65 anaka 2

gg]]kkffnn ssffgg""gg kkllqqssff @@))^^%%,, cc++ss @@

129

lg0f{o g+=&(@% g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf; dfggLo GofofwLz >L cg'k/fh zdf{ dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 dfggLo GofofwLz >L uf}/L 9sfn

;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=M )^#ws-)))@, )))*, )))(, ))!)

cfb]z ldltM @)^%.!.!@.%

laifoM pTk|]if0f ;d]t . lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= # sfof{no /x]sf] laZj lxGb' dxf;+3sf] ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] ljZj lxGb' dxf;+3 g]kfn /fli6o ;ldltsf sfo{jfxs ;efklt >Lk|;fb pkfWofo

lj?4 lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL

tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf, v/]nyf]s

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s a:g] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]n



lgj]bsM sf=lh sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf

j8f g+=!* j:g] clwjQmf cldtf >]i7

lj?4

lakIfLM ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

lgj]bsM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @(, n}grf}/ a:g] c?0f ;'j]bL ;d]t



k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^#

/fhg}lts 3f]if0ffsf] k|s[of /fhgLlts ePklg To;n] u|x0f u/]sf] ljifo sfg"gL ePkl5 To;nfO{ /fhgLlts ljifosf] ;+1f lbO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lglxt /x]sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/sf] kl/lwaf6} aflx/ kfg'{ Gofosf b[li6n] / c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL d"No, dfGotf / cjwf/0ff ;d]tn] prLt gx'bf k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# nfO{ /fhgLlts 3f]if0ff dfgL To;sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg g} ug{ gldNg] eGg] lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf gb]lvg] .

-k|s/0f g+=&_ jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg

jdf]lhd /fHo / Gofokflnsf ;d]t ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] l:yltdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n cbfntn] af]Ng ldNg] gx'Fbf ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/:t x'g] u/L

130

c+s @

o; cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L ug{ g;Sg] .

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] :jo+ ;+ljwfg g} x'g] x'Fbf To; clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] GofoLs k/LIf0f x'g] geO{ sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/g] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] c+u alg;s]sf k|fawfgx?nfO{ lgis[o e};s]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffsf] ljifoj:t' dfgL To;sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ GofoLs k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGtn] klg cg'dlt glbg] .

-k|s/0f g+=!!_ lgjb]s tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmfx?

jfns[i0f g]pkfg], cldtf >]i7 / cRo"tk|;fb v/]n

ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7s, ;xGofoflwjQmf o'j/fh ;'j]bL

cjnlDjt ghL/M

cfb]z Gof=cg"k/fh zdf{M tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf **-!_-@_ cGtu{t o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ /x]sf] 5M l/6 lgj]bgx?sf] ;+lIfKt tYo != l/6 g+= )))@

d lgj]bsn] lxGb' wd{nfO{ Pp6f /fli6o klxrfgsf] ?kdf lg/Gt/tf lbg] dg;fon] lxGb' wfld{s ultljlwdf cfj4 ;+3 ;+:yfx? ;~rfng ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5' . xfd|f] cfhsf] klxrfg lxhf]df cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 . /fi6n] cfkm\gf] klxrfg / rl/qsf] >f]t cfk\mgf] e"ldsf] ljz]if u'0f, cfkm\gf hgtf, cfkm\gf] ;+:yf, cfkm\gf dfGotf / /Lltdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 . o:tf df}lns klxrfg jf]s]sf] cGo /fi6sf] klxrfg eGbf k[ys ?kdf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f $-!_ f/f k|Tofe"t ul/Psf] klxrfgsf] cfwf/df Ps ax'hftLo, jx'efifLo, lxGb' ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHo klxrfgsf] cfwf/ /x]sf] 5 . @)^# ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] >L % dxf/fhflw/fh 1fg]Gb| lj/ljqmd zfxb]jsf] 3f]if0ffk"j{ :yflkt ;+;bn] @)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff@)^# df ljleGg 3f]if0ff u/L ;f] 3f]if0ffsf] k|s/0f * df "g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5" egL ul/Psf] 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !!^ -!_ / k|:tfjgfsf] efjgf k|lts"n /x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L s'g} ;+zf]wg gul/g] ;+j}wflgs k|Tofe"lt /x]sf] 5 eg] ;+zf]wg ug]{ lgsfon] h:tf];'s} cl;ldt zlQm k|of]u ubf{ klg cfkm\gf] ;+j}wflgs cfwf/nfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}g eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L @)^# ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] k'g:yf{lkt ;+;bsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?n] k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL, @)%$ sf] lgod %-@_ cGt{ut ;f] sf] cg';"rL! adf]lhd g]kfn clw/fHosf]


131

;+ljwfg, @)$& k|lt k"0f{ jkmfbf/ /xL k|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:osf] sfdsfh d'n'ssf] ;f]emf] lrtfO{ s;}sf] 8/ wfs gdfgL, kIfkft gu/L, v/fj efjgf glnO{ OdfGbf/L;fy ug]{5' egL ;ky ;d]t lng' ePsf], ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnL, ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq, jx'bnLo k|hftGqnfO{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgfsf ?kdf c+lusf/ ul/Psf] / wf/f $-!_ df lxGb' ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ;d]t /x]sf] 5 . lxGb' wd{ l;4fGt eGbf klg Jojxf/df j9L nrsbf/ /x]sf] tYon] s'g} ;Dk|bfo ljz]if nlIft xf]Og . of] t ;gftg wd{k|lt nlIft 5 . ;gftg ;Eotf, CUj]b;Dd k'/fgf] x'g'sf ;fy} w]/} eujfgsf] k"hf / ljleGg bz{gnfO{ cf:yfsf] ?kdf cjnDjg ug{ k'u]sf] 5 . of] wd{n] ljleGg l/ltl/jfh cyjf k4tLsf] cg';/0f ub{5 . ;du|df eGbf lxGb'wd{ Pp6f hLjg k4tL xf] . ;gftg dfu{ xf], klxrfg xf] . wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] cjwf/0ff s'g} JolQm ljz]ifsf] jf}l4s ljnf;sf] laifo x'g ;Sb}g . of] s'g} klg b]z, ;dfh jf ;Eotfsf] w/ftnLo oyfy{ ;fk]If /x]sf] x'G5 . xfn ;Dd hlGdg;s]sf / g]kfnsf] eljio eGg'kg]{ s/f}+8f}+ g]kfnLnfO{ ztflAbof}+b]lv pgsf k"j{hx?n] jf]s]/ cfPsf] klxrfgjf6 j+lrt u/L lghx?nfO{ u'dgfd cj:yfdf k'ofpg] clwsf/ jt{dfg k':tfnfO{ 5}g . wd{ lg/k]Iftf / wd{ ;fk]Iftf eGbf klg /fi6 / ;dfhsf] klxrfgnfO{ d"t{tf lbg] tYo ;/f]sf/sf] laifo xf] .

g]kfn clw/fHonfO{ wd{ lg/k]If /fHo 3f]if0ff ug'{ eg]sf] g]kfn /fi6sf] ?kdf klxrfg u'dfpg'sf ;fy} wfld{s / ;fDk|bflos lx+;f lgDTofpg' xf], h'g /fi6sf] enf] lrtfpg] s'g} klg ;+3 ;+:yf, /fhg}lts bn jf JolQmsf] kIfdf x'g ;Sb}g . @)^#.!.!! df k'g:yflkt k|ltlglw;efn] ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf / wf/f !!^-!_ eGbf aflx/ uP/ s'g} ;zf]wg / 3f]if0ff ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgf/f k|Tofe"t ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] j}wflgs lgsfo ;+ljwfg;ef dfq x'g ;Sb5 . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;++ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f $-!_ sf] tfTko{ g]kfn Ps v'nf ;dfhsf] bz{gdf cfwfl/t ;gftgL lxGb' dfGotfjf6 lgb]{lzt /fHosf] klxrfg xf] . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @% -!_ / #^ -@_ n] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts klxrfgnfO{ sfod /fVg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt / df}lns xssf] ;lDd>0f g} gful/ssf clwsf/sf] d'Vo >f]t xf] . b]zdf ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf /x]sf] oyfy{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfGb} cfPsf] ljleGg km};nfjf6 k|ltljlDjt x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ / wf/f !!^ -!_ k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffn] vf/]h gug'{sf cnfjf of]uL g/x/Lgfy lj?4 ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ePsf] l/6 g+= ^!@&, l/6 g+= @#$^ / cfb]z ldlt @)%#.!.!& ;d]tn] /fHosf gLlt lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] pk]Iff ug{ gldNg] eGg] k|ltkflbt l;4fGt lakl/t tyf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $ ;Fu jflemPsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffsf] k|s/0f -*_ df

132

c+s @

/x]sf] g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5 eGg] Joj:yf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& sf] wf/f @# tyf wf/f **-!_-@_ cGtu{t pTk|]if0f, k/dfb]z nufot cGo pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z jf k"lh{ hf/L u/L jb/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs >Lk|;fb pkfWofosf] lgj]bgkq . @= l/6 g+= )))* d l/6 lgj]bs ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqk|lt cf:yf, jx'bnLo k|hftGqk|lt lgi7f / dft[e"ldnfO{ dfof ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foL eO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g, k|ultlzn, ;';+:s[t / k|hftflGqs /fHosf lrgf/Lx? x'g\ eGg] dfGotfdf ljZjf; /fVb5' . @)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffdf Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn] k|of]u ug]{, g]kfn /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn] k|of]u ug]{, g]kfn /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf lglxt /xg], >L % sf] ;/sf/nfO{ ca pk|fGt g]kfn ;/sf/ elgg], zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] gfd g]kfnL ;]gf /xg], /fhkl/ifbsf] vf/]hL, g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g] tyf /fhu2Lsf] pQ/flwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g jgfpg], ;+zf]wg ug]{ / vf/]h ug]{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efdf /xg], >L % sf] lghL ;DklQ / cfodfly sfg"g cg';f/ s/ nfUg], >L % jf6 u/]sf sfdsf] k|ltlglw;ef / cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg], /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] clxn]sf] Joj:yf vf/]h ug]{, ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf u7g x'g] Ps /fli6o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\n] ug]{ eGg] ;d]tsf] pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5, ;f] 3f]if0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu clwsf+z aflemPsf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] d"n sfg"g 3f]if0ff u/]sf] pQm ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# ;+ljwfgs} wf/f **-!_-@_ cg';f/ jb/ ul/kfpFm . k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf lakl/t xf], g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] k|ltlglw;efnfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg gdfgL g]kfnL hgtfdf ;fj{ef}d;Qf lglxt u/]sf] 5 . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf c+ufn]sf] pSt ;+ljwfgsf] ljk/Lt k|ltlglw;efn] cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg ePsf] / /fHozlQmsf] k|of]u k|ltlglw;ef dfkm{t x'g] egL u/]sf] 3f]if0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] k|i6 5 . o;sf ;fy} k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# sf] bkmf ( sf] v08 -u_ df o; 3f]if0ff;Fu jflemg] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / k|rlnt cGo sfg"gsf Joj:yfx? aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5g\ egL ;+ljwfgeGbf ;jf]{Rr x}l;ot k|bfg u/L k|ltlglw;efn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] 5 . k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff @)^# sf] s'g} ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL x}l;ot x'g g;Sg] ePsfn] cbfntn] 3f]if0ffTds cfb]zf/f jb/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm . ;fy} k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff @)^# sf clwsf+z Joj:yfx? c;+j}wflgs / u}/sfg"gL x'g'sf ;fy} g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] x'Fbf To:tf] 3f]if0ff sfof{Gjog ePdf sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] pkxf; x'g] x'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] clGtd 6'+uf] gnfu];Dd pQm k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff sfof{Gjog gug'{


133

gu/fpg' egL lakIfL ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL ;d]tsf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]t hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]nsf] lgj]bgkq .

#= l/6 g+= )))( d lgj]bs nfdf] ;dob]lv sfg"g Joj;fodf ;+nUg /xL b]zdf sfg"gsf] zf;g x'g' kb{5 eGg] dfGotf /fVg] g]kfnL gful/s x'F . ldlt @)^#.!.!! df >L % af6 ePsf] 3f]if0ffn] tTsflng k|wfgdGqLn] ldlt @)%(.@.* ut] lj36g ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef k'gM jxfnL;Dd u/]sf], lj36g x'Fbf h'g clwsf/ / x}l;ot k|ltlglw;efsf] lyof] k'gM :yflkt x'Fbf Tof] eGbf c? yk clwsf/ kfpg] s'g} ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL cfwf/ 5}g . k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;ef / of] k|ltlglw;efjf6 u7g ePsf] ;j{bnLo ;/sf/n] ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd sfd ug'{kg]{df ;+ljwfgsf] efjgf / Joj:yf lakl/t k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# hf/L ePsf] 5, pQm 3f]if0ff g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu jflemPsf] x'Fbf 3f]if0ffdf pNn]lvt ;j} j'Fbf jb/ u/L kfpg ;fj{hlgs xs / ;/f]sf/sf] xsb}of cGtu{t ;+ljwfg / jx'bnLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] /Iffsf] nflu ;Ddflgt cbfntsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q u'xfg{ cfPsL 5' . @)^#.!.!! df >L % af6 ePsf] 3f]if0fdf /fHo zlQmsf] >f]t g]kfnL hgtf ePsf] / g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Qf tyf /fhsLo;Qf g]kfnL hgtfdf /x]sf]

pNn]v ePsf] tyf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f # / k|:tfjgf lakl/t hf/L ePsf] pQm 3f]if0ff ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf lakl/t /x]sf] 5 . k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t /fHosf] k'gM ;+/rgf ug]{ eGg] pNn]v u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;j} s'/f ;+ljwfg;efjf6 jGg] ;+ljwfgdf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ hgk|ltlglwn] lg0f{o ug]{ s'/f xf] . ;/sf/nfO{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ eGg] ls g]kfn ;/sf/, wd{lg/k]If eGg]sL lxGb' /fHo, d'l:nd /fHo jf lqmlZrog /fHo ls jf}4 /fHo x'g], ;+ljwfgdf >L % sf] x}l;ot s] x'g], ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf s:tf lgsfo /fVg] ;j} lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg hgtfn] ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t ug]{ s'/f x'g\ . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf ljleGg wf/f lak/Lt @)^#.@.$ df hf/L e} ;f]xL lbg kfl/t ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]]if0ff @)^# / k|ltlglw;ef lgodfjnL, @)^# ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f **-!_ -@_ jdf]lhd pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zn] k|f/Deb]lv g} jb/, cdfGo / lgliso 3f]if0ff u/L cj pk|fGt ;+ljwfg lakl/tsf sfd, sf/jfxL / 3f]if0ff gug'{ gu/fpg' eGg] cfb]z jf cGo hf] rflxg] cf1f cfb]z jf k"hL{ ;d]t hf/L u/L ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] clwjQmf cldtf >]i7sf] lgj]bgkq . $= l/6 g+= ))!)

134

c+s @

xfdL lgj]bsx? ;+j}wflgs /fhtGq / jx'bnLo k|hftGq k|lt lgi7f / hgtfdf lglxt ;fjef}dQf Pj+ sfg"gsf] zf;gdf ljZjf; /fV5f}+ . g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] ;+;bLo ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cjnDjg u/]sf]df @)^# ;fn j}zfv !! ut] >L % jf6 k'g:yf{lkt ;+;b / ;+ljwfg k|lt jkmfbf/ /xg] s'/fsf] ;ky lnPsf k|ltlglw;efsf] ;b:ox?jf6 ;+;bLo ;jf]{Rrtf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L u/]sf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ! / wf/f !!^ -!_ sf] k|lts"n /x]sf]n] jb/ efuL 5 . sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf /xg], ;+;bsf] ;b:o g/x]sf] JolQm dGqL x'g ;Sg], Joj:yflksfsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efn] ug]{, >L % af6 eP u/]sf sfo{ pk/ cbfnt / k|ltlglw;efdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg], /fli6o ufg nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{, g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g] nufotsf k|fjwfg ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / ljlwsf] zf;gsf lakl/t ePsf]n] jb/ ul/kfpFm . k'gM:yflkt ;+;bn] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+/If0f jf kfngf ug]{ st{Jo jxg ug]{ ;Dd xf], To;sf] pk]Iff ug]{ xf]Og . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg jf vf/]hL ug]{ clwsf/ k|ltlglw;efnfO{ geO{ hglgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ dfq ePsf] / ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf cjnDjg u/]sf] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] k|:tfjgf / wf/f !!^ -!_ ;Fu k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff @)^# sf] k|s/0f -*_ df /x]sf] "g]kfn wd{ lg/k]If /fHo x'g]5" eGg]

Joj:yf aflemPsf] x'Fbf jb/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bs c?0f ;'j]bL, jb|L k|wfg / s]zjk|;fb ;fksf]6fsf] ;+o'Qm lgj]bgkq . o; cbfntaf6 ePsf cfb]zx? != l/6 g+= )))@ o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z . @= l/6 g+= )))* o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z . #= l/6 g+= )))( o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .


