164

Ydl úúO;ajh

fuu mdvu yeoEÍfuka miq j Tng"

• m;%j, rEmSh úúO;ajh y÷kd.ekSug"

• Ydl l|ka iy Ydl uq,aj,ska isÿ flfrk úúO jQ lD;Hhka ms<sn|júuid ne,Sug"

• udkj lghq;= M,ÞhS lr.ekSug Ydl wdY%s; ksIamdok Ndú; lsÍug"

wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd.ekSug yels jkq we;'

0606060606

165

6'1 Ydl úúO;ajh

fidnd oyu w,xldr lrk Ôùka w;ßka Ydlj,g ysñ jkafka uq,a ;ekls'thg fya;=j Ydl w;r mj;sk wfkalúO úúO;ajh hs' fuu úúO;ajh ksidf.dvìu mßirfha fndfyda ia:dk fuka u ñßÈh yd lrÈh jeks c,c mßirh ochf.k we;s Ydl" tuÕska ;u meje;au o ;yjqre lrf.k we;'

Ydl" wKaùlaISh uÜgfï c,c me<Eáj, isg m÷re" je,a" úYd, .ia wd§ f,imq¿,a mrdihla olajhs' l=uk mßirhl Ôj;a jqj o fndfyduhla Ydl" uq,a" l|"m;%" wxl=r jeks uQ,sl fldgiaj,ska iE§ we;s w;r mqIAm" M, iy îc ord isà' tufldgia ms<sn| j Tn óg fmr wOHhkh lr we;' ±ka wms Ydl m;%" uq,a iyl|kaj, mj;sk úúO;ajh ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lruq'

Ydl m;%hYdl m;%hYdl m;%hYdl m;%hYdl m;%h

my; ±lafjkafka isiqka lKAvdhula úiska ilia lrk ,o mejreul msgljrhls'

by; 6'1 rEmfha we;s Ydl m;%j, yevh iy m%udKh fld;rï úúOdldr ±hsn,kak' Tn ±l we;s Ydl m;%j, fld< meyeh mjd tlsfklg fjkia fkdfõo@ fld;rï úúO;ajhla iys; jqj o Ydl m;%hl m%Odk fldgia my; wdldrhg±laúh yels h'

6'1 rEmh6'1 rEmh6'1 rEmh6'1 rEmh6'1 rEmh

Ydl m;%j, úúO;ajhYdl m;%j, úúO;ajhYdl m;%j, úúO;ajhYdl m;%j, úúO;ajhYdl m;%j, úúO;ajh

166

ysret<sh ,efnk" jd;h iy c,h iys; ia:dkhl isgf.k isàfuka wdydrksmoúh yels kï th fld;rï wdYAp¾hhla o@ ñksid we;=¿ i;=kg tu yelshdjfkdue;s jqj o" fld< meye;s Ydl ish,a, u ysret<sh ,efnk úgldnkavfhdlaihsâ jdhqj iy c,h wuqøjH f,i fhdÞf.k wdydr ksmojhs'

fuu wisßu;a ld¾hh isÿ lrk m%Odk ia:dkh jkafka Ydl m;%hhs' tu ksidYdl m;% ysret<sh ,nd.ekSu i|yd fkdfhl=;a yev.eiSï fmkajhs' Ydl m;%hlm%udKh" yevh fuka u th l|g iú ù we;s wdldrh mjd ;SrKh jkafka WmßujYfhka ysret<sh ,nd.; yels wdldrhg h'

m;% w.%h iy Þrh

by; 6'2 rEmfha olajd we;s Ydl m;% kej; ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tAjdfha m;%w.% fyj;a fl<jr fyd¢ka W,a iys; j iDcq j fyda jl% ù fyda we;s wjia:d fukau fudg iajNdjfhka hqla; jQ wjia:d o Tng olakg ,efnkq we;'

m;% ;,fha jdáh m;% Þrh f,i ye¢kafõ' m;% Þrh o lvf;d¨ iys; j fydaiïmQ¾K Þrhla f,i fyda mej;sh yels h' m;% Þrh lvf;d¨ iys; jQ úg th oW,a jQ fyda fudg jQ fyda wjia:d fuka u úúO yevhka iys; jQ wjia:d we;s njg6'2 rEmh idlaIs orhs'

iuyr Ydlj, m;% Þrh lgq wdldrhg W,a ù mj;sk wjia:d o we;'

mejreu - 1Ydl j¾. lsysmhl m;% ksÍlaIKh lr by; olajd we;s fldgia y÷kd.kak'

oaú îcm;S% Ydlj, m;%" l|g iú jk ia:dkfha we;s llaISh wxl=r oy÷kd.ekSug W;aidy orkak'

6'2 rEmh - 6'2 rEmh - 6'2 rEmh - 6'2 rEmh - 6'2 rEmh - oaù îcm;%S Ydlhl w;a;laoaù îcm;%S Ydlhl w;a;laoaù îcm;%S Ydlhl w;a;laoaù îcm;%S Ydlhl w;a;laoaù îcm;%S Ydlhl w;a;la

Wm m;%

.egh

m;% jDka;h

m;% mdoh

m;% Þrh

m;% wy%ia:h

ueo kdráhm;% ;,h

md¾Yaúl kdrá

m¾jh

llaISh wxl=rh

167

m;% jDka;h iy m;% mdoh

fndfyda Ydl m;%" jDka;hla uÕska l|g iïnkaO ù we;' tu ksid tAjdgmyiqfjka ysret<shg ksrdjrKh ùfï yelshdj ,eî we;' tfy;aa m;% jDka; rys;Ydl j¾. o we;eï úg olakg ,efí'

