7.1 sunlight powers life
DESCRIPTION
7.1 Sunlight powers life. I. Obtaining Food. Autotrophs are organisms that obtain their energy through the process of photosynthesis such as green plants (aka self feeders, producers) - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
7.1 Sunlight powers life
![Page 2: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
I. Obtaining Food
A. Autotrophs are organisms that obtain their energy through the process of photosynthesis such as green plants (aka self feeders, producers)
B. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food but must obtain it from another source. Animals are heterotrophs and depend on producers for energy (aka consumers)
![Page 3: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
II. Harvesting the Energy in Food
A. Plants and certain other producers use light energy to make organic molecules (energy source).1. H2O and CO2 are the raw ingredients
2. Glucose (C6H12O6) and O2 are the products
3. Occurs by rearranging the atoms
![Page 4: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Harvesting the energy
B. Cellular Respiration is the process that converts this stored organic chemical energy into a usable form ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
C. Both plant and animal cells then use ATP for energy and release CO2 and H2O (fig. 7.3)
![Page 5: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
![Page 6: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
7.2 Food stores chemical energy
![Page 7: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
I. What is Energy? Forms of?
A. The ability to perform work or to move against an opposing force.
B. Kinetic Energy: Energy of motion
C. Potential Energy: Stored energy
D. B and C are inversely proportional!
![Page 8: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
II. Law of Conservation of Energy
A. You cannot create or destroy energy you can only change its form.
B. Random molecular motion: Thermal energy! 1.Caused by atoms bouncing of off each other.
2. Thermal energy transferred from warmer to cooler is called Heat. (Can’t be retrieved and put back to work that is one reason why we must continue to eat.)
![Page 9: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Law of conservation of energy
C. Stored potential energy: Chemical energy!
1. Potential to perform work is due to arrangement of the atoms and the bonds holding them together. (create bond = stored energy; break a bond = release of energy)
2. Almost all organisms use one or more of the following: Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins (fig. 7-5)
![Page 10: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stored chemical energy of food
![Page 11: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
III. Chemical Energy at Work.
A. Cells vs. Engines: both work by breaking down complex chemicals into simple ones (breaking bonds!)
B. Both use O2 to accomplish this and some energy is converted to thermal (heat). (fig. 7-7)
C. Cell slower and more efficient than auto engines.
![Page 12: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Oxygen helps convert energy
![Page 13: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
IV. Calories: Units of Energy
A. Amt. of energy required to raise 1g of H2O by 1 deg. C. (very small)
B. We use kcal or 1,000 calories. (food labels)
C. Calorimeter used to determine kcal. by burning dried food. (H2O has no kcal’s)
D. Cells use enzymes not flame to release energy thus it is easier to manage
![Page 14: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Calories of activities
![Page 15: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
7.3 ATP provides energy for cellular work
![Page 16: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
I. How ATP Packs Energy
A. Draw fig. 7-9.
B. A=Adenine and 5-C sugar
T=Tri or Three (ref. to # of P)
P=Phosphate
C. Each P is a neg. charged molecule since likes repel, they want to separate from each other- this contributes to the amount of potential energy avail. in each bond. (break bond=release energy)
![Page 17: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ATP structure
![Page 18: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
II. ATP and Cellular Work
A. Chemical reactions break ATP’s P bonds.
B. Enzymes enable this to occur.
C. The molecule that undergoes the change drives the work (creatine phosphate)
D. Cells perform 3 types of work (fig. 7-10
1. Mechanical: muscle contraction
2. Chemical: building/breaking large molecules
3. Transport: pumping molecules across cell membrane
![Page 19: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Types of Cell Work
![Page 20: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
III. The ATP Cycle
A. ATP continuously converts to ADP and back
B. ADP can be converted back to ATP by reattaching the P with energy from foods organic molecules
C. A working muscle regenerates all of its ATP molecules about once each min. or 10 million per sec.
![Page 21: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
ATP <--> ADP + P
![Page 22: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
7.4 Electrons fall from food to oxygen during cellular
respiration
![Page 23: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
I. Relationship of Cellular Respiration to Breathing
A. Aerobic process-requires O2
B. O2 into the cell and out
C. Cellular respiration is not breathing or exchange of gasses in the lungs (fig. 7-12)
![Page 24: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Breathing and ATP
![Page 25: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
II. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration
A. Glucose+Oxygen-->Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP
B. C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
C. Main function is to create 38 ATP for each glucose
![Page 26: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cell Respiration Equation
![Page 27: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
III. “Falling” Electrons as an Energy Source
A. Falling elect. like waterfall-at the top the potential energy is high as it falls it becomes less
B. Atom’s positive nucleus pulls negative electrons the closer they get the more potential energy they lose.
C. Positive O2 pulls strongly on electrons in the H2 and C thus rearranging the atoms and releasing energy.
![Page 28: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
IV. Electron Transport Chain
A. Controlled fall of electrons “step-by-step” walk.
B. Not burst (like flame) but series of controlled reactions
C. Electrons passed by carriers until O2 finally pulls electrons off at the end to form H2O and release energy to make ATP.
