pmportal.org · 640 ver ansitiv er verb ai ) 1 opu s/he sits. stem 1 ‑opi‑ stem 2 epi‑,...

640

Verb Form Charts — Animate Intransitive Verbs (verb ai)

1 opu s/he sits. stem 1 ‑opi‑ stem 2 epi‑, plural opultuwokeksku s/he sneezes. stem 1 ‑eksqi‑ plural ekskultuwok (q in stem changes to k before u)

PRESENT TENSE — POSITIVE

Indicative Changed Conjunct Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative Imperative

Singular

1234

ntop nteksqktop kteksqopu ekskuopuwol ekskuwol

epiyan/epi eksqiyan/‑iepiyin etc.epitepilit/epilicil

opiyan eksqiyanopiyin etc.opitopilit

ntopin nteksqinktopin etc.’topin’topilin

—opin* eksq*opic eksqicopilic eksqilic

Dual

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ntopipon nteksqiponktopipon kteksqiponktopipa kteksqipaopuwok ekskuwokopu eksku

epiyekepiyiqepiyeqepihtit*/epicikepilit/epilici(hi)

opiyekopiyiqopiyeqopihtitopilit

ntopinenktopinenktopiniya’topiniya’topilin

— —opine eksqineopiq etc.opihticopilic

Plural

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ntopultipon nteksk-ktopultipon ultiponktopultipa etc.opultuwokopultu

epultiyekepultiyiqepultiyeqepultihtit*epultilit

opultiyekopultiyiqopultiyeqopultihtitopultilit

ntopultinenktopultinenktopultiniya’topultiniya’topultilin

—opultine ekskultineopultiq etc.opultihticopultilic

Unspecified subject forms

opin eksqinopultin ekskultin

epimok, epimkepultimok, epultimk

opimok, opimkopultimok, opultimk

opinopultin

opimocopultimoc

PRESENT TENSE — NEGATIVE

Singular

1234

ntopiw nteksqiwktopiw etc.opiwopiwiyil

epiwan/epiwepiwonepihqepilihq/epilihqil

opiwanopiwonopihqopilihq

ntopiwonktopiwon’topiwon’topiliwon

—opihkocopicopilic

Dual

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ntopihponktopihponktopihpaopiwiyikopiwi

epiwehkepiwohqepiwehqepihtihq/‑ik*epilihq/epilihqi

opiwehkopiwohqopiwehqopihtihqopilihq

ntopiwonewinktopiwonewinktopiwoniya’topiwoniya’topiliwon

——opihkeqopihticopilic

Plural

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ntopultihponktopultihponktopultihpaopultiwiyikopultiwi

epultiwehkepultiwohqepultiwehqepultihtihq/‑ik*epultilihq/‑ilihqi(hi)

opultiwehkopultiwohqopultiwehqopultihtihqopultilihq

ntopultiwonewinktopultiwonewinktopultiwoniya’topultiwoniya’topultiliwon

——opultihkeqopultihticopultilic


opiwon/-inu eksqiwon/-inuopultiwon etc.

epimuhkepultimuhk

opimuhkopultimuhk

opiwon, opinuopultiwon

opimocopultimoc

*Additional participle forms (positive): 33 (dual) epicik, (plural) epulticik; (negative): 33 (dual) epihqik, (plural) epultihqik; Imperative (positive) 2: note that most verbs of this type (ai 1) form the Imperative singular without adding ‑in to the stem; generally those that add ‑in have short stems.

NOTE: THESE UPDATED verb ai CHARTS CONTAIN CORRECTIONS AND ADDED INFORMATIONstem 1 = verb stem; stem 1a = prefixed verb stem; stem 1b = unprefixed verb stem; stem 2 = changed verb stem

641


1 opu s/he sits. stem 1 ‑opi‑ stem 2 epi‑, plural opultuwokeksku s/he sneezes. stem 1 ‑eksqi‑ plural ekskultuwok (q in stem changes to k before u)*

PRETERIT TENSE — POSITIVE

Indicative Changed Conjunct Subordinative Imperative

Singular

1234

ntopihpon nteksqihponktopihpon kteksqihponopuhpon ekskuhponopuponil ekskuponil

epiyanponepiyinponepitponepilitpon/‑il

ntopinehponktopinehpon’topinehpon’topilinehpon

Dual

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ntopiponuhpon etc.ktopiponuhponktopipahponopuponikopuponi(hi)

epiyekponepiyiqponepiyeqponepihtitpon/‑ikepilitpon/‑i(hi)

ntopinenuhponktopinenuhponktopiniyahpon’topiniyahpon’topilinehpon

Plural

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ntopultiponuhponktopultiponuhponktopultipahponopultuponikopultuponi(hi)

