7.1.2.3 data references for risk assessment 7.1.2.4 meteorological...
TRANSCRIPT
7.1.2.3 Data References for Risk Assessment
7.1.2.4 Meteorological Data
• Wind: 6 meters/second from ESE at 3 meters
• Ground Roughness: open country
• Cloud Cover: 5 tenth
• Air Temperature: 24.2° C
• Stability Class: D
• No Inversion Height
• Relative Humidity: 50%
7.1.2.5 The Levels of Concern
1. For Toxicity - IDLH / TLV / AEGL-1 / AEGL -2 / AEGL -3, whichever is applicable
2. For Calculation Of Distance For Flammable Cloud - 60% LEL = Flame Pockets, 10% LEL
3. For Radiative Fluxes – 10 kw / m2 (100% lethality), 5 kw/m2 (1% lethality), 2 kw /m2 (no
discomfort)
4. For Overpressures - 8.0 psi (destruction of buildings); 3.5 psi (serious injury likely); and 1.0 psi
(shatters glass).
7.1.2.6 Failure Frequency Data
Failure frequency data as given in Loss Prevention in Process Industries by Frank P Lees is presented
below:
200
Table 7.1 Failure Frequency Data
SR.
NO.
ITEM FAILURE FREQUENCY
(No. per 106 years)
1 Shell
2 Process / Pressure Vessel 1.0
3 Atmospheric Pressure Storage 0.1
4 Full Bore Vessel Connection
25 30.0
40 10.0
50 7.5
100 4.0
150 3.0
5 Full Bore Process Pipeline (Diameter in mm)
Less Than 50 0.30*
>50, <150 0.09*
More than 150 0.03*
(*Failure frequency expressed in No. per met length per 106 years)
7.1.3 Aloha Analysis for Isophorone Storage Tank – 1
Scenario 1/01- Isophorone failure of Isophorone tank and contents getting accumulated in the dyke enclosure
– Toxic area of vapour cloud
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1414 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
201
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 0.0363 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 2.12 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (800 ppm = PAC-3)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Orange: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (5 ppm = PAC-2)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (4 ppm = PAC-1)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
202
Scenario 1/02- Isophorone failure of isophorone tank and contents getting accumulated in the dyke enclosure
– Flammable area of vapour cloud
SITE DATA:
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (800 ppm = PAC-3)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Orange: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (5 ppm = PAC-2)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (4 ppm = PAC-1)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1423 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 0.0362 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 2.12 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (5040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (840 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
203
Scenario 1/03- Isophorone failure of isophorone tank and contents getting accumulated in the dyke enclosure –
Overpressure from vapor cloud explosion
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1426 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 0.0362 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 2.12 pounds
204
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (5040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (840 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Gaussian
No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time
Scenario 2/01- Isophorone failure of isophorone tank and contents getting accumulated in the dyke enclosure
– Thermal radiation from pool fire.
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1438 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Burning Puddle / Pool Fire
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Initial Puddle Temperature: Air temperature
Flame Length: 11 yards
Burn Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Burn Rate: 144 pounds/min
205
Total Amount Burned: 8,640 pounds
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Gaussian
No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Thermal radiation from pool fire
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (10.0 kW/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec)
Orange: 13 yards --- (5.0 kW/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec)
Yellow: 22 yards --- (2.0 kW/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)
Scenario 3/01 catastrophic failure of the pump discharge line from road tanker to storage tank. Toxic area of
vapor cloud
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1458 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
206
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 10 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 5 minutes
Release Rate: 337 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 1,687 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 111 yards --- (800 ppm = PAC-3)
Orange: 1.1 miles --- (5 ppm = PAC-2)
Yellow: 1.2 miles --- (4 ppm = PAC-1)
207
