.

F <y removing the discrepancies in the two lists! anaccurate neighbour plan can be obtained.




'-'-# (nter9fre< & (nter9s*stem 3eigh%o)r Planning

Inter Inter -- requencyrequency BB Inter Inter --system Neighbour $lanningsystem Neighbour $lanning

"eigh)our $lanning

F Inter- requency and inter-system neighbour measurements aretriggered by RNC.

F "epending on the networ; con iguration 6 requency%carrierallocation! neighbour cell de initions! cell layers etc7! the RNCrecognises the possibility o an inter- requency or inter-systemhandover.

F ,andovers to inter- requency and inter-system neighbours can bebased on the imperative situations! which can arise when

F Average "0 transmission power o radio lin; ma9imum "0 power.

F 2uality deterioration report rom uplin; outer-loop control is generated.

F 2uality deterioration report rom M1 is generated.

F ?nsuccess ul 1,O procedure.

F ?nsuccess ul radio access bearer setup




Inter Inter -- requencyrequency BB Inter Inter --system Neighbour $lanningsystem Neighbour $lanning

"eigh)our $lanning

F To avoid requent 1,O! disabling 1,O capability in certain cells can beper ormed.

F 0oad sharing and best use o the resources can be obtained through thehandover criteria between neighbours.

F 8or instance! when the coverage areas o ?MT1 and the +1M systemoverlap each other! speech connections can be handed over to the (+system.

F In a similar ashion! or di erent requencies in )+! load sharing can be

controlled through neighbour planning. "i erent weight values can be usedto direct tra ic to speci ic cells.




A)tomation Topics

-' Modelling

A)tomation of 3et,ork ModellingA)tomation of 3et,ork ModellingF "ynamic nature o )g networ;s

F Many new services

F "i erent data ratesF "i erent terminals

F Rapid operational optimisation

F Increase in comple9ity D increases the time oranalysis

F 1hould the process be automated

Automation




A)tomation of 3et,ork ModellingA)tomation of 3et,ork Modelling

F ,ow can we automate

F :hat can we tune

F ,ow do we validate the results

Automation

8o, can ,e a)tomate 78o, can ,e a)tomate 7

Automation

F "e ault parameters provided by manu acturers 6 starting point 7

F Hou then optimise cell by cell! within clusters

F Ta;e the E2I D E$I history! and 2o1 targets

F Alter parameters in the RNC and Node <

F 8eedbac; o new E$I@s will enable the quality manager toevaluate new 2o1

F This cycle can be automated.





What can ,e t)ne7What can ,e t)ne7

F Total $ower

F $-C$IC, power

F "edicated NRT%RT capacity

Automation

Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er Target

F $ower t9]target

F Transmitter target power

F $ower r9]target

F Receiver target power

F $ower total]t9

F Total transmitter power

F $ower total]r9

F Total receiver target power

F 1ets the capacity%coverage o the cell

F "etermines the admission o users

Automation




- Total Po,er Targets

Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er TargetF Call accepted i

F 0oad control and admission control say Ko;L

F $ower total]r9 Y $ower r9]target

F 1o higher the $ower r9]target the greater the capacity othe cell

F 1etting a lower $ower r9]target will provide greatercoverage! due to lower inter erence.

Automation


F Optimisation can occur between $ower r9]target and Inter erence Margin

Automation

Po,er Rece i+e Target

3ode 1 Po,er

P o , e r

2 i s t r i % ) t i o n

(nterferenceMargin

Po,er rx total

1lockingPro% 6!K

Po,er rx target





F 1etting the inter erence margin de ines thecoverage%capacity

F I we set $ower r9]target below the inter erence margin

F Coverage is reduced

F Capacity is reduced

Automation

Total Po,er TargetTotal Po,er TargetF Including NRT tra ic pushes the $ower r9]total to the right

Automation

Po,er Recei+e Target

3ode 1 Po,er

P o , e r

2 i s t r i % )

t i o n

(nterferenceMargin

Po,er rx total @RT 3RT

1lockingPro% 6!K

Po,er rx target

Packet oad

Packet &apacit*




# .rom (nitial Roll9O)t toMat)re 3et,ork

Opti isation pro!ed"res sho"ld +e in!orporated into every stage o#develop ent o# a UMTS net or%$ 6earing in ind the di##erent priorities thatare li%ely to a##e!t the di##erent stages( it is possi+le to +e alert toopport"nities to i ple ent the +est possi+le net or% in all !ir!" stan!es#ro the initial roll.o"t to targeting spe!i#i! servi!es and tra##i! loads in a

at"re net or%$ This se!tion #ollo s the develop ent o# a net or%highlighting the possi+le di##erent strategies that !an +e e ployed$

#-'(nitial Roll9O)t5ere the priority is pro+a+ly to o+tain the a'i " !overage as /"i!%ly aspossi+le #or a ini " invest ent$ 1SM operators ill ant to a%e the +est"se o# e'isting sites$ The iss"es here ill +e-

*oes operator have 1SM ?<00net or%8

I# yes( possi+le to providegood !overage at 4 %+ps$

Is 1SM net or% E00 M5:8 Coverage pro+le s need to+e addressed$

hat is the 3+en!h ar%servi!e8

*ata rate and +=)o illa##e!t !overage$

V"estions that have to +e ans ered in!l"de-

5o any antennas per site ?( ; or 8hat !apa!ity !an I e'pe!t per

!ell8Initially ;00.400 %+ps +"theavily dependent onservi!e and !on#ig"ration$

Sho"ld I deploy M5As8 ill help ith UL !overageSho"ld I "se the 3Opti isedCon#ig"ration #or Roll.o"t 8

Can lead to !overage +eing*L li ited$

Sho"ld I "se diversity or S artAntennas8

These ill add s"+stantiallyto !ost and ill pro+a+ly +ele#t "ntil de and ,"sti#ies




the $Sho"ld I plan to provide #orasy etri! servi!es8

This ill in!rease the !ellpo er re/"ire ent$

#-'-' The (nitial PlanInitially( !overage ill +e di!tated +y the li itations o# the "plin%$ Heypara eters are the trans it po er o# the o+ile( +=)0( +itrate( antenna gains(noise rise li it$ 5o ever( hen planning a UMTS net or% it "st +e +orn in

ind that the !apa!ity o# the net or% ill +e in#l"en!ed +y the lo!ation o# the"sers$ I# the tra##i! density is "ni#or ( then there isn t a pro+le $ 6"t( i# thereare !learly identi#ia+le hotspots ithin a net or% then the position o# sites ithrespe!t to these hotspots ill a##e!t the !apa!ity s"+stantially$

A hotspot that is lo!ated very !lose to the )ode 6 ill-a +e a+le to !o "ni!ate ith the )ode 6 ith lo levels o# UL po er$ This

ill lead to a high val"e o# 7re/"en!y Re."se ##i!ien!y +eing realised$+ re/"ire only lo levels o# *L po er th"s in!reasing the !apa!ity in thisdire!tion and also red"!ing *L inter#eren!e$O#ten( it is not possi+le to relo!ate a )ode 6 to assist in this atter$ 5o ever(it sho"ld +e noted that erely re.dire!ting antennas !an help in this sit"ation$

The di##eren!e +et een the lin% loss to a lo!ation at the +order +et een t o(!o.lo!ated( !ells and the loss to a lo!ation at the sa e distan!e +"t in theprin!ipal dire!tion o# the antennas ill +e as "!h as d6$ This ill allo the

o+ile po er and !ell po er to +e red"!ed$ Additionally( +e!a"se the "sersill +e e'perien!ing "!h less @do nlin% inter#eren!e( the pole !apa!ity on

the do nlin% ill in!rease$

Uplin% !overage pro+le s !an +e over!o e +y-

• Red"!ing the )oise Rise li it$• Installing M5As$• Using lo er loss #eeder$• I ple enting diversity re!eption at the !ell$• I ple enting M"lti.User *ete!tion at the !ell$• Using higher gain !ell antennas$• Red"!ing +itrate and=or +=)0 val"e o##ered$• Using a se!ond !arrier to allo #"rther red"!tion in )R li it$