epultiyekponepultiyiqponepultiyeqponepultihtitpon/‑ikepultilitpon/‑i(hi)

ntopultinenuhponktopultinenuhponktopultiniyahpon’topultiniyahpon’topultilinehpon

PRETERIT TENSE — NEGATIVE

Singular

1234

ntopihqoponktopihqoponopiwihponopiwiponil

epiwanponepiwonponepihqoponepilhqopon/‑il

ntopiwonewihponktopiwonewihpon’topiwonewihpon’topiliwonewihpon

Dual

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ntopiponuhqoponktopiponuhqoponktopipahqoponopiwiponikopiwiponi(hi)

epiwehkoponepiwohqoponepiwehqoponepihtihqpon/‑ikepilihqopon/‑i(hi)

ntopiwonewinuhponktopiwonewinuhponktopiwoniyawihpon’topiwoniyawihpon’topiliwonewihpon

Plural

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ntopultiponuhqoponktopultiponuhqoponktopultipahqoponopultiwiponikopultiwiponi(hi)

epultiwehkoponepultiwohqoponepultiwehqoponepultihtihqpon/‑ikepultilihqopon/‑i(hi)

ntopultiwonewinuhponktopultiwonewinuhponktopultiwoniyawihpon’topultiwoniyawihpon’topultiliwonewihpon

*Forms of eksku (stem 1 -eksqi‑) follow the same pattern as opu in the preterit tense.

642



DUBITATIVE PRETERIT TENSE — POSITIVE

Indicative Changed Conjunct Unchanged Conjunct Subordinative

Singular

1234

ntopips nteksqipsktopips nteksqipsopuss ekskussopusoponil etc.

epiyansepiyinsepitsepilits/‑ilitsoponil

opiyansoponopiyinsoponopitsoponopilitsopon

ntopinessktopiness’topiness’topiliness

Dual

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ntopiponossktopiponossktopipassopusoponikopusoponi(hi)

epiyeksepiyiqsepiyeqsepihtits/‑ihtitsoponikepilits/‑ilitsoponi(hi)

opiyeksoponopiyiqsoponopiyeqsoponopihtitsoponopilitsopon

ntopinenussktopinenussktopiniyass’topiniyass’topiliness

Plural

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ntopultiponossktopultiponossktopultipassopultusoponikopultusoponi(hi)

epultiyeksepultiyiqsepultiyeqsepultihtits/‑oponikepultilits/‑oponi(hi)

opultiyeksoponopultiyiqsoponopultiyeqsoponopultihtitsoponopultilitsopon

ntopultinenussktopultinenussktopultiniyass’topultiniyass’topultiliness

DUBITATIVE PRETERIT TENSE — NEGATIVE

Singular

1234

ntopihpossktopihpossopiwissopiwisoponil

epiwansepiwonsepihqossepilihqoss/*

opiwansoponopiwonsoponopihqosoponopilihqosopon

ntopiwonewissktopiwonewiss’topiwonewiss’topiliwonewiss

Dual

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ntopiponuhpossktopiponuhpossktopipahpossopiwisoponikopiwisoponi(hi)

epiwehkossepiwohqossepiwehqossepihtihqoss/*epilihqoss/*

opiwehkosoponopiwohqosoponopiwehqosoponopihtihqosoponopilihqosopon

ntopiwonewinussktopiwonewinussktopiwoniyawiss’topiwoniyawiss’topiliwonewiss

Plural

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ntopultiponuhpossktopultiponuhpossktopultipahpossopultiwisoponikopultiwisoponi(hi)

epultiwehkossepultiwohqossepultiwehqossepultihtihqoss/*epultilihqoss/*

opultiwehkosoponopultiwohqosoponopultiwehqosoponopultihtihqosoponopultilihqosopon

ntopultiwonewinussktopultiwonewinussktopultiwoniyawiss’topultiwoniyawiss’topultiliwonewiss

*Participle forms (negative): 4 ep(ult)ilihqosoponil, 33 ep(ult)ihtihqosoponik, 44 ep(ult)ilihqosoponi(hi). Forms of eksku (stem 1 -eksqi‑) follow the same pattern as opu in the dubitative preterit tense.