135

$= l/6 g+= ))!) o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bsn] dfu u/] jdflhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ cfPkl5 jf calw gf3]kl5 k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^#.$.^ df ePsf] cfb]z .

ljkIfLx?af6 k]z x'g cfPsf lnlvt

hjfkmx? sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnoM

k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff @)^# g]kfnL hgtfsf] jnLbfg / hLjg pT;u{ ub}{ ;DkGg ePsf] zflGtk"0f{ ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] anjf6 @)^# ;fn a}zfv !! ut]sf] /fhfsf] 3f]if0ff cg'?k ;ft /fhgLlts bnsf] dfu{ lrq jdf]lhd b]zsf] eljio lgwf{/0f ug{ / ;ft bn, g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ jLrsf] jfx|a'Fb] ;dembf/L cg'?k ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L nf]stGq, /fHosf] k'g{;+/rgf ;lxtsf] ;dfj]zL /fHo Joj:yf / lbuf] zflGt :yfkgfsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] lbPsf] hgfb]znfO{ k"/f ug]{ tkm{sf] b[9 ;+sNk ePsf] tYo pSt 3f]if0ffkqsf] k|:tfjgfdf g} :ki6 5 . /fHozlQmsf] ;|f]t hgtf g} ePsf] / g]kfnL hgtfsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rgf/f u7g ePsf / ;+o'Qm hgcfGbf]ngsf] jnn] /fhfsf] 3f]if0ff dfkm{t k'gM:yflkt ePsf] ;+;b h:tf] /fhg}lts lgsfon] /fhg}lts k|Zgdf u/]sf] 3f]if0ff cGtu{t /x]sf]

g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo x'g] eGg] k|fjwfg Gofoof]Uo Justiciable laifo jGg g;Sg] ePsfn] o; laifodf cbfntn] k|j]z ug{ ldNg] xf]Og . wd{lg/k]If eg]sf] /fHon] s'g} vf; wd{ ljz]ifsf] kIf glng], ;j} wd{n] ;dfg cj;/ kfpg] eGg] g} xf] . o;n] wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfdf hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] /fli6o hLjgsf ;j} If]qdf Gofok"0f{ Joj:yf sfod ug]{ / ljleGg wd{ ;Dk|bfo / efiffefifLsf jLr :j:y / ;'dw'/ ;fdflhs ;DaGw ljsl;t u/L /fli6o PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ x'gfn] ;f] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f @%-!_ / @^-@_ cg'?k ePsfn] jflemPsf] b]lv+b}g . wf/f !!^ -!_, wf/f $ -!_ df lxGb' zAb /x]sf] ePtfklg wd{lg/k]Iftfsf] 3f]if0ffn] lxGb'wd{fjnDaLx?nfO{ k/Dk/fb]vL rlncfPsf] cfkmgf] wfld{s lqmofsnfk ug{ k"0f{ xs / :jtGqtf lbPsf] x'Fbf wf/f !( sf] wd{ ;DaGwL xsnfO{ s'g} kl/jt{g / c;/ ;d]t gk/]sf] x'Fbf lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . k|ltlglw;efsf ;efd'v ;DdfggLo >L ;'efif g]Djf tyf k|ltlglw;efM s'g} qmflGt hgcfGbf]ng tyf hgljb|f]xjf6 :yflkt hgfb]z Goflos k/LIf0fsf] laifo x'g ;Sb}g . hgcfGbf]ngsf] jndf @)^#.!.!! ut] zfxL 3f]if0ff dfkm{t k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;efn] hgpQ/bfoL ;j{bnLo ;/sf/sf] u7g dfkm{t Gsf] ;dfwfg u/L ;+ljwfg ;ef;Dd d''n'snfO{ k'ofpg'

136

c+s @

/x]sf] 5 . ;fj{ef}d ;+;bn] ;j{;DdtLn] hf/L ePsf] ;jf]{Rr /fhgLlts b:tfj]h ePsf] pQm 3f]if0ff ljz'4 /fhgLlts k|Zg ePsf] x'Fbf cbfntjf6 Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg dfkm{t kl/If0f ug{ ;lsg] Goflos lg?k0f of]Uo gePsf] x'Fbf k|yd b[li6d} vf/]h ul/kfpFm . k'g:yf{lkt k|ltlglw;ef ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / sfg"gsf] zf;gsf] l;4fGtk|lt k"0f{ k|ltj4 5 . oL l;4fGtx? k"0f{ nf]stflGqs Joj:yfsf dxTjk"0f{ w/f]x/ klg x'g\ . nf]stflGqs /fHo Joj:yfdf cd"s /fhsLo wd{ x'Fb}g . jx'hflto, jx'wfld{s / jx';f+:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm nf]stflGqs /fHodf wfld{s :jtGqtf / wd{sf] dfdnfdf /fHosf] t6:ytfsf] k"0f{ k|Tofe"lt /xG5 . Tof] g} wd{ lg/k]Iftfsf] d"n dd{ klg xf] . wd{ lg/k]Iftf ;lxtsf] k"0f{ nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yfsf] d"n dfunfO{ cufl8 ;f/]/ P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ngdf xf]ldPsf g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf cg'?k ePsf] pSt 3f]if0ff ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !,$,&, #$,#% sf] pkwf/f -!_-@_-#_-$_-%_-^_ wf/f #^,#* sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+z, wf/f $$, $%, $^, %@, %#, %$, ^#, ^$, ^(, &), &!, **-!_ / !!^-!_ ;Fu aflemPsf] s'g} cfwf/ / sf/0f gx'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/LkfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltlglw;ef / P]=sf ;efd'v ;DdfggLo >L ;'efif g]Djfsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] k[ys k[ys lnlvt hjfkm . ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfM

hg cfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z cg'?k /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffkq /fhg}lts 3f]if0ff ePsfn] Gofo of]Uo -Justiciable_ gx'Fbf o;sf] Goflos lg?k0f x'g ;Sb}g . wd{ lg/k]If /fHosf] 3f]if0ff ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgfjf6 lg:t[t gePsf] x'gfn] Goflos k/LIf0f x'g ;Sg] laifo xf]Og . d'n's wd{ lg/k]If 3f]lift x'Fb}df d'n'sdf gful/sx?sf] wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt nf]k x'g gx'g] / To;n] wfld{s :jtGqtfnfO{ c;/ gkfg]{ x'gfn] o;jf6 lakIfL nufot ;j} wdf{jnDjLn] ;dfg ;+/If0f / /fli6o klxrfg kfpg] g} x'Fbf l/6 vf/]h u/L kfpF . hgcfGbf]ngsf] efjgf cg'?k ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg k|ltlglw;efn] tTsfn /fhg}lts / ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf] sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhg}lts cfjZostfsf] l;4fGt -Doctrine of Political Necessity_ sf cfwf/df ePsf] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff, @)^# n] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL dfGotf :yflkt u/L;s]sf] / ljgf cj/f]w sfof{Gjog e} ;s]sf] laifodf cbfntn] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf dfWodaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] / l/6 lgj]bg cfkm}+df c;fGble{s / sfg"g c;Ddt ePsfn] lgj]bg vf/]h ul/ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfsf tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm . @= lgod jdf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't lgj]bgdf l/6 lgj]bstkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg clwjQmf >L afns[i0f g]pkfg]n] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ePtfklg lgj]bgdf


137

p7fOPsf] ljifodf Gofo lg?k0f ug{ afwf x'Fb}g, ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} k|of]hgxLg agfpg] u/L 3f]if0ff hf/L ug{ ldNb}g / To:tf] 3f]if0ffnfO{ j}wflgs dfGg klg ;lsFb}g, cbfntn] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf cfwf/df Gofo lg?k0f ug'{ kb{5 egL jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . To;}u/L lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cldtf >]i7n] l/6 lgj]bg ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtf / sfg"gL /fHosf] kIfdf 5, k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffn] ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ nTofPsf] 5, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf ;fy} ;f+:s[lts ;+/rgfnfO{ vNaNofpg] clwsf/ s;}nfO{ klg 5}g, t/ k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ffn] To;nfO{ vNaNofpg] sf]lz; u/]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] clGtd JofVoftf cbfnt xf], cbfntn] To:tf] k|j[lQ k'g/fj[lQ x'g gkfcf];\ eGg] b[li6sf]0fn] klg cj}wflgs k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff jb/ 3f]lift ul/g'k5{ egL / csf{ lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo'tk|;fb v/]nn] g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sfod} /x]sf] ;dodf k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff hf/L ul/Psf] / ;f] 3f]if0ffn] ;+j}wflgs ;+/rgf eTsfpg] k|of; ug'{sf ;fy} k|ltlglw;efn] cfkm"nfO{ ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg /x]sf] 3f]if0ff ;d]t u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] 3f]if0ff jb/ ul/g' k5{ egL jx; k|:t't ug'{eof] . ljkIfL k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no ;d]tsf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7sn] l/6 lgj]bgdf p7fO{Psf ljifox? oltv]/ c;fGble{s e};s]sf 5g\. h'g ;+ljwfgnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ lgj]bg ul/Psf] 5 xfn ;f] ;+ljwfg g} cl:tTjdf g/x]sf] x'Fbf To;df Gofo lg?k0f ug{ ldNg] cj:yf 5}g, xfn

sfod /x]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !^$ n] k|ltlglw;eff/f eP u/]sf sfo{x?dWo] ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemPsf] xb;Dd dfGo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfgn] g} :jLsf/ u/]sf] ljifonfO{ c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug{ ;lsg] x'Fb}g, ;+ljwfg cGtu{t ag]sf sfg"g ;+ljwfg cg'?k 5g\ jf 5}gg\ egL hfFRg] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfg :jo+ g} l7s jf j]l7s eGg] k|Zgdf k|j]z ug{ ldNg] x'Fb}g egL / ;xGofoflwjQmf >L o'j/fh ;'j]bLn] k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff tTsfnLg cfjZostfsf cfwf/df hf/L ePsf] xf], cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L e};s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ;f] 3f]if0ffkqsf] cl:tTj g} sfod /x]sf] 5}g, /fhgLlts ;xdtLsf] cfwf/df ePsf] sfo{nfO{ Goflos lg?k0fsf] ljifo agfpg x'Fb}g, l/6 hf/L x'g'kg]{ cj:yfsf] ljBdfgtf g} gePsf] cj:yfdf lgj]bg vf/]h x'g'kb{5 egL jx; lhsL/ k|:t't ug'{eof] . #= plNnlvt jx; ;d]t ;'gL lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ ldlt @)^#.!.!! df >L % af6 ul/Psf] 3f]if0ffaf6 k'g:yf{lkt x'g k'u]sf] k|ltlglw;efn] @)^# ;fn h]7 $ ut] u/]sf] 3f]if0ff -k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff @)^#_ g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] k|:tfjgfsf] efjgf, ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf / ;+ljwfgjfbsf] cjwf/0ff ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg ljk/Ltsf] ;f] 3f]if0ffnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf dfWodaf6 jb/ 3f]lift ul/kfpFm eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg lhsL/ /x]sf]df hg

138

c+s @

cfGbf]ngsf] hgfb]z cg'?k /fhg}lts kl/jt{gsf] dfu{ k|:t't u/]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffkqdf cGt/lglxt ljifoj:t' /fhg}lts ePsfn] Goflos lg?k0fsf] ljifo aGg g;Sg], d'n's wd{ lg/k]If 3f]lift x'Fb}df gful/sx?sf] wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt nf]k gx'g] / To;n] wfld{s :jtGqtfnfO{ s'g} klg lsl;dn] c;/ gkfg]{ cj:yf Psflt/ 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ k|ltlglw;efn] tTsfn /fhg}lts / ;+j}wflgs ;'wf/sf] sfd ug'{kg]{ /fhg}lts cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtsf cfwf/df 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] x'Fbf To:tf ljifodf cbfntn] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf dfWodaf6 x:tIf]k ug{ gldNg] egL lnlvt hjfkm k|:t't x'g cfPsf] b]lvG5 . $= pko{'Qmfg';f/sf] lgj]bg lhsL/, lnlvt hjfkm / ljfg sfg"g Joj:ffoLx?af6 k|:t't ePsf ax; a'Fbf ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ o; lgj]bgdf d'ntM b]xfosf k|Zgx?df s]Gb|Lt e} ljj]rgf x'g'kg]{ b]lvG5 . != k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^#

/fhg}lts 3f]if0ff ePsfn] To;df Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] eGg] lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{x?sf] egfO{ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ;f] 3f]if0ffsf] ljifo Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo x'g ;S5 jf ;Sb}g <

@= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] c+lusf/ ul/;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos

k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo agfpg ldN5 jf ldNb}g <

#= lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g kg]{ gkg]{ s] xf] < %= plNnlvt k|Zgx?sf]

ljj]rgf ug'{ cl3 ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs k|fawfgx?sf] cWoog ul/g' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 . lgj]bsn] d"ntM g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f !, $, !!^-!_ ;d]tsf cfwf/df k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# jb/efuL /x]sf] eGg] lhsL/ lnPsf] ;Gbe{df tL ;+j}wflgs k|fawfgx?nfO{ oxfF oyfjt\ ?kdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5M

wf/f != ;+ljwfg d"n sfg"gM

-!_ of] ;+ljwfg g]kfnsf] d"n sfg"g xf] . o; ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] sfg"g aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g]5 .

-@_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] kfng ug'{ k|To]s JolQmsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .

wf/f $= clw/fHoM

-!_ g]kfn Ps ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, k|hftflGqs, :jtGq, cljefHo, ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg, lxGb", ;+j}wflgs /fhtGqfTds clw/fHo xf] .

wf/f !!^= ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgM -!_ o; ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf]

efjgfsf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os ;+;bsf] s'g} ;bgdf k|:t't ug{


139

;lsg]5 . t/ of] wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg ul/g] 5}g .

^= plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs

k|fawfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# df /x]sf Joj:yfx?nfO{ x]bf{ k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf csf]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf geP;Dd eGg] Joj:yf /fvL To; kl5 d"ntM b]xfo jdf]lhdsf ( a'Fbfx? pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5M

!= Joj:yflksfsf ;DaGwdf

o; cGtu{t Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL clwsf/sf] k|of]u, k|ltlglw;efsf] cfXjfg / cGTosf] k|s[of, lgodfjnL agfpg] clwsf/ ;DaGwL Joj:yf /x]sf 5g\ . @= sfo{sfl/0fLsf ;DaGwdf

o; cGtu{t sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\df lglxt x'g] s'/f, dlGqkl/ifb\sf] pQ/bfloTj, ;/sf/sf] sfo{ljefhg / sfo{;Dkfbg lgodfjnL ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . #= ;]gfsf ;DaGwdf

o; cGtu{t zfxL g]kfnL ;]gfsf] gfd kl/jt{g u/L g]kfnL ;]gf /xg], g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng, k|wfg ;]gfkltsf] lgo'lQm, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] ;+u7g ;dfj]zL / /fli6o :j?ksf] x'g] nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . $= /fhkl/ifb\sf ;DaGwdf

o; cGtu{t /fhkl/ifb\sf] vf/]hLsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . %= /fhb/af/ ;DaGwdf

o; cGtu{t /fhu2L pQ/flwsf/ ;DaGwL sfg"g agfpg], ;+zf]wg ug]{ / vf/]h ug]{ clwsf/, >L % sf] vr{, ;'ljwf / ;DklQdfly s/, /fhk|f;fb ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg, /fhb/af/sf] ;'/Iff k|aGw nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . ^= d'n'sdf /x]sf] gful/stfsf]

;d:ofnfO{ zL3| ;dfwfg ul/g] . &= k|rngdf /x]sf] /fli6o ufgnfO{

j}slNks Joj:yf u/L kl/jt{g ul/g] .