Scenario 3/02 catastrophic failure of the pump discharge line from road tanker to storage tank. Flammable
area of vapor cloud
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1511 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 10 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 5 minutes
Release Rate: 337 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 1,687 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 42 yards --- (5040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 108 yards --- (840 ppm = 10% LEL)
208
Scenario 3/03 catastrophic failure of the pump discharge line from road tanker to storage tank. Explosion of
vapor cloud
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1535 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
209
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 10 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 5 minutes
Release Rate: 337 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 1,687 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings)
Orange: 35 yards --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely)
Yellow: 70 yards --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)
Scenario 4/01 catastrophic failure of the pump discharge line from storage tank to day tank. Toxic area of
vapor cloud
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1545 hours ST (using computer's clock)
210
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 6 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 5 minutes
Release Rate: 202 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 1,012 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 84 yards --- (800 ppm = PAC-3)
Orange: 1558 yards --- (5 ppm = PAC-2)
Yellow: 1727 yards --- (4 ppm = PAC-1)
211
Scenario 4/02 catastrophic failure of the pump discharge line from storage tank to day tank. Flammable area of vapor
cloud
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1545 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
212
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 6 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 5 minutes
Release Rate: 202 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 1,012 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 31 yards --- (5040 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 82 yards --- (840 ppm = 10% LEL)
213
Scenario 4/03 catastrophic failure of the pump discharge line from storage tank to day tank. Overpressure of
vapor cloud
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1545 hours ST (using computer's clock)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: ISOPHORONE Molecular Weight: 138.21 g/mol
PAC-1: 4 ppm PAC-2: 5 ppm PAC-3: 800 ppm
IDLH: 200 ppm LEL: 8400 ppm UEL: 38000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 417.2° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 6.58e-004 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 677 ppm or 0.068%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 6 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 5 minutes
Release Rate: 202 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 1,012 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings)
Orange: 24 yards --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely)
Yellow: 54 yards --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)
214
215
Table 7.2 Summary of aloha & mitigation for isophorone
Substance Failure Scenario
No.
Effects
considered
LOC Distance,
yards
Mitigation plan
Isophorone Catastrophic
failure of the
isophorone tank &
contents getting
accumulated in
the dyke enclosure
IPH 1/01 Toxic area
of vapor
cloud
PAC-3 800 ppm <10 PPE are provided.
EarthLink to tank
provided.
Dyke wall provided.
Area is barricaded.
Half yearly medical
checkup for employees.
PAC-2 5 ppm
PAC-1 4 ppm
IPH 1/02 Flammable
area of
vapor cloud
60%
LEL
5040 ppm <10 Fire extinguisher are
provided.
10%
LEL
840ppm
IPH 1/03 Overpressu
re effects of
vapor cloud
8.0 psi - Breather & vent
provided. 3.5 psi
1.0 psi
IPH 2/01 Radiation
effects of
pool fire
10 kW/sq m 11 Fire extinguisher are
provided.
Fire hydrant system is in
place.
Dyke wall provided.
5 kW/ sq m 13
2 kW/ sq m 22
Catastrophic
failure of the
pump discharge
line from road
tanker to storage
tank
IPH 3/01 Toxic area
of vapor
cloud
PAC-3 800 ppm 111 PPE are provided.
EarthLink to tank
provided.
Dyke wall provided.
Area is barricaded.
Half yearly medical
checkup for employees.
PAC-2 5 ppm 1.1 miles
PAC-1 4 ppm 1.2 miles
IPH 3/02 Flammable
area of
vapor cloud
60%
LEL
5040 ppm 42 Fire extinguisher are
provided.
10%
LEL
840 ppm 108
IPH 3/03 Overpressu
re effects of
vapor cloud
8 psi - Breather & vent
provided. 3.5 psi 35
1 psi 70
Catastrophic
failure of the
pump discharge
line from storage
tank to day tank
IPH 4/01 Toxic area
of vapor
cloud
PAC-3 800 ppm 84 PPE are provided.
Dyke wall provided.
Half yearly medical
checkup for employees.
PAC-2 5 ppm 1558
PAC-1 4 ppm 1727
IPH 4/02 Flammable
area of
vapor cloud
60%
LEL
5040 ppm 31 Fire extinguisher are
provided.