643



ABSENTATIVE TENSE — POSITIVE

Indicative Subordinative

Singular

1234

ntopine nteksqinektopine nteksqineopuwa* ekskuwaopukkol ekskukkol

ntopinehkktopinehk’topinehk’topilinehk

Dual

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ntopinenu etc.ktopinenuktopiniyawopukkopukk

ntopinenuhkktopinenuhkktopiniyahk’topiniyawehk’topilinehk

Plural

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ntopultinenuktopultinenuktopultiniyawopultukkopultukk

ntopultinenuhkktopultinenuhkktopultiniyahk’topultiniyawehk’topultilinehk

ABSENTATIVE TENSE — NEGATIVE

Singular

1234

ntopiwonehkktopiwonehkopiwya*opiwikkol

ntopinehkktopinehk’topinehk’topilinehk

Dual

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ntopiwonewinuhkktopiwonewinuhkktopiwoniyawehkopiwikkopiwikk

ntopinenuhkktopinenuhkktopiniyawehk’topiniyawehk’topilinehk

Plural

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ntopultiwonewinuhkktopultiwonewinuhkktopultiwoniyawehkopultiwikkopultiwikk

ntopultinenuhkktopultinenuhkktopultiniyawehk’topultiniyawehk’topultilinehk

*Forms for other ai verbs (positive): 2 iyuwa or iywa; 3 wolapewiwa; 4 sakhotqahwa; 5 lintuwa; 6 apsokila; 7 alhoma; 8 lossina; 9 sehkiya; 10 pomuhsiya; 11 oliyya; 12 macehya or maceyya; 13 pomokiya; (negative): 2 ihiwya; 3 wolapewiwya; 4 sakhotqihiwya; 5‑8 ‑uwya; 9‑13 ‑ewya. Forms of eksku (stem 1 -eksqi‑) follow the same pattern as opu in the absentative tense.

644


2 iyu s/he is there. stem 1 ‑iyi‑, ‑ihi‑, stem 2 eyi‑, plural iyultuwok(y in stem 1 changes to h before i; double yy shown in certain forms is hh or hy for some speakers; y drops if word‑final)



Singular

1234

ntiktiiyuiyuwol

eyyan/eyieyyineyiteyilit/eyilicil

iyyaniyyinihitihilit

ntihinktihin’tihin’tihilin

—ihinihicihilic

Dual

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ntihiponktihiponktihipaiyuwokiyu

eyyekeyyiqeyyeqeyihtit/eyicikeyilit/eyilici(hi)

iyyekiyyiqiyyeqihihtitihilit

ntihinenktihinenktihiniya’tihiniya’tihilin

—ihineihiqihihticihilic

Plural

11 ntiyultipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

eyultiyek, etc. iyultiyek, etc. ntiyultinen, etc. 12 iyultine22 iyultiq, etc.


ihiniyultin

eyimok, eyimkeyultimok, eyultimk

ihimok, ihimkiyultimok, ‑imk

ihiniyultin

ihimociyultimoc


Singular

1234

ntihiwktihiwihiwihiwiyil

eyiwan/eyiweyiwoneyihqeyilihq/eyilihqil

ihiwanihiwonihihqihilihq

ntihiwonktihiwon’tihiwon’tihiliwon

—ihihkocihicihilic

Dual

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ntihihponktihihponktihihpaihiwiyikihiwi, ihiwihi

eyiwehkeyiwohqeyiwehqeyihtihq/eyihqikeyilihq/eyilihqi(hi)

ihiwehkihiwohqihiwehqihihtihqihilihq

ntihiwonewinktihiwonewinktihiwoniya’tihiwoniya’tihiliwon

——ihihkeqihihticihilic

Plural

11 ntiyultihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

eyultiwehk, etc. iyultiwehk, etc. ntiyultiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 iyultihkeq, etc.


ihiwon, ihinuiyultiwon

eyimuhkeyultimuhk

ihimuhkiyultimuhk

ihiwon, ihinuiyultiwon

ihimociyultimoc

645


3 wolapewiw, wolapewu he is handsome. stem 1a ‑ulapewi‑, stem 1b wolapewi‑, stem 2 welapewi‑, plural wolapewultuwok



Singular

1234

nulapewkulapewwolapewiw, wolapewuwolapewiwol

welapewiyan/welapewiwelapewiyinwelapewitwelapewilit/‑ilicil

wolapewiyanwolapewiyinwolapewitwolapewilit

nulapewinkulapewinulapewinulapewilin

—wolapewwolapewicwolapewilic

Dual

11 nulapewipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

welapewiyek, etc. wolapewiyek, etc. nulapewinen, etc. 12 wolapewine22 wolapewiq, etc.

Plural

11 nulapewultipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

welapewultiyek, etc. wolapewultiyek, etc. nulapewultinen, etc. 12 wolapewultine22 wolapewultiq, etc.


