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. the Road Traffic Act, 1991 2A (1) a person is to be regarded as driving dangerously if, (and, subject to subsection (2) below, only if) (a) the way he drives falls far below what

1097

would be expected of a competent and careful driver, and (b) it would be obvious to a competent and careful driver that driving in that way would be dangerous. (2) A person is also to be regarded as driving dangerously for the purposes of sections 1 and 2 above if it would be obvious to a competent and careful driver that driving the vehicle in its current state would be dangerous.(3) In sub-sections (1) and (2) above dangerous refers to danger either of injury to any person or of serious damage to property; and in determining for the purposes of those sub-sections what would be expected of, or obvious to, a competent and careful driver in a particular case, regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused.

(4) In determining for the purposes of sub-section (2) above the state of a vehicle, regard may be had to anything attached to or carried on or in it and to the manner in which it is attached or carried

driving dangerously

. thoughtless deliberately put at risk the persons or properties of others sentencing policy

. Crown Prosecution Service speed, which is highly inappropriate for the prevailing road or traffic conditions or similar, in circumstances where the driver was avoidably and dangerously distracted by that

. D pressed the accelerator accidently in mistake for the brake was unaware of the defect in the vehicle, or that he thought the load was secure far below the standard of driving of a competent and careful driver that it constitutes dangerous driving If no competent

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and careful driver would have done such a thing Competent and careful driver absolute the tendency of a car to swerve to the right when braked hard aware competent and careful driver tendency obvious objective Subjective

. careless and inconsiderate driving , careless and inconsiderate driving negligence without due care and attention, or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place, due care and

attention, or without reasonable consideration The Road Safety Act, 2006 3ZA (2) A person is to be regarded as driving without due care and attention if (and only if) the way he drives falls below what would be expected of a competent and careful driver. (3) In determining for the purposes of sub-section (2) above what would be expected of a careful and competent driver in a particular case, regard shall be had not only to the circumstances of which he could be expected to be aware but also to any circumstances shown to have been within the knowledge of the accused Dangerous driving recklessness\negligence

. Dangerous driving objective careless and inconsiderate driving Lord Hewart CJ an objective standard, impersonal and universal, fixed in relation to the safety of other users of the highway. It is in no way

1099

related to the degree of proficiency or degree of experience attained by the individual driver (mcCrone v Riding, 1938) Lord Diplock Lawrence 1981 an absolute offence, in the sense in which that term is commonly used to denote an offence for which the only mens rea needed is simply that the prohibited physical act (actus reus) done by the accused was directed by a mind that was conscious of what his body was doing, it being unnecessary to show that his mind was also conscious of the possible consequences of his doing it negligence careless driving ( dangerous driving ) The general basis on which persons are punished for offences of negligence is that they could have done better, whereas people may be punished for offences of absolute liability even though they have taken all reasonable care

. Overtaking on the inside; driving inappropriately close to another vehicle; inadvertently driving through a red light; emerging from a side road

into the path of another vehicle; tuning a car radio; using a hand-held mobile phone or other hand-held electronic equipment when the driver was avoidably distracted by that use; and selecting and lighting a cigarette or similar when the driver was avoidably distracted by that use careless driving Crown Prosecution Service

. (with intent to kill or do grievous bodily harm), manslaughter, causing death by dangerous driving, causing death by careless driving, causing death by careless driving while intoxicated, causing death while driving unlawfully Aggravated Vehicle-Taking Act 1992

. gross negligence manslaughter a risk of serious injury risk of death from the manner of the driving or to cause fright and death results hit-and-run cases

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where the death did not arise from the manner of the defendants driving but the subsequent failure to comply with the duty to stop unders 170 of the Road Traffic Act, 1988 following an accident manslaughter Crown Prosecution Service

. causing death by dangerous driving

. 2B causing death by careless driving to fill the perceived gap created when an offender was found not guilty of causing death by dangerous driving because his driving had not fallen far enough below the standard of the competent driver. This offence brings sharply into focus the question of whether punishment ought to be based on the fault of the actor or the consequences resulting. Note that the

distinction between this offence and that in s 2A is that there is no need to prove that it was obvious to a competent and careful driver that driving would create a risk of harm to person or property

. 3A causing death by careless or inconsiderate driving when under the influence of drink or drugs

. When no fatality is involved, the sentence for these offences are relatively low, but a death will have a dramatic effect on the gravity of the offence causation causation

. The Road Safety Act, 2006 causing death while driving unlawfully These are stark examples

1101

of constructive liability offences where the punishment is for consequences (death) unrelated to the manner of the driving or any fault involved in driving. All that needs to be proved is that the defendant was driving when he did not have a valid licence or insurance or had been disqualified from driving, and was involved in a fatal collision. Even if Ds driving was flawless and the collision was solely the fault of another, or even if V was solely at fault in running out in front of D, D will be convicted of the statutory homicide offence. For example, in Williams 2010, the Recorder directed the jury on the basis that the Crown did not have to prove there was any fault in the manner of Ws driving. The CA held that for an offence under s 3ZB fault was not required causation strict liability

. Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Bad

Driving 5.22 The fact that a defendant genuinely believed that in the circumstances his or her driving was not dangerous is irrelevant 5.41 Driving that may simply fall below the standard to be expected of a competent and careful driver in certain conditions may fall far below the required standard in other conditions and become dangerous. For example, there may be evidence of poor visibility, adverse weather conditions or difficult geography, such as a blind corner

. Driving Serious Offences The Sentencing Guidelines Council recommends that prolonged, persistent and deliberate bad driving and consumption of substantial amounts of drugs or alcohol should put offenders into the most serious category of causing death by dangerous driving and be given jail terms of at least seven years. A combination of these features of dangerous driving particularly if accompanied by aggravating factors, failing to stop or a very bad driving record - should attract sentences towards the maximum of 14 years.

. The Council recommends

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that where death follows careless driving, a custodial sentence of up to 3 years is likely, with higher sentences where there is a combination of aggravating factors. However, where the driving involved momentary inattention and there were no aggravating factors, an offender should be given a community sentence, which could include a curfew requirement.

. Where death results from an offence involving driving unlicensed, disqualified or uninsured, the maximum sentence possible is two years.

Justice minister, Crispin Blunt, said The Government believe that it is vital to ensure that the criminal law is fully effective in addressing dangerous driving and its all too often appalling consequences.

. For the vast majority of other dangerous driving cases, the maximum penalty of two years imprisonment provides the court with sufficient and proportionate powers to punish offenders. The Government do not agree with those who consider that the maximum penalty for dangerous driving should be raised at large. However, we are aware of the strong feelings about

sentencing for dangerous driving cases that cause very severe injuries.

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