;DK j¾." nv bßÕ= fïjdg ksoiqka fõ'

fujeks Ydlj, m;%" l|g iú ù we;af;a m;% mdo uÕsks' m;% ;,fha l|gwdikak fl<jr —m;% mdoh˜ kï fõ' m;% mdoh mjd úúOdldr jQ wjia:d olakg,efí'

`MEKq Ydlfha m;% mdoj, wdydr ;ekam;a lsÍu ksid tu m%foaYh úYd, ùn,anhla f,i Èiafõ' `MEKq Ydlfha —`MEKq f.äh˜ f,i y÷kajkafka tu N+.;fldgihs'

m;% ;,hm;% ;,hm;% ;,hm;% ;,hm;% ;,h - m;%fha úYsIag f,i fmfkk fldgi m;% ;,h hs' m;% ;,húYd, j" me;,s j" fuka u ;=kS f,i msysgkafka Wmßu jYfhka ysret<sh,nd.ekSu i|yd h' th o úúO yev iys; h' fndfyda úg m;% ;,fha Wv me;a;iy há me;a; tlsfklg fjkia h'

fldia iy wr,sh m;% fï i|yd ksoiqka fõ'

m;% ;,fha Wv me;a; iy há me;a; ms<sfj<ska mDIAÀh iy WoÍhWoÍhWoÍhWoÍhWoÍh me;s f,iy÷kajhs' iuyr m;%j, mDIAÀh iy WoÍh me;s fjka lr y÷kd.; fkd yelsh'ksoiqka f,i ¿EKQ" iuyr c,c Ydl ^flláh" je,siafkaßhd"& iy mka j¾.ye¢kaúh yels h'

Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@flfi,a Ydlfha fmdf<dfjka by< msysgkafka

i;H l| fkd fõ'flfi,a Ydlfha l| f,i ye¢kafjk mig by<ska

msysgd we;s jHdc l| iE§ we;af;a mi hg we;s i;Hlf|ka yg.kakd m;%j, m;% mdo tl;= ùfuks'

rg`MEKq n,anhl isrialvlarg`MEKq n,anhl isrialvlarg`MEKq n,anhl isrialvlarg`MEKq n,anhl isrialvlarg`MEKq n,anhl isrialvla

mejreu - 2rg`MEKq f.ähla f.k th

m%fõYfuka isria j folg m<kak' tysmy; ±lafjk fldgia y÷kd.kak'

úYd, ùwe;s m;%mdo

N+.; l|uq,a

168

kdrá úkHdihYdlj, m;% ;,h ;=< wdydr iy c,h mßjykh

lrk fldgia kdrá f,i ye¢kafõ' fïjd msysgd we;srgdj kdrá úkHdih hs'

fndfyda Ydlj, fuu kdrá m;% ;,h mqrd u ±,lafuka úys§ mj;skafka ld¾hlaIu f,i wdydr yd c,hmßjykh isÿ lsÍug h'

fnda" fldia" lcq" wU fïjdg ksoiqka h'fmd,a" mqjla" flfi,a" nq;airK" WK iy ;,a jeks

;j;a iuyr Ydl m;%j, kdrá m;% ;,h Èf.a iudka;rjúys§ mj;S

m;% úkHdih -----Ydl m;% b;d l%uj;a f,i l|g iú ù we;' Ydl lsysmhl m;% l|g iú ù

we;s wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak' my<ska msysgd we;ss m;%j,g ysret<sh ,nd §ui|yd by<ska msysá m;% l=vd ù we;s wdldrh;a" ish¨ u m;%j,g ysret<sh ,efnkf,i tlsfklg bv foñka tAjd rgdjlg wkqj l|g iú ù we;s wdldrh;afld;rï wmQre ±hs n,kak'

Ydlhl m;% tys l|g iú ù we;s rgdj —m;% úkHdih˜ kï fõ' tjeks rgdlsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

6'4 rEmh - iudka;r j úys§ .sh kdrá iys; m;%hla6'4 rEmh - iudka;r j úys§ .sh kdrá iys; m;%hla6'4 rEmh - iudka;r j úys§ .sh kdrá iys; m;%hla6'4 rEmh - iudka;r j úys§ .sh kdrá iys; m;%hla6'4 rEmh - iudka;r j úys§ .sh kdrá iys; m;%hla

mejreu - 3

rEmfha ±lafjk wdldrhgYdl m;% lsysmhl há me;af;aidhï ;jrd tAjdfha msgm;a,nd .kak' tu msgm;a hákaYdlfha ku iy kdráj,iajNdjh ,shd olajkak' fïi|yd iqÿ lvÞis msgqjla^fv%dahsx fld<hla& Ndú; l<yels h'

jo wU boao

;DK fldfnda,S, ;,a fld<fhafldgila

fmd,a fld<fhafldgila

6'3 rEmh - Ydl m;%h6'3 rEmh - Ydl m;%h6'3 rEmh - Ydl m;%h6'3 rEmh - Ydl m;%h6'3 rEmh - Ydl m;%hmqrd ±,la fuka úys§mqrd ±,la fuka úys§mqrd ±,la fuka úys§mqrd ±,la fuka úys§mqrd ±,la fuka úys§

mj;sk kdrámj;sk kdrámj;sk kdrámj;sk kdrámj;sk kdrá

fldia

169

6' 5 rEmh - m;% udrefjka udrejg6' 5 rEmh - m;% udrefjka udrejg6' 5 rEmh - m;% udrefjka udrejg6' 5 rEmh - m;% udrefjka udrejg6' 5 rEmh - m;% udrefjka udrejgl| fomi msysàu'l| fomi msysàu'l| fomi msysàu'l| fomi msysàu'l| fomi msysàu'ksoiqka(- wfkdaÞksoiqka(- wfkdaÞksoiqka(- wfkdaÞksoiqka(- wfkdaÞksoiqka(- wfkdaÞ