Singular

1234

nulapewiwkulapewiwwolapewiwwolapewiyil

welapewiwan/‑iwwelapewiwonwelapewihqwelapewilihq/‑ilihqil

wolapewiwanwolapewiwonwolapewihqwolapewilihq

nulapewiwonkulapewiwonulapewiwonulapewiliwon

—wolapewihkocwolapewicwolapewilic

Dual

11 nulapewihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

welapewiwehk, etc. wolapewiwehk, etc. nulapewiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 wolapewihkeq, etc.

Plural

11 nulapewultihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

welapewultiwehk, etc. wolapewultiwehk, etc. nulapewultiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 wolapewultihkeq, etc.

Unspecified subject forms: wolapewin, welapewimok, etc.; see verb ai 1.

646


4 sakhotkuhu s/he jumps into view. stem 1 ‑sakhotq_hi‑, plural sakhotkuhultuwok; see notes below.



Singular

1234

nsakhotqihiksakhotqihisakhotkuhusakhotkuhuwol

sakhotqahyan/‑qihi sakhotqahyin, ‑qahhinsakhotqihitsakhotqihilit

sakhotqahyansakhotqahyin, ‑hinsakhotqihitsakhotqihilit

nsakhotqihinksakhotqihin’sakhotqihin’sakhotqihilin

—sakhotqihinsakhotqihicsakhotqihilic

Dual

11 nsakhotqihipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

sakhotqahyek sakhotqahyek nsakhotqihinen 12 sakhotqihine22 sakhotqihiq, etc.

Plural

11 nsakhotkuhultipon (see verb ai 1)

sakhotkuhultiyek sakhotkuhultiyek ’sakhotkuhultinen 12 sakhotkuhultine 22 sakhotkuhultiq, etc.


Singular

1234

nsakhotqihiwksakhotqihiwsakhotqihiwsakhotqihiwiyil

sakhotqihiwan/‑iwsakhotqihiwonsakhotqihihqsakhotqihilihq

sakhotqihiwansakhotqihiwonsakhotqihihqsakhotqihilihq

nsakhotqihiwonksakhotqihiwon’sakhotqihiwon’sakhotqihiliwon

—sakhotqihihkocsakhotqihicsakhotqihilic

Dual

11 nsakhotqihihpon, etc.(see verb ai 1)

sakhotqihiwehk, etc. sakhotqihiwehk, etc. nsakhotqihiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 sakhotqihihkeq, etc.

Plural

11 nsakhotkuhultihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

sakhotkuhultiwehk, etc. sakhotkuhultiwehk, etc.

’sakhotkuhultiwonewin, etc.

12 —22 sakhotkuhultihkeqetc.

Unspecified subject forms: sakhotqihin, etc. (see verb ai 2); q changes to k before u; qih or kuh at end of stem changes to qah before h or w or y. For example, alternative negative changed conjunct form, 11 sakhotqahwehk.

647


5 lintu s/he sings. stem 1a ‑olintu‑ stem 1b lintu‑ stem 2 elintu‑, plural lintuhtuwok



Singular

1234

ntolintktolintlintulintuwol

elintuwan/elintuelintuwonelintaqelintulit/elintulicil

lintuwanlintuwonlintaqlintulit

ntolintunktolintun’tolintun’tolintulin

—lintlintuclintulic

Dual

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ntolintuponktolintuponktolintupalintuwoklintu

elintuwekelintuwoqelintuweqelintuhtit/elintucik*elintulit/elintulici(hi)

lintuweklintuwoqlintuweqlintuhtitlintulit

ntolintunenktolintunenktolintuniya’tolintuniya’tolintulin

—lintunelintuklintuhticlintulic

Plural

11 ntolintuhtipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

elintuhtiyek, etc. lintuhtiyek, etc. ntolintuhtinen, etc. 12 lintuhtine22 lintuhtiq, etc.

Unspecified Subject Forms

lintunlintuhtin

elintumokelintuhtimok

lintumoklintuhtimok

lintunlintuhtin

lintumoclintuhtimoc


Singular

1234

ntolintuktolintulintulintuwiyil

elintuwan/elintuelintuwonelintuhkelintulihq/‑il

lintuwanlintuwonlintuhklintulihq

ntolintuwonktolintuwon’tolintuwon’tolintuliwon

—lintuhkoclintuclintulic

Dual

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ntolintuhponktolintuhponktolintuhpalintuwiyiklintuwi

elintuwehkelintuwohqelintuwehqelintuhtihq/‑ik*elintulihq/‑i(hi)

lintuwehklintuwohqlintuwehqlintuhtihqlintulihq

ntolintuwonewinktolintuwonewinktolintuwoniya’tolintuwoniya’tolintuliwon

——lintuhkeqlintuhticlintulic

Plural

11 ntolintuhtihpon, etc.(see verb ai 1)

elintuhtiwehk, etc. lintuhtiwehk, etc. ntolintuhtiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 lintuhtihkeq, etc.


lintuwon, lintunulintuhtiwon

elintumuhkelintuhtimuhk

lintumuhklintuhtimuhk

lintuwon, lintunulintuhtiwon

lintumoclintuhtimoc

*Additional participle forms (positive): 33 elintaqik; (negative): 33 elintuhqik.