10%
LEL
840 ppm 82
IPH 4/03 Overpressu
re effects of
vapor cloud
8 psi - Breather & vent
provided. 3.5 psi 24
1 psi 54
216
7.1.4 Aloha Analysis for Toluene Storage Tank – 2
Scenario 5/01 Toluene
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: TOLUENE Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
AEGL-1 (60 min): 200 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 1200 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 4500 ppm
IDLH: 500 ppm LEL: 11000 ppm UEL: 71000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 229.4° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.042 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 42,779 ppm or 4.28%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 12.5 square meters Puddle Volume: 18 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 1.04 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 62.1 pounds
217
THREAT ZONE:
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (4500 ppm = AEGL-3 (60 min))
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Orange: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (1200 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min))
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (200 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min))
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Scenario 5/02 Toluene
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: TOLUENE Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
AEGL-1 (60 min): 200 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 1200 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 4500 ppm
IDLH: 500 ppm LEL: 11000 ppm UEL: 71000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 229.4° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.042 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 42,779 ppm or 4.28%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
218
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 12.5 square meters Puddle Volume: 18 cubic meters
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (4500 ppm = AEGL-3 (60 min))
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Orange: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (1200 ppm = AEGL-2 (60 min))
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (200 ppm = AEGL-1 (60 min))
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 1.04 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 62.1 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (6600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (1100 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Scenario 5/03 Toluene
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: TOLUENE Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
AEGL-1 (60 min): 200 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 1200 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 4500 ppm
IDLH: 500 ppm LEL: 11000 ppm UEL: 71000 ppm
219
Ambient Boiling Point: 229.4° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.042 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 42,779 ppm or 4.28%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (6600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (1100 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 12.5 square meters Puddle Volume: 18 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 1.04 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 62.1 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Gaussian
No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time
Scenario 6/01
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: TOLUENE Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
220
AEGL-1 (60 min): 200 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 1200 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 4500 ppm
IDLH: 500 ppm LEL: 11000 ppm UEL: 71000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 229.4° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.042 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 42,779 ppm or 4.28%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Gaussian
No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Burning Puddle / Pool Fire
Puddle Area: 12.5 square meters Puddle Volume: 18 cubic meters
Initial Puddle Temperature: Air temperature
Flame Length: 12 yards
Burn Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Burn Rate: 133 pounds/min
Total Amount Burned: 7,998 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Thermal radiation from pool fire
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (10.0 kW/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec)
Orange: 13 yards --- (5.0 kW/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec)
Yellow: 22 yards --- (2.0 kW/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)
221
Scenario 7/01 toluene
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: TOLUENE Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
AEGL-1 (60 min): 200 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 1200 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 4500 ppm
IDLH: 500 ppm LEL: 11000 ppm UEL: 71000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 229.4° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.042 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 42,779 ppm or 4.28%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
222
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 10 liters/min Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 30 minutes
Release Rate: 19 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 570 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 13 yards --- (4500 ppm = AEGL-3 [60 min])
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Orange: 25 yards --- (1200 ppm = AEGL-2 [60 min])
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 79 yards --- (200 ppm = AEGL-1 [60 min])
223
Scenario 7/02 Toluene
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: TOLUENE Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
AEGL-1 (60 min): 200 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 1200 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 4500 ppm
IDLH: 500 ppm LEL: 11000 ppm UEL: 71000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 229.4° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.042 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 42,779 ppm or 4.28%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 10 liters/min Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 30 minutes
Release Rate: 19 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 570 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 12 yards --- (6600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 26 yards --- (1100 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
224
Scenario 7/03 Toluene
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: TOLUENE Molecular Weight: 92.14 g/mol
AEGL-1 (60 min): 200 ppm AEGL-2 (60 min): 1200 ppm AEGL-3 (60 min): 4500 ppm
IDLH: 500 ppm LEL: 11000 ppm UEL: 71000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 229.4° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.042 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 42,779 ppm or 4.28%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 12 yards --- (6600 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 26 yards --- (1100 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 10 liters/min Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 30 minutes
Release Rate: 19 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 570 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
225
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings)
Orange: 17 yards --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely)
Yellow: 40 yards --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)
Table 7.3 Summary of aloha & mitigation for toluene
Substance Failure Scenario
No.
Effects
considered
LOC Distance,
yards
Mitigation plan
Toluene Catastrophic
failure of the
toluene tank &
forming
evaporating
puddle
Tol 5/01 Toxic area of
vapor cloud
AEGL-3 4500 ppm <10 PPE are provided.
EarthLink to tank
provided.
Dyke wall provided.
AEGL-2 1200 ppm
AEGL-1 200 ppm
Tol 5/02 Flammable
area of vapor
cloud
60%
LEL
6600 ppm <10 Fire extinguisher are
provided.
Water sprinkler system
provided. 10%
LEL
1100 ppm
Tol 5/03 Overpressure
effects of
vapor cloud
8.0 psi -
Breather & vent
provided. 3.5 psi
1.0 psi
Tol 6/01 Radiation
effects of
pool fire
10 kW/sq m <10 Fire extinguisher are
provided.
Water sprinkler system
provided.
Fire hydrant system is in
place.
Dyke wall provided.