#- E+ol)tion of the 3et,ork The res"lt o# the initial plan sho"ld +e to provide !ontin"o"s !overage over aspe!i#ied area #or a spe!i#ied servi!e$ The ne't stages in net or%

develop ent ill +e to-In!rease net or% !apa!ity$In!rease !overage range #or higher reso"r!e servi!es$Provide spe!i#i!ally #or provision o# asy etri! servi!es$

)et or% !apa!ity !an +e in!reased +y-• Se!torising sites @? to ;Q ; to $• I ple enting M5As to allo )R li it to +e in!reased$• I ple enting diversity re!eption and trans ission$• I ple enting M"lti.User *ete!tion$• In!reasing !ell trans it po er$• Adding i!ro.!ells$• In!orporating e'tra sites into a a!ro.!ell layer$• Adding e'tra !arriers$• Red"!ing "t"al inter#eren!e +et een !ells$

Coverage range #or higher.reso"r!e servi!es !an +e in!reased +y• Red"!ing the )oise Rise li it$• Installing M5As$• Using lo er loss #eeder$• I ple enting diversity re!eption at the !ell$• I ple enting M"lti.User *ete!tion at the !ell$• Using higher gain !ell antennas$

Provision spe!i#i!ally #or asy etri! servi!es !an +e helped +y-• ns"ring e'ternal inter#eren!e is a ini " at tra##i! hotspots$• Planning to ini ise lin% loss to tra##i! hotspots$• In!reasing !ell po er$• I ple enting trans it diversity at the !ell$

6eing a+le to /"anti#y the i prove ents that ill res"lt #ro a spe!i#i!strategy is !r"!ial to +eing a+le to eval"ate alternative approa!hes$ The endres"lt sho"ld +e the +est val"e #or oney and the +est ret"rn on invest ent$




3et,ork (mplementation and E+ol)tion3et,ork (mplementation and E+ol)tion

F Optimisation is about underta;ing every tas; so as toachieve the ma9imum bene it or a given investment oresource.

F This applies to the initial networ; implementation asmuch as it does to deciding on micro-cellimplementation strategies.

F :e should be aware o the possible alternativeapproaches to solving problems and be able toevaluate these alternatives.

"etwor Im%lementation and *volution

(nitial Roll(nitial Roll 99o)to)t

F Issues#F Is there an e9isting +1M networ;

F Is it /=&& M,J or >&& M,JF :hat is the Kbenchmar;L service

F 2uestionsF ,ow many cells per site

F :hat will be the capacity per cell

F 1hould M,As be deployed

F :hat about Optimised Con igurationor Roll-out 6OT1R7

F 1hould diversity or even KsmartLantennas be used

F 1hould we plan or asymmetricservices





(nitial Roll(nitial Roll 99o)to)t

F Initial $riorities#

F Coverage# determined by ?0 budgetF Eey parameters#

F T9 $ower o Mobile

F NR limit

F Antenna gains

F 3b%No

F <itrate

F Capacity issues arise#F ,ow can mutual inter erence be

minimised

F Is the subscriber density uni orm


•

Optimising the (nitial RollOptimising the (nitial Roll 99o)to)t

F Minimising mutual inte erence

F $ay care ul attention to the radiation

rom each cell.

F "owntilting o antennas.

F Minimise the lin; loss to tra ic

hotspots.

F I the loss is low! ?0 power will be low

8R3 will be high.

F Requirement on "0 power will be low!

thus increasing "0 capacity.

,igh 0in; 0oss# ,igh T9 power

0ow "0 capacity 0ow 8R3.

0ow 0in; 0oss# 0ow T9 power

,igh "0 capacity ,igh 8R3.






F Optimising the situation is

possible without movingsites.

F Re-directing the antennas

on a site can a ect the lin;

loss by up to about * d<.

F Also! i there is one

dominant serving cell!

mutual inter erence is

reduced.

,igh 0in; 0oss# ,igh T9 power0ow "0 capacity 0ow 8R3.

0ow 0in; 0oss# 0ow T9 power

,igh "0 capacity ,igh 8R3.



F Overcoming coverage problems.

F Reduce NR limit

F Install M,As

F ?se lower loss eeder

F Implement diversity reception

F Implement M?"

F ?se higher gain cell antennas

F Reduce bitrate

F Reduce 3b%No

F ?se a second carrier to aid in NR limit

reduction





3et,ork E+ol)tion3et,ork E+ol)tion

F As networ; evolves! we

need to#

F Increase networ;

capacity.

F Increase coverage range

or higher-resource

services.

F $rovide speci ically or

asymmetric services.


Optimising &apacit*Optimising &apacit*F Capacity can be increased by#

F 1ectorising sites

F Implementing M,As to allow NR

limit to rise.

F Implementing diversity in both

directions

F Implementing M?"

F Increasing cell T9 power

F Adding Micro-cells

F Incorporating e9tra sites into a

macro layer

F Adding carriers

F Reducing mutual inter erence





Optimising &o+erage Range for 3e, UsersOptimising &o+erage Range for 3e, Users

F Increasing coverage range or

higher resource users.

F Reducing NR limit.

F Installing M,As.

F ?sing lower loss eeder.

F Implementing diversity reception.

F Implementing M?".

F ?sing higher gain antennas.


As*mmetric Ser+icesAs*mmetric Ser+ices

F $rovision or Asymmetric

1ervices

F 39ternal inter erence at hotspots

is ;ept to a minimum.

F Minimise lin; loss to hotspots.

F Increase cell power.

F Implement transmit diversity.





OptimisingOptimising the 3et,orkthe 3et,ork

F "emand or downlin;-dominated

services are not li;ely to be uni ormly

spread.

F The ease with which demand can be

met is very dependent on the

location o the mobile user.

F It is important! when networ;

planning! to be able to identi y the

KgoodL and the KbadL areas quic;ly.

ariations in Tra ic "ensity



F :e need an indicator that will predict

downlin; per ormance and is quic; and

easy to predict.

F The Kpilot 1IRL 63 c%I&7 serves as a

suitable indicator.

F I the pilot power is 4)) d<m! the pilot

1IR shows the 1IR or any tra ic

channel that is given )) d<m o power.

F 8or a given 3 b%N& value! the necessary

processing gain and hence ma9imum

bitrate can be ound.

Pilot Po,er

Traffic Po,er






F As an e9ample! suppose the pilot 1IR at a point is ound to

be -/( d<.F I the 3 b%N& required is 45 d<! then /* d< o processing

gain will be necessary.

F The ma9imum bitrate possible or a power o 4)) d<m is

then >* ;bps.

F I the pilot 1IR is -* d< then )=5 ;bps would be possible.


2etermining pilot S(R2etermining pilot S(R

F AIRCOM@s )g tool allows you to

display pilot 1IR or various

levels o networ; loading.F The display predicts the result

o a drive test through a

networ;! e9amining each pi9el

in the coverage area.

F $ilot 1IR is seen to be very

dependent on location and the

loading level o the networ;.


0ightly 0oaded networ;

6Tra ic $ower )' d<m7

$ilot 1IR -/ d<

$ilot 1IR - d<





F :e are probably more

interested in the situation with a

heavily loaded networ;.

F ariations in pilot 1IR at a given

distance can be as much as *

d<.

F This represents a actor o 5 in

the Kbits per second per

milliwattL possible on the

downlin;.


,eavily 0oaded networ;

6Tra ic $ower 5/ d<m7

$ilot 1IR -' d<

$ilot 1IR -// d<


F Over the coverage area o a cellthe pilot 1IR varied by about /&d<.

F Thus the Kbits per second permilliwattL actor would vary by a

actor o /& or more.

F The implications or cell sitingand antenna orientation areclear.

F Note# simply re-orientatingantennas can improvethroughput by a actor o 5.




$ilot 1IR -5 d<

$ilot 1IR -/5d<




imiting .actorsimiting .actorsF 3ven i there is Jero pathloss!

pilot 1IR will be limited by the

inter erence e ect o the otherchannels! mainly the tra icchannel power.

