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VECTOVECTOR R

MANAGEMENMANAGEMENTT

Anti-adult measures

Residual sprayingSpace applicationsIndividual protection

Anti-larval measures

LarvicidesSource reductionIntegrated control

Anti-adult Measures

Spraying of the indoor surfaces of houses with residual insecticides.

Sprayed for indefinite period – once or twice a year.

Reduces the longevity of the vector.

Rapid community protection.

Not useful for outdoor vectors.

On discontinuation – Malaria resurgence.

Residual Spraying :

DDT resistant vectors – Malathion & Fenitrothion.

Criteria of insecticides to be used :

Susceptibility status of local vectors

Duration of the residual effect in relation with the length of the transmission season.

SPACE APPLICATION

Pesticides in the form of fog or mist – Special equipment.

Ultra Low Volume method – Pesticide dispersion by air or ground equipment.

INDIVIDUAL PROTECTION

COILS

REPELLANTS

BED - NETS

Mosquitoes bite at twilight and at night, take most precautions during this time.

Sleep in rooms screened with gauze over the windows and doors.

Spray the room with an insecticide before entering to kill any mosquitoes that have got inside during the day.

use a mosquito net around the bed, impregnated with an insecticide such as pyrethrum

Long trousers, long-sleeved clothing and socks to stop the mosquitoes biting

Avoid mosquito bites

Use mosquito repellent cream

Mosquito repellent containing diethyl toluamide (DEET) -the most effective form of bite-preventive treatment,safe in adults, children and pregnant women.

Insect repellents containing over 30 per cent DEET will effectively repel mosquitoes when applied to exposed skin.

Mosquito nets

When sleeping outdoors or in an unscreened room, have an insecticide-treated mosquito net around your bed.

The net should be small-meshed, with no holes, and tucked in under the bottom sheet. During the day, it should be rolled up.

INSECTICIDE TREATED NETS

Pyrethroids – • low residual

action•Low mammalian toxicity• < 4 fluid ounces / per acre Chemical barrier

+ Mechanical protectionImproves effectiveness

Reduces vector populations.

Shortens the mean mosquito life span.

Reduces malaria sporozoite rate

Inhibits mosquito feeding

Reduces the reproductive potential of vectors

ADVANTAGES:

GENERAL APPLICABILITY

Studies suggest – Community wide distribution of ITN – Cost effective.

Untreated nets – 50% protection Main drawback – Low retreatment rate Solution – Long Lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs)

Rebound from partial control of transmission

Partial control interferes with the natural history of immunity in the intense perennial transmission zones

Postpones malaria morbidity & death

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

Gambusia Affinis

Eucalyptus tree

130 Kilodalton – Bacillus thuringiensis - Cyanobacterium agmenellum - Quadruplicatum

Larvicides : Oiling or dusting with Paris Green. (bonide, Golden bear).

Resistance – Modern larvicides ( 1% TEMEPHOS - Abate) – long effect, low toxicity.

Monomolecular films – Arosurf MSF, Agnique MMF

:

Source reduction :

Reduce breeding sites Draining / filling Deepening / flushing Management of water level Changing the salt content of water & intermittent irrigation