648


6 apsokil s/he is small. stem 1 ‑apsokil‑, plural apsokiluhtuwok



Singular

1234

ntapsokilktapsokilapsokilapsokilul

apsokilan/apsokiluapsokilonapsokilokapsokillit/‑licil*

apsokilanapsokilonapsokilokapsokillit*

ntapsokilonktapsokilon’tapsokilon’tapsokillin*

—apsokilapsokilocapsokillic*

Dual

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ntapsokiluponktapsokiluponktapsokilupaapsokilukapsokilu

apsokilekapsokiloqapsokileqapsokiluhtit/‑ucikapsokillit/‑lici(hi)*

apsokiluwekapsokiluwoqapsokiluweqapsokiluhtitapsokillit*

ntapsokilonenktapsokilonenktapsokiloniya’tapsokiloniya’tapsokillin*

—apsokiloneapsokilukapsokiluhticapsokillic*

Plural

11 ntapsokiluhtipon (see verb ai 1)

apsokiluhtiyek, etc. apsokiluhtiyek, etc. ntapsokiluhtinen, etc. 12 apsokiluhtine 22 apsokiluhtiq, etc.


apsokilonapsokiluhtin

apsokilomokapsokiluhtimok

apsokilomokapsokiluhtimok

apsokilonapsokiluhtin

apsokilomocapsokiluhtimoc


Singular

1234

ntapsokiluktapsokiluapsokiluapsokiluwiyil

apsokiluwan/apsokiluapsokiluwonapsokiluhkapsokilulihq/‑ulihqil

apsokiluwanapsokiluwonapsokiluhkapsokilulihq

ntapsokiluwonktapsokiluwon’tapsokiluwon’tapsokiluliwon

—apsokiluhkocapsokilocapsokillic*

Dual

11 ntapsokiluhpon, etc. (see verb ai 5)

apsokiluwehk, etc. apsokiluwehk, etc. ntapsokiluwonewin 22 apsokiluhkeq, etc.

Plural

11 ntapsokiluhtihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

apsokiluhtiwehk, etc. apsokiluhtiwehk, etc. ntapsokiluhtiwonewin, etc.

12 —22 apsokiluhtihkeq, etc.


apsokiluwon/-onuapsokiluhtiwon

apsokilomuhkapsokiluhtimuhk

apsokilumuhkapsokiluhtimuhk

apsokiluwon, apsokilonuapsokiluhtiwon

apsokilumocapsokiluhtimoc

*Alternatives to forms with double ll: apsokilulit, ’tapsokilulin, apsokilulic, etc.; additional participle form (positive): 33 apsokilkik.

649


7 alhom s/he swims around. stem 1 ‑alhom‑, plural alhomuhtuwok. Note shortened stem in alhok, alhoc, alhokik (below chart).



Singular

1234

ntalhomktalhomalhomalhomul

alhoman/alhomalhomonalhokalhomolit/‑olicil

alhomanalhomonalhokalhomolit

ntalhomonktalhomon’talhomon’talhomolin

—alhomalhomoc, alhocalhomolic

Dual

11 ntalhomupon, etc. (see verb ai 6)

alhomek, etc.* alhomek, etc. ntalhomonen, etc. 12 alhomone22 alhomuk, etc.

Plural

11 ntalhomuhtipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

alhomuhtiyek, etc. alhomuhtiyek, etc. ntalhomuhtinen, etc. 12 alhomuhtine22 alhomuhtiq, etc.


Singular

1234

ntalhomuktalhomualhomualhomuwiyil

alhomuwan/alhomualhomuwonalhomuhkalhomulihq/‑ulihqil

alhomuwanalhomuwonalhomuhkalhomulihq

ntalhomuwonktalhomuwon’talhomuwon’talhomuliwon

—alhomuhkocalhomoc, alhocalhomolic

Dual

11 ntalhomuhpon, etc. (see verb ai 6)

alhomuwehk, etc. alhomuwehk, etc. ntalhomuwonewin, etc. 12 —22 alhomuhkeq, etc.

Plural

11 ntalhomuhtihpon (see verb ai 1)

alhomuhtiwehk, etc. alhomuhtiwehk, etc. ntalhomuhtiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 alhomuhtihkeq, etc.