F Tra ic channel power o 5/d<m reduced to e ectiveinter erence power o ) d<m ithe orthogonality is &.*.

F Comparing this with )) d<mpilot power suggests that thema9imum value o pilot 1IR willbe -5 d<.



$ilot 1IR -5 d<

$ilot 1IR -/5d<


imiting .actorsimiting .actors

F I orthogonality is &.>! the pilot 1IR is

improved by appro9imately 5 d<

relative to a value o &.*.

F I orthogonality is &.(! the pilot 1IR is

worsened by appro9imately ) d<

relative to a value o &.*.

F This d< swing represents a capacity

variation by a actor o '.

F 8urther wor;# site location so as to

optimise orthogonality


6Orthogonality &.>7





S)mmar*S)mmar*F Appro9imate methods o

predicting networ; downlin;capacity can be used inpreliminary planning stages.

F The accuracy can be enhancedi simulations are available or a;nown data throughput.

F Rapid analysis methods using AIRCOM@s )+ planning tool willallow a nominal plan to beassessed and optimised.

F Improvements in capacity by aactor o /& are possible by

correctly locating sites andpointing antennas.







/ S)mmarising ase St)d*

(ntrod)ction)o that e have asse +led a "se#"l 3tool%it o# %no ledge and dis!"ssedvario"s te!hni/"es involved in advan!ed planning ethods and opti isationpro!ed"res( it is possi+le to p"t o"rselves in a 3real orld sit"ation andde onstrate o"r !apa+ilities$ The advan!ed net or% planner and opti isersho"ld +e a+le to de onstrate analyti!al and pro+le solving !apa+ilities #or aUMTS net or%$ Pro+le areas !an +e identi#ied and re edies re!o ended$As a starting point e ill !onsider the sit"ation here a UMTS net or% has+een !onstr"!ted and is a!tive$ 7"rther e shall ass" e that it is notopti ised$ Pro+le s ith the net or% ay #all into a n" +er o# !ategories

• Calls dropped• )o !overage• Poor !apa!ity• Slo do nload ti es

Any pro+le s reported +y !"sto ers or +y net or% onitoring pro!ed"ressho"ld +e analysed to see hether opti isation pro!ed"res !an help thesit"ation as opposed to si ply investing heavily in ore in#rastr"!t"re$

Rather than ait #or !o plaints a+o"t net or% per#or an!e to arrive( theopti isation engineer sho"ld +e a+le to identi#y pro+le areas( e'plain hythey are li%ely to +e pro+le areas and identi#y possi+le sol"tions$ *rive test

eas"re ents are going to +e val"a+le in this a!tivity and sho"ld +e "sed in!on,"n!tion ith a planning tool$




S)mmarisingS)mmarising &ase St)d*&ase St)d*F :e have put together a use ul Ktool ;itL o ;nowledge

F 8urther! we have e9amined e9amples o drive test data

F :e should be able to analyse such drive test data and

FPredict net,ork performance

F(dentif* pro%lem areas

FS)ggest correcti+e action

F :hen analysing such data we should thin; terms o

F&o+erage

F(nterference

F&apacit*

Summarising 'ase Study

S)mmarisingS)mmarising &ase St)d*&ase St)d*

F Rather than wait or complaints toarrive rom the public! a rigorousanalysis o drive test data should beused to identi y problem areas andrecommend corrective action.

F A planning tool can be used to predictthe e ect o alternative correctiveactions.


The initial sit)atione shall ass" e that-

• e have a net or%• It has not +een opti ised• e need to assess the /"ality o# the net or% in an e##i!ient anner and

report +a!%$




• The report sho"ld +e a+le to predi!t areas here !overage and !ongestionpro+le s are going to o!!"r$

Making the meas)rements*rive test eas"re ents are going to +e ade "sing a proprietary s!anner ortest o+ile$ These ill +e a+le to provide a great deal o# data$ Initially( it isi portant to #o!"s on a #e ( highly relevant para eters$ A s!anner ill reporton pilot strength @ ! and also pilot !=Io @altho"gh the val"e o# Io dependpartly on the /"ality o# the re!eiver itsel# $ A test o+ile ill additionally +ea+le to a!!ess the net or% and report on "plin% trans it po er$ These

eas"re ents alone are s"##i!ient to +e a+le to !o ent on-

?$ Coverage2$ Inter#eren!e;$ *L !apa!ity

?ital Meas)rements?ital Meas)rements

F A scanner can report on downlin;measurements in particular 3c and3c%Io or the pilot channel.

F A test mobile can additionally report oncall success and uplin; transmit powerrequirements.

F These measurements can beinterpreted to give use ul predictions o

FCoverage

FInter erence

F"ownlin; Capacity


Anal*sing Meas)rements

o+erage

Pilot strength alone is a good indi!ator o# +asi! !overage$ As ell as indi!atinghether the pilot is strong eno"gh #or a typi!al o+ile to syn!hronise ith(

pilot strength indi!ates the path loss$ This in t"rn !an +e "sed to predi!t"plin% !overage$ As an e'a ple !onsider a servi!e #or hi!h the re/"ired

+=)o val"e is 9 d6$ I# it ass" ed that-




Cell pilot strength D ;; d6)oise 7ig"re o# Cell Re!eiver D 4 d6

then the pilot strength !an +e "sed to indi!ate the a'i " pathloss #or agiven noise rise li it @)R d6 $

Ma'i " lin% loss @UL D Pt ?0< > 4 .9 ?0log@;<40=+itrate > )R$

Th"s at +it rate o# ?2$2 %+it=s and a noise rise li it o# ; d6( the a'i " lin%loss is ?42 d6 i# the o+ile trans it po er is a a'i " o# 2? d6 $ I# thepilot strength is ;; d6 ( this area is indi!ated +y a pilot strength o# .?0E d6 $In pra!ti!e a argin #or #ading o"ld +e e'pe!ted and a ini " level o#appro'i ately .?09 d6 o"ld +e so"ght$ This poli!y o# applying argins isvery ne!essary i# the drive testing is !arried o"t e'!l"sively o"t o# doors andindoor !overage is re/"ired$ 7"rther( higher reso"r!e +earers !annot s"stainas high a path loss as voi!e and a stronger pilot o"ld +e re/"ired to indi!ate"plin% !overage$ A typi!al set o# thresholds o"ld +e

Servi!e Re/"ired Pilot StrengthO"tdoor Boi!e .?09 d6In Car Boi!e .E d6Indoor Boi!e .< d6Indoor 5S* .<0 d6

Things to !he!%- are the ass" ptions ade !orre!t8

• )oise Rise Li it• )oise 7ig"re o# Cell Re!eiver @M5A !an a##e!t this• Pilot Strength

Using Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageUsing Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageF Measurements o pilot strength can be a very use ul predictor o uplin;

coverage.

F Other parameters need to be ;nown#

FT9 $ilot $ower

FNR limit and Noise 8loor o cell.

F<it rate and 3b%No o service or which coverage is being predicted.





Using Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageUsing Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageF 8or e9ample

FNR limit set to ) d< Noise 8loor o Cell -/&5 d<m

F3b%No required ' d< bitrate /((&& bits per secondF$ilot $ower )) d<m

FMa9imum mobile power (/ d<m


F Calculations

F$rocessing +ain (' d< Required 1NR -(& d<

FMa9imum Noise 8loor -/&/ d<m

FRequired 1ignal 1trength -/(/ d<m

FMa9imum lin; loss /5( d<

F$ilot 1trength -/&> d<m

Using Pilot Strength to predict &o+erageUsing Pilot Strength to predict &o+erage 99marginsmargins

F I -/&> d<m was actually measured! coverage could not be con identlyassumed.

F Margins would be required.

F This is especially true i measurements were made out o doors toindicate indoor coverage.

F The margins required depend on the characteristics o the buildings inquestion.

FTypical required minimum values# D Outdoor# -/&' d<m D In Car# ->* d<m D In <uilding# -=* d<m D ,1" In <uilding# -=& d<m

F Note that these are measured values# not predicted.

F $redicted values must additionally consider errors in the path lossmodel.