*= g]kfn wd{lg/k]If /fHo x'g] . (= ljljw

o; cGtu{t /fHosf ;a} c+u / lgsfo k|ltlglw;efk|lt lgi7fjfg /xL cfcfkm\gf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{kg]{, ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx?n] k|ltlglw;efaf6 tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPsf] zky lng' kg]{, 3f]if0ff;Fu aflemg] g]kfn ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yf aflemPsf] xb;Dd cdfGo x'g] nufotsf Joj:yfx? /x]sf 5g\ . &= k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# df cGt/lglxt k|fawfgx?sf] pNn]vg kl5 ca dfly lgwf{/0f ul/Psf k|Zgx?dWo]sf] klxnf] k|Zgtkm{ ljrf/ ug'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# /fhg}lts 3f]if0ff ePsfn] To;df Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g g;Sg] eGg] lnlvt hjfkm k|:t'tstf{x?sf] egfO{

140

c+s @

/x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ ;f] 3f]if0ffdf cGt/lglxt ljifox?nfO{ s]nfpFbf To;n] Joj:yflksfsf] clwsf/, sfg"g lgdf{0f k|s[of, clwj]zgsf] cfXjfg / cGTo, d'n'ssf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/, g]kfnL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f, k|of]u / kl/rfng, 3f]if0ff;Fu aflemg] ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] x}l;ot ;d]tsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 . tL Joj:yfx? k|ltlglw;eff/f /fhg}lts 3f]if0ffsf dfWodaf6 ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf] ePtfklg ltgLx?sf] /fhgLlts dxTj dfq ge} sfg"gL dxTj klg /x]sf] b]lvG5 . 3f]if0ffsf] k|s[of /fhgLlts ePklg To;n] u|x0f u/]sf] ljifo sfg"gL ePkl5 To;nfO{ /fhgLlts ljifosf] ;+1f lbO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf lglxt /x]sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/sf] kl/lwaf6} aflx/ kfg'{ Gofosf b[li6n] / c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]q ;DaGwL d"No, dfGotf / cjwf/0ff ;d]tn] prLt x'Fb}g . t;y{ k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# nfO{ /fhgLlts 3f]if0ff dfgL To;sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg g} ug{ gldNg] eGg] ljkIfLtkm{sf] lnlvt hjfkm Joxf]/f / jx; lhsL/;Fu ;xdt x'g] cj:yf b]lvPg . *= 3f]if0ffdf cGt/lglxt sfg"gL ljifoj:t'x?dWo] s] s'g ljifo g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] s] s'g k|fawfg;Fu aflemPsf] 5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ug'{ cl3 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h e} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# hf/L e} ;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yflt/ klg Wofg lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . ldlt @)^# ;fn df3

! ut]b]lv k|f/De ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !^& cg';f/ ;f]xL ldltb]lv g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& vf/]h ePsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L Psflt/ h'g ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/df 3f]if0ffsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ xf] ;f] ;+ljwfg g} xfn cl:tTjdf g/x]sf] cj:yf b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ;f] 3f]if0ffsf] cl:tTj klg csf]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf kl5 :jtM z"Godf kl/0ft ePsf] 5 . h;nfO{ 3f]if0ffsf] k|:tfjgfdf /x]sf] csf]{ ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf geP;Dd eGg] afSof+zn] g} k'i6L u/]sf] 5 . ;du| 3f]if0ffsf] cWoog ubf{ klg ;f] 3f]if0ff ;b}j sfod /xg] k|s[ltsf] ge} cGtl/d k|s[ltsf] g} b]lvG5 / To;sf] cl:tTj cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|f/De;Fu} ;dfKt e};s]sf] eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . h'g 3f]if0ffnfO{ c;+j}wflgs elgPsf] xf] ;f] 3f]if0ff xfn cl:tTjdf g} g/x]sf] / To;sf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0fsf nflu pNn]v ul/Psf] tTsflng ;+ljwfg ;d]t csf]{ ;+ljwfgf/f vf/]h e};s]sf] cj:yfdf s] s'g ljifosf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg s'g ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf cfwf/df ug]{ eGg] hl6n cj:yf pTkGg x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o; l:yltdf ca ;f] 3f]if0ffdf ;d]l6Psf s] slt ljifox?nfO{ jt{dfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] c+lusf/ u/]sf] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf cWoog u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ ul/;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo agfpg ldN5 jf ldNb}g < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm vf]Hg' ;fGble{s x'g] b]lvG5 .


141

(= dfly k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# df /x]sf] Joj:yfx?nfO{ lj:tf/df pNn]v ul/;lsPsf] 5 . 3f]if0ffdf /x]sf plNnlvt Joj:yfx?dWo] a'Fbf ! df /x]sf] Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] efu ^ df Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf @ df /x]sf] sfo{sfl/0fL ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ df sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf # df /x]sf] ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @) df ;]gf ;DaGwL Joj:yfdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 eg] a'Fbf $ df /x]sf] /fhkl/ifb\ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v g} gug'{sf ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df ;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t wf/f !^#-!_ df ul/Psf] Joj:yfaf6 /fhkl/ifb\sf] vf/]hLnfO{ ;+ljwfgn] cfTd;ft\ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf % df /x]sf] /fhb/af/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df ;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . 3f]if0ffsf] a'Fbf ^ df /x]sf] gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @ sf] gful/stf ;DaGwL Joj:yfn], a'Fbf & df /x]sf] /fli6o ufg ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu ! cGtu{tsf] wf/f & sf] Joj:yfn] / a'Fbf * df /x]sf] wd{lg/k]Iftf ;DaGwL Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu ! cGtu{tsf] wf/f $ sf] Joj:yfn] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L a'Fbf ( df /x]sf] ljljw

Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] efu @# df ;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{t wf/f !^@ / !^# ;d]tsf Joj:yff/f ;Daf]wg ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . o;/L k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# df ;d]l6Psf ;a}h;f] ljifonfO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] ;Daf]wg u/]sf] kfOPsf] ;Gbe{df ca cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] c+lusf/ ul/;s]sf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k"j{ ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] cfwf/df Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] ljifo agfpg ldN5 jf ldNb}g < eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf] ljj]rgf ug'{kg]{ b]lvof] . !)= o;df g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ldlt @)^#.!).! df vf/]h e} ;s]sf] 5 / ;f]xL ldlt b]lv g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# nfu" ePsf] b]lvG5 . oltv]/ o; cbfntsf] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# g} xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ! n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ d"n sfg"gsf] ;+1f lbFb} ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf ug'{ ;a}sf] st{Jo tf]s]sf] 5 . To;}u/L efu @# df ;\qmd0fsfnLg Joj:yf cGtu{tsf] wf/f !^@-!_ n] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De x'Fbfsf avt sfod /x]sf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx? o;} ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd :yfkgf ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 eg] To;}sf] pkwf/f -@_ n] of] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePkl5 ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg cbfnt / lhNnf cbfntx?df jxfn /x]sf GofofwLzx?n] of] ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4tfsf] zky === u|x0f ug'{kg]{5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . plNnlvt ;+j}wflgs k|fawfg jdf]lhd klg ;jf]{Rr cbfnt

142

c+s @

jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgk|lt k|lta4 5 . oyfy{df eGg' kbf{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ k|fKt x'g] Goflos clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]s} clxn]sf ;Gbe{df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# xf] . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] clwsf/ If]q lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 . h; cGtu{t pkwf/f -!_ n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] c;fwf/0f clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o; cl3 g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f **-!_ df klg o:t} Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . oL lgj]bsx?n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] oxL c;fwf/0f clwsf/ If]qnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t g} o; cbfnt ;d]t ;~rflnt ePsf] cj:yf x'Fbf cbfnt ;dIf cfpg] s'g} klg ljjfbnfO{ ;f]xL ;+ljwfg cg';f/ g} x]l/g' k5{ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb x'g ;Sb}g . oL l/6 lgj]bsx?n] p7fPsf] k|Zg eg]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu aflemPsf] eGg] g} /x]sf] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] elgPsf sfg"gL Joj:yf tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& ;Fu jf jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemPsf] s] xf] eGg] ;DaGwdf k/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ x'g cfpF5 . t/ lgj]bsx?n] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{kg]{ cfwf/sf ?kdf b]vfPsf] tTsfnLg g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& / ;f] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] u/L 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] elgPsf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ff, @)^# b'a}sf] cl:tTj xfn sfod g/x]sf], pQm ;+ljwfgsf] vf/]hL ub}{ gofF cGtl/d

;+ljwfg nfu" eO{ ;~rfngdf ;d]t cfO{;s]sf] / k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffdf cGt/lglxt ;a}h;f] ljifoj:t'nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+af]wg u/L ;+j}wflgs k|fawfgsf ?kdf u|x0f ;d]t ul/;s]sf] cj:yfdf @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg;Fu k|ltlglw;ef 3f]if0ff aflemP gaflePsf] eGg] ;DaGwdf Goflos k/LIf0f ul//xg'sf] s'g} cf}lrTo / ;fGble{stf b]lvFb}g . !!= o;/L ldlt @)^#.!).! df nfu" eO{ cfhsf ldlt;Dd tLg k6s ;+zf]wg ;d]t ePsf] jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg jdf]lhd /fHo / Gofokflnsf ;d]t ;~rfng eO{ /x]sf] l:yltdf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n cbfntn] af]Ng ldNg] x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/:t x'g] u/L of] cbfntn] cfb]z hf/L ug{ klg ;Sb}g . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] clwsf/sf] ;|f]t eg]sf] :jo+ ;+ljwfg g} x'g] x'Fbf To; clwsf/ cGtu{t ;+ljwfgsf] Goflos k/LIf0f x'g] geO{ sfg"gsf] ;+j}wflgstf k/LIf0f ul/g] x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf] c+u alg;s]sf k|fawfgx?nfO{ lgis[o e};s]sf] k|ltlglw;efsf] 3f]if0ffsf] ljifoj:t' dfgL To;sf] Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ;DaGwL dfGo l;4fGtn] klg cg'dlt lbFb}g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg :jo+ klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] efjL ;+ljwfg s:tf] x'g] jf x'g'kg]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ dfq /x]sf] / To:tf] clwsf/ k|fKt ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;d]t ;DkGg e} ;s]sf] xfnsf] cj:yfdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# eGbf


143

aflx/ uP/ Gofo lg?k0f ug{;Sg] cj:yf gx'Fbf k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgx? vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;nx? lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf xfdL ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7 Gof=uf}/L 9sfn Olt ;Dat\ @)^% ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ======== Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

144

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(@^ g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lvn/fh /]UdL dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fds'df/k|;fb

zfx dfggLo GofowLz >L uf}/L 9sfn

;Dat\ @)^# ;fnsf] l/6 g+=M )^#WS))$%

cfb]z ldltM @)^$.!@.!$.%

ljifoM pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

lgj]bsM sfe|]knf~rf]s lhNnf v/]nyf]s uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ v/]nyf]s j:g] clwjQmf cRo'tk|;fb v/]n

lj?4 lakIfLM k|wfgdGqL tyf dlqkl/ifb\sf]

sfof{no, ;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+ ;d]t

s'g} klg sfg"gsf] cy{ / JofVof

ubf{ ;xh / :jfefljs cy{jf]w x'g] u/L ;sf/fTds ?kdf cy{ nufO{ JofVof ug'{kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yfdWo]

aLraf6 Ps b'O{j6f zAb l6k]/ ;du| sfg"gL ;+/rgf / s'g} bkmfsf] unt cy{jf]w / efj lbg] u/L unt cy{ / JofVof ug{ gx'g] .

lgj]bsn] s'g} klg sfg"gL k|Zgdf cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{df ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{

;du|tfdf gx]/L To;leqsf] lglZrt c+z dfq p4[t u/L To;sf] cfkm"v'zL cy{ nufO{ ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL cdfGo / jb/ 3f]liftsf] dfu ug{ g;Sg] .

j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= n] oftgfnfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] / oftgf lbg]jf6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfaf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @^ f/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xssf ;fy} g]kfn kIf /x]sf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq / oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x] ePsf] eGg gldNg] .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

lgj]bs tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf cRo"tk|;fb v/]n

ljkIfL tkm{jf6M ljfg gfoj dxfGofoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7s

cjnlDjt ghL/M

cfb]z Gof=lvn/fh /]UdLM g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ jdf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ e} k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M


145

d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxndf cGgkfgL aGb u/L y'Gg], y'Gbf g]n rdf]6 xfnL jf l7+u'/f 7f]sL y'Gg], xts8L Pj+ unkmGbL xfnL y'Gg] h:tf oftgfk"0f{, cdfgjLo Pj+ qm'/ k|s[ltsf] Jojxf/nfO{ kmf}hbf/L sfg"gsf] laifo agfO{ b08gLo u/fOPsf] ePtfklg pQm oftgfk"0f{ tyf cdfgjLo Pj+ qm'/ k|s[ltsf] Jojxf/af6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] s'/fsf] pNn]v} gu/L pQm a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= df y'Gg]jf6 c;'n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf] cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ egL Psflt/ cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'Gg] h:tf] oftgfk"0f{, q''m/ Pj+ cdfgjLo Jojxf/jf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmn] kL8saf6 cyf{t\ oftgfk"0f{ tj/n] y'gfdf /fVg]jf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] s'/fnfO{ OGsf/ u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ l;4fGttM kLl8tn] kL8sjf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGtnfO{ k"0f{tM OGsf/ ub}{ y'Gg]jf6 c;'n ePsf] hl/jfgf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ eGg] crDdsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= sf] pQm Joj:yf g]kfn kIf e} g]kfnsf] ;+;bjf6 cg'df]bg ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_ sf] wf/f (-%_ / oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f

@^-!_-@_ f/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs;Fu ;d]t aflemPsf] 5 . gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq -ICCPR_ sf] wf/f ( df :j]R5frf/L kqmfp jf y'gf / u}/sfg"gL y'gf lj?4sf] xssf ;DaGwdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . wf/f (-%_ df u}/sfg"gL kqmfp jf y'gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmn] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] xs ;'lglZrt ub}{ elgPsf] 5 u}/sfg"gL kqmfp jf y'gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ Ifltk"lt{sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsg] clwsf/ x'g]5 -Anyone who has been the victim of unlawful arrest or detention shall have an enforceable right to compensation_ . To;}u/L oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ df o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5M -!_ k|To]s kIf /fi6n] oftgfsf]

sfo{af6 kLl8t JolQmn] p4f/ kfpg] tyf ;+ej eP;Dd ;f] JolQmsf] k'g:yf{kgfsf] pkfox? nufot prLt tyf kof{Kt Ifltk"lt{ k|fKt ug{ nfu" u/fpg ;lsg] clwsf/ k|fKt u5{ eGg] s'/f cfkm\gf] sfg"gL k|0ffnLdf ;'lglZrt ug]{5g\ . oftgfsf] kmn:j?k kLl8t ePsf] JolQmsf] d[To" ePdf p;sf cfl>tx?nfO{ Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] clwsf/ x'g]5 .