*Additional participle form (positive): 33 alhokik. Verbs ai 7 with stems in -ahm or -ehm (see, e.g., ikotohom, ptohom) drop the h when there is no ending in Conjunct forms using that stem: 1 ikotam, ikotem. Unspecified subject forms: see verb ai 6.

650


8 lossin s/he is lying down. stem 1a ‑olossin‑, stem 1b lossin‑ stem 2 elossin‑, plural lossinuhtuwok; see notes below.



Singular

1234

ntolossinktolossinlossinlossinul

elossinan/elossinu*elossinonelossit (short stem)elossinolit/‑olicil

lossinanlossinonlossitlossinolit

ntolossinonktolossinon’tolossinon’tolossinolin

—lossinlossinoc*lossinolic*

Dual

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ntolossinuponktolossinuponktolossinupalossinuklossinu

elossinekelossinoqelossineqelossinuhtit/‑ucikelossinolit/olici(hi)

lossinuweklossinuwoqlossinuweqlossinuhtitlossinolit

ntolossinnenktolossinnenktolossiniya’tolossiniya’tolossinolin

—lossinne*lossinuklossinuhticlossinolic

Plural

11 ntolossinuhtipon (see verb ai 1)

elossinuhtiyek, etc. lossinuhtiyek, etc. ntolossinuhtinen, etc. 12 lossinuhtine 22 lossinuhtiq, etc.


Singular

1234

ntolossinuktolossinulossinulossinuwiyil

elossinuwan/elossinuelossinuwonelossinuhkelossinulihq/‑ulihqil

lossinuwanlossinuwonlossinuhklossinulihq

ntolossinuwonktolossinuwon’tolossinuwon’tolossinuliwon

—lossinuhkoclossinoclossinolic

Dual

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ntolossinuhponktolossinuhponktolossinuhpalossinuwiyiklossinuwi

elossinuwehkelossinuwohqelossinuwehqelossinuhtihq/‑uhthqikelossinulihq/‑ulihqi(hi)

lossinuwehklossinuwohqlossinuwehqlossinuhtihqlossinulihq

ntolossinuwonewinktolossinuwonewinktolossinuwoniya’tolossinuwoniya’tolossinuliwon

——lossinuhkeqlossinuhticlossinolic

Plural

11 ntolossinuhtihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

elossinuhtiwehk, etc. lossinuhtiwehk, etc. ntolossinuhtiwonewin, etc.

12 —22 lossinuhtihkeq, etc.

* Unspecified subject forms lossin, elossimok, etc. (see verb ai 1). Speakers frequently use verb ai 1 for certain forms of these verbs, as if the stems ended in ‑i instead of ‑in; for example, 1 elossiyan/elossi, lossiyan; 3 lossic, lossilic, lossine, etc. (see verb ai 1).

651


9 sehke s/he stands. stem 1 ‑sehke‑, plural sekhotuwok, sehkawotuwok, etc. (in verb stems ending in -hke-, -hpe-, -hqe-, the h is dropped before -hot- in plural forms: e.g., nsekhotipon, sekhotiyek)putuwe s/he blows. stem 1 ‑putuwe‑, plural putuwahtuwok (for verbs ending in -uwe, the w drops if word‑final)



Singular

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nsehk nputuksehk kputusehke putuwesehkiyil etc.

sehkiyan/sehkisehkiyinsehketsehkelit/sehkelicil

sehkiyansehkiyinsehketsehkelit

nsehkanksehkan’sehkan’sehkalin

—sehk(en) putusehkec putuwecsehkelic etc.

Dual

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nsehkeponksehkeponksehkepasehkiyiksehki(yi)

sehkiyeksehkiyiqsehkiyeqsehkehtit/sehkeciksehkelit/sehkelici(hi)

sehkiyeksehkiyiqsehkiyeqsehkehtitsehkelit

nsehkanenksehkanenksehkaniya’sehkaniya’sehkalin

—sehkanesehkeqsehkehticsehkelic

Plural

11 nsekhotipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

sekhotiyek, etc. sekhotiyek, etc. nsekhotinen, etc. 12 sekhotine22 sekhotiq, etc.