Using )plink meas)rements

Altho"gh( i# the !ell para eters are %no n a!!"rately( relia+le predi!tions o#"plin% !overage !an +e o+tained #ro do nlin% eas"re ents( it is desira+leto have eas"re ents o# "plin% trans it po er #or a parti!"lar servi!e so thata !he!% !an +e ade on the !overage provided on the "plin%$ This is +e!a"se




"sing only do nlin% eas"re ents relies on ass" ptions #or the "plin% +=)oand inter#eren!e levels to +e assessed$ Using a test o+ile and onitoringthe "plin% trans it po er ill a"to ati!ally ta%e into a!!o"nt the e##e!t o# arise in the target +=)o d"e to adverse propagation !onditions or e'tra po er+eing re/"ired +e!a"se o# the presen!e o# "plin% inter#er#en!e$ 5o ever( it

"st +e +orne in ind that the "plin% ight not +e e'perien!ing "plin% noiserise at the designed level th"s giving o+ile po er levels that are 3%ind $ I#the net or% is /"iet( the "plin% noise rise ill +e very lo $ More realisti!val"es o# re/"ired "plin% trans it po er ill +e o+tained i# the noise level atthe !ell is raised arti#i!ially$ This !an +e a!hieved +y raising the e##e!tive noise#ig"re o# the !ell @TRF re!eiver$ This !an +e done +y inserting an atten"ator+e#ore the re!eiver$ Care "st +e ta%en i# a M5A is "sed to pla!e theatten"ator +e#ore the M5A rather than +et een the M5A and the TRF re!eiver$

It is li%ely that the eas"re ents ill +e ade as a res"lt o# drive tests"nderta%en o"tdoors$ As ith the do nlin% eas"re ents( appropriate

argins "st +e added #or penetration loss and in!reased levels o# shado#ading$

Predicting &o+erage @contin)edPredicting &o+erage @contin)ed L L the +al)e ofthe +al)e of)plink @test mo%ile meas)rements-)plink @test mo%ile meas)rements-

F The prediction o coverage using pilot strength as an indicator madesome assumptions#

F3b%No required.

F?plin; inter erence e9perienced.

F A record o the uplin; power needed or a particular service willautomatically account or these actors.

F I a mobile has a ma9imum transmit power o 4(/ d<m then theollowing conclusions can be drawn#

FRequired T9 $ower X / d<m# Coverage unreliable outdoors

FRequired T9 $ower X = d<m# Outdoor coverage only

FRequired T9 $ower X -( d<m# In Car coverage

FRequired T9 $ower Y -( d<m# Indoor coverage






Sim)lating the effect of U 3oise RiseSim)lating the effect of U 3oise Rise

F I the networ; isKquietL when thetests are conducted!the results will beoptimistic.

F A noise rise can besimulated byincreasing the Noise8igure o the cellreceiver. This canbe achieved simplyby adding anattenuator in the

eeder.


FTR9 FTR9

# d1

3. J ! d1 3. J 5 d1

Sim)lating the effect of U 3oise RiseSim)lating the effect of U 3oise Rise

F I the cell has a M,Aitted! the attenuator

must be itted abovethe M,A.

F Otherwise! the M,Awill reduce the e ect othe attenuator.


TRx TRx

# d1

(nterference

Pilot Strength alone is not a s"##i!ient indi!ator o# pilot !overage$ The pilot!hannel is vital #or !ell sele!tion( !hannel so"nding and syn!hronisation

p"rposes$ The 3pilot SIR ratio "st +e a+ove .?9 d6$ Un#ort"nately pilot SIRis not eas"red dire!tly$ 7"rther it is very dependent on the loading levels on





the do nlin%( and also on the /"ality o# the U re!eiver @its noise #ig"re $5o ever( the eas"re ents ade !an +e "sed to esti ate hether the pilotSIR ill +e s"##i!iently high #or dete!tion p"rposes$ The s!anner ill not reportonly on the +est @or strongest pilot +"t ill report on all dete!ta+le pilots$

This in#or ation( !o +ined ith so e ass" ptions( !an +e "sed to esti atethe pilot SIR at di##erent lo!ations$ As an e'a ple( let "s !onsider the sit"ation

here #o"r pilots have +een dete!ted$Pilot ? .<0 d6Pilot 2 .<4 d6Pilot ; .<G d6Pilot 4 .E0 d6

In order to esti ate the /"ality o# the pilot( it is ne!essary to esti ate the totale##e!tive level o# noise pl"s inter#eren!e$ This "st +e done +y !onsidering!onditions o# heavy loading$ It is possi+le to arti#i!ially load the do nlin% +"tthis is not a+sol"tely ne!essary$ I# e regard the .<0 d6 pilot as the servingpilot( e need to a%e an ass" ption regarding the a'i " do nlin%po er and the pilot levels$ I# the a'i " total trans it po er is ?0 d6 orethan the pilot then the three eas"red inter#ering pilots !an +e regarded as!arrying potential inter#eren!e levels o# .G4 d6 ( .GG d6 and .<0 d6respe!tively$ Indeed( it !an +e e'pe!ted that there ill +e .G? d6 o#inter#ering po er e anating #ro the serving !ell( altho"gh orthogonality

o"ld +e e'pe!ted to red"!e this to an e##e!tive level o# .G9 d6 $ Thether al noise level( even #or a poor /"ality re!eiver o"ld not +e e'pe!ted toe'!eed .?00 d6 @negligi+le in this !ase $ I# the e##e!tive levels o#inter#eren!e are added the res"lt is a total e##e!tive inter#eren!e po er o# .G0d6 $ Th"s a pilot SIR o# .?0 d6 o"ld +e a reasona+le esti ate$ Anythingless than ?2 d6 sho"ld +e regarded as a !a"se #or !on!ern$

The pilot !=Io @ hi!h is eas"red does not in!l"de orthogonality and( in #a!t(

in!l"des the anted( 3+est ( pilot po er ithin the overall level o# Io$ In thea+ove !ase( the val"e o# !=Io "nder #"lly loaded !onditions o"ld +e .?2 d6$ The eas"red val"e is re!orded as .9$G d6 s"ggesting that the do nlin% asnot heavily loaded hen the eas"re ents ere ade$ This #a!t "st +e!onsidered hen assessing the /"ality o# the do nlin%$

The a+ove analysis( altho"gh not too onero"s( is so e hat ti e.!ons" ing$It is possi+le( ith e'perien!e( to adopt an appropriate threshold level o# !=Io

ith hi!h to highlight pro+le areas on the do nlin%$

It is !lear that a lo level o# !=Io ill +e d"e to a !o +ination o# 3lo !and=or 3high Io $ 3lo ! pro+le s are d"e to high path loss$ 35igh Iopro+le s are d"e to a high n" +er o# pilot signals that are o# nearly e/"al

strength$ It ay +e that a high n" +er o# dete!ta+le pilots @K4 is alone as"##i!ient indi!ator o# potential pro+le s ith do nlin% inter#eren!e$ I# it isseen to +e a relia+le indi!ator( this ill speed "p analysis !onsidera+ly$





(nterference(nterference

F $ilot 1trength alone is

not a su icientindicator o pilotcoverage.

F The K$ilot 1IRL mustbe better thanappro9imately -/' d<

or the pilot to beusable.


(nterference(nterference L L Pilot S(RPilot S(RFThe Inter erence 4 noise

e9perienced comes rom#

FOther cells

FThermal noise

FOther channels onown cell

D Note other channelson own cell willbene it romorthogonality.

FMeasurements ostrengths o all pilots can

be used.






(nterference(nterference L L 2ed)cing Pilot S(R2ed)cing Pilot S(RF1uppose 5 pilots

are detected#F-=& d<m 6bestserver7

F-=5 d<m

F-= d<m

F->& d<m

F Assume thermal noiseis at -/&& d<m.


(nterference(nterference L L 2ed)cing Pilot S(R2ed)cing Pilot S(RSummarising 'ase Study

F:hen networ; is heavilyloaded inter erence romown cell 6assuming 5)

d<m ma9 power and ))d<m pilot power7 is at- / d<m. 3 ect oorthogonality is to reducethis to - ' d<m P/&log6/-&.*7 5 d<Q.