6' 6 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka udrefjka6' 6 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka udrefjka6' 6 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka udrefjka6' 6 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka udrefjka6' 6 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka udrefjkaudrejg iDcqflda‚ j úreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'udrejg iDcqflda‚ j úreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'udrejg iDcqflda‚ j úreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'udrejg iDcqflda‚ j úreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'udrejg iDcqflda‚ j úreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'

ksoiqka (- r;au,a" uql=Kqjekakksoiqka (- r;au,a" uql=Kqjekakksoiqka (- r;au,a" uql=Kqjekakksoiqka (- r;au,a" uql=Kqjekakksoiqka (- r;au,a" uql=Kqjekak

6' 7 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka6' 7 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka6' 7 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka6' 7 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhka6' 7 rEmh - m;% hq., jYfhkam%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'm%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'm%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'm%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'm%;súreoaO ÈYdj,g msysàu'

ksoiqka (- fmarksoiqka (- fmarksoiqka (- fmarksoiqka (- fmarksoiqka (- fmar

6' 8 rEmh - m;% l| jgd úúO ÈYdj,g6' 8 rEmh - m;% l| jgd úúO ÈYdj,g6' 8 rEmh - m;% l| jgd úúO ÈYdj,g6' 8 rEmh - m;% l| jgd úúO ÈYdj,g6' 8 rEmh - m;% l| jgd úúO ÈYdj,gmsysàu'msysàu'msysàu'msysàu'msysàu'

ksoiqka(- wUksoiqka(- wUksoiqka(- wUksoiqka(- wUksoiqka(- wU

6' 9 rEmh - lf|ys tla ia:dkhlska m;%6' 9 rEmh - lf|ys tla ia:dkhlska m;%6' 9 rEmh - lf|ys tla ia:dkhlska m;%6' 9 rEmh - lf|ys tla ia:dkhlska m;%6' 9 rEmh - lf|ys tla ia:dkhlska m;%;=kla fyda jeä .Kkla j<hla f,i;=kla fyda jeä .Kkla j<hla f,i;=kla fyda jeä .Kkla j<hla f,i;=kla fyda jeä .Kkla j<hla f,i;=kla fyda jeä .Kkla j<hla f,i

msysàu'ksoiqka- relaw;a;kmsysàu'ksoiqka- relaw;a;kmsysàu'ksoiqka- relaw;a;kmsysàu'ksoiqka- relaw;a;kmsysàu'ksoiqka- relaw;a;k

6' 10 rEmh - tla ia:dkhlska iEu6' 10 rEmh - tla ia:dkhlska iEu6' 10 rEmh - tla ia:dkhlska iEu6' 10 rEmh - tla ia:dkhlska iEu6' 10 rEmh - tla ia:dkhlska iEuÈYdjlg u m;% úys§u'ÈYdjlg u m;% úys§u'ÈYdjlg u m;% úys§u'ÈYdjlg u m;% úys§u'ÈYdjlg u m;% úys§u'

ksoiqka (- we;a wä" f,dakshdksoiqka (- we;a wä" f,dakshdksoiqka (- we;a wä" f,dakshdksoiqka (- we;a wä" f,dakshdksoiqka (- we;a wä" f,dakshd

mejreu 4 yels ;rï Ydl ksÍlaIKh lr by; i|yka rgdj,g wh;a ksoiqka f;dard

,shkak'

170

ir, yd ixhqla; m;%

Ydl m;% ir, fyda ixhqla; fyda úh yels h' ir, Ydl m;%hl m;% ;,hfldgiaj,g fn§ ;snqK o tAjd fjka ù ke;' tys m;% ;,h tl u mDIAGhla f,imj;S'

m;% ;,h iïmQ¾Kfhka fjka jQ fldgia lsysmhlg fn§ we;akï th ixhqla;m;%hls' m;% ;,fhka fnÿKq fuu fldgia m;%sld f,i ye¢kafõ'

ixhqla; m;%hl m;%sld ueo kdráhg iú jk ia:dkfha llaISh wxl=r fkdue;skuq;a m;%h l|g iú jk ia:dkfha llaISh wxl=r msysghs' ixhqla; m;%j,g ;j;aWodyrk lsysmhla my; ±la fõ'

fmd,a Ydlhl m;%h f,i ie,lsh yelafla fmd,a w;a; o@ fmd,a fld<h o@

6'12 rEmh - l;=reuqrex.d m;%hla6'12 rEmh - l;=reuqrex.d m;%hla6'12 rEmh - l;=reuqrex.d m;%hla6'12 rEmh - l;=reuqrex.d m;%hla6'12 rEmh - l;=reuqrex.d m;%hla

jojojojojo fldiafldiafldiafldiafldia mefmd,amefmd,amefmd,amefmd,amefmd,a6'11 rEmh - ir, m;%6'11 rEmh - ir, m;%6'11 rEmh - ir, m;%6'11 rEmh - ir, m;%6'11 rEmh - ir, m;%

mejreu - 5Tn wjg mßirfha we;s ixhqla; m;% iys; Ydl y÷kdf.k tu m;%j, rEmigyka we| wod, Ydlfha ku ,shd olajkak'

