63 BC elected consul of Rome

Created first triumvirate Crassus: wealthy political leader

Pompey: brilliant general married Caesar’s daughter

During triumvirate Caesar becomes governor of Gaul (France).

Julia (Caesar’s daughter) dies Removes link between Pompey and Caesar

Crassus had died

Pompey and Caesar become rivals

Civil War began Caesar’s army much more experienced

Caesar forces Pompey to retreat to Egypt

Pompey is killed by Ptolemy XIII (Cleopatra’s Brother)

Festival held to pronounce Caesar as king, he refuses

Mark Antony presides over festival

Senators feared Caesar’s power

Stabbed 23 times in the back

Beware of the Ides of March

Not Egyptian Cleopatra is Greek from the family

of Ptolemy's

First Ptolemaic ruler to learn Egyptian 7 languages total

After her fathers death she and her brother ruled Egypt “together” Cleopatra 18 her brother (Ptolemy XIII) 10

Octavian was Caesar’s heir to the throne

Republic restored forcing Octavian to create another triumvirate, Mark Antony and Lepidus

Antony marries Octavian's sister to seal the deal

Soon all three became rivals

Antony raises an Army to take on Octavian

(Lepidus is told by Octavian to not get involved or he would kill him)

Civil War starts

Octavian defeats Antony and Cleopatra Antony commits, Cleopatra commits suicide after

Octavian turns her down

Octavian kills Caesarion

Octavian changes his name to Augustus (exalted one)

Festival is held He takes the crown.

Pax Romana

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System

The Empire in Crisis: 3c

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 - 337

Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God”

Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome

Republic Government Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering

• Aqueducts • Sewage systems • Dams • Cement • Arch