FOther inter erers are - 5d<m - d<m -=& d<m.

FTotal noise plusinter erence - & d<m.

FPilot Po,er J ## d1m

FMaxim)m Po,er J /# d1m





(nterference(nterference L L Pilot S(RPilot S(RF$ilot strength 6best

server7 -=& d<m.

F$redicted Knoise plusinter erenceL underconditions o heavy load

- & d<m.

F$ilot 1IR -/& d<.

F Anything less than -/(d< would cause concern.

FNote# it is important thatpredictions are made ora ully loaded downlin;.


Wanted Pilot J 950 d1m

3oise (nterference J 940 d1m

Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1

(nterference(nterference L L PilotPilot EcEc "(o "(oF$ilot 1IR is not measured D it must be deduced

rom pilot strengthmeasurements.

F$ilot 3c%Io can bemeasured.

FNote that no bene it romorthogonality ismeasured and! also! theKwantedL pilot power isincluded in KIoL.

F$ilot 1IR will be better

than 3c%Io


F,igh level o pilot 3c%Ioindicates lightly loadednetwor; D values would

be much worse underheavy loading conditions.





(nterference(nterference L L PilotPilot EcEc "(o "(o

F Although an allowance

must be made oradditional downlin;inter erence when anetwor; is heavilyloaded! 3c%Io is a use ulindicator o the quality othe radio channel.

F A poor 3c%Io could bedue to Klow 3cL or KhighIoL.



F ,ere there is a Klow 3cL problem! indicatingpossible coverage problems







F Now we have a Khigh IoL problem. Coverage is

good but downlin; capacity will be limited byinter erence.


Other (ndicators of 2 (nterferenceOther (ndicators of 2 (nterference

F Receiving Ktoo manyL pilots with near-equal strength is anindicator o potential inter erence problems.

F It is possible to report the number o detectable pilots at alocation.


2o,nlink apacit*

The inter#eren!e levels e'perien!ed on the do nlin% are very dependent onthe lo!ation o# the o+ile that is s"##ering #ro the inter#eren!e$ 6y

eas"ring the levels o# the pilot and !onsidering the !ell para eters( it ispossi+le to esti ate i portant para eters-





• The !apa!ity availa+le i# all !ell po er is devoted do nloadingdata to "sers in that lo!ation$

• The thro"ghp"t possi+le +y devoting ? att o# po er to a "serat that lo!ation$

• The po er re/"ired #or a parti!"lar thro"ghp"t and +=)o$

It is reasona+le to ass" e that the a+ove details sho"ld relate to the sit"ationhere the net or% is #"lly loaded$ e have already seen that pilot strengths

!an +e "sed to predi!t the val"e o# pilot SIR #or the +est server$ Consideringthe sit"ation des!ri+ed a+ove here the pilot SIR as esti ated to +e .?0 d6"nder heavily loaded !onditions( e %no that this ill also +e the SIRe'perien!ed +y a tra##i! !hannel o# the sa e po er$ S"ppose this is 2 $ I#the servi!e to +e sent over this +earer re/"ires an +=)o val"e o# 4 d6( apro!essing gain o# ?4 d6 ill +e needed and the thro"ghp"t ill +e li ited to?9; %+it=s$ This +earer represents one eighth o# the !apa!ity o# the !ell @asthere is a total a'i " o# ? availa+le #or do nlin% tra##i! $ Th"s thetotal !apa!ity on the do nlin% o"ld +e esti ated to +e ?224 %+it=s$ A +earer

ith a po er o# ? !o"ld s"stain a data rate o# G %+it=s and i# a parti!"larservi!e @#or e'a ple( a ?2< %+it=s videophone at an +=)o o# ; d6 is %no n to+e re/"ired( this !an +e !al!"lated to +e the e/"ivalent o# ?$;4 ti es a 4<%+it=s 4 d6 +=)o servi!e and there#ore ea!h re/"ire tra##i! !hannel po er o#?$;4 atts$

These predi!tions serve to give a "se#"l indi!ation o# the !apa!ity o# thedo nlin% i# all "sers ere at the sa e lo!ation @the 3hotspot s!enario $ It illo#ten +e re/"ired to esti ate the !apa!ity o# the do nlin% i# the "sers arespread thro"gho"t the !overage area o# a !ell$ In order to esti ate this(

eas"re ents need to +e ta%en #or representative lo!ations ithin the !ell$S"ppose #or e'a ple( it as #elt that radio !onditions on the !ell !o"ld +edes!ri+ed +y si' representative eas"re ents #ro hi!h pilot SIR !o"ld +e

predi!ted$ The !ell s !apa!ity !o"ld then +e predi!ted on the ass" ption thattra##i! as going to +e loaded evenly in those representative lo!ations$

S"ppose the representative lo!ations have pilot SIR esti ates as #ollo s$

Lo!ation Pilot SIRA .?2 d66 .< d6C . d6* .?0 d6

.2 d67 .E d6

The ethod des!ri+ed previo"sly !an +e "sed to !al!"late the a o"nt o#po er re/"ired to do nload a +earer ith a no inal ? %+it=s at an +=)o o# 4d6( ass" ing the pilot po er to +e 2 $

Lo!ation Pilot SIR Po er #or?%+it=s W 4 d6

A .?2 d6 20$G 6 .< d6 <$2 C . d6 9$2 * .?0 d6 ?;$?

.2 d6 2$0G

7 .E d6 ?0$4 Total po er re/"ired #or 9E$





%+it=s

The total po er re/"ired o# 9E$ #or %+it=s at an +=)o o# 4 d6 s"ggeststhat the total !ell po er o# ? !o"ld s"stain ?$ M+it=s$ )oti!e that this issigni#i!antly larger than the !apa!ity o# ?224 %+it=s that as esti ated to +e

the li it o# thro"ghp"t i# all "sers ere at lo!ation * @pilot SIR D .?0 d6 $ This analysis !an +e e'tended to varia+le eightings o# tra##i! a!ross the !ell!overage area as the #ollo ing e'a ple sho s #or the vario"s relative

eightings indi!ated$

Lo!ation Pilot SIR Po er#or?%+it=sW 4 d6

eighting

Thro"ghp"t

Po erRe/"ired

A .?2 d6 20$G 4 4 %+it=s <2$< 6 .< d6 <$2 2 2 %+it=s ? $4 C . d6 9$2 ; ; %+it=s ?9$ * .?0 d6 ?;$? ? ? %+it=s ?;$? .2 d6 2$0G ? ? %+it=s 2$0G 7 .E d6 ?0$4 ; ; %+it=s ;?$2

Totals ?4 %+it=s ? ?$2

This s"ggests that the !ell !apa!ity hen ? o# tra##i! po er is "sed o"ld+e ?$;E M+it=s$ )oti!e that the a+ove eightings sho the tra##i! to +e!on!entrated here the inter#eren!e is orst( hen!e the lo er !apa!itypredi!tion !o pared ith the evenly loaded !ase$ The ne't e'a ple sho sthe sit"ation here the eighting is in #avo"r o# those !ells that have thelo est inter#eren!e$

Lo!ation Pilot SIR Po er#or?%+it=sW 4 d6

eighting

Thro"ghp"t

Po erRe/"ired

A .?2 d6 20$G ? ? %+it=s 20$G 6 .< d6 <$2 ; ; %+it=s 24$ C . d6 9$2 ; ; %+it=s ?9$ * .?0 d6 ?;$? ? ? %+it=s ?;$?

.2 d6 2$0G 4 4 %+it=s <$; 7 .E d6 ?0$4 2 2 %+it=s 20$<

Totals ?4 %+it=s ?0;$?

This s"ggests a total !apa!ity o# 2$?< M+it=s$ )oti!e ho the !apa!ity is "!hgreater$ The +ene#it o# ens"ring that yo"r areas o# highest de ande'perien!e the lo est inter#eren!e is !lear$





(nterference(nterference L L Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*F$ilot 1IR estimates can be

used to#

F$redict the capacity i allcell power was devoted todownloading to a particularlocation.