![Page 29: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
ETC like staircase
![Page 30: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
7.5 Cellular respiration converts energy from food to
energy in ATP
![Page 31: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
I. Mitochondria Structure
A. Outer membrane and Inner highly folded membrane enclosing thick fluid called matrix
B. Folds increase amt. of surface area for more reactions to occur. (fig. 7-16)
C. All chemical processes make up a cell’s metabolism
D. Specific enzymes catalyze (speeds up) each reaction in a metabolic pathway
![Page 32: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Mitochondria
![Page 33: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Overview of Cell Respiration
![Page 34: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
II. Stage I: Glycolysis (splitting of sugar)
A. Occurs in cytoplasm (fig.7-17)B. 2 ATP “initial investment” to break the
sugar
C. 1 C6H12O6 in and 2 pyruvic acids out (3-C each)
D. 2 ATP spent and 4 produced (net gain of 2)
![Page 35: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Glycolysis
![Page 36: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Glycolysis
![Page 37: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Glycolysis
![Page 38: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Glycolysis
![Page 39: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Glycolysis
![Page 40: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Glycolysis1. What are the products of glycolysis?
4 ATP molecules (net gain of 2) and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
![Page 41: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Glycolysis2. Explain the terms energy-investment phase
and energy-harvest phase.
Energy-investment phase refers to the part of the reaction in which two molecules of ATP are used, while energy-harvest phase describes the part of the reaction that generates four molecules of ATP.
![Page 42: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
III. Stage 2: The Krebs Cycle
A. Occurs in the matrix
B. Occurs twice for each glucose that entered stage one
C. Produces 1 ATP and electron carrier molecules
![Page 43: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
![Page 44: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
![Page 45: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
1. What is the overall result of the Krebs cycle?
Pyruvic acid is broken down, forming carbon dioxide and releasing energy.
![Page 46: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Krebs Cycle
2. How is acetyl CoA related to the process?
One pyruvic acid molecule is converted to one molecule of acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle.
![Page 47: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
IV. Stage 3: Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase Action
A. Occurs in the inner membrane of mitoch.B. Refer to the previous information on “falling
electrons” 7-4.C. Hydrogen ions pumped across the
membrane to store energy like a dam holding back water
D. ATP synthases (enzymes) act like mini turbines to convert ADP back into ATP slowly.
E. As many as 38 ATP’s produced for each glucose that entered glycolysis.
![Page 48: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
![Page 49: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
![Page 50: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
![Page 51: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
![Page 52: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
![Page 53: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
![Page 54: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
1. What is the end result of the process shown here?
ATP is generated.
![Page 55: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
ETC and ATP Synthase
2. How is the movement of H+ ions related to this process?
Energy released by the chain pumps H+ ions across a membrane. The H+ ions flow back through ATP synthases, generating ATP.
![Page 56: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Overall ATP production
![Page 57: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
7.6 Energy without oxygen
![Page 58: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
I. Fermentation in Human Muscle Cells
A. Fermentation makes ATP without using oxygen
B. This process is entirely glycolysis, which does not produce a lot of ATP compared to all of cellular respiration but it is enough for short bursts of energy
C. The byproduct of fermentation is the build up of lactic acid in your muscles, this is the soreness you feel after intense exercise
![Page 59: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
II. Fermentation and microorganisms
A. Like your muscles, yeast is capable of both cellular respiration and fermentation
B. When yeast is kept in an anaerobic environment, they are forced to convert sugar and other foods.
C. Instead of producing lactic acid as a waste product, fermentation in yeast cells produces alcohol and carbon dioxide
D. There are also fungi and bacteria that produce lactic acid during fermentation and help transform milk into cheese and yogurt giving them their characteristic flavors
![Page 60: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Fermentation
![Page 61: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Fermentation
![Page 62: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Fermentation
![Page 63: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Fermentation
![Page 64: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Fermentation
1. How are the two types of fermentation similar? How are they different?
Each process starts with glucose, produces two molecules of ATP, and has an intermediate product of pyruvic acid. Fermentation in muscle cells produces lactic acid, while fermentation in yeast produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
![Page 65: 7.1 Sunlight powers life](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022062408/5681319e550346895d980ddc/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Fermentation
2. Why is there no net gain of NADH in either process?
In each process, 2 molecules of NADH are generated in the first step, but 2 molecules of NADH are used in the second step.