5 kW/ sq m 13
2 kW/ sq m 22
Catastrophic
failure of the
pump discharge
line from tank
Tol 7/01 Toxic area of
vapor cloud
AEGL-3 4500 ppm 13 PPE are provided.
EarthLink to tank
provided.
Dyke wall provided
AEGL-2 1200 ppm 25
AEGL-1 200 ppm 79
Tol 7/02 Flammable 60% 6600 ppm 12 Fire extinguisher are
area of vapor
cloud
LEL provided.
Water sprinkler system
provided. 10%
LEL
1100 ppm 26
Tol 7/03 Overpressure
effects of
vapor cloud
8.0 psi - Breather & vent
provided. 3.5 psi 17
1.0 psi 40
7.1.5 Aloha Analysis for Furnace Oil Storage Tank – 3
Scenario 8.01
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: N-DECANE Molecular Weight: 142.28 g/mol
PAC-1: 1.9 ppm PAC-2: 20 ppm PAC-3: 440 ppm
LEL: 7500 ppm UEL: 54000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 343.7° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.0021 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 2,110 ppm or 0.21%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 2 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 10 minutes
Release Rate: 53.4 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 534 pounds
227
THREAT ZONE:
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 60 yards --- (440 ppm = PAC-3)
Orange: 367 yards --- (20 ppm = PAC-2)
Yellow: 1296 yards --- (1.9 ppm = PAC-1)
Scenario 8.02
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: N-DECANE Molecular Weight: 142.28 g/mol
PAC-1: 1.9 ppm PAC-2: 20 ppm PAC-3: 440 ppm
LEL: 7500 ppm UEL: 54000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 343.7° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.0021 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 2,110 ppm or 0.21%
228
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 2 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 10 minutes
Release Rate: 53.4 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 534 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 16 yards --- (4500 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 44 yards --- (750 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Scenario 8.03
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
229
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: N-DECANE Molecular Weight: 142.28 g/mol
PAC-1: 1.9 ppm PAC-2: 20 ppm PAC-3: 440 ppm
LEL: 7500 ppm UEL: 54000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 343.7° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.0021 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 2,110 ppm or 0.21%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : 16 yards --- (4500 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 44 yards --- (750 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Direct Source: 2 cubic meters/hr Source Height: 0
Source State: Liquid
Source Temperature: equal to ambient
Release Duration: 10 minutes
Release Rate: 53.4 pounds/min
Total Amount Released: 534 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Heavy Gas
Red : LOC was never exceeded --- (8.0 psi = destruction of buildings)
Orange: 19 yards --- (3.5 psi = serious injury likely)
Yellow: 46 yards --- (1.0 psi = shatters glass)
230
Scenario 9.01
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: N-DECANE Molecular Weight: 142.28 g/mol
PAC-1: 1.9 ppm PAC-2: 20 ppm PAC-3: 440 ppm
LEL: 7500 ppm UEL: 54000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 343.7° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.0021 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 2,110 ppm or 0.21%
231
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 0.109 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 6.55 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (440 ppm = PAC-3)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Orange: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (20 ppm = PAC-2)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 22 yards --- (1.9 ppm = PAC-1)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
232
Scenario 9.02
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (440 ppm = PAC-3)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Orange: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (20 ppm = PAC-2)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: 22 yards --- (1.9 ppm = PAC-1)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: N-DECANE Molecular Weight: 142.28 g/mol
PAC-1: 1.9 ppm PAC-2: 20 ppm PAC-3: 440 ppm
LEL: 7500 ppm UEL: 54000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 343.7° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.0021 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 2,110 ppm or 0.21%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 0.109 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 6.55 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (4500 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (750 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
233
Threat Modeled: Flammable Area of Vapor Cloud
Model Run: Gaussian
Red : less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (4500 ppm = 60% LEL = Flame Pockets)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Yellow: less than 10 meters(10.9 yards) --- (750 ppm = 10% LEL)
Note: Threat zone was not drawn because effects of near-field patchiness
make dispersion predictions less reliable for short distances.