F$redict the throughputpossible or a nominalpower 6e.g. / watt7.

F$redict the power requiredor a particular service

6de ined by bitrate and3b%No7.




Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1

(nterference(nterference L L Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*FI pilot power is )) d<m and

5( d<m 6/* :7 can be usedor tra ic channels#

F A (: 6)) d<m7 tra icchannel will also e9perience-/& d< 1IR.

FI 3b%No requirement is 5d<! processing gain mustbe /5 d<.

FThis is achieved at a bitrate o /') ;bit%s

F/* : would achieve /((5;bit%s




Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#0©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



(nterference(nterference L L Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*F8urther calculations are possible#

FI / watt o power wasavailable or a downlin;bearer! this bearer would beable to sustain * ;bit%s at 5d< 3b%No.

F A service with a /(= ;bit%sthroughput at an 3b%No valueo ) d< has a relativeamplitude o /.)) comparedto the * ;bit%s! 5 d< 3b%No

service and would there orerequire /.)) watts o "0power.




Pilot S(R J 9'0 d1

Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L spread trafficspread traffic

FThese calculations are only validat one location. 1upposemeasurements were made atdi erent locations within a cell.These allowed the ollowingestimates to be made or pilot1IR#


/( dBF

/) dB1

/ 0 dBD

/6 dBC

/$ dBB

/ ) dBA

Pilot +:Rocation





F The same method can be used to deduce the powerrequired or a nominal / ;bit%s! 5 d< 3b%No bearer ateach location. The total power required or the totalthroughput can be used to estimate the "0 capacity.


9E$ Total po&er re/"ired #or %+it=s?0$4 .E d67

2$0G .2 d6?;$? .?0 d6*9$2 . d6C<$2 .< d6620$G .?2 d6A

Po&er #or ?%+it=s W4 d6

Pilot SIRLo!ation


F '>.* m: required or * ;bit%s.

F /* : would support '$'' ;bit%s

F This is signi icantly larger than /((5 ;bit%s i alle9perienced a -/& d< pilot 1IR.





Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L )ne+enl* spread)ne+enl* spreadtraffictraffic

F The method can be e9tended to include relative

weightings o tra ic density at particular points.


? ?$2 ?4 %+it= s Totals

;?$2 ; %+it= s;?0$4 .E d67

2$0G ? %+it= s?2$0G .2 d6

?;$? ? %+it= s??;$? .?0 d6*

?9$ ; %+it= s;9$2 . d6C

? $4 2 %+it= s2<$2 .< d66

<2$< 4 %+it= s420$G .?2 d6A

Po&erRe/"ired

Thro"ghp"t

eight.ing

Po&er #or?%+it= s W4 d6

Pilot SIRLo!ation

Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L )ne+enl* spread)ne+enl* spreadtraffictraffic

F /*/./ m: or /5 ;bit%s# /* : would support /)>& ;bit%swith these weightings.


? ?$2 ?4 %+it= s Totals

;?$2 ; %+it= s;?0$4 .E d67

2$0G ? %+it= s?2$0G .2 d6

?;$? ? %+it= s??;$? .?0 d6*

?9$ ; %+it= s;9$2 . d6C

? $4 2 %+it= s2<$2 .< d66

<2$< 4 %+it= s420$G .?2 d6A

Po&erRe/"ired

Thro"ghp"t

eight.ing


Pilot SIRLo!ation




Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit*Predicting 2o,nlink &apacit* L L )ne+enl* spread)ne+enl* spreadtraffic exercisetraffic exercise

F 3stimate the downlin; capacity with these weightings.


Totals

2?0$4 .E d67

42$0G .2 d6

??;$? .?0 d6*

;9$2 . d6C

;<$2 .< d66

?20$G .?2 d6A

Po&erRe/"ired

Thro"ghp"t

eight.ing


Pilot SIRLo!ation

Taking correcti+e actionI proving the inter#eren!e sit"ation is !learly a good thing$ In areas here a!ell does not a%e a positive !ontri+"tion to the per#or an!e o# the net or%@+y potentially +eing the +est server it is i portant that the lin% loss is

a'i ised$ It sho"ld +e noted that this ill +ene#it the "plin% and do nlin%per#or an!e$ In a net or%( it is inevita+le that there are lo!ations here near.e/"al signals #ro three !ells on the a!ro.!ell layer are re!eived$

• )et or% per#or an!e !an +e i proved +y ens"ring that these lo!ationsare a ay #ro predi!ted hotspots$

• Parti!"lar attention sho"ld +e paid to lo!ations here near.e/"alsignals #ro ore than three !ells are re/"ired$ One o# the !ells!on!erned is pro+a+ly detri ental to net or% per#or an!e$

It is o# interest to !onsider sit"ations that !o"ld lead to !ertain lo!ations

re!eiving strong signals #ro #o"r or ore !ells$A 3nor al a!ro.!ell layer !an +e ass" ed to !onsist o# three.se!tored sitesthat are all at reg"lar a:i "ths @e$g$ 0X( ?20X and 240X $ It ay happen that(#or so e reason @perhaps to provide +etter !overage at so e point ( thea:i "ths have +een altered$ This !an lead to the sit"ation arising here!ertain lo!ations s"##er e'!essive do nlin% inter#eren!e$ S"!h a sit"ation isdepi!ted +elo $ Altho"gh the re.orientation o# antennas ay have +een!arried o"t #or good reasons( attention "st +e paid to the #a!t that aninter#eren!e sit"ation has +een !a"sed$ That is( !overage ay have +eeni proved( +"t net or% !apa!ity ill have +een da aged$ This !an +e re!ti#ied+y identi#ying the !ells that are e##e!tively !o peting ith ea!h other andde!iding hi!h o# these are re/"ired to provide !overage and hi!h !an +eregarded as "n anted inter#erers$ On!e these have +een identi#ied( ethodso# in!reasing the lin% loss o# the inter#ering !ells to the areas s"##ering #rointer#eren!e !an +e i ple ented$ This ill "s"ally entail varying the height

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#/©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



and=or do n.tilt o# the !ell antenna$ Controlling the radiation pattern o#antennas so that "n anted radiation is ini ised is !r"!ial to a'i isingnet or% !apa!ity$

Taking &orrecti+e ActionTaking &orrecti+e ActionF Receiving Ktoo manyL pilots

with near-equal strength isan indicator o potentialinter erence problems.

F A possible way how thiscould arise is described.

F Areas where there are )near-equal pilots willinevitably occur.

F 1uppose that the antennasare re-orientated toalleviate a coverageproblem.


&o+erage >ap

Taking &orrecti+e ActionTaking &orrecti+e Action

F Re-orientating theantennas will help to ill in acoverage gap.

F ,owever a region hasemerged where ive serverwould have near-equalpath loss.

F This would cause problemswith pilot detection andpoor achievable downlin;bitrates.


2 (nterference Pro%lem

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#!©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



Taking &orrecti+e ActionTaking &orrecti+e Action

F Corrective action wouldhave to involve providing adominant server in thearea.

F This would entaildowntilting antennas andperhaps having tocompromise on thecoverage in certain areas.

F A M,A or ?0 diversitysystem will help with

coverage.


Re9orientate to pro+ide

dominant ser+er

2o,n9tilt here

oncl)sions'a ples have +een given o# the ay in hi!h drive test eas"re ents !an

+e "sed to analyse and predi!t net or% per#or an!e$ This involves predi!tinglevels o# !overage( inter#eren!e and !apa!ity$ 7"rther( s"ggestions #or!orre!tive a!tion in sele!ted instan!es have +een p"t #or ard$

Applied UMTS Planning & Opti isation#$©AIRCOM International Ltd 2004



! Appendix

!-' Amplificadores M8A

?MT1 Masthead Ampli ier ALP Enabled TM

I11?3 # ?MT1M,A&&(a%/&&=&&

REME Masthead Amplifiers help red)ce the cost of %asestation deplo*ment %* extending cell co+erage-

They also signi icantly improve call quality and reduce the numbero dropped calls! which is the number one reason or customerchurn.