@= o; wf/fsf] s'g} klg s'/fn] kLl8t jf cGo JolQmx?n] Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] /fli6o sfg"g

146

c+s @

cGtu{t ljBdfg s'g} klg clwsf/nfO{ k|efj kfg]{ 5}g .

o;/L oftgf tyf cGo qm'/, cdfgjLo, ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -CAT_ sf] wf/f !$ n] :ki6 ?kdf oftgfaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmsf] k'g:yf{kgf Pj+ lghn] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] Joj:yfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @^-!_ -@_ f/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xsdf cg';Gwfg, txlssft jf k"k{Ifsf] l;nl;nfdf jf c? s'g} lsl;dn] y'gfdf /x]sf] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s oftgf lbOg] jf lgh;Fu lgd{d, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ ul/g] 5}g eGg] pNn]v ePsf] 5 eg] wf/f @^-@_ df pkwf/f -!_ jdf]lhdsf] sfo{ b08gLo x'g] / To:tf] Jojxf/ ul/Psf]df sfg"gn] lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhdsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbOg]5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= df y'Gg]af6 c;'n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf] cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg' k5{ eGg] Joj:yf kL8saf6 kLl8tn] Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] ;j{dfGo l;4fGtsf] lak/Lt x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfn kIf e} g]kfnsf] ;+;baf6 cg'df]bg ePsf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq -International covenant on Civil and Political Right, 1966_ sf] wf/f

(-%_ / oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw -Convention against Torture and other cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 1984_ sf] wf/f !$ sf ;fy} g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @^-!_-@_ f/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs;Fu jflemPsf]n] pTk|]if0fsf] cfb]zf/f jb/ u/L ;f] dxndf u}/sfg"gL y'gf jf oftgfk"0f{ y'gfaf6 kLl8t ePsf] JolQmn] u}/sfg"gL ?kdf jf oftgfk"0f{ tj/n] y'gfdf /fVg]af6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fO{ lng kfpg] Joj:yf cljnDj ug'{ egL pTk|]if0fo'Qm k/dfb]zsf] cfb]z hf/L ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgj]bg kq . o;df s] s;]f ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z lsg hf/L x'g' gkg]{ xf] < eGg] ;DaGwdf ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^$.#.! df ePsf] cfb]z . o; sfof{nosf] s] s:tf] sfd sf/jfxLaf6 lgj]bssf] s] s:tf] xs clwsf/sf] xgg ePsf] xf], To;sf] :ki6 lhsL/ glnO{ ljgf cfwf/ / sf/0f o; sfof{no ;d]tnfO{ ljkIfL agfO{ lbOPsf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h efuL 5, s] s:tf] P]g lgdf{0f jf ;+zf]wg ug]{ eGg] s'/f ljwflosfsf] Psnf}6L clwsf/ If]q -Exclusive Power_ leq kg]{ ljifo ePsf] / To:tf] ljifo o; sfof{non] lgoldt ug]{ ljifo gePsf]n] o; sfof{nonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f 5}g, d'n'sL P]g, j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf]


147

sfg"gL Joj:yfn] oftgf lbg] sfo{nfO{ u}/sfg"gL sfo{sf] ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] / ;f] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] kL8saf6 k|fKt ePsf] /sd kLl8tnfO{ e/fO{lbg' kg]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf kmf}hbf/L Gofosf] dfGo l;4fGt k|lts"n g/x]sf]n] lg/fwf/ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] lnlvt hjfkm . sfg"g lgdf{0f ug]{ jf eO/x]sf sfg"gdf ;+zf]wg jf kl/dfh{g ug]{ ;Gbe{df Joj:yflksf ;+;b cfkm}+ cu|;/ /xg] cj:yf gx'Fbf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTjnfO{ ;d]t ljrf/ gu/L k/]sf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] xsdf k"0f{tM c;fGble{s / cf}lrToxLg x'Fbf vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . lgj]bsn] cf}+Nofpg' ePsf] ljifo g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df ePsf] Joj:yf;Fu aflemPsf] cj:yf g/x]sf] / k|rlnt sfg"gdf ePsf] Joj:yf jdf]lhd x'g] sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ lnP/ o; dGqfnonfO{ ljkIfL agfpg'kg]{ s'g} sf/0f gb]lvPsf] x'Fbf lg/fwf/ l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] u[x dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . u}/sfg"gL ?kdf y'Gg] JolQmnfO{ ul/Psf] hl/jfgf u}/sfg"gL ?kdf y'lgPsf] JolQmnfO{ e/fO{lbg] Joj:yf j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] u/]sf] ;Gbe{df s'g} k|sf/sf oftgfnfO{ sfg"gL dfGotf k|bfg gu/]sf] tyf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, cGt/f{li6o ;GwL

;+emf}tfx? ;d]t;Fu gaflemPsf]n] lgj]bssf] dfubfjL cy{xLg /x]sf] 5, vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sfg"g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo Joj:yf dGqfnosf] lnlvt hjfkm . @= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf lgj]bs clwjQmf >L cRo"tk|;fb v/]nn] d'n'sL P]g, a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] cGof}n l;h{gf u/]sf] 5, ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 kL8snfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg'kg]{ h:tf] efj lbPsf] x'Fbf jb/ 3f]lift u/L ;':ki6 sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/g' k5{ egL / g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{jf6 /xg' ePsf lj4fg gfoj dxfGoflwjQmf >L g/]Gb|k|;fb kf7sn] lgj]bgdf r'gf}tL lbOPsf] a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= n] kL8saf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ :j?k hl/jfgfsf] /sd e/fO{lbg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;f] Joj:yf :ki6 /x]sf] x'Fbf x'Fb} To:tf] Joj:yfnfO{ c:ki6 egL k/]sf] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]hof]Uo 5 egL ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhls/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . #= l/6 lgj]bg ;lxtsf] ;Dk"0f{ ldl;n cWoog u/L ljfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?sf] ax; ;d]t ;'gL lg0f{o tkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d'n'sL P]g a]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+ df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfdf kL8snfO{ kLl8tsf] tkm{af6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg' kg]{ h:tf] a'lemg] u/L zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] x'Fbf To:tf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xs k|lts"n x'g'sf] ;fy} g]kfn kIf /x]sf] gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq / oftgf tyf cGo

148

c+s @

qm'/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGwdf /x]sf k|fjwfgx?sf] ;d]t k|lts"n /x]sf] x'Fbf cdfGo 3f]lift ul/g' k5{ eGg] d'Vo lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf]df lgj]bg bfjLdf plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yfn] kLl8t kIfnfO{ kL8sjf6 Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg] eGg] g} cy{jf]w u/fpg] x'Fbf ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] 5}g egL lnlvt k|ltjfb ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lgj]bg n]vaf6 / lgj]bs clwjQmfsf] jx;jf6 ;d]t j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf] ^ g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:Yffsf] jf:tljs p2]Zo, To;n] u|x0f u/]sf] jf:tljs cy{ / To; ;DaGwL Goflos cEof;af6 k|fKt kl/0ffd eGbf klg lgj]bssf] a'emfO{ / lgj]bsn] u/]sf] cy{sf cfwf/df ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] egfO{ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L ljBdfg sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ cfkm\gf] j'emfO{sf cfwf/df u|x0f u/L ;+ljwfg Pj+ g]kfn kIf /x]sf cGt/f{li6o ;lGw ;+emf}tf k|lts"n /x]sf] eGg] lgj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df pQm sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] zflAbs Pj+ ;du| JofVofsf ;fy} ;f] ;DaGwdf x'Fb} cfPsf] Goflos cEof;sf] /f]xdf To;nfO{ x]g'{kg]{ b]lvof] . To;sf nflu ;j{k|yd j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= df /x]sf] Joj:yf s] /x]5 egL x]g'{ ;fGble{s x'g cfpF5, hf] b]xfo jdf]lhd /x]sf] 5M y'Gg]jf6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf] cGg kfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg'k5{ .

$= plNnlvt k|fjwfgsf] zflAbs JofVof ubf{ y'Gg]jf6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{ lbg] eGg] g} x'G5 . oxfF y'Gg] eGgfn] y'Gg nufpg] / y'gfO{ dfUg] eGgfn] y'lgg] eGg] a'lemG5 . o;nfO{ c? lj:t[t ?kdf ljj]rgf ubf{ j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxn g} u}/sfg"gL y'gfnfO{ lg?T;flxt ug{sf nflu jg]sf] eGg] s'/f ;f] dxnsf cGo gDa/x?df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfjf6 cg'e"t ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f] dxnsf] ! g+= n] sfg"gL y'gf / u}/sfg"gL y'gfsf] kl/efiff k|:t't u/]sf] 5 eg] @ g+= n] cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] cj:yfdf dflg; dg{ uPdf Hofgdf/f 7xg]{ ;Ddsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L P]= # g++= n] Hofg gd/]sf] cj:yfdf klg y'Gg]nfO{ hl/jfgf / s}b x'g] u/L ;Ldf lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 5 eg] $ g+= n] sfg"gtM y'gfdf /fVg gx'g] cj:yfdf vfgkLg ug{ lbO{ y'g]df ;d]t hl/jfgf / s}b x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L % g+= n] d'2f k/L sf/jfxLsf] l;nl;nfdf P]gn] y'Gg'kg]{ b]vL c;n lgotn] y'g]sf]df aft gnfUg] eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] dxnsf ;a} k|fjwfgx? u}/sfg"gL y'gfsf] lj?4df /x]sf / To;af6 u}/sfg"gL y'gfnfO{ b08gLo agfOPsf] kfOG5 . j]l/t;Fu y'Gg]nfO{ hl/jfgf ;d]t x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] / To:tf] y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfsf] /sdaf6} Ifltk"lt{ :j?ksf] /sd e/fO{ lbg' kg]{ ^ g+= sf] k|fjwfg /x]sf] eGg] :ki6 ?kdf b]lvG5 . y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] /sdaf6} e/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yf ePkl5 kLl8taf6 kL8snfO{ e/fOg]


149

cy{jf]w x'g ;Sg] g} x'Fb}g . j]l/t;Fu y'Gg]af6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgf dWo] s]xL c+z cyf{t cGgkfgL vfg lbO{ y'g]sf] eP tLg v08sf] Ps v08 / cGgkfgL vfg glbO{ y'g]sf] eP cfwf y'gfO{ dfUg]nfO{ e/fO{lbg] eGg] ^ g++= sf] k|fjwfgnfO{ ;f] dxnsf cGo k|fjwfgjf6 k"0f{tM cnu /fvL dgf]ut ?kdf cy{ nufO{ l/6 lgj]bg k/]sf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . Ohnf;jf6 ;f] ;DaGwL Goflos cEof; s] s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < / slxF st} kLl8tn] kL8snfO{ Ifltk"lt{ e/fpg' k/]sf] b[i6fGt k]z ug{ ;lsG5 < egL /flvPsf] lh1f;fdf lgj]bsn] To:tf] b[i6fGt cfkm"n] ge]6]sf] egL cleJolQm lbPaf6 klg lgj]bs :jo+n] ;f] k|fjwfgdf k|o'Qm y'gfO{ dfUg] zAbfjnLsf] unt cy{ nufO{ l/6 lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] eGg] :ki6 x'G5 . ;f] k|fjwfgsf] lakl/t cy{ nfuL s'g} JolQm Ifltk"lt{ kfpgaf6 jl~rt ePsf] jf cbfntn] unt cy{ nufPsf] eGg] b[i6fGt ;d]t k]z ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yfdf lgj]bsn] j:t'ut cfwf/df ge} dgf]ut cfwf/df cfkm}+n] sfg"gsf] unt cy{ nufO{ lgj]bg lnO{ pkl:yt ePsf] eGg] b]lvG5 . %= s'g} klg sfg"gsf] cy{ / JofVof ubf{ ;xh / :jfefljs cy{jf]w x'g] u/L ;sf/fTds ?kdf cy{ nufO{ JofVof ug'{ kb{5 . ;du| sfg"gL Joj:yfdWo] aLraf6 Ps b'O{j6f zAb l6k]/ ;du| sfg"gL ;+/rgf / s'g} bkmfsf] unt cy{jf]w / efj lbg] u/L jnft\ cy{ / JofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . cfkm" :jo+ klg clwjQmf /xg' ePsf lgj]bsn] s'g} klg sfg"gL k|Zgdf cbfntnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{df ;DalGwt sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{

;du|tfdf gx]/L To;leqsf] lglZrt c+z dfq p4[t u/L To;sf] cfkm"v'zL cy{ nufO{ ;+ljwfg k|lts"n /x]sf] egL cdfGo / jb/ 3f]liftsf] dfu ug'{nfO{ :jefljs dfGg ;ls+b}g . s'g} klg cfwf/xLg / c;fGble{s laifo p7fO{ cbfntsf] dxTjk"0f{ ;do jjf{b ug]{ sfd s;}n] klg ug'{ x'+b}g . To;df klg cbfntsf] ;xof]uL, cbfntsf] clws[t -Officer of the court_ / cbfntsf] ldqsf ?kdf /xg] lgj]bs h:tf sfg"g Joj;foLjf6 To:tf] ck]Iff ul/+b}g . o;tkm{ lgj]bs ;hu / ;r]t /xg] ljZjf; Ohnf;n] lnPsf] 5 . ^= ca lgj]bg dfu adf]lhd cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]Og eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ ubf{ j]l/t;Fu y'Gbfsf] ^ g+= n] oftgfnfO{ b08gLo agfPsf] / oftgf lbg]jf6 c;"n ePsf] hl/jfgfaf6 kLl8tnfO{ Ifltk"lt{ pknAw u/fOg] Joj:yf u/]sf] x'Fbf ;f] k|fjwfg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# sf] wf/f @^ f/f k|bQ oftgf lj?4sf] xssf ;fy} g]kfn kIf /x]sf gful/s tyf /fhgLlts clwsf/ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6o k|lt1fkq / oftgf tyf cGo q'm/, cdfgjLo jf ckdfghgs Jojxf/ jf b08 lj?4sf] dxf;lGw ;d]tsf] k|lts"n /x] ePsf] eGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg . k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut sf u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' . pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ . Gof=/fds'df/k|;fb zfx Gof=uf}/L 9sfn Olt;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q !$ ut] /f]h % z'ed\ ====== Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf

150

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lg0f{o g+=&(@& g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz

>L s]bf/k|;fb lu/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L /fdk|;fb >]i7 ;+jt\ @)^) ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+=====(@$(

km};nf ldltM@)^$.!!.!(.!

d'2f M km};nf gfd;f/L btf{ ab/ .

k'g/fj]bsjfbLM tfKn]h' lhNnf, km"ln uf=lj=;=j8f g+ $ 3/ eO{ xfn emfkf lhNnf eb|k'/ g=kf= j8f g+= ^ a:g] nIdL b]jL rfkfufO{

lj?4 k|ToyL{k|ltjfbLM tfKn]h' lhNnf,

km"ln uf=lj=;=j8f g+=$ a:g] gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]t

z'? lg0f{o ug]{M

lh=Gof=>L k|sfzrGb| uh'/]n k'g/fj]bg lg0f{o ug]{M

df=Gof= >L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{ df=Gof=>L b'uf{k|;fb pk|]tL

c=j+= *^ g+= sf] ;xf/f lnO{

cbfntdf k|j]z ug{] JolQm cl3 rn]sf] d'2fsf] kIf ljkIf geO{ s'g} t]>f] kIf /x]sf] x'g'kg{] tTjnfO{ ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] d"n ?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] b]lvg] .

s'g} b'O{ kIf ldnL t]>f] kIfsf] xs hfg] u/L km};nf ;d]t u/fPsf] cj:yfdf k|efljt

kIfnfO{ yfxf gx'g] ePsf] sf/0f cfkm"n] yfxf kfPkl5 cfgf] u'd]s]f xs sfod u/fpg cbfnt k|j]z ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf :jo+df af]wuDo / :ki6 x'+bf To;df cndn ul//xg' gkg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=&_ Psf;uf]ndf /x]sL cfdf pk/

k/]sf] d'2f xf/lht eO{ km};nf ePkl5 ;uf]ndf /xs} gfjfns 5f]/fx?n] pd]/ k'u]kl5 c=j+= *^ g+= sf] cfwf/df d'2f ub{} hfg kfpg] xf] eg] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f slxNo} cGt gx'g] ;d]t eO{ d'2fsf] clGtd x'g] l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n x'g] x'Fbf 3/sf] d'Von] u/]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= *^ g+= cfs{lift gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_ Psf;uf]nsf] klt k|ltjfbL eO{

rn]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= !!) g+= ljk/Lt Dofb tfd]n eO{ k|ltjfb ug{ gkfPsf]n] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL c=j+= @)* g+=sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L c=j+= *^ g+= c+ufnL cfPsf] d'2fsf] lkm/fb vf/]h ug{'kg{] .