Scenario 9.03
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: N-DECANE Molecular Weight: 142.28 g/mol
PAC-1: 1.9 ppm PAC-2: 20 ppm PAC-3: 440 ppm
LEL: 7500 ppm UEL: 54000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 343.7° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.0021 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 2,110 ppm or 0.21%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Evaporating Puddle (Note: chemical is flammable)
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Ground Type: Concrete Ground Temperature: 27° C
Initial Puddle Temperature: Ground temperature
Release Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Max Average Sustained Release Rate: 0.109 pounds/min
(averaged over a minute or more)
Total Amount Released: 6.55 pounds
234
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Gaussian
No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time
10.01
SITE DATA:
Location: LOTE PARSHURAM MIDC, TAL KHE, INDIA
Building Air Exchanges Per Hour: 0.33 (sheltered single storied)
Time: August 25, 2015 1717 hours ST (user specified)
CHEMICAL DATA:
Chemical Name: N-DECANE Molecular Weight: 142.28 g/mol
PAC-1: 1.9 ppm PAC-2: 20 ppm PAC-3: 440 ppm
LEL: 7500 ppm UEL: 54000 ppm
Ambient Boiling Point: 343.7° F
Vapor Pressure at Ambient Temperature: 0.0021 atm
Ambient Saturation Concentration: 2,110 ppm or 0.21%
ATMOSPHERIC DATA: (MANUAL INPUT OF DATA)
Wind: 2 meters/second from 270° true at 10 meters
Ground Roughness: urban or forest Cloud Cover: 3 tenths
Air Temperature: 27° C Stability Class: B
Inversion Height: 20 meters Relative Humidity: 53%
SOURCE STRENGTH:
Burning Puddle / Pool Fire
Puddle Area: 20 square meters Puddle Volume: 25 cubic meters
Initial Puddle Temperature: Air temperature
Flame Length: 13 yards
Burn Duration: ALOHA limited the duration to 1 hour
Burn Rate: 194 pounds/min
235
Total Amount Burned: 11,658 pounds
THREAT ZONE:
Threat Modeled: Thermal radiation from pool fire
Red : 11 yards --- (10.0 kW/(sq m) = potentially lethal within 60 sec)
Orange: 17 yards --- (5.0 kW/(sq m) = 2nd degree burns within 60 sec)
Yellow: 28 yards --- (2.0 kW/(sq m) = pain within 60 sec)
Threat Modeled: Overpressure (blast force) from vapor cloud explosion
Type of Ignition: ignited by spark or flame
Level of Congestion: congested
Model Run: Gaussian
No explosion: no part of the cloud is above the LEL at any time
Table 7.4 Summary of aloha & mitigation for Furnace oil Substance Failure Scenario No. Effects
considered
LOC Distance,
yards
Mitigation plan
FO Catastrophic
failure of the
toluene tank &
forming
evaporating
puddle
FO 9/01 Toxic area of
vapor cloud
PAC-3 440 <10 PPE are provided.
EarthLink to tank
provided.
Dyke wall
provided.
PAC-2 20 <10
PAC-1 1.9 22
FO 9/02 Flammable
area of vapor
cloud
60% LEL 4500 ppm <10 Fire extinguisher
are provided.
10% LEL 750 ppm
FO 9/03 Overpressure
effects of
vapor cloud
8.0 psi -
Breather & vent
provided. 3.5 psi
1.0 psi
FO 10/01 Radiation
effects of
pool fire
10 kW/sq m 11 Fire extinguisher
are provided.
Fire hydrant
system is in place.
Dyke wall
provided.
5 kW/ sq m 17
2 kW/ sq m 28
Catastrophic FO 8/01 Toxic area of PAC-3 440 60 PPE are provided.
failure of the
pump discharge
line from tank
vapor cloud PAC-2 20 367 EarthLink to tank
provided.
Dyke wall
provided
PAC-1 1.9 1296
FO 8/02 Flammable
area of vapor
cloud
60% LEL 4500 ppm 16 Fire extinguisher
are provided. 10% LEL 750 ppm 44
FO 8/03 Overpressure
effects of
vapor cloud
8.0 psi - Breather & vent
provided. 3.5 psi 19
1.0 psi 46
7.4 Adequate water balance calculation
The water required for firefighting purpose can be estimated by the below formula:
Water required in liters per minutes = ( A + B + C + D )/20
A) The total area in sq. mtr. of all floors & galleries in all building of the factory.
B) The total area in sq. mtr of all floors and galleries including open spaces in which combustible materials.
C) The total area in sq. mtr of all floors over 15 mtr above ground level.
D) The total area in sq. mtr of all floors of building other than those of fire resisting construction of various
floors is so certified by any fire association or fire insurance company.