6'13 rEmh - ixhqla; m;%6'13 rEmh - ixhqla; m;%6'13 rEmh - ixhqla; m;%6'13 rEmh - ixhqla; m;%6'13 rEmh - ixhqla; m;%udrudrudrudrudr rn¾rn¾rn¾rn¾rn¾ uEuEuEuEuE

171

6'2 Ydl l|kaj, úúO;ajh

lsishï Ydlhl m;%" mqIAm" M," îc yd wxl=r wdÈh ord isákakd jQ fmdf<djgby<ska msysá fldgi tys l| f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' kuq;a iuyr Ydlj, l|kami ;=< msysgk wjia:d o we;' fmdf<dj hg msysgk l|ka N+.; l|ka f,iye¢kafõ' fmdf<djg by<ska msysgk l|ka jdhj l|ka kï fõ' fndfydaYdlj, l|ka w;= fn§ we;s kuq;a w;= fkdfnÿKq l|ka iys; ^tAlîcm;%S& Ydlo we;' ksoiqka (- fmd,a" mqjla" ;,a

Yla;su;a l|ka fuka u ÿ¾j, l|ka iys; Ydl o we;s w;r" je,a j¾. f,iye¢kafjkafka tjeks ÿ¾j, l|ka iys; Ydlhka h' Ydl me<Eá" m÷re" .ia"hkqfjka j¾. lrkafka tys lf|a iajNdjh wkqj h'

l|kaj, fmdÿ lD;Hhkal|kaj, fmdÿ lD;Hhkal|kaj, fmdÿ lD;Hhkal|kaj, fmdÿ lD;Hhkal|kaj, fmdÿ lD;Hhka

Ydlhl uq,a uÕska Wrd .kakd c,h Ydlfha wfkla fldgia lrd mßjykhjkafka Ydl lf|a we;s ikakdhl mgl ;=<sks' tfuka u Ydl m;%j, ksmojkwdydr o tf,i u lf|a we;s ikakdhl mgl uÕska wfkl=;a fldgia lrdmßjykh flf¾'

fï yereKq úg Ydlhl l|" tys m;%" wxl=r" mqIAm" M, iy îc wdÈhg Yla;su;awdOdrlhla f,i o l%shd lrhs'

Ydlj, lf|ka bgq jk fuu uQ,sl lD;Hhka yereKq úg fjk;a fkdfhl=;alD;Hhka bgq lsÍug yev .eiqKq l|ka j¾. o ;sfí' tjeks wjia:d lsysmhla my;±lafõ'

01' m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka ^̂̂̂̂Photosynthetic stems&&&&&úYd, Ydlj, fïrE l|ka fndfydauhl yß;,j ke;' tfy;a tAjdfha <má

w;= ßls,sj, fuka u l+v¨" l=mamfïkshd jeks me<Eáj, l|ka o yß;,j iys;neúka fld< mdg h' f.dgq fld<" nq,;a jeks ÿ¾j, Ydl l|kaj, o yß;,jmsysghs' tu ksid fujeks l|ka ;=< o m%NdixYaf,aIKh uÕska wdydr ksmojkq,nhs'

Rcq l|ka iys; Ydl Rcq l|ka iys; Ydl Rcq l|ka iys; Ydl Rcq l|ka iys; Ydl Rcq l|ka iys; Ydl je,a j¾.je,a j¾.je,a j¾.je,a j¾.je,a j¾.6'14 rEmh - Ydl l|kaj, úúO;ajh6'14 rEmh - Ydl l|kaj, úúO;ajh6'14 rEmh - Ydl l|kaj, úúO;ajh6'14 rEmh - Ydl l|kaj, úúO;ajh6'14 rEmh - Ydl l|kaj, úúO;ajh

172

m%Odk jYfhka Ydlhl c,h jdIam ùu isÿ jkafka m;% uÕsks' tu ksidY=Ial m%foaYj, jefvk Ydl fndfyduhl c,h wdrlaId lr.ekSu i|yd jQ úúOyev.eiSï olakg ,efí' Ydl m;% l=vd ùu fyda ixLHdfjka wvq ùu tA w;r nyq,j ±lsh yels h'

ksoiqka f,i o`Mla iy kjykaÈ ±laúh yels h'

mf;dla jeks iuyr Ydlj, m;% olakg fkd ,efí' fujeks Ydl fndfyduhlm%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ jkafka Ydlfha l| ;=< h' tjeks l|ka zialkaOdNZ f,iye¢kafõ' yd;jdßh" m;a;E.ia" o¿la" kjykaÈ fuhg ksoiqka fõ'

02' wdfrdayl l|ka ̂̂̂̂̂ Climbing stems&&&&&

ysret<sh Wmßu f,i ,nd.ekSu i|yd fndfyda Ydl iDcq j by< kÕS' tfy;aÿ¾j, l|ka iys; Ydlj,g tfia by< keÕSug wmyiq h' tneúka tAjd fkdfhl=;aWml%u fhdÞ.ksñka fjk;a wdOdrlj, Wojqfjka by< kÕS' fujeks Ydl wdfrdaylYdl f,i ye¢kafõ'