-k|s/0f g+=(_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6Mljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf /fw]Zofd clwsf/L

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M cjnlDjt ghL/M g]=sf=k=@)%*, c+s &,

*, lg0f{o g+= &)@@, k[i7 $$)


151

km};nf Gof=/fdk|;fb >]i7M Gofo k|zf;g

P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf ( cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] km};nf pk/ lrQ ga'emfO{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] o; cbfnt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo Pj+ 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5 M

o;df !(%) ;fn hf+rdf y'd tfKn]h' d]Nn'sf /fO ;'= Zofd|fxf lnDa'sf] gfp+df lsk6Lof lt/fdf bfv]n btf{ ePsf] hUufdWo] d]/} jf/L ;f+wb]lv k"j{ eg]sf] bftf xif{k|;fbsf] ;f+wb]lv k"j{, ;fjf]skf b]lv tf]Sdf cfpg] hfg] af6f]b]lv klZrd, 7f8f] 8f+8f pQ/, s[i0fk|;fbsf] ;f+wb]lv blIf0f olt -rf/_ $ lsNnf leqsf] km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+= $ df kg{] n't] cfxfn dflysf cfOtjf/] kfvf] jf/L gfdn] lrGg] lsk6 uf]Zjf/L hUuf btf{jfnfn] ef]uL cfp+b}df lghsf 5f]/f gflt ;d]t d/L k|ltjfbL gf/fo0f l;+xsf lktf xif{k|;fbdf Psnf}6L hUufsf] xs cfO{ e"ld ;DaGwL P]g, @)@! cg';f/ !.&.!$ g+= nut qmd ;+Vof !* df e/]sf] pQm hUuf hUufwgL xif{k|;fbn] cfh}sf ldltb]lv as; hfgL vfg' egL d]/f klt b]jLk|;fbnfO{ @)$).!@.@( ut] k|ltjfbL gf/fo0f l;+x ;d]t cGt/ ;fIfL a;L P] ldltdf df=kf]=sf= tfKn]h'af6 /=g+= !&@@ df kf/Lt eO{ :j= klt b]jLk|;fb / d}n] efuL cfp+b}df pQm hUuf dWo] blIf0f tkm{ $% xft hUuf cfg} ;'kmt /fvL af+sL pQ/ tkm{sf] hUuf k|=gf/fo0f l;+nfO{ @)$$.#.@$ df d]/f] ktL :j= b]jLk|;fbn] /fhLgfdf kf; u/L lbPkl5 af+sL $%

xft hUuf ;e{] gfkLsf ;dodf km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+= $ ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sfod u/fO{ @ lsQf kf/L :j=klt b]jLk|;fbsf] gfp+df btf{ eO{ h=w= k|df0f k"hf{ k|fKt hUuf km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+= @ a:g] d]/} dflg; a'l4;fu/ e/fO{nfO{ x]/rf/ /]vb]v u/Llbg egL xfd|f] ;kl/jf/} lhNnf emfkf eb|k'/ gu/kflnsf jf8{ g+= ^ df uO{ a;]sf]df k|ltjfbLx? ldnL d]/f klt b]jLk|;fb pk/ pQm ls=g+= !)*, #$@ sf] hUufnfO{ d]/f] hUuf xf] egL btf{ u/]5g\ . ;f] btf{ ab/ u/L d]/f] gfp+df btf{ ul/kfpFm eGg] @)%^.$.!& ut] lkm/fb bfo/ u/L ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 d]/f kltsf] gfddf hf/L ePsf] tfd]nL Dofb xfd|f] s'g} 3/ kl/jf/ gePsf] jtgdf 3/ 9f]sfdf 6f+; u/L lbPsf] egL @)%^.$.@% df hfn;fh k"0f{ tj/n] Dofb tfd]n u/L xfdLx?sf] k|ltpQ/ lkm/fpg] xsflwsf/af6 g} alGrt u/L @)%^.$.@% ut] tfd]n ePsf] #) lbg] Dofb leq k|ltjfbLn] k|ltpQ/ g} glbO{ u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvgfn] jfbL bfjL adf]lhd ls=g+= !)*,#$@ sf] hUufsf] k|ltjfbLsf] gfddf ePsf] btf{ ab/ eO{ jfbLsf gfp+df btf{ sfod x'g] 7x/L @)%&.@.!) ut] PstkmL{ ePsf] km};nf cg';f/ pQm hUuf k|= gf/fo0fsf gfp+df @)%&.#.!# ut] gfd;f/L u/L pQm hUuf dWo] ls=g+= !)* sf] hUuf k|= lji0f'dfof ;fD;f]xf+af6 ?= !,)),))). lnP lbP h:tf] u/L @)%&.&.@ ut] hfn;fhL /fhLgdf v8f u/L ;f]xL ldltdf /=g+= ! af6 kf/Lt eO{ bf=vf= u/L h=w= k|df0f k"hf{ ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf]n] @)%&.@.!) ut]sf] km};nf / @)%&.&.@

152

c+s @

ut] hfn;fhL k"0f{ /fhLgfdf lnvt ;d]tsf ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx? ab/ u/L pQm ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufx? d]/f] gfp+df btf{ u/L daf6 /x]sf] sf]6{ lkm b:t'/ ;d]t k|=x?af6 lbnfO{ e/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf]] lkm/fb kq .

lkm/fbLsf] dfu bfjLsf] hUuf ljkIfLn] ldlt @)$$.#.@$ ut] d k|ltjfbLnfO{ /fhLgfdf u/L lbPsf] $ lsNnf leqsf] hUuf xf], pQm hUufnfO{ ljkIfLn] ls=g+= !)*,#$@, ;d]t @ lsQf sfod u/L ljkIfLsf kltsf] xs} gk'Ug] hUufnfO{ gfkgS;f u/L laqmL ljt/0f ug{nfO{ vf]Hbf dfq dnfO{ yfxf eof] . ljkIfLsf klt pk/ b]=g+= &( ldlt @)%^.$.!& ut] gfkL btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL lkm/fb btf{ u/L sfjf{xL eO{ ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 gS;f x'+bf ;d]t ljkIfLsf kltn] dnfO{ /flhgfdf u/L lbPsf] $ lsNnf leqsf] hUuf ljkIfLn] cfgf] gfddf gfk gS;f u/]sf] s'/f k'li6 eO{ ldlt @)%&.@.!) ut] ;DdfgLt cbfntaf6 gfkL btf{ ab/ eO{ d]/f] gfp+df btf{ x'g] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] xf] . o;/L d]/f] /fhLgfdfsf] cfwf/df km};nf adf]lhd ePsf] bf=vf= gfd;f/L hUuf wgL btf{ k|df0f k"hf{ ;b/ /fvL lkm/fbLsf] em'7f dfu bfjLaf6 cnu kmf;f{ u/fO{ km};nf u/fO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]tsf] k|ltpQ/ kq .

o;df jfbL bfjLsf] af+sL /fv]sf] $% xft hUuf k|ltjfbL afx]s cGo s'g s'g JolQmsf] gfddf btf{ ePsf] 5 < k|ltjfbLaf6 v'nfO{ To:tf JolQmnfO{ c=j+=

!#( g+= adf]lhd a'g] eGg] z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] cfb]z .

o;df jfbL bfjLsf] $% xft hUuf d ;d]tn] km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+= $ ls=g+= !!)# df uf]Zjf/L gfkL btf{ u/]sf] geO{ ;fljsdf hUufwgL btf{jfn oL k|ltjfbL dWo]sf gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]gsf gfddf btf{ /x]sf km'ln uf=lj=;=jf8{ g+= $ ls=g+= !)(, (%!, !))% ;d]t # lsQfaf6 hDdf % /f]kgL ( cfgf hUuf ?= #,(),))).df )%!.!.@! ut] d 8Da/axfb'/, lbk]Gb| ;]Gbf, anaxfb'/ tfdf, lutfb]jL ;]Djfu / bndfof tfdf ;d]t % hgfn] uf]Zjf/L btf{ /fhLgfdf u/L lnPsf] hUuf xf] o; hUufleq jfbL bfjLsf] $% xft eg]sf] hUuf kb{}g eGg] Ps} Joxf]/fsf] a'lemPsf anaxfb'/ tfdf, lbk]Gb| ;]Gbf / 8Da/axfb'/ /fO{sf] ldl;n ;+nUg ljleGg ldltsf] aofg .

k|ltjfbL gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn] b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{af6 ldlt @)$$.#.@% df /flhgfdf kfl/t u/L ln+bf ;fjf kf af6 tf]Sdf cfpg] af6f] pwf], klZrd xif{k|;fb dfb]gsf] jf/L ;f+w k"j{ d l/gLsf ;f+w $% xft afx]ssf] pQ/sf] hUuf ;Dd kfl/t u/L lbPsf] b]lvG5 . kfl/t lnvtaf6 jfbLsf :j= klt b]jLk|;fbsf] xsdf $% xft hUuf af+sL /x]s]f b]lvG5 . ;f] s'/fnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] :jLsf/ u/]sf], jfbLsf] $% xft hUuf s;n] btf{ u/fPsf x'g\ egL k|ltjfbLsf] sfuh u/fp+bf anaxfb'/ tfdf ;d]tsf JolQmn] btf{ u/fPsf x'g\ eGg] lhls/ lnPtfklg anaxfb'/ ;d]tsf JolQmnfO{ c=j+= !#( g+= adf]lhd a'bf pQm hUuf


153

gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gaf6 xfdLn] lnPsf xf}+ egL aofg u/]af6 k|ltjfbLn] lnPsf] lhls/ k'li6 x'g cfPg . ldlt @)$$.#.@% sf] kfl/t lnvtsf] lsNnfn] afbLsf] hUuf ldlt )%*.^.@% df e} cfPsf] g=g+= !% / !^ sf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUuf b]lvPsf] x'+bf jfbLsf] xssf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufnfO{ gfkL lg0f{o ab/ ul/kfpFm egL k|= gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn] d'2f bfo/ u/L @)%&.@.!) df gfkL lg0f{o ab/ x'g] 7x/L o;} cbfntaf6 km};nf ePsf], ;f] km};nf cg';f/ ePsf] btf{ / ldlt @)%&.&.@ df gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]gn] lji0f'dfofnfO{ ls=g+= !)* sf] hUuf kfl/t u/L lbPsf] lnvt / bf=vf= gfd;f/L sfg"g ;+ut gb]lv+bf ab/ e} ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUuf jfbLsf] gfddf btf{ u/fO{ lng kfpg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t z'? tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%(.@.@! sf] km};nf .

ljkIfLn] d]/f] /fhLgfdfsf] $ lsNnf leqsf] hUuf cfkm}+ /fhLgfdf u/L lbg] / cfkm}+ cfgf gfddf b'lift btf{ ug{] u/L gfkL btf{ u/] pk/ b]=g+= &( df ljkIfL pk/ lkm/fb btf{ u/L sfjf{xL x'g] qmddf ljkIfLsf] 7]ufgfdf c=j+= !!) g+=sf] /Ltk"j{s tfd]n ePsf]df Dofb hfn;fh u/] egL 5'} hfn;fhdf ph"/ ug{] qmddf Dofb tfd]n ug{] tfd]Nbf/ pk/ ph"/ ug{ g;sL sfNklgs Joxf]/fsf] cfwf/df ldlt @)%&.@.!) sf] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ph"/ u/L ;f]xL cfwf/df d]/f] xs ef]usf] 7x/L ePsf] km};nfnfO{ lagf cfwf/ k|df0f ab/ x'g] 7xofO{ z'?af6 ePsf] km};nf ab/

u/L k|ltpQ/ lhls/ adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt ;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;} nufpsf] kmf}=g+=%) sf] hfn;fh d'2fdf emul8of lemsfpg] cfb]z ePsf]n] k|:t't d'2fdf klg 5nkmnsf] nflu ljkIfL lemsfO{ lgodfg';f/ ug{' eGg] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)%(.*.!& sf] cfb]z .

jfbLsf] klt b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{ pk/ @)%^.$.!& df bfo/ eO{ lghs} hLjgsfndf )%&.@.!) df km};nf ePsf] gfkL lg0f{o ab/ d'2fdf kltsf] gfddf tfd]n ePsf] k|ltpQ/ ug{] Dofb l/t k"j{s tfd]n gePsf]n] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ldlt @)%&.$.@* df c=j+= @)* g+= ljk/Lt k|:t't km};nf ab/ d'2fsf] lkm/fb bfo/ u/]sf] b]lvof] . c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf d'2fdf kIfnfO{ k|fKt x'g] ge} kIf afx]ssf km};nfn] k|ToIf c;/ kfg{] JolQmnfO{ dfq k|fKt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvG5 . t/ k|:t't d'2fsf lkm/fbLn] lghsf] kltsf] gfddf d'2f bfo/ eO{ km};nf ePkl5 kltsf] d[To' ePsf] sf/0fn] xsjfnfsf] x}l;otn] k|:t't d'2f bfo/ u/]sf] b]lv+bf lghsf] sfg"gL x}l;ot d'2fsf kIf ;/xsf] x'+bf lghnfO{ pQm c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf k|fKt x'g] b]lvb}g . nufpsf] hfn;fh d'2fdf z'?sf] km};nf pN6L eO{ bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x/L km};nf ePsf] cfwf/ ;d]taf6 z'?sf] km};nf ldn]sf] gb]lv+bf pN6L x'g] / jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] km};nf .

154

c+s @

k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] pQm km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . ljjflbt ls=g+= !)* / #$@ hUuf d]/f kltsf] gfdbtf{sf] ePsf]df ljjfb 5}g . bIfL0f tkm{ $% xft af+sL /fvL pQ/ tkm{af6 s]xL hUuf ljkIfLnfO{ ldlt @)$$.#.@$ df lbPsf]af6 klg ;f] tYo k"li6 x'G5 . ljkIfLx?n] hfn;fh k"j{s em'7f] Joxf]/f n]vL cbfntaf6 hf/L ePsf] Dofb ;d]t 3/ g} gePsf] cj:yfdf 3/ b}nfdf tfd]n u/fPsf] egL u'kr'k /fvL k|ltjfb ug{ kfpg] k|fs[lts Gofosf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt km};nf u/fPsf] k|i6 5 . kltsf] @)%&.$.& df k/nf]s ePsf]n] ;f] hUuf gfd;f/L u/fpg hf+bf @)%&.&.@) df dfq ;f] s'/f hfgsf/L eof] . kltsf] d[To' eO{ ;s]sf]n] c=j+= @)* sf] k|s[of cjnDag ug{] cj:yf gePsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+=sf] Dofb leq} ;f] km};nf ab/df lkm/fb u/]sf] xf] . pQm d'2fdf dnfO{ k|ltjfbL gagfPsf] / To;df d]/f] s'g} ;+nUgtf g/x+bf g/x+b} d'2fsf] kIf ;/x dfgL c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwfaf6 al~rt ug{] u/L ePsf] km};nf sfg"gsf] unt JofVof u/L ePsf] x'+bf ;f] km};nf pN6L u/L z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] o; cbfnt ;dIfsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;df km"ln uf=lj=;=j8f g+=$ sf] ls=g+= #$@ / !)* sf] btf{ ;DaGwdf gfkLaf6 ePsf] lg0f{o gfkL zfvf tfKn]h'af6 lemsfO{ nufpsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$(& sf] d'2f ;d]t ;fy} k]z ug{' eGg] ;d]t o; cbfntsf] ldlt @)^#.^.@# sf] cfb]z .

@= lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljfg jl/i7 clwjQmf >L /fw]Zofd clwsf/Ln] $% xft blIf0f tkm{sf] hUuf af+sL /fvL pQ/ tkm{sf] hUuf dfq )$$ ;fndf laqmL u/]sf] xf] . )$% ;fndf 3/af6 a]rL j;fO{ ;/L emfkfdf a;f]jf; u/]sf] JolQmsf] km'lnsf] 3/ b}nfdf Dofb tfd]n x'g ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . c=j+= *^ g+= dfq} pNn]v u/]/ cfPsf] xf]Og . c=j+= @)* kmf}hbf/L d'2fdf nfUb}g . hfn;fhL d'2faf6} klg hfn;fhL 7x/ x'g ;Sg] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . k|:t't d'2fnfO{ dfq Psf+sL ?kdf x]/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L eO{ z'? lhNnf cbfntsf] OG;fkm ;b/ ul/g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t jx; k|:t't ug{' eof] .

