CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTION

CIVIL ENGINEERING MATERIALS & CONSTRUCTIONDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING SOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSSOIL INVESTIGATIONSoil investigationsare performedto obtain information on the physical and chemical properties of soil and rock in order to design earthworksandfoundationsfor proposed structures and for repair of distress to earthworks and structures caused by subsurface conditions. Soil investigation will include surface exploration and subsurface exploration of a site.

TYPES OF SOILSSANDCLAYSILTGRAVELSOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSSOIL INVESTIGATIONTYPES OF INVESTIGATIONSTEST PITSBORINGHAND AUGERMECHANICAL AUGERROTARYPERCUSSIONSOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSSOIL INVESTIGATIONTYPES OF TESTS

FEILD TESTS/IN-SITU TESTS

LABORATORY TESTSSOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSSOIL INVESTIGATIONTYPES OF TESTS

STANDARD PENETRATION TEST (SPT)UNDISTURBED SAMPLINGDISTURBED SAMPLING

CONE PENETRATION TEST (CPT)

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO

OTHER LABORATORY TESTSSOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSFOUNDATIONS:

SHALLOW FOUNDATION

DEEP FOUNDATIONSOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSSHALLOW FOUNDATION

SPREAD FOUNDATIONSINGLE FOOTINGSQUARE FOOTINGSTEPPED FOOTINGSLOPING FOOTING

STRIP FOOTING

COMBINED FOOTING

CANTILEVER FOOTING

RAFT/MATT FOOTING

CONTINOUS FOOTING

STRIP FOOTINGSINGLE FOOTING

SOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSDEEP FOUNDATION

RIGID FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATIONBEARING PILESFRICTION PILESBATTERED PILESANCHOR PILESSHEET PILESWOODEN PILESCAST IN-SITU PILESSTEEL PILESFENDER PILES

SOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSLOADING ON FOUNDATIONS

FOUNDATIONS MUST BE DESIGNED AS TO BALANCE THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY WITH THE CENTRE OF RIGIDITY.

THE POINT LOAD FROM THE COLUMN MUST BE LOCATED ON THE CENTRE OF GRAVITY OF THE FOOTING INCASE OF SIMPLE LOADING. SOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSLOADING ON FOUNDATIONSECCENTRIC LOADINGIF THE POINT LOAD FROM THE COLUMN CANNOT BE LOCATED ON THE CENTER OF GRAVITY OF THE FOOTING, THE CASE IS CALLED THE ECCENTRIC LOADING CASE. INCASE OF ECCENTRIC LOADING,B = B 2eYL = L 2ex

A = B x LeXeyLBSOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSLOADING ON FOUNDATIONSDEPTH OF FOUNDATION

RANKINES FORMULA

H = P/W * (1-SIN/1 + SIN)2

WHERE,P = SAFE PERMISSIBLE PRESSURE ON BASE IN LBS/FT2W = WIEGHT OF SOIL IN LBS/FT2 = ANGLE OF REPOSE OF SOIL.

SOIL INVESTGATION & FOUNDATIONSFAILURE OF FOUNDATIONS

DISCOMPACTION OF SOIL

GENERAL FAILURE

LOCAL FAILURE

RELATIVE SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATION

UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF WIEGHT

HORIZONTAL MOVEMENT

MOISTURE IN SOIL

ATMOSPHERIC EFFECT

ROOTS IN TREES