1' uE" lgfrd`M jeks Ydlj, l| wdOdrlhl iam¾Y jQ úg oÕr idoñkawdOdrlh jgd tf;ñka th Èf.a by<g .uka lrhs'

2' iuyr Ydl l|ka myqre wdOdrfhka wdOdrl w,a,df.k by<g .ukalrhs'je,afodvï" lrú, fïjdg ksoiqka fõ'

kjykaos kjykaos kjykaos kjykaos kjykaos o¿lao¿lao¿lao¿lao¿la yd;jdßhyd;jdßhyd;jdßhyd;jdßhyd;jdßh m;a;E.ia m;a;E.ia m;a;E.ia m;a;E.ia m;a;E.ia6'15 rEmh - m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka iys; Ydl6'15 rEmh - m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka iys; Ydl6'15 rEmh - m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka iys; Ydl6'15 rEmh - m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka iys; Ydl6'15 rEmh - m%NdixYaf,aIS l|ka iys; Ydl

lgfrd¿ lgfrd¿ lgfrd¿ lgfrd¿ lgfrd¿ lrú, lrú, lrú, lrú, lrú, je,a fÞvï je,a fÞvï je,a fÞvï je,a fÞvï je,a fÞvï6'16 rEmh - wdfrdayl l|ka iys; Ydl6'16 rEmh - wdfrdayl l|ka iys; Ydl6'16 rEmh - wdfrdayl l|ka iys; Ydl6'16 rEmh - wdfrdayl l|ka iys; Ydl6'16 rEmh - wdfrdayl l|ka iys; Ydl

173

3' je,a frdai" ySka trñ‚hd jeks Ydlj, l|ka ÿ¾j, neúka tAjd by<skar|jd ;nkafka lgq uÕsks'

4' uq,a uÕska wdOdrlj,g iú fjñka by< kÕsk Ydl o we;'fmdagd" nq,;a" .ïñßia fïjdg ksoiqka fõ'

03' j¾Ol m%ckkh ^̂̂̂̂Vegetative Propagation&&&&& isÿ lrk l|ka

m%ckkh hkq Ôùkaf.a fnda ùuhs' tkï tla Ôù mrïmrdjla ñh hEug fmr;j;a Ôù mrïmrdjla we;s lsÍu hs' fndfyda Ydlj, m%ckkh isÿ jkafka mqIAmj,skayg.kakd îc uÕsks'

tfia jqj o Ydlj, j¾Ol fldgiaj,ska w¨;a Ydl yg.kakd wjia:d o we;'tu m%ckk l%uh j¾Ol m%ckkh f,i ye¢kafõ' ish¨ u N+.; l|ka j¾Olm%pdrK wjhj f,i l%shd lrhs'

jdhj l|ka uÕska o w¨;a Ydl we;s lrk wjia:d fndfyda h' Odjl Ydlj,fldgia uq,a iys; ia:dk iuÕ leã fjka ù .sh miq tAjd w¨;a Ydl f,ij¾Okh úh yels h'

W÷msh,sh" f.dgqfld<" ìï;Uqre wdÈh fujeks Ydlj,g ksoiqka lsysmhls'

;j;a iuyr wjia:dj, jdhj l|kaj,ska yg.kakd wxl=r uÕska w¨;a Ydlwe;s lrhs' fïjd n,aì, f,i ye¢kafõ'

yK ^Agave&" wkakdis fïjdg ksoiqka fõ'

je,a frdaije,a frdaije,a frdaije,a frdaije,a frdai fmdagdfmdagdfmdagdfmdagdfmdagd nq,;a nq,;a nq,;a nq,;a nq,;a .ïñßia .ïñßia .ïñßia .ïñßia .ïñßia6'17 rEmh - wdfrdayl uq,a iys; Ydl6'17 rEmh - wdfrdayl uq,a iys; Ydl6'17 rEmh - wdfrdayl uq,a iys; Ydl6'17 rEmh - wdfrdayl uq,a iys; Ydl6'17 rEmh - wdfrdayl uq,a iys; Ydl

W÷msh,sh" W÷msh,sh" W÷msh,sh" W÷msh,sh" W÷msh,sh" f.dgqfld< f.dgqfld< f.dgqfld< f.dgqfld< f.dgqfld< ìï;Uqre ìï;Uqre ìï;Uqre ìï;Uqre ìï;Uqre 6'18 remh - Odjl l|ka iys; Ydl 6'18 remh - Odjl l|ka iys; Ydl 6'18 remh - Odjl l|ka iys; Ydl 6'18 remh - Odjl l|ka iys; Ydl 6'18 remh - Odjl l|ka iys; Ydl

174

we;eï Wvjeähd Ydlj, lf|ys .eg wi, c,h ;ekam;a ùu ksid tAjd úYd,ù —jHdc n,an˜ idohs' fïjd fl<jr uq,a we;s ùu ksid tAjd uÕska o w¨;a Ydlyg.kshs'

Èhf.dajd" cmka cnr" jeks iuyrc,rey ^aquatic& Ydlj, l|kafudfrhshka uÕska w¨;a Ydl we;slrhs'