#= k'g/fj]bs tkm{sf sfg"g Joj;foLsf] plNnlvt jx; lhls/ dgg\ u/L k'g/fj]bg kq ;lxtsf] z'? / /]s8{ ldl;n cWoog u/L x]bf{ k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5,, 5}g < / k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug ;Sg] xf] jf xf]Og < eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lbg' kg{] b]lvg cfof] .

$= lg0f{o tkm{ larf/ ubf{ d]/f klt b]jLk|;fbsf] gfpFdf gfkL btf{ ePsf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufsf] gfkL btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL ljkIfL gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g ;d]t jfbL eO{ lbPsf] d'2fdf k'mlnaf6 3/jf/ a]rL emfkf a;fO{ ;/]sf kltsf] ;fljs 3/ b}nfdf j]kQ] Dofb tfd]n u/fO{ gfkL btf{ ab/ x'g] u/L )%&.@.!) df ePsf] km};nfn]


155

d]/f] xs uPsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+=adf]lhd ;f] km};nf / )%&.&.@ sf] /flhgfdf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] d'Vo lkm/fb bfjLdf em'7f jtgdf Dofb tfd]n u/]sf] xf]Og . jfbLsf] kltn] )$$ ;fndf /flhgfdf ul/lbPsf] $ lsNnf leqsf] hUuf k'gMlghn] gfkL btf{ u/fPsf]n] ;f] ab/df d]/f] lkm/fb k/L ePsf] km};nf ab/ x'g' kg{] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t k|ltpQ/ lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 . z'?n] jfbL bfjL adf]lhd ldlt @)%&.@.!) sf] km};nf / ldlt @)%&.&.@ sf] kfl/t /flhgfdf lnvt ;d]t ab/ x'g] 7x/fPsf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf pk/ k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k|:t't k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] kfOG5 . ljjflbt hUuf d]/f :j=kltsf gfp+ btf{sf] eGg]df ljjfb 5}g . 3/jf; laqmL u/L a;fO{ ;/L uPsf] JolQmsf] 3/ b}nf]df hfn;fhL k"j{s Dofb tfd]n u/L PstkmL{ ?kdf u/]sf] km};nf ab/ u/L d]/f] xs sfod ug{' kg{]df jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ x'+bf ab/ u/L z'?sf] km};nf ;b/ ul/kfpFm eGg] g} k'g/fj]bs jfbL kIfsf] d'Vo k'g/fj]bg lhls/ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

%= o:df jfbL log} k|ToyL{ gf/fo0f l;+x dfb]g / k|ltjfbL k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] klt b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{ ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%^ ;fnsf] b]=bf=g+= &( sf] gfkL btf{ ab/ d'2fdf kltsf gfpFdf a]kQ] Dofb tfd]n u/fO{ tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntaf6 ldlt @)%&.@.!) ut] ePsf] km};nfn] cfgf] xs uPsf]n] c=j+= *^ g+= adf]lhd ;f] km};nf tyf k|ltjfbL

gf/fo0f l;+xn] csf{] k|ltjfbL lji0f' dfFofnfO{ ldlt @)%&.&.@ df kfl/t ul/ lbPsf] /flhgfdf lnvt ;d]t ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] g} jfbLsf] lkm/fb bfjL /x]sf] 5 . k|df0fdf cfPsf] pQm b]=bf=g+= &( sf] gfkL btf{ ab/ d'2fsf] ldl;n x]bf{ ldlt @)%^.$.!& lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvG5 eg] k|ltjfbL b]jLk|;fb rfkfufO{sf gfp+sf] Dofb lkm/fbdf n]lvPsf] lgh k|=sf] jtg k'mln uf=lj=;=j8f g+= $ l:yt lghs} 3/ b}nf]df 6f+; ul/Psf] eGg] b]lvg cfp+5 . Dofb leq k|ltpQ/ gk/]kl5 z'? cbfntaf6 ljjflbt hUufsf] ;e]{ gS;f, btf{ >]:tf ;d]tsf ;a"b k|df0f lemsfO{ gfk gS;f ;d]t u/fO{ k|ltjfbLaf6 jfbLn] @)$$.#.@% df kfPsf] kfl/t /flhgfdfsf] $ lsNnf / ljjflbt hUufsf] $ lsNnf ldNg le8\g cfPsf] b]lvPsf] eGg] ;d]t cfwf/df bfjLsf] ls=g+= !)* / #$@ sf] hUufsf] k|ltjfbL b]jLk|;fbn] u/fPsf] gfkL btf{ ab/ u/L jfbL gf/fo0f l;+xsf gfp+df btf{ x'g] 7x/fO{ ldlt @)%&.@.!) df km};nf u/]sf] b]lvof] .

^= pQm km};nf eO{ ;s] kZrft ldlt @)%&.$.& df klt b]jLk|;fbsf] d[To' ePsf] / ldlt @)%&.&.!* ut] ;f] s'/f yfxf kfPsf] egL ldlt @)%&.&.@* df jfbLsf] c=j+= *^ g+= cGtu{t k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . d'n'sL P]g cbfntlt aGbf]j:tsf] @)* g+=df === ;dfJxfg Otnfogfdf tfd]n ubf{ o;} dxnsf] !!) g+= adf]lhd /Lt gk'ofO{ tfd]n u/]sf]n] yfxf kfpg g;sL k|ltjfbL lbg gkfO{ Dofb u'h|]sf] eGg]

156

c+s @

ph"/L ;fy km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf leqdf yfxf kfPsf] k}+tL; lbg leq emul8ofn] k|ltjfbL n]vL lbg Nofof] eg] klxn] ldl;n ;fd]n /x]sf] tfd]nL ;dfJxfg x]/L l/tk"j{s tfd]n ePsf] b]lvg cfPg eg] ;f]xL Joxf]/fsf] krf{ n]vL k|ltjfbL btf{ u/L P]g adf]lhd a'g' kg{] k|df0f a'emL d'2f km};nf ug{' k5{ . /Lt k'uL tfd]n ePsf] b]lvPdf ;f]xL Joxf]/f vf]nL ph"/ nfUg ;St}g egL b/kL7 u/L lkmtf{ lbg'k5{ eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf] b]lvG5 . e} /x]sf] pQm sfg'gL k|fjwfgaf6 c=j+= !!) g+= adf]lhd l/tk"j{s Dofb tfd]n gePsf] sf/0faf6 k|ltpQ/ lbg gkfpg] JolQmn] km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf leq yfxf kfPsf] #% lbgleq ;f] s'/fsf] ph"/L ;fy k|ltpQ/ lbg kfpg] cj:yf ljBdfg /x]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . ldlt @)%&.@.!) df ePsf] km};nf ldlt @)%&.$.& df yfxf kfPsf] egL ldlt @)%&.&.@* df km};nf ePsf] 5 dlxgf leq} jfbLsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb k/]sf] b]lvPaf6 ;f] sfg"gL dfu{ cjnDag ug{ k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ s'g} jfwf cj/f]w k/]sf] eGg] l:ylt klg b]lvb}g . k'g/fj]bssf] kltsf] @)%&.$.& df d[To' eO{ ;s]sf] sf/0fn] klg nf]Ug]sf] ;DklQdf xs vfg] k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ d'2f ;sf/ u/L ph"/L ;fy k|ltpQ/ lbg s'g} sfg"gn] /f]s]sf] kfOb}g . o:tf] sfg"gdf Joj:yf eO{ /x]sf] ;'ud dfu{ kl/Tofu u/L c=j+= @)* g+= ljk/Lt k'g/fj]bs jfbL c=j+=*^ g+=sf] ;xf/f lnO{ cbfnt k|j]z u/]sf] b]lvof] .

&= ca, k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ d'n'sL P]g, c=j+= *^ g+=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] d2t ug{ ;Sg] g;Sg] s] /x]5 egL k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] 7x/ a"+bfsf ;DaGwdf ljZn]if0f ug'{ cl3 ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yf bli6ut ug{' jf~5gLo x'g] b]lvG5 . To; tkm{ x]bf{ d'n'sL P]g c=j+= *^ g+=df km};nf l8;ld; ldnfkq vf/]h ePsf d'2fdf ;f] km};nf l8;ld; ldnfkq vf/]h ePsfn] csf{sf] xs ;d]t hfg] ePsf] /x]5 eg] h;sf] xs hfg]5 To;}n] yfxf kfPsf k}+lt; lbgleq o;df xfd|f] klg xs nfU5 . o;n] dfq xf/L jf l8;ld; vf/]h ldnfkq u/fPsf]n] xfd|f] xs hfg] xf]Og egL cfgf] xs hfltdf emul8ofsf gfp+df gfn]; lbP OG;fkm u/L lbg' k5{ . eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] ds;b b'O{ kIf aLr d'2f rnL km};nf, l8;ld;, ldnfkq jf vf/]h ePsf] Joxf]/fn] s'g} csf{] kIfsf] xs uPsf] 5 eg] To:tf] xs hfg] JolQmn] cl3af6 ePsf] km};nf, l8;ld;, ldnfkq of vf/]h ab/ u/fpg yfxf kfPsf] #% lbgleq cfpg kfp5 eGg] g} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;xf/f lnO{ cbfntdf k|j]z ug{] JolQm cl3 rn]sf] d'2fsf] kIf ljkIfL geO{ s'g} t]>f] kIf /x]sf] x'g' kg{] tTjnfO{ ;f] sfg"gL Joj:yfn] d"n ?kdf c+lusf/ u/]sf] b]lvg cfp+5 . s'g} b'O{ kIf ldln t]>f] kIfsf] xs hfg] u/L km};nf ;d]t u/fPsf] cj:yfdf k|efljt kIfnfO{ yfxf gx'g] ePsf] sf/0f cfkm"n] yfxf kfPkl5 cfgf] u'd]s]f xs sfod u/fpg cbfnt k|j]z ug{ kfpg] sfg"gL Joj:yf :jo+df


157

af]w uDo / :ki6 klg x'+bf To;df cndn u/L /xg' kg{] cj:yf 5}g . cl3 rn]sf] d'2fdf g} jfbL jf k|ltjfbL s'g} ?kdf ;+nUg /x]sf] JolQmn] kl5af6 km};nf ab/df cfpg kfp+5 eGg] xf] eg] cbfntsf] lg0f{on] slxNo} klg clGtdtf gkfpg] cj:yf /xG5 . lg0f{o clGtdtf -finality of decisions_ sf] l;4fGt ;d]tn] o:tf] sfo{nfO{ /f]Sb5 .

*= k|:t't ljjfbdf k|ToyL{ gf/fo0f l;+ dfb]g jfbL / k'g/fj]bssf klt b]jLk|;fb k|ltjfbL eO{ rn]sf] gfkL lg0f{o ab/ d'2fsf] km};nfaf6 kltsf gfp btf{sf] hUufsf] xs uPsf] egL pg} k|ltjfbLsf] >Ldltn] k|:t't lkm/fb lbPsf] cj:yf 5 . klt;+u 5'l leGg e} a;]sf]n] cfgf] xs lx:;f hlt sfod x'g' kg{] eGg] bfjL klg 5}g . kltsf] xs vfg] xsbf/sf] ?kdf kltsf] d[To'kl5 cfkm"nfO{ k|:t't ug{] k'g/fj]bs jfbLnfO{ lghsf] klt eGbf k[ys x}l;otsf] t];|f] kIfsf ?kdf dfgL c=j+= *^ g+=sf] ;'ljwf kfpg] cy{ ug{] xf] eg] lg0f{o clGtdtfsf] l;4fGt ljk/Lt x'g k'uL c=j+= *^ g+=sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] unt JofVof sfod x'g hfG5 . o;} sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] JofVof ub{} k'g/fj]bs jfbL czf]s sfhL agLof lj?4 l5l/ lkmG5f]s ;d]t k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL ePsf] ;+jt\ @)%# ;fnsf] b]=k'=O{=g+=!)# sf] xs sfod lg0f{o ab/ d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] k"0f{ Ohhf;af6 Psf;uf]ndf /x]sL cfdf pk/ k/]sf] d'2f xf/lht eO{ km};nf ePkl5 ;uf]ndf /xs} gfjfns 5f]/fx?n] pd]/ k'u]kl5 c=j+= *^ g+= sf] cfwf/df d'2f ub{} hfg kfpg] xf] eg] ljjfbsf] lg?k0f slxNo}

cGt gx'g] ;d]t eO{ d'2fsf] clGtd x'g] l;4fGtsf] k|lts"n x'G5 . 3/sf] d'Von] u/]sf] d'2fdf c=j+= *^ g+= cfs{lift x'+b}g eGg] ;d]t l;4fGt -g]sfk=@)%* c+s &,*, k[i7 $$) lg=g+= &)@@ k|ltkflbt ePsf] b]lvG5 .

(= t;y{ plNnlvt sfg"gL Joj:yf / k|ltkflbt l;4fGt ;d]tsf] ljZn]if0ffTds cfwf/ k|df0faf6 Psf;uf]nsf] klt k|ltjfbL eO{ rn]sf] gfkL lg0f{o ab/ d'2fdf c=j+= !!) g+= ljk/Lt Dofb tfd]n eO{ k|ltjfb ug{ gkfPsf]n] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm egL c=j+= @)* g+=sf] sfg'gL Joj:yfnfO{ kl/Tofu u/L c=j+= *^ g+= c+ufnL cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] lkm/fb vf/]h ug{' kg{]df jfbL bfjL k'Ug] 7x/fPsf] z'? tfKn]h' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt Onfdsf] ldlt @)^).%.@% sf] km};nfsf] kl/0ffddf tflTjs leGgtf gx'g] x'+bf ;b/ eO{ ;f] km};nf ab/ ul/kfpFm eGg] k'g/fj]bs jfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg lhls/ k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ . ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{ lbg' .

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5' .

k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L Ohnf; clws[tM gf/fo0f ;'j]bL Olt ;+jt\ @)^$ ;fn kmfu'g !( ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ ===============

158

c+s @

lg0f{o g+=&(@* g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ;+o'Qm Ohnf; ;DdfggLo k|wfg GofofwLz >L

s]bf/k|;fb lu/L dfggLo GofofwLz >L tkaxfb'/ du/ ;Djt\ @)^@ ;fnsf] kmf}=k'=g+= #$%@

km};nf ldltM @)^$.!@.@$.!

d'2fM st{Jo Hofg .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM lji0f's'df/L bhL{sf] hfx]/Ln] g]kfn ;/sf/

lj?4 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM jfUn' lhNnf xl6of

uf=lj=;= j8f g+= # j:g] ldgaxfb'/ bhL{

cl3 km};nf ug]{M

df=lh=Gof=>L s?0fflglw zdf{ k'g/fj]bs km};nf ug]{M sf=d'=d'=Gof=>L tflx/cln cG;f/L Gof=>L uf]kfn k/fh'nL dflg;sf] d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf ;f]

;DaGwL ljifout ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf ljz]if1x?f/f ul/Psf] k/LIf0f / To;sf cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] /fosf] k|fdfl0fs dxTj /xg] .

-k|s/0f g+=#_ ;fdfGo s'6lk6sf] ljifonfO{

dg;fo;lxtsf] cfk/flws sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg gldNg] .

Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] dfu bfjL lng] jfbL kIfn] k|ltjfbLaf6 Hofg dfg]{ lgotsf ;fy To:tf] cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eGg] k'i6L ug{ ;Sg'kg]{ .

s]an hfx]/L b/vf:t / hfx]/jfnfsf] egfO{nfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfP/ st{Jo Hofg h:tf] u+eL/ d'2fdf lgisif{df k'Ug gx'g] .

-k|s/0f g+=$_ cg'dfg, cfz+sf / ;+efjgf h:tf

dgf]ut cfwf/df s'g} klg cfk/flws sfo{df dg;fo tTjsf] ljBdfgtf 5 g} egL lgisif{ lgsfNg' Gofof]lrt gx'g], dg;fo tTjsf] ljBdfgtf k|df0fx?af6 g} b]lvg' kg]{ / To:tf] k|df0f h'6fpg] bfloTj jfbL kIfn] g} jxg ug{'kg]{ .