Therefore water required in liters per minutes = (192.3 + 192.3 +7162.43)/20
= 377.35 liters/min
The quantity of fire fighting tank is 1.72 lakh liters. ( Actual capacity = 3.45 lakh liters )
237
Therefore the back-up water supply time = Total water in fire fighting tank / water required
= 172000/377.35
= 455.81 min = 7.6 hrs.
The pump capacity in plant is 2033 liters/min. The back-up time by which the tank will be empty is calculated below,
Time, min = total water in fire fighting tank / discharge capacity
= 172000/2033
= 84.60 min = 1.41 hrs
7.5 Fire Load Calculation
Defination of fIre load
The weight of combustiable material per square foot of floor space.
The cumbustiable contents or interior finish of a building per unit floor area, often expressed as pounds per
square foot or as Btu per square foot.
The amount of fuel with in a building which has the potential of burning and releasing heat to feed the
growth of fire.
FIRE LOAD CAN BE CALCULATED AS FOLLOWS:
Weight of material per Kg (Mass) X Calorific value of material.
Calculating the fire loading of a compartment The fire loading of the compartment is a way of establishing the severity of a fire and the
measurement is related to the heat outout as stated by Drysdale (1985) the formula for calculating the
fire loading is noted as:
(Calorific Value X Mass (or Volume) ) / Floor Area = Area Fire loading Kj/m2
Fire load calculation
Sample calculation
Toluene ( Tank T106)
Specific heat of toluene = 43033.326 kJ/Kg.
Diameter of tank T106 = 1500 mm.
Area= 1.76625 m2
Quantity at any time in T106 = 1000 lit.
238
Specific gravity of toluene = 0.87
Quantity at any time = 870 Kg.
Area fire loading =
= 21196.88 kJ/m2
Table 7.5 Fire load calculation
Material Tank Diameter
, m
C/s area,
m2
Qty at
any time
in lit
Specific
gravity
Qty in
kg
Specific
heat, kJ/kg
Area fire
loading
Toluene T106 1.5 1.76625 1000 0.87 870 43033.326 21196.88
Toluene T106A 1 0.785 400 0.87 348 43033.326 19077.19
Isophorone T127 14.26 10000 0.92 9200 314.01 202.587
Isophorone T104 2.1 3.46185 2000 0.92 1840 314.01 166.898
Furnace oil T101 2.6 5.3066 5000 0.965 4825 41030 37306.326
7.6 Accident Statistics Table 7.6 Accident / Incident Records for the Year - 2010-15
Sr.No. Name of the person Date Time Area Accident / Incident Mitigation Plan
1 Subhash Kadam 17.06.2010 12:00 Catalyst - De-dusting Drum falled on right toe Training on drum movement
Height of dedusting machine increased
2 Sandip palkar 29.11.2010 1.15 Reactor section Leg injured in hole of platform Substitute plate kept
Emergency work in day shift
3 Mr. Pandurang Gothal( Compony) 21.09.2011 11:30
3,5 Plant : QC Lab
Material in eyes from hot plate Training on chemicals handling
Training on awareness
4 Mr.S.V.Abmre( Compony) 23.11.2011 17:30
3,5 Plant : Near D-102 reboiler
Material on face, sholder Dechocking by steam
Permanent drum draining line provided
5 Mr. Atit Baikar( Pragati Ent.) 06.04.2012 12:00
3,5 Plant : Pusher Centrifuge Material splashed on hand. Training given
6 Mr.Prashant raghunath gujar (Pragati)
22.08.2012
18:30 Catalyst:Extruder belt Tip of finger got pressed Fixed guard modified
Work permit must to open guard
7 Mr.Sumit C Sawant 16.07.2013 2:30 Drainage Area
Fall in gutter while cleaning wall Training given
8 Mr.Bare 04.08.2013 12:00 Extractor Right ear scratch while moving packing Training given
9 Mr.Dattaram Gunadekar 18.08.2013 10:30 MM-04
Right hand finger injury by scrapper Modification proposed
10 Mr. Mukund Kadam( Co.) 24.11.2014 18:00 D-106 bottom
Material on sholder while steaming Hose clip to use now
Male female connection provided
11 Mr. Ramashri Jaiswal(Shiwam) 10.12.2014 12:00 ETP sand BED
Hammer on thumb in sandbed work Communicatin training required
12 Mr. Prakash Bhekare 12.02.2015 5:30 V-105 area
Steam hose pressuried & steam burn to ankle. Training given
13 Mr. Hemant survanshi 10.06.2015 11:00
Transformer yard
Ac sheet cracking person using belt no injury Training for person