04' N+.; l|ka 04' N+.; l|ka 04' N+.; l|ka 04' N+.; l|ka 04' N+.; l|ka ̂̂̂̂̂ Under ground stems&&&&&

fndfyda N+.; l|ka ;=< wdydr ixÑ; lr we;s neúka tAjd úYd, h' idudkHfhkaÿUqre mdg h' fuu l|kaj, m%Odk ld¾hh wys;lr ld,j, § fkdkeiS Ôj;a ù;u mrïmrdj bÈßhg f.k hEu h' tu ksid N+.; l|ka zld,;rK wjhjZ^perennating organs& f,i l%shd lrhs'

wys;lr ld,j, § fïjdfha jdhjfldgia ñh hk kuq;a ixÑ; wdydr iyc,h ksid;a" mi ;=< msysgk ksid;a" N+.; l|ka fkdkeiS mj;S' miq j ys;lrld,h meñ‚ úg t Ajdfhys we; swxl=rj,ska w¨;a Ydl yg .kS'

ynr," bÕ=re" flfi,a fïjdg ksoiqkafõ'

wkakdiswkakdiswkakdiswkakdiswkakdis f.daks .iaf.daks .iaf.daks .iaf.daks .iaf.daks .ia ´lsâ ´lsâ ´lsâ ´lsâ ´lsâ6'19 rEmh - n,aì, iy jHdc n,an6'19 rEmh - n,aì, iy jHdc n,an6'19 rEmh - n,aì, iy jHdc n,an6'19 rEmh - n,aì, iy jHdc n,an6'19 rEmh - n,aì, iy jHdc n,an

6'20 rEm - Èhf.dajd"6'20 rEm - Èhf.dajd"6'20 rEm - Èhf.dajd"6'20 rEm - Èhf.dajd"6'20 rEm - Èhf.dajd" cmka cnr cmka cnr cmka cnr cmka cnr cmka cnr

zw¾;dm,a w,hZ o N+.; l|ls' fuh wfklaN+.; l|kaj,ska fjkia fõ'

tA flfia o@6'22 rEmh - w¾;dm,a wdlkaoh6'22 rEmh - w¾;dm,a wdlkaoh6'22 rEmh - w¾;dm,a wdlkaoh6'22 rEmh - w¾;dm,a wdlkaoh6'22 rEmh - w¾;dm,a wdlkaoh

6'21 rEmh - N+.; l|ka6'21 rEmh - N+.; l|ka6'21 rEmh - N+.; l|ka6'21 rEmh - N+.; l|ka6'21 rEmh - N+.; l|ka

ynr,ynr,ynr,ynr,ynr, bÕ=re bÕ=re bÕ=re bÕ=re bÕ=re

175

6'3 uq,aj, úúO;ajh iy lD;Hhka

Ydlh isria j msysgk mßÈ mig iú lsÍu;a c,h iy tys ÈhjQ Lksc ,jKmfika Wrd .ekSu;a Ydlhg uq,aj,ska bgq flfrk m%Odk lD;Hhka fõ'

uqÿka uq,lska fyda YdLd uq,lska yereKq úg Ydlj, fjk;a fldgiaj,ska ouq,a we;s fõ' fïjd wd.ka;=l uq,a jYfhka ye¢kafõ' wd.ka;=l uq,a fndfyda úgYdlj, l|ka iy w;=j,ska yg.kakd kuq;a m;%j,ska yg.kakd wjia:d o ±lshyels h'

wlalmdk" lvqmq,a iy ìf.dakshd fïjdg ksoiqka fõ'tAlîcm;%S Ydlj, we;s jk ;ka;= uq,a o wd.ka;=l uq,a j¾.hls'

^1& ixÑ; uq,a ^wdlkaÈ uq,a& - ^ - ^ - ^ - ^ - ^Tuberous roots&&&&&

wdydr ;ekam;a ùu ksid úYd, ù we;s uq,a fufia ye¢kafõ' iuyr Ydlj,uqÿka uqf,ys wdydr ;ekam;a lr we;'

lerÜ" rdnq" îÜ fïjdg ksoiqka fõ'

;j;a iuyr Ydlj, md¾YAúl uq,aj, o ^ksoiqka f,i fâ,shd" n;,& wdydr;ekam;a lr we;'

mejreu - 6l=vd me<Eá lsysmhla m%fõYfuka .,jd tAjdfhys uQ, moaO;s ksÍlaIKh

lrkak' uqÿka uQ, moaO;sh iy ;ka;= uQ, moaO;sh w;r mj;sk fjkiy÷kd.kak' ksÈl=ïnd" uE jeks Ydlj, uQ, moaO;sh fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lrwfkla uq,aj,g jvd tAjdfhys we;s fjki l=ula ±hs y÷kd.kak' fï ms<sn|j ;jÿrg;a Tng miq j ±k.ekSug yelsjkq we;'

lerÜ lerÜ lerÜ lerÜ lerÜ rdnq rdnq rdnq rdnq rdnq fâ,shd u[af[dlald fâ,shd u[af[dlald fâ,shd u[af[dlald fâ,shd u[af[dlald fâ,shd u[af[dlald6'23 rEmh - ixÑ; uq,a j¾.6'23 rEmh - ixÑ; uq,a j¾.6'23 rEmh - ixÑ; uq,a j¾.6'23 rEmh - ixÑ; uq,a j¾.6'23 rEmh - ixÑ; uq,a j¾.