-k|s/0f g+=%_

k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6Mljfg pkGofoflwjQmf z/b v8\sf

k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf

Gof=tkjxfb'/ du/M Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_-u_ cg';f/ o; cbfntdf bfo/ eO{ k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M

dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ ldlt @)^!.#.#! ut] /ftL 3/sf]


159

lk+9Ldf ;'lt/fv]sf] jvt nfQL / d'Ssfn] z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lxsf{O{ 3fOt] agfPsf]df cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/fpFb} u/]sf] jvt ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] lgh 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lji0f' s'df/L bhL{sf] hfx]/L b/vf:t .

5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] vj/ kfO{ s] ePsf] /x]5 egL 5ljnfn bhL{sf] 3/df uO{ lghnfO{ a'bf lxhf] /ftL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] c+z ;DaGwL ljifodf lgx'F lems]/ dnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sfn] z/L/ b'vL /x]sf] 5 . Zjf; km]g{ cK7\of/f] ePsf] 5 . dnfO{ arfp, d]/f] cf}ifwL pkrf/ u/fO{ b]p egL 5ljnfn bhL{n] e]nf hDdf ePsf] dflg;nfO{ eg]kl5 dLgaxfb'/ bhL{ ;d]tnfO{ ;f]wk'5 ubf{ 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ d}n] s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf], csf{] lbgklg 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ df/LlbG5' egL wfs wDsL lbPsf] lyof] . c+z ;DaGwL lgx'F vf]hL 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] nfQL d'Ssfn] k|xf/ u/L 3fOt] agfO{ ;f]xL rf]6 k6ssf sf/0fn] 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] df}sfdf a'lemPsf z]/axfb'/ bhL{, rGb|axfb'/ e08f/L, l6sf kl/of/, lhtaxfb'/ dNn, z'naxfb'/ bhL{, dLgaxfb'/ bhL{, s0f{axfb'/ bhL{n] ul/lbPsf] sl/j Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'f 5'} sfuh .

dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/]sf] jvtdf hUuf ;DaGwL c+zsf] s'/f ug{] larf/ p7L 5ljnfn;Fu d]/f] efudf hUuf hldg sd k/]sf] 5 lbg'k5{ egL eGbf lghn] dnfO{ nf}/f] / xFl;ofn] k|xf/ u/]sfn] nf}/f] / xFl;of+ d}n] lghsf] xftaf6 vf];L kmfnL

lbPF . c+z dfUbf dnfO{ lk6\g vf]h]sf]n] dnfO{ klg l/; p7L afh]sf] lgwf/df tyf sf]vfdf ;d]t d'Ssf k|xf/ ubf{ afh] 9Ng uPsf] xf], afh] 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ d}n] g} s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg sfuh .

of/ of/sf] cfjfh ;'g]kl5 lgGb|faf6 p7L cfdf afh]nfO{ s] eof] p7\g'xf]; egL s/fO{ cfdf ;d]t p7L x]bf{ 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] s'6lk6 ub{} u/]sf] b]v]sf] x'F, dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] s'6lk6 u/]sf] rf]6 k6ssf] sf/0faf6 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]df k"0f{ ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] rZdbLb ujfx lagf bhL{n] ul/lbPsf] sfuh .

dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf]df ;f]xL rf]6k6ssf] sf/0f 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf]df ljZjf; nfU5 eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] d}sfdf a'lemPsf h'g] bhL{, s[i0f bhL{, 6]saxfb'/ v8\sf, l;nfu] bhL{ ;d]tsf JolQmx?n] ul/lbPsf] Ps} ldnfgsf] 5'f 5'} sfuh .

d[To'sf] sf/0fdf undetermined eGg] pNn]v u/L k|fKt ePsf] lhNnf :jf:Yo sfof{no jfUn'sf d]l8sn clws[tn] u/]sf] kf]i6 df6{d l/kf]6{ .

cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/n] kLl8t 5ljnfnsf] Hofg lng] p2]Zoaf6 /S;L vfO{ df/f}+ eGg] lgotn] s'6lk6 u/]sf] / s'6lk6 u/]sf] # lbgleq cgj/t ?kdf ynfk/L pkrf/ ubf{ub{} s'6lk6sf rf]6lk/n] p7\g g;sL ldlt @)^!.$.@

160

c+s @

ut] /ftL d[To' ePsf]n] d'n'sL P]g Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !( gDa/sf] s;"/ ck/fwdf k|ltjfbLnfO{ ;f]xL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;hfoF ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] cleof]u kq .

ldlt @)^!.#.#! sf a]n'sL ( ah]sf] ;dodf xh'/a'af 5ljnfn;Fu c+z jf/]df s'/f rNbf xh'/a'afn] dnfO{ nf}/fn] xfGg' eof] . d}n] nf}/f] vf];L kmfnL lbPF, To;kl5 xFl;ofn] xfGg yfNg' eof], d}n] xFl;of vf];L kmfnL lbPF / d d]/f] 3/lt/ cfPF, d}n] xh'/a'afnfO{ xfg]sf], s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf]Og . To;sf] ef]lnkN6 xh'/a'af klxn]b]lv g} vf]sL bdsf] lj/fdL x'g' ePsf]n] d}n] cf}ifwL k;naf6 ?=()). sf] cf}ifwL nuL xh'/a'afnfO{ lbPsf] x'F . ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] ljxfgb]lv xh'/a'afnfO{ kvnf ;d]t nfu]sf]n] cfdfn] hLjghn ;d]t nlulbg' ePsf] xf], ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] /ftL xh'/a'afsf] d[To' eP5 . d[To' x'g] a]nfdf xh'/a'af vf6af6 e'O{df v:g' ePsf] xf], d[To' lj/fdLsf sf/0f jf vf6af6 n8\gfsf sf/0fn] ePsf] xf] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf aofg lbFbf d]/f] :jf:Yo Tolt l7s lyPg, tfklg d}n] xh'/a'afnfO{ xfg]sf] eg]sf] xf]Og . ;f] afx]s c? ;a} Joxf]/f xf] . xfg]sf] eGg] s;/L n]lvof] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g . d}n] xh'/ a'afnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] df/]sf] gx'Fbf cleof]u bfjL cg';f/ ;hfoF kfpg' kg{] xf]Og eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] aofg .

d}n] lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf lbPsf] hfx]/Lsf] Joxf]/f tyf To;df

ePsf] ;xL d]/f] xf] . k|ltjfbLsf] s'6lk6af6} ;;'/f 5ljnnfnsf] d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] hfx]/jfnf lji0f' s'df/L bhL{n] u/]sf] askq .

k|ltjfbLsf] s'6fO{af6} xh'/jfsf] d[To' ePsf] x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]tsf] jfbL kIfsf ;fIfL lagf bhL{, l6sf kl/of/, s0f{axfb'/ bhL{, z'naxfb'/ bhL{, rGb|axfb'/ e08f/L ;d]tn] ul/lbPsf] askq .

5ljjfnsf] d[To' s'6lk6af6 eof] eGg] xNnf ;'gL dnfd uPsf] x'F egL jfbL kIfsf ujfx dLgaxfb'/ bhL{ / k|ltjfbLn] lk6]/ df/] h:tf] nfUb}g egL jfbL kIfs} ujfx z]/axfb'/ bhL{n] z'? cbfntdf u/]sf] askq .

s'6lk6 eof] xf]nf, t/ d}n] b]lvg egL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL k|wfg lj=s= n], k|ltjfbLn] s'6lk6 u/] xf]nf h:tf] nfUb}g egL k|ltjfbLsf ;fIfL s[i0faxfb'/ dNnn] / gfltn] s'6lk6 uof] egL d[tsn] eg]sf lyP egL k|ltjfbLs} ;fIfL OGb|axfb'/ e08f/Ln] u/]sf] askq .

klxnf b]lvg} em} emu8f ul//xg] gflt dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] s'6]sf] s'6fO{af6 ynfk/L d[ts 5ljnfnsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] k|ToIfbzL{, hfx]/jfnf lji0f' s'df/Lsf] ls6fgL hfx]/L, k|ltjfbLn] cbfntdf cf/f]lkt s;"/df OGsf/ /xL aofg u/]tfklg d[ts;Fu k|ltjfbLsf] ;f] lbg emu8f ePsf] tYodf ;fljt /x]sf] tyf cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf k|ltjfbLn] aofg ubf{ 3l6 c+z lbPsf] l/;df d[ts xh'/jfjfnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL s'6lk6af6 ynfk/L d[To' ePsf] eGg] pNn]v u/L ;fljtL aofg ;d]t


161

ul/lbPsf] kfOG5 . jf/bftsf] k|ToIfbzL{ hfx]/jfnf Pjd oL k|ltjfbLn] cg';Gwfg clwsf/L ;dIf u/]sf] aofg Ps csf{df ldNg le8\g cfPsf] 5 eg] k|ltjfbLs} ;fIfL OGb|axfb'/ dNnn] askq ubf{ d[tsn] dg{' eGbf klxnf JoQm u/]sf] s'/f pNn]v ub{} gfltn] s'6lk6 uof] eGby], c+z ;DaGwdf xf]nf dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L emu8f ub{y] egL askq u/]sf] b]lvg cfPaf6 cleo'Qm dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] cleof]u dfubfjL adf]lhd d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] ! / ( g+=sf] s;"/ ck/fw u/]sf] x'Fbf lghnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= adf]lhd ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b x'g] 7x5{ eGg] z'? afUn' lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)^!.*.@*.@ sf] km};nf .

d}n] &^ jlif{o a[4 xh''/a'jfnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] xf]Og . xh'/a'af bd / vf]sLsf] lj/fdL x'g'x'GYof] . d[ts xh'/a'afn] d]/f] a'afnfO{ c+z yf]/} lbg' ePsf]df c+z yf]/} lbg' eof] egL d}n] eGg' :jfefljs} xf], To;nfO{ l/; Oljsf] ?kdf u|x0f ug{ ldNb}g . d}n] xh'/a'afnfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL rf]6lk8faf6 xh'/a'afsf] d[To' ePsf] egL d}n] slxF st} aofg u/]sf] ;d]t 5}g . 36gf:yn k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, nfz hfFr k|s[lt d'r'Nsf, ;fIfLx?sf] askq ;d]taf6 d]/f] rf]6 lk8faf6 d[ts xh'/a'afsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] eGg] b]lvFb}g . ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx?sf] j:t'k/s 9+uaf6 cWoog / ljZn]if0f gu/L s]jn cfTdk/s 9+uaf6 cg'dfgsf] e/df JofVof / ljZn]if0f u/L Hofg h:tf] uDeL/ d'2fdf s;"/bf/ 7xofO{ afUn'

lhNnf cbfntn] dnfO{ ;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b ug{] u/]sf] km};nf q'6Lk"0f{ ePsfn] pQm km};nf ab/ u/L d}n] cleof]u bfjLaf6 k"0f{ ?kdf ;kmfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] sf/fuf/ zfvf jfUn' dfkm{t k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{n] k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;df zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf z'? afUn' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf larf/0fLo b]lvFbf c=j+=@)@ g+= tyf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt lgodfjnL, @)$* sf] lgod $& ;d]t adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ;/sf/L jlsn sfof{no jfUn'nfO{ k]zLsf] ;"rgf lbO{ lgodfg';f/ k]z ug{' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jfUn'sf] ldlt @)^@.!.* sf] cfb]z . o;df /Iff lzIff ug]{ afx]ssf] oL k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{sf] s'6lk6af6 d[ts 5lanfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf] xf] eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg hfx]/jfnL lji0f's'df/L bhL{ ;d]tsf dflg;x?sf] jofg tyf jskqaf6 k'i6L ePsf] / d[tsnfO{ oL k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/n] Hofg lng] Oljnfu jf dg;fo ge} c+z 36La9L eof] a/fa/L ul/lbg' xf];\ eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb e} d[tssf] rf]6af6 k|ltjfbLnfO{ xftdf 3fp ;d]t x'g uO{ cfk;L s'6lk6 x'g uO{ eljtJoaf6 d[ts 5ljnfnsf] d[To' x'g uPsf] b]lvFbf Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/df P]= sf] ^ g+= sf] b]xfo $ jdf]lhd Ps jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b / kfFr;o ?k}ofF hl/jfgf u/L eljtJosf] s;"/ 7x/ ug'{kg]{df Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd

162

c+s @

;j{:j ;lxt hGds}b x'g] 7xofPsf] ldlt @)^!.*.@* sf] afUn' lhNnf cbfntsf] km};nf ;f] xb;Dd gldn]sf]n] pN6L e} k|ltjfbLnfO{ Ps jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b tyf ?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g] 7x5{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt afUn'sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf] km};nf . k|ltjfbLn] d[ts 5ljnfn bhL{nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] s'/fdf clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIf ;fljt /x]sf], Pp6} kl/jf/sf afh] d[ts / gftL k|ltjfbL /x]sf / c+z ;DaGwL ljjfb pTkGg e} ldlt @)^!.#.#! ut] afh]nfO{ s'6lk6 ubf{ ;f]xL rf]6sf sf/0faf6 lghsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] s'/f hfx]/L b/vf:t / hfx]/jfnfx?sf] jskq ;d]taf6 v'Ng cfPsf], nfz k|s[lt d'r'Nsfdf jfofF 5ftLdf sf]tl/Psf] 3fp /x]sf] eGg] kfOPsf], a[4 cj:yfsf afh]nfO{ hjfg cj:yfsf gfltn] nfQL d'Ssf cflbn] k|xf/ ubf{ d[To' x'g' :jfefljs /x]sf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jfUn'sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ /x]sf] x'Fbf pN6L u/L cleof]u bfjL jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg kq . @= lgod jdf]lhd Ohnf; ;dIf k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fdf k'g/fj]bsjfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljfg pkGofoflwjQmf >L z/b v8\sfn] ug'{ ePsf] jx; lhsL/ ;d]t ;'lgof] . k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/n] kLl8t 5ljnfnnfO{ Hofg lng] dg;fo ;lxt dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg u/L s'6lk6 u/]sf] / ;f]xL rf]6af6 ynf k/L kLl8tsf] d[To' ePsf] x'Fbf k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf]

!#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;hfo ul/kfpFm eGg] cleof]u bfjL /x]sf] k|:t't d'2fdf k|ltjfbLsf] cbfnt;dIfsf] jofgdf afh];Fu c+z ;DaGwL s'/f rln/x]sf] cj:yfdf afh]n] cfkm"nfO{ nf}/f] / xFl;ofn] k|xf/ ug'{ePsf] xf], cfkm"n] afh]nfO{ s'6lk6 u/]sf] 5}g, vf]sL / bdsf] lj/fdL /xg'ePsf afh]nfO{ cfkm}+n] cf}ifwL lsg]/ lbPsf], ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut] ljxfg b]lv kvfnf ;d]t nfu]sf] / To;}lbg /ftL jxfFsf] d[To' eof], cfkm"n] s'6lk6 gu/]sf] x'Fbf ;hfo kfpg'kg]{ xf]Og egL lhsL/ lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . z'? cbfntaf6 cleof]u dfubfjL jdf]lhd k|ltjfbLnfO{ s;"/bf/ 7xofO{ Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;j{:j;lxt hGds}b x'g] 7xofP pk/ k|ltjfbLsf] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf]df k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jfUn'af6 k|ltjfbLn] d[tsnfO{ df/f} eGg] dg;fo k|]l/t e} k|xf/ u/]sf] cj:yf gb]lvPsf] / zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgaf6 klg d[To'sf] sf/0f Undetermined egL pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhd ;hfo ug'{ Gofof]lrt gx'g] eGg] ;d]tsf] cfwf/df k|ltjfbLnfO{ Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] % g+= sf] s;"/df P]= ^-$_ g+= jdf]lhd ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b / ?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g] 7xofO{ km};nf ePsf] 5 . ;f] pk/ jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg kg{ cfPsf] x'Fbf k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ x]/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jfUn'sf] km};nf ldn] gldn]sf] s] /x]5 eGg] ;DaGwdf ljrf/ u/L lg0f{o lbg'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . #= lg0f{otkm{ ljrf/ ubf{ d[ts 5ljnfn / k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ Ps}