.EATURES

• Mar;et leading low noiseper ormance

• 1imple to install

• <ypass in _power down_ mode

• Rugged and highly reliable

• 39cellent lightning protection

• 8ull water immersion 6I$*=7speci ication

1E3E.(TS

• 39tends cell coverage

• Reduces bit error rate D vital or dataapplications

• 1igni icantly reduces roll out costs

• Improves call quality

• Reduces dropped calls

• 3nhances in-building coverage



R3M3C M,As improve in-building coverage and reduce overallsystem bit error rate! which is vitally important or data applications.

These units have the best noise and lightning per ormanceavailable and are I$*= rated or ull water immersion.

Time and time again networ; trials have proven these units tosigni icantly improve networ; per ormance! providing the largestimprovements margins in competitive benchmar;ing. Over i tynetwor;s worldwide have improved their per ormance usingR3M3C M,As.

• Increases handset battery li e

Tx CharacteristicsSpecif ication

.rec)enc* Range (//&-(/ & M,J1and,idth *& M,J

(nsertion oss Y&.* d<Ripple ^&.( d<Max Po,er 8andling '( d<m C:

*( d<m $ea;Ret)rn oss X/= d<@?SWR 6Y/.(>7

Rx haracteristics Specification.rec)enc* Range />(&-/>=& M,J1and,idth *& M,J3oise .ig)re @T*pical Y/.5 d<>ain ?ariation O+er .re<)enc* &Temperat)re /(.&^&.> d<

>ain ?ariation ,ith .re<)enc* ^&.' d<O)tp)t 'd1 ompression X /& d<mO)tp)t (P# X 4(( d<mRet)rn oss @?SWR X/= d< active 6Y/.(>7

X/( d< in bypass6Y/.* 7

Rx to Tx Re:ection X=& d<@O+er Operating 1and

S*stem haracteristics Specification(ntermod)lation Y-/(& d<m@ Tx arriers at /# d1mProd)cts in Rx 1and2 S)ppl* ?oltageQ

4/( ^/ "C

)rrent @3ominal Q /(' mA normal/ ' mA alarm

+Other O%tions Availa)le

En+ironmental haracteristics SpecificationOperating Temp- Range -5&`C to 4*'`CStorage Temperat)re -5&`C to 4='`CRelati+e 8)midit* ' to >'Enclos)re Protection I$*=

ightning Protection

1TS Port @1ias Tee =%(& 1 /&Ea $ulseI3C-=&/-'

A3T Port "C +roundedEM 3T1 )&& )5(-) compliantMT1. X=&&!&&& hrs.

Mechanical haracteristics Specification2imensions )/( 9 /*( 9 mmWeight Y5;g

?ol)me ).> 0tr R. onnectors 1TS %/* emale A3T %/* emale



Messages

!- RR onnectionRRC Connection Re;uest (U /CCC<'

Ti e- ?;-0<-2G$ <

Length - ;9Proto!ol Bersion nr - 2$0

Type o# Message - @; Report@#ro Phone to PCReport Id - @0 RRC Message Report Ti esta p - 9E9002Logi!al Channel - @? CCC5*ire!tion - @0 Uplin%Length - 2?initialU .Identity InitialU .Identity - p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI 6inary string @6in - ??0000000000??000000?????0?0???? Y0 Z - ? Y;?Z - ?

rai lai pl n.Identity !! MCC -

Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ? Y2 Z - ? n! M)C -

Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ?





la! - 00000000??00??0? Y0 Z - 0 Y?9Z - ? ra!

6inary string @6in - ??00??0? Y0 Z - ? YG Z - ?esta+lish entCa"se - originatingConversationalCallproto!ol rrorIndi!ator - no rror

eas"redRes"ltsOnRAC5 odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd eas"re entV"antity - !pi!h. !.)0 !pi!h. !.)0 - ?E

Message d" p @5e' - 00 00 A9 6 00 2; 02 00 ;0 00

00 0E ?4 ;A 0? 00 00 ?9 ;2 C00C 07 A7 2; 40 A< 0 < 00E< 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ?2;4





RRC Connection +etup (D /CCC<' Ti e- ?;-0<-2<$04

Length - ?0<

Proto!ol Bersion nr - 2$0 Type o# Message - @; Report@#ro Phone to PCReport Id - @0 RRC Message Report

Ti esta p - 9E9; ?Logi!al Channel - @? CCC5*ire!tion - @? *o nlin%Length - E4RRCConne!tionSet"p - r;rr!Conne!tionSet"p.r; initialU .Identity InitialU .Identity - p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI.and.RAI p.TMSI

6inary string @6in - ??0000000000??000000?????0?0???? Y0 Z - ? Y;?Z - ? rai lai pl n.Identity !! MCC -

Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ? Y2 Z - ? n! M)C -

Y0 Z - ? Y? Z - ? la! - 00000000??00??0? Y0 Z - 0 Y?9Z - ? ra! 6inary string @6in - ??00??0? Y0 Z - ? YG Z - ? rr!.Transa!tionIdenti#ier - 0 ne .U.R)TI srn!.Identity 6inary string @6in - 00??0?0???0? Y0 Z - 0 Y??Z - ? s.R)TI 6inary string @6in - 00000?000?0?0000000? Y0 Z - 0 Y?EZ - ? rr!.StateIndi!ator - !ell.*C5 "tran.*RF.Cy!leLengthCoe## - !apa+ilityUpdateRe/"ire ent "e.RadioCapa+ility7**UpdateRe/"ire ent - Tr"e "e.RadioCapa+ilityT**UpdateRe/"ire ent - 7alse syste Spe!i#i!CapUpdateRe/List

Syste Spe!i#i!CapUpdateRe/List -Y0 Z -





Syste Spe!i#i!CapUpdateRe/- gs sr+.In#or ationSet"pList SR6.In#or ationSet"pList2 -

Y0 Z -

rl!.In#oChoi!e RLC.In#oChoi!e - rl!.In#o rl!.In#o "l.RLC.Mode UL.RLC.Mode - "l.UM.RLC.Mode "l.UM.RLC.Mode dl.RLC.Mode *L.RLC.Mode - dl.UM.RLC.Mode r+.MappingIn#o R6.MappingIn#o -

Y0 Z -"l.Logi!alChannelMappings

UL.Logi!alChannelMappings - oneLogi!alChannel

oneLogi!alChannel "l.TransportChannelType UL.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - ? rl!.Si:eList - !on#ig"red a!.Logi!alChannelPriority - 2 dl.Logi!alChannelMappingList *L.Logi!alChannelMappingList -

Y0 Z -dl.TransportChannelType

*L.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - ? Y? Z -

rl!.In#oChoi!e RLC.In#oChoi!e - rl!.In#o rl!.In#o "l.RLC.Mode UL.RLC.Mode - "l.AM.RLC.Mode "l.AM.RLC.Mode trans issionRLC.*is!ard Trans issionRLC.*is!ard - no*is!ard no*is!ard - dat;0 trans ission indo Si:e - t ?2< ti erRST - tr290 a'.RST - rst? pollingIn#o ti erPoll - tp?40 poll.S*U - sd"? lastTrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e lastRetrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e poll indo - p 90 dl.RLC.Mode *L.RLC.Mode - dl.AM.RLC.Mode dl.AM.RLC.Mode inSe/"en!e*elivery - Tr"e re!eiving indo Si:e - r ?2<

dl.RLC.Stat"sIn#o ti erStat"sProhi+it - tsp?20





issingP*U.Indi!ator - Tr"e r+.MappingIn#o R6.MappingIn#o -

Y0 Z -

"l.Logi!alChannelMappings UL.Logi!alChannelMappings - oneLogi!alChannel oneLogi!alChannel "l.TransportChannelType UL.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - 2 rl!.Si:eList - !on#ig"red a!.Logi!alChannelPriority - 2 dl.Logi!alChannelMappingList *L.Logi!alChannelMappingList -