sehkansekhotin

sehkemoksekhotimok

sehkemoksekhotimok

sehkansekhotin

sehkemocsekhotimoc


Singular

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nsehkew nputuwewksehkew etc.sehkewsehkewiyil

sehkewan/sehkewsehkewonsehkehqsehkelihq/sehkelihqil

sehkewansehkewonsehkehqsehkelihq

nsehkawonksehkawon’sehkawon’sehkaliwon

—sehkehkocsehkecsehkelic

Dual

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nsehkehponksehkehponksehkehpasehkewiyiksehkewi(yi)

sehkewehksehkewohqsehkewehqsehkehtihq/‑ehtihqiksehkelihq/‑elihqi(hi)

sehkewehksehkewohqsehkewehqsehkehtihqsehkelihq

nsehkawonewinksehkawonewinksehkawoniya’sehkawoniya’sehkaliwon

— —sehkehkeqsehkehticsehkelic

Plural

11 nsekhotihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

sekhotiwehk, etc. sekhotiwehk, etc. nsekhotiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 sekhotihkeq, etc.


sehkewon, sehkanusekhotiwon

sehkemuhksekhotimuhk

sehkemuhksekhotimuhk

sehkewon, sehkanusekhotiwon

sehkemocsekhotimoc

Unspecified subject forms, plural, also sehkahtin, sehkahtimok, etc.

652


10 pomuhse s/he walks along. stem 1 ‑pomuhse‑, stem 2 pemuhse‑, plural pomapasuwok (mainly Passamaquoddy; same as 9, except that plural uses a different stem, ‑pomapasi‑; plural as in 9, pomuhsahtuwok, is mainly Maliseet).



Singular

1 npomuhs, etc. (see verb ai 9)

pemuhsiyan/-i, etc. pomuhsiyan, etc. npomuhsan, etc. 2 pomuhs, etc.

Dual

11 npomuhsepon, etc. (see verb ai 9)

pemuhsiyek, etc. pomuhsiyek, etc. npomuhsanen, etc. 12 pomuhsane22 pomuhseq, etc.

Plural

11 npomapasipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

pemapasiyek, etc. pomapasiyek, etc. npomapasinen, etc. 12 pomapasine22 pomapasiq, etc.


Singular

1 pomuhsew, etc. (see verb ai 9)

pemuhsewan/-i, etc. pomuhsewan, etc. npomuhsawon, etc. 2 pomuhsehkoc, etc.

Dual

11 npomuhsehpon, etc. (see verb ai 9)

pemuhsewehk, etc. pomuhsewehk, etc. npomuhsawonewin, etc. 12 —22 pomuhsehkeq, etc.

Plural

11 npomapasihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

pemapasiwehk, etc. pomapasiwehk, etc. npomapasiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 pomapasihkeq, etc.

Unspecified subject forms pomuhsan, pemuhsemok; pomapasin, pemapasimok, etc. (see verb ai 9; verb ai 1).

653


11 oliye s/he goes there. stem 1 ‑oliya‑, stem 2 eliya‑, plural oliyahtuwok, oliyawolotuwok, etc.; see notes below.



Singular

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ntoliktolioliyeoliyyil

eliyayan/eliyayeliyayineliyateliyalit/eliyalicil

oliyayanoliyayinoliyatoliyalit

ntoliyanktoliyan’toliyan’toliyalin

—olioliyacoliyalic

Dual

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ntoliyaponktoliyaponktoliyapaoliyyikoliyyi

eliyayekeliyayiqeliyayeqeliyahtit/eliyacikeliyalit/eliyalici(hi)

oliyayekoliyayiqoliyayeqoliyahtitoliyalit

ntoliyanenktoliyanenktoliyaniya’toliyaniya’toliyalin

—oliyaneoliyaqoliyahticoliyalic

Plural

11 ntoliyahtipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

eliyahtiyek, etc. oliyahtiyek, etc. ntoliyahtinen, etc. 12 oliyahtine22 oliyahtiq, etc.


Singular

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ntoliyawktoliyawoliyewoliyewiyil

eliyawan/eliyaweliyawoneliyahqeliyalihq/eliyalihqil

oliyawanoliyawonoliyahqoliyalihq

ntoliyawonktoliyawon’toliyawon’toliyaliwon

—oliyahkocoliyacoliyalic

Dual

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ntoliyahponktoliyahponktoliyahpaoliyewiyikoliyewi

eliyawehkeliyawohqeliyawehqeliyahtihq/‑ahtihqikeliyalihq/eliyalihqi(hi)

oliyawehkoliyawohqoliyawehqoliyahtihqoliyalihq

ntoliyawonewinktoliyawonewinktoliyawoniya’toliyawoniya’toliyaliwon

— —oliyahkeqoliyahticoliyalic

Plural

11 ntoliyahtihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

eliyahtiwehk, etc. oliyahtiwehk, etc. ntoliyahtiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 oliyahtihkeq, etc.

Double yy shown in certain forms is hh or hy for some speakers; y drops if word‑final. Unspecified subject forms oliyan, eliyamok, etc. (stem-vowel a in all endings; compare verb ai 9).