176

6'24 rEmh - lhsreuq,a6'24 rEmh - lhsreuq,a6'24 rEmh - lhsreuq,a6'24 rEmh - lhsreuq,a6'24 rEmh - lhsreuq,a

idudkHfhka fuu uq,a uÕska w¨;a Ydlwe;s fkd lrhs' fïjdfha wdydr .nvd lrwe;af;a wys;lr ld,j, § m%fhdackhg .ekSui|yd h'

^2& lhsre uq,a ^̂̂̂̂Stilt roots&&&&&Ydlfha lf|ka yg.kakd wd.ka;=l uq,a mi foig

jeã" mig iú ù l|g wu;r Yla;shla ,nd fok wjia:dwe;' iq<Õ wêl fyda nqre,a mia iys; fyda m%foaYj,jefvk Ydlj, fuu uq,a olakg ,efí' fïjd lhsre uq,af,i ye¢kafõ'

jegflhshd" rïfma fïjdg ksoiqka fõ'

^3& lre uq,a ̂̂̂̂̂ Prop roots&&&&&iuyr Ydlj, w;=j,ska yg.kakd wd.ka;=l uq,a

fmdf<dj foig jeã mig iú ù w;=j,g wdOdrl f,il%shd lrk w;r c,h iy Lksc ,jK Wrd .ekSu o isÿlrhs' ksoiqka (- kq.

^4& wdfrdayl uq,a ̂̂̂̂̂ Climbing roots&&&&& wd,.ak uq,a ^̂̂̂̂ Clasping roots&&&&&

nq,;a" .ïñßia jeks wdfrdayl l|ka wdOdrlj,g iúlsÍug fuu uq,a Wmldr fõ' fuu uq,a we;s jkafka lf|ys.egj,sks'

^5& jdhj uq,a ^̂̂̂̂ Aerial roots&&&&&wmsYdl f,i jefvk ´lsâ Ydl lsysmhla fyd¢ka

ksÍlaIKh lrkak' tAjdfha uq,a j¾. lShla olakg ,efí o@Ydlh wdOdrlhg iú lrk wd,.ak uq,a yereKq úg l|g,ïnl j úys§ hk" mi fyda wdOdrlh iuÕ iïnkaOhlake;s fld< fyda iqÿ meye;s fyda uq,a j¾.hla o Tng ±l.;yels h' fuu uq,a —jdhj uq,a˜ f,i ye¢kafjk w;r tAjduÕska jdhqf.da,fhka c, jdIam wjfYdaIKh lr.kq ,efí'

6'26 rEmh - wdfrdayl6'26 rEmh - wdfrdayl6'26 rEmh - wdfrdayl6'26 rEmh - wdfrdayl6'26 rEmh - wdfrdayluq,auq,auq,auq,auq,a

mejreu - 77777 wdydr ms<sfh, lsÍu ms‚i Tfí ksfjig f.k tk ,o t<j`M j¾.

w;ßka wdydr ixÑ; l|ka iy uq,a j¾. fjka lr y÷kd.kak' tAjd fjka lry÷kd.ekSug bjy,a jQ ,laIK lsysmhla ,shd olajkak'

6' 27 rEmh -6' 27 rEmh -6' 27 rEmh -6' 27 rEmh -6' 27 rEmh -jdhj uq,a ́ lsâjdhj uq,a ́ lsâjdhj uq,a ́ lsâjdhj uq,a ́ lsâjdhj uq,a ́ lsâ

6'25 rEmh - lreuq,a6'25 rEmh - lreuq,a6'25 rEmh - lreuq,a6'25 rEmh - lreuq,a6'25 rEmh - lreuq,a

177

^6& Yajik uq,a ^̂̂̂̂ Respiratory roots&&&&&

.x.d fudah fuka u l,mq wdY%s; j" ,jKc,fhka fyda ñßÈfhka fyda hg jQ m%foaYj,jefvk lfvd,dk Ydl j¾. Tn ±l;sfnkakg mq¿jk' tjeks mßirhl §fmdf<djg ,ïnl j" mfika by<g isria jjevqKq ÿUqre meye;s lKq f,i Èiajkafkafudkjd ±hs Tn is;d ne¨jd o@ tajd Yajikuq, a j¾.hla jk jdh qOr u q, a fõ'(pheumatophores)

lsr," lfvd,a jeks lfvd,dk Ydlj,olakg ,efnk fïjd tu Ydlj, m%OdkuQ, moaO;sfhka we;s jk uq,a j¾.hls' fuu Ydlj, uQ, moaO;shg mfika jd;h,nd.ekSu wiSre neúka fuu uq,a uÕska jdhqf.da,Sh jd;h wjfYdaIKh lrYdlhg ,ndfoa' tu ksid fïjd Yajik uq,a f,i ye¢kafõ'

uQ, .eá;s ^uQ, .eá;s ^uQ, .eá;s ^uQ, .eá;s ^uQ, .eá;s ^Root Nodules&&&&&

ksÈl=ïnd iy rks, l=,fha Ydlj, we;s uq,aj,zuQ, .eá;sZ kue;s l=vd .eg jeks jHqy olakg ,efí'fujeks .eá;s ilia ù we;af;a tA ;=< nelaàßhdj¾.hla Ôj;a jk neúks' fuu nelaàßhd uÕskamfiys we;s khsg%cka" khsfÜ%Ü ,jK njg yrjdYdlhg wjfYdaIKh l< yels ;;a;ajhg m;a lrhs'tneúka fuu Ydlj,g ksire mfiys jqj o jeãugyelshdj ;sfí'