163

kl/jf/sf xh/a'jf / gflt gftfsf JolQmx? /x]sf] / ldlt @)^!.#.@! ut] /ftL oL b'O{ hgfsf aLrdf c+z ;DaGwL ljifodf ljjfb ePsf] eGg] ;Ddsf] tYodf ljjfb b]lvFb}g . 36gf x'Fbfsf jvt cfkm\g} 3/sf] lkF9Ldf ;'lt/fv]sf xh'/a'jfnfO{ k|ltjfbLn] nfQL d'Ssfn] z/L/sf ljleGg efudf lxsf{O{ 3fOt] agfPsf] / pkrf/ x'Fbf x'Fb} ldlt @)^!.$.@ ut]sf lbg lghsf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] hfx]/L b/vf:t /x]sf] / hfx]/L Joxf]/fnfO{ ;dy{g ub}{ hfx]/jfnfn] cbfnt;dIf jskq ;d]t ul/lbPsf] b]lvG5 . k|ltjfbLsf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] jofgdf c+z ;DaGwL ljjfb e} xh'/a'jfn] cfkm"nfO{ nf}/f] / xFl;ofn] k|xf/ u/]sfn] cfkm"n] klg d'Ssfn] k|xf/ u/]sf] egL s'6lk6 u/]sf] s'/f;DdnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf]df cbfnt;dIf pkl:yt e} jofg ubf{ cfkm"n] s'6lk6 gu/]sf] egL OGsf/L jofg u/]sf 5g\ . k|ltjfbLn] u/]sf] s'6lk6sf] rf]6af6 ynf k/L ;f]xL sf/0faf6 d[tssf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] g} cleof]u bfjLdf cfwf/ agfO{Psf] x'Fbf d[tssf] d[To'sf] sf/0fsf ;DaGwdf zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt Joxf]/fn] dxTj /fVg] x'G5 . jfUn' c:ktfnaf6 ePsf] zj k/LIf0f k|ltj]bgdf d[To'sf] sf/0f Undetermined egL pNn]v ul/Psf] kfOG5 . k|ltj]bgsf] External Examination, Internal Examination / Special Examination sf] dxndf klg d[tssf] z/L/sf] aflx/L tyf leqL efudf pNn]Vo rf]6k6s nfu]sf] gkfOPsf] cj:yf b]vfOPsf] 5 .

dflg;sf] d[To'sf] ;DaGwdf ;f] ;DaGwL ljifout ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf ljz]if1x?f/f ul/Psf] k/LIf0f / To;sf cfwf/df k|:t't ul/Psf] /fosf] k|fdfl0fs dxTj /xG5 . k|df0f P]g, @)#! sf] bkmf @# df ljz]if1sf] /fonfO{ k|df0fdf lng x'G5 eGg] sfg"gL Joj:yf klg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . $= nf7f 9'+uf / ;fgfltgf xftxltof/n] s'6L, xfgL, /f]kL, 3f]rL jf c? Hofg dg]{ u}x| s'/f u/L Hofg d/]df To:tf] sfo{ ug]{ dflg; Hofgdf/f 7x5{ eGg] Hofg ;DaGwL dxnsf] !#-#_ g+= sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfnfO{ x]bf{ To;df dg;fo tTjnfO{ dxTj lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . cfk/flws sfo{ / cfk/flws dg;fo ck/fwsf k|d'v b'O{ tTj x'g\ . ;fdfGo s'6lk6sf] ljifonfO{ dg;fo;lxtsf] cfk/flws sfo{sf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] x'Fb}g . Hofg ;DaGwLsf] !#-#_ g+= jdf]lhdsf] ;hfosf] dfu bfjL lng] jfbL kIfn] k|ltjfbLaf6 Hofg dfg]{ lgotsf ;fy To:tf] cfk/flws sfo{ u/]sf] xf] eGg] klg k'i6L ug{ ;Sg' k5{ . s]an hfx]/L b/vf:t / hfx]/jfnfsf] egfO{nfO{ dfq cfwf/ agfP/ st{Jo Hofg h:tf] u+eL/ d'2fdf lgisif{df k'Ug x'Fb}g . k|:t't d'2fdf hfx]/L b/vf:t / cleo'Qmsf] clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] jofgnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfP/ cleof]u nufO{Psf] b]lvG5 eg] o; cbfntdf k/]sf] k'g/fj]bgdf klg jfbL tkm{af6 ltg} b'O{ ljifonfO{ cfwf/ agfOPsf] kfOG5 . t/ tL b'a} cfwf/nfO{ k'i6L ug]{ u/L cGo :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0fx? k]z x'g ;s]sf] eg] ldl;naf6 b]lvFb}g . hfx]/L

164

c+s @

b/vf:t, hfx]/jfnfsf] jskq / clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/L ;dIfsf] cleo'Qmsf] jofgaf6 klg b'a}kIfaLr s'6lk6 ePsf] eGg] ;Ddsf] tYo phfu/ x'G5, dfg]{ dg;fo ;lxt s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/f To;af6 klg k'i6L x'g] cj:yf b]lvFb}g .

%= dfly ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 d[ts / k|ltjfbLaLr c+z ;DaGwL ljifodf ljjfb pTkGg e} tTsfn} b'a}tkm{af6 s'6lk6 ePsf] / ;f] 36gfsf] s]xL lbgleq} 5ljnfn bhL{sf] d[To' ePsf] eGg] b]lvg cfPsf] 5 . k|ltjfbLn] Hofg lng];Ddsf] Oljnfu jf dg;fo ;lxt s'6lk6 u/]sf] eGg] s'/f ldl;n ;+nUg k|df0fx?af6 b]lvFb}g / jfbL kIfaf6 To; ;DaGwdf :jtGq / j:t'lgi7 k|df0fx? h'6fpg ;s]sf] klg kfO{+b}g . cg'dfg, cfz+sf / ;+efjgf h:tf dgf]ut cfwf/df s'g} klg cfk/flws sfo{df dg;fo tTjsf] ljBdfgtf 5 g} egL lgisif{ lgsfNg' Gofof]lrt x'Fb}g, dg;fo tTjsf] ljBdfgtf k|df0fx?af6 g} b]lvg' k5{ / To:tf] k|df0f h'6fpg] bfloTj jfbL kIfn] g} jxg ug{' k5{ . Hofg lng] Oljnfu jf dg;fo ge} s;}n] cfkm"n] u/]sf] st{Jon] dflg; dnf{ eGg] h:tf] gb]lvPsf] s'g} sfd s'/f ubf{ To;}f/f s]xL e} s'g} dflg; dg{ uPsf] eljtJo 7x5{ eGg] d'n'sL P]g, Hofg ;DaGwLsf] %

g+= df / To;/L eljtJo e} dflg;sf] Hofg d/]sf]df /Iff lzIff ug]{ afx]s c? s;}n] s;}nfO{ s'6lk6 ubf{ eljtJo k/]sf]df kfFr;o ?k}of;Dd hl/jfgf jf b'O{ jif{;Dd s}b jf b'a} ;hfo x'G5 eGg] Hofg ;DaGwLsf] ^ g+= sf] b]xfo -$_ df /x]sf] sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] kl/k|]Ifdf k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{af6 d[ts 5ljnfn bhL{dfly ePsf] s'6lk6nfO{ dg;fo k|]l/t xTofsf] ;+1f lbg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg . t;y{ eljtJosf] s;"/ 7xofO{ k|ltjfbL dLgaxfb'/ bhL{nfO{ ! jif{ ^ dlxgf s}b / ?=%)). hl/jfgf x'g] 7xofPsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfnt jfUn'sf] ldlt @)^@.#.!# sf] km};nf ldn]s} b]lvFbf ;b/ x'g] 7x5{ . jfbL g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k'g/fj]bg lhsL/ k'Ug ;Sb}g . k|:t't d'2fsf] bfo/Lsf] nut s6[f u/L ldl;n lgodfg';f/ u/L a'emfO{lbg' . pQm /fodf d ;xdt 5' . k|=Gof=s]bf/k|;fb lu/L Olt;Dat\ @)^$ ;fn r}q @$ ut] /f]h ! z'ed\ =========== Ohnf; clws[tM pd]z sf]O/fnf


165

lg0f{o g+=&(@( g]=sf=k= @)^%

;jf]{Rr cbfnt ;+o'Qm Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L dLgaxfb'/ /fodfemL

dfggLo GofofwLz >L bfdf]b/k|;fb zdf{ ;Dj\t @)^! ;fnsf] b]=k'=g+= ======(&!^

km};nf ldltM @)^$.*.#.@

d'2f M lg0f{o btf{ ab/ xs sfod .

k'g/fj]bs jfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+

dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @) led;]g:yfg a:g] s[i0fdfg /fhe08f/L

lj?4 k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbLM sf7df8f}+ lhNnf

sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @# a:g] ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/L ;d]t

z'? lg0f{o ug{]M

df=Gof=>L /d]z kf]v/]n k'g/fj]bg km};nf ug{]M

df=Gof=>L bfdf]b/k|;fb k|hfktL df=Gof=>L led]Gb|axfb'/ sfsL{

lkm/fb bfo/ ubf{ 6fO{ksf] e"n

ePsf] eP k|ltpQ/ kg{' cufl8g} lgj]bg lbg'kg{] .

k|ltpQ/ btf{ e};s]kl5 OG;fkmdf g} c;/ kg{] u/L 6fO{ksf] e"n ;'wfg{ ;lsg] cj:yf gx'g] .

lkm/fb xbDofb leq k/]sf] 5, 5}g egL lg0f{o ug{nfO{ d'2f ug'{ k/]sf] sf/0f slxn] l;h{gf ePsf xf] Plsg ug'{kg{] .

-k|s/0f g+=*_ k'g/fj]bs jfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg clwjQmf

jRr'l;+x v8\sf k|ToyL{ k|ltjfbL tkm{jf6M ljfg jl/i7

clwjQmf >Lxl/ cof{n / ljfg clwjQmf x]ds'df/ >]i7

cjnlDjt ghL/M

km};nf Gof=dLgjxfb'/ /fodfemLM

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ldlt @)%*.!!.!# df ePsf] km};nf pk/ lrQ ga'emL jfbL kIfaf6 Gofo k|zf;g P]g, @)$* sf] bkmf (-!_ adf]lhd o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't d'2fsf] ;+lIfKt tYo / 7x/ o; k|sf/ 5M

ljkIfLx? ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/L / k|sfz /fh df:s] Ps cfk;df ldnL ldn]dtf] u/L k"0f{ ?kdf gfkL uf]Zjf/f ;d]tnfO{ em'Sofgdf kf/L sf7df8f}+ lhNnf sf7df8f}+ dxfgu/kflnsf j8f g+= @# ls=g+= $@) v08 -3_ If]qkmn )!)! sf] 3/ hUuf ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf xfd|f] xs d]6fpg] p2]Zon] ldlt @)#*.&.@$ df :jjf;L ;"rgf cg';f/ b'lift ?kn] btf{ u/]sf] x'Fbf :jjf;L ;"rgf cg';f/ elg ul/Psf] b'lift btf{ ab/ u/L xs sfod u/L rng ;d]t rnfO{ kfpF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lkm/fb bfjL .

166

c+s @

ld>LgfgLn] ljjflbt hUuf ldlt @)#%.^.* ut]sf] @! lbg] :jjf;L ;"rgf cg';f/ j8f g+= @# sf] ls=g+= $@) sf] 3/ hUuf cfkm\gf] gfddf btf{ u/L hUuf wgL k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt u/L Psnf}6L xs ef]u u/L cfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ x'g cfPsf] ljjflbt hUuf lkm/fbLn] btf{ x'Fbfsf cj:yfdf d k|ltjfbLsf] of] o:tf] ;+nUgtfaf6 btf{ u/fPsf] egL ls6fgL ;fy pNn]v ug{ ;Sg' ePs]f 5}g . @)#%.^.* sf] @! lbg] :jjf;L ;"rgf k|sflzt ePsf]df ;f] ;"rgfsf] lj?4 jfbLn] tTsfn s'g} k|ltjfb /x]sf] lyPg eGg] @)#*.&.@$ sf] lg0f{oaf6 ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ hUuf wgL k|df0fk"hf{ k|fKt x'Fbf ;Dd ljkIfLsf] ;f] hUufdf s'g} cfklQ lyPg . ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf ljjfbsf] 3/ hUuf btf{ x'g' k"j{ d]/f] s'g} ;+nUgtf g/x]sf] cj:yfdf lgh ld>LgfgLsf] gfddf sfg"g adf]lhd btf{ eO{ cfPsf] hUuf btf{ ab/ x'g g;Sg] x'Fbf lkm/fb vf/]h efuL 5 vf/]h ul/kfpFm eGg] ;d]t k|ltjfbL k|sfz/fh df:s]sf] k|ltpQ/ lhls/ .

k|ltjfbL ld>LgfgL /fhe08f/Lsf gfpFsf] Dofb ldlt @)%$.*.!) df l/t k"j{s tfd]n eO{ Dofb leq k|ltpQ/ glkm/fO{ Dofb u'hf/L a;]sf] b]lvG5 .

ljjflbt hUufdf lkm/fbLsf] lglj{jfb xs :yflkt ePsf] gb]lvbf jfbL bfjL k'Ug g;Sg] 7x5{ eGg] sf7df8f}+ lhNnf cbfntsf] ldlt @)%*.%.!@ sf] km};nf .

d]/f] bfjL gk'Ug] egL u/]sf] km};nf q'l6k"0f{ x'Fbf ab/ u/L lkm/fb bfjL

adf]lhd ul/kfpFm eGg] Joxf]/fsf] jfbLsf] tkm{af6 k'g/fj]bg cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

ljjflbt ls=g+= $@) sf] hUuf k|ltjfbLsf] xs ef]udf /x]sf], ljjfbsf] hUuf tfd|f/fhf df:s]nfO{ ljqmL u/] pk/ !((& ;fndf d'2f k/L lnvt ab/ ePtf klg k|ltjfbL ld>LgfgLnfO{ g} a:g lbO{Psf], @)#% ;fndf :jjf;L ;"rgf k|sflzt eO{ ;f]xL adf]lhd @)#* ;fndf ljkIfLsf] gfddf btf{ eO{ k|df0f kq lbbf ;d]t jfbLn] s'g} ljjfb gu/]sf] / !((& ;fndf km};nf ePsf]df ;f] km};nf cg';f/ sfof{Gjog gu/L To;} a;]sf] cj:yfdf km};nf adf]lhdsf] xs ;bf ;j{bf /xL /xG5 egL dfGg ldNb}g . lhNnf cbfntaf6 jfbL bfjL gk'Ug] 7x/fO{ u/]sf] OG;fkmnfO{ ;b/ u/L k'g/fj]bg cbfnt kf6gaf6 ePsf] km};nf .

k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 u/]sf] km};nfdf lrQ a'em]g . ljjflbt hUufsf] ;DaGwdf klxn] ePsf] cbfntsf] km};nfnfO{ dfGg kb{}g egL j]jf:tf u/L u/]sf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf] km};nf cfkm}+df Goflos 5}g . Ps k6s To;} ljifodf d'2f klg xf/L ;s]kl5 k'gM btf{ u/fpg' u}/ sfg"gL xf] . s'g} JolQm s;}sf] 3/df a:b}df ;f] a;]sf] 3/ p;}sf] x'g ;Sb}g . ld>LgfgLnfO{ a:g ;Dd lbPsf] xf] . d''n'sL P]g u'7Lsf] dxnsf] !^ g+=adf]lhd k|:t't lkm/fb bfo/ ug{] xbDofb x'Fb}g, wd{nf]k ePsf] s'/fdf hlxn] ;'s} lkm/fb nfUb5 . xbDofb gePsf] egL k|:t't d'2fdf af]Ng ldNb}g . k'g/fj]bg cbfntaf6 wd{ gi6 x'g]


167

lsl;dn] b'lift lg0f{o ab/ gx'g] u/L u/]sf] km};nf ldn]sf] 5}g . To:tf] gldn]sf] km};nf pN6L u/L jfbL bfjL adf]lhd ld>LgfgLsf gfddf ePsf] b'lift btf{ ab/ ul/kfpFm egL jfbLsf] tkm{af6 o; cbfntdf kg{ cfPsf] k'g/fj]bg kq .

o;df jfbL s[i0fdfg /fhe08f/Lsf] lktf lwh{gf/fo0f /fhe08f/L lj?4 tfd|/fh df:s]

65 anaka 2

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