*L.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - 2 Y2 Z -

rl!.In#oChoi!e RLC.In#oChoi!e - rl!.In#o rl!.In#o "l.RLC.Mode UL.RLC.Mode - "l.AM.RLC.Mode "l.AM.RLC.Mode trans issionRLC.*is!ard Trans issionRLC.*is!ard - no*is!ard no*is!ard - dat;0 trans ission indo Si:e - t ?2< ti erRST - tr290 a'.RST - rst? pollingIn#o ti erPoll - tp?40 poll.S*U - sd"? lastTrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e lastRetrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e poll indo - p 90 dl.RLC.Mode *L.RLC.Mode - dl.AM.RLC.Mode dl.AM.RLC.Mode inSe/"en!e*elivery - Tr"e re!eiving indo Si:e - r ?2< dl.RLC.Stat"sIn#o ti erStat"sProhi+it - tsp?20 issingP*U.Indi!ator - Tr"e r+.MappingIn#o R6.MappingIn#o -


UL.Logi!alChannelMappings - oneLogi!alChannel oneLogi!alChannel "l.TransportChannelType UL.TransportChannelType - d!h

d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - ;





rl!.Si:eList - !on#ig"red a!.Logi!alChannelPriority - 9 dl.Logi!alChannelMappingList *L.Logi!alChannelMappingList -

Y0 Z -dl.TransportChannelType *L.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - ; Y; Z -

rl!.In#oChoi!e RLC.In#oChoi!e - rl!.In#o rl!.In#o "l.RLC.Mode UL.RLC.Mode - "l.AM.RLC.Mode "l.AM.RLC.Mode trans issionRLC.*is!ard

Trans issionRLC.*is!ard - no*is!ard no*is!ard - dat;0 trans ission indo Si:e - t ?2< ti erRST - tr290 a'.RST - rst? pollingIn#o ti erPoll - tp?40 poll.S*U - sd"? lastTrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e lastRetrans issionP*U.Poll - Tr"e poll indo - p 90 dl.RLC.Mode *L.RLC.Mode - dl.AM.RLC.Mode dl.AM.RLC.Mode inSe/"en!e*elivery - Tr"e re!eiving indo Si:e - r ?2< dl.RLC.Stat"sIn#o ti erStat"sProhi+it - tsp?20 issingP*U.Indi!ator - Tr"e r+.MappingIn#o R6.MappingIn#o -


UL.Logi!alChannelMappings - oneLogi!alChannel oneLogi!alChannel "l.TransportChannelType UL.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - 4 rl!.Si:eList - !on#ig"red a!.Logi!alChannelPriority - dl.Logi!alChannelMappingList *L.Logi!alChannelMappingList -


*L.TransportChannelType - d!h d!h - ;? logi!alChannelIdentity - 4

"l.Co onTransChIn#o odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd





"l.T7CS T7CS - nor alT7CI.Signalling nor alT7CI.Signalling 'pli!itT7CS.Con#ig"ration - !o plete

!o plete !t#!Si:e - !t#!26it !t#!26it -

Y0 Z -+Opt[po erO##setIn#or ation - ?

!t#!2 - 0 po erO##setIn#or ation gain7a!torIn#or ation 1ain7a!torIn#or ation - signalled1ain7a!tors signalled1ain7a!tors odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd gain7a!tor6etaC - ?9 gain7a!tor6eta* - 0

Y? Z -+Opt[po erO##setIn#or ation - ? !t#!2 - ? po erO##setIn#or ation gain7a!torIn#or ation 1ain7a!torIn#or ation - signalled1ain7a!tors signalled1ain7a!tors odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd gain7a!tor6etaC - ?? gain7a!tor6eta* - ?9 "l.AddRe!on#TransChIn#oList UL.AddRe!on#TransChIn#oList -

Y0 Z -"l.TransportChannelType - d!h transportChannelIdentity - ;?

transport7or atSet Transport7or atSet - dedi!atedTransChT7S dedi!atedTransChT7S tti - tti?0 tti?0 *edi!ated*yna i!T7.In#oList -

Y0 Z -rl!.Si:e - o!tetModeType?

o!tetModeType? O!tetModeRLC.Si:eIn#oType? - si:eType? si:eType? - ? n" +erO#T+Si:eList -

Y0 Z -)" +erO#Transport6lo!%s - :ero

Y? Z -)" +erO#Transport6lo!%s - one

logi!alChannelList Logi!alChannelList - allSi:es se istati!T7.In#or ation !hannelCodingType ChannelCodingType - !onvol"tional !onvol"tional - third rateMat!hingAttri+"te - ? 0

!r!.Si:e - !r!? dl.Co onTransChIn#o





odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd dl.Para eters - sa eAsUL dl.AddRe!on#TransChIn#oList *L.AddRe!on#TransChIn#oList -

Y0 Z -dl.TransportChannelType - d!h dl.transportChannelIdentity - ;? t#s.SignallingMode - sa eAsULTrC5 sa eAsULTrC5 "l.TransportChannelType - d!h "l.TransportChannelIdentity - ;? d!h.V"alityTarget +ler.V"alityBal"e - .20 "l.ChannelRe/"ire ent UL.ChannelRe/"ire ent - "l.*PC5.In#o "l.*PC5.In#o "l.*PC5.Po erControlIn#o

UL.*PC5.Po erControlIn#o - #dd dp!!h.Po erO##set - .4G p!.Prea +le - 0 sR6.delay - G po erControlAlgorith Po erControlAlgorith - algorith ? algorith ? - 0 odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd s!ra +lingCodeType - longSC s!ra +lingCode - 2;<9EG spreading7a!tor - s# 4 t#!i. 'isten!e - Tr"e p"n!t"ringLi it - pl? dl.Co onIn#or ation dl.*PC5.In#oCo on !#n5andling - initialise odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd dl.*PC5.Po erControlIn#o odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd dp!.Mode - singleTPC po erO##setPilot.pdpd!h - ?2 spreading7a!torAndPilot S79?2.AndPilot - s#d?2< s#d?2< - p+4 position7i'edOr7le'i+le - #i'ed t#!i. 'isten!e - 7alse odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd de#a"lt*PC5.O##setBal"e - 9;9 dl.In#or ationPerRL.List *L.In#or ationPerRL.List -

Y0 Z -odeSpe!i#i!In#o - #dd

pri aryCPIC5.In#o pri aryS!ra +lingCode - 4<0 dl.*PC5.In#oPerRL *L.*PC5.In#oPerRL - #dd pCPIC5.Usage7orChannel st - ay6eUsed dp!h.7ra eO##set - 20

dl.ChannelisationCodeList *L.ChannelisationCodeList -





Y0 Z -s#.AndCode)" +er

S79?2.AndCode)" +er - s#?2< s#?2< - 9

tp!.Co +inationInde' - 0

Message d" p @5e' - 00 00 A9 6 00 C 02 00 ;0 00

00 0E ?9 A? 0? 0? 00 9 ;0 G9< 0? <? 79 4 < ?9 00 C* C*0* G4 ?? 40 4G <2 E ?A G< ?2E 0; ; AA 09 <* ;0 9 ?G ?AG< 92 E ?; ; AA 09 <* ;0 9?G ?A G< E< E 2; ; AA 09 <*;0 9 ?G ?A G< *A E ;2 00 0?<? ? 42 7C 07 00 24 02 2; E7

0E 6 *9 A4 ; <2 0G 4< 06;7 E0 CA ?? 06 << G< 00 2< 0A?4 00 ?2 ;4





RRC Connection +etup Complete (U /DCC<' Ti e- ?;-0<-2<$ ?

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"e.6asedOT*OA.S"pported - 7alse net or%Assisted1PS.S"pported - no)et or%Assisted1PS





s"pport7orU .1PS.Ti ingO#Cell7ra es - 7alse s"pport7orIP*L - 7alse eas"re entCapa+ility do nlin%Co pressedMode

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Message d" p @5e' - 00 00 A9 6 00 2< 02 00 ;0 0000 0E ?G *; 00 00 00 ?A 4A 0<00 00 67 77 77 ?? A< 99 0 A4C2 < 4 2C E4 02 0< 00 0< 00?? << ?? 00 ?2 ;4





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72783707 umts planning and optimization training

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