654


12 macehe s/he departs. stem 1 –mac_ha‑, plural macahahtuwok, etc.; see notes below.



Singular

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nmacahakmacahamacehemaceyyil

macahayan/macahaymacahayinmacahatmacahalit/‑alicil

macahayanmacahayinmacahatmacahalit

nmacahankmacahan·macahan·macahalin

—macahamacahacmacahalic

Dual

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nmacahaponkmacahaponkmacahapamaceyyikmaceyyi

macahayekmacahayiqmacahayeqmacahahtit/‑acikmacahalit/‑alici(hi)

macahayekmacahayiqmacahayeqmacahahtitmacahalit

nmacahanenkmacahanenkmacahaniya·macahaniya·macahalin

—macahanemacahayeqmacahahticmacahalic

Plural

11 nmacahahtipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

macahahtiyek, etc. macahahtiyek, etc. nmacahahtinen, etc. 12 macahahtine22 macahahtiq, etc.


Singular

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nmacahawkmacahawmacehewmacehewiyil

macahawan/macahawmacahawonmacahahqmacahalihq/‑alihqil

macahawanmacahawonmacahahqmacahalihq

nmacahawonkmacahawon·macahawon·macahaliwon

—macahahkocmacahacmacahalic

Dual

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nmacahahponkmacahahponkmacahahpamacehewiyikmacehewi

macahawehkmacahawohqmacahawehqmacahahtihq/‑ahtihqikmacahalihq/‑alihqi(hi)

macahawehkmacahawohqmacahawehqmacahahtihqmacahalihq

nmacahawonewinkmacahawonewinkmacahawoniya·macahawoniya·macahaliwon

——macahahkeqmacahahticmacahalic

Plural

11 nmacahahtihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

macahahtiwehk, etc. macahahtiwehk, etc. nmacahahtiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 macahahtihkeq, etc.

* The underscore symbol “_” indicates that the vowel in this position will be the same as the first vowel in the ending, a or e; double yy shown in certain forms is hh or hy for some speakers; the symbol “·” shows where apostrophe is used before c, k, p, q, s, t. Unspecified subject forms macahan, macahamok, etc. (see verb ai 11).

655


13 ’tome, ’toma s/he smokes tobacco. stem 1a ‑utoma‑, stem 1b ’toma‑, stem 2 wetoma‑, plural ’tomahtuwok (in verb stems ending in -hka- or -hke-, the h is dropped before -hot- in plural forms; e.g., ksinuhka, ksinuhke s/he is sick: nkosinukhotipon, kesinukhotiyek)



Singular

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nutomkutom’tome, ’toma’tomiyil

wetomayan/wetomiwetomayinwetomatwetomalit/‑alicil

’tomayan’tomayin’tomat’tomalit

nutomankutomanutomanutomalin

—’tom(an)’tomac’tomalic

Dual

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nutomaponkutomaponkutomapa’tomiyik, ’tomak’tomiyi, ’toma

wetomayekwetomayiqwetomayeqwetomahtit/‑acikwetomalit/‑alici(hi)

’tomayek’tomayiq’tomayeq’tomahtit’tomalit

nutomanenkutomanenkutomaniyautomaniyautomalin

—’tomane’tomaq’tomahtic’tomalic

Plural

11 nutomahtipon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

wetomahtiyek, etc. ’tomahtiyek, etc. nutomahtinen, etc. 12 ’tomahtine22 ’tomahtiq, etc.


Singular

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nutomawkutomaw’tomew, ’tomaw’tomewiyil

wetomawan/wetomawwetomawonwetomahqwetomalihq/‑alihqil

’tomawan’tomawon’tomahq’tomalihq

nutomawonkutomawonutomawonutomaliwon

—’tomahkoc’tomac’tomalic

Dual

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nutomahponkutomahponkutomahpa’tomewiyik, ‑awiyik’tomewi, ’tomawi

wetomawehkwetomawohqwetomawehqwetomahtihq/‑ahtihqikwetomalihq/‑alihqi(hi)

’tomawehk’tomawohq’tomawehq’tomahtihq’tomalihq

nutomawonewinkutomawonewinkutomawoniyautomawoniyautomaliwon

——’tomahkeq’tomahtic’tomalic

Plural

11 nutomahtihpon, etc. (see verb ai 1)

wetomahtiwehk, etc. ’tomahtiwehk, etc. nutomahtiwonewin, etc. 12 —22 ’tomahtihkeq, etc.

Unspecified subject forms ’toman, wetomamok, etc. (see verb ai 11).

pmportal.org · 640 ver ansitiv er verb ai ) 1 opu s/he sits. stem 1 ‑opi‑ stem 2 epi‑,...

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