Ydlh u`.ska fuu nelaàßhdj,g wjYH wdydryd jdiia:dkh imhk neúka fuh iyÔjkiïnkaOhg fyd| ksoiqkls'

6'28 rEmh - lfvd,dk Ydlj,6'28 rEmh - lfvd,dk Ydlj,6'28 rEmh - lfvd,dk Ydlj,6'28 rEmh - lfvd,dk Ydlj,6'28 rEmh - lfvd,dk Ydlj,jdhqOr uq,ajdhqOr uq,ajdhqOr uq,ajdhqOr uq,ajdhqOr uq,a

6'29 rEmh - ksÈl=ïnd uQ,.eá;s6'29 rEmh - ksÈl=ïnd uQ,.eá;s6'29 rEmh - ksÈl=ïnd uQ,.eá;s6'29 rEmh - ksÈl=ïnd uQ,.eá;s6'29 rEmh - ksÈl=ïnd uQ,.eá;s

Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@Tn okakjd o@fnda;,a uQä jYfhka Ndú;hg .kakd lsr, wen lmd ilia lrkq ,nkafka

fuu jdhqOr uq,aj,sks' lsr, wenj, we;s iafmdkaðuh .;shg fya;=j l=ula±hs is;d n,kak'

178

6' 4 Ydl wdY%s; ksIAmdok M,odhs f,i fhdod.ekSu

01' Ydl wdY%s; ksIAmdok01' Ydl wdY%s; ksIAmdok01' Ydl wdY%s; ksIAmdok01' Ydl wdY%s; ksIAmdok01' Ydl wdY%s; ksIAmdok

fidndoyug fndfyda fiaa wdorh l< l=vd ir,d" ;u wjqreÿ ksjdvqj .fï.; lsÍug bv ,eîu ms<sn| j uy;a i;=gg m;a jQjd h' .ïno j msysá wfklaksfjia fuka u ;u ñ;a;‚hf.a ksfji o fidndoyug b;d ióm jk mßÈ bÈlrwe;s nj ÿgq weh" tA ms<sn| j ;jÿrg;a úuis,su;a jQjd h'

tu ksfjfia jy,h ieye,a¨ Ydl l|ka iy fmd,a w;= fhdÞ ilia lr ;snQw;r ì;a;s iy f.ìu ksujd ;snqfKa ueáj,sks' lD;s%u øjH lsisjla tys olakgfkdùu;a" jxf.äh" fuda,a.i" l=,a," lsßf.dgqj" ye¢" we;=,am;a" jÜá" u¨" meÿre"ye¢ w¨ fuka u jdä ùug ;snQ nxl= jeks iEu fuj,ula u mdfya Ydl øjHj,skau ksujd ;sîu;a ir,df.a mqÿuhg fya;=jla úh'

l=;=y,fhka hq;= j uq`M;ekaf.h msßlaiQ wehg mfil je,s u,a,l oud ;snQfldiaweg iy foysf.ä o" <smg by<ska ;snQ ÿïueiaila o olakg ,enq‚' ksfjfiab;sß jk n;a iy b¢wdmam" fldia" fo,a" u[afØlald" ̈ Kqfoys jeks wdydr øjHfuka u mdk j¾. iE§ug .kakd rKjrd u,a" fn,s u,a jeks øjH o tys ;nd;snqfKa ;j ÿrg;a úh<Su i|yd h' tÈfkÞ b;sß jk wdydr øjH wmf;a hEuj<lajd m%fhdackhg .ekSu tys wruqK nj ir,d f;areï .;a;d h' weh ;uñ;a;‚hf.ka úuid ±k.;a wdldrhg tu wdrlaId l< wdydr øjHj,ska w.a.,d"me‚ ±uQ b¢wdmam" fo,a iy u[af[dlald fm;s jeks úúO rij;a lEu j¾. ilialrkq ,efí'

6' 30 remh - idïm%Þhsl uq`M;ekaf.h6' 30 remh - idïm%Þhsl uq`M;ekaf.h6' 30 remh - idïm%Þhsl uq`M;ekaf.h6' 30 remh - idïm%Þhsl uq`M;ekaf.h6' 30 remh - idïm%Þhsl uq`M;ekaf.h

179

w;S;fha mgka u ñksid ish wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd Ydl ksIAmdok Ndú;lf<a h' ir,d ÿgq .eñ ksfji tA i|yd lÈu ksoiqkls'

ñksid úiska ksmojkq ,nk Ydl wdY%s; ksIamdok j¾. lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

1' wdydr mdk 5' j¾Kl 9' .Dy NdKav

2' l=`Mnvq 6' .ï j¾. 10' úis;=re NdKAv

3' iqj| ú,jqka 7' ±j 11' l%Svd NdKav

4' frÈms<s 8' T!IO 12' fuj,ï

ck.ykh iuÕ u ñksia wjYH;d o l%ufhka jeä jk úg fujeks ksIAmdokNdú;h o YS>%fhka by< f.dia we;' tu ksid fïjd jvd;a M,ÞhS f,i fhdÞ.ekSu w;HjYH h' Ydl wdYs%; ksIAmdokj, § idïm%Þhsl l%u fuka u kQ;k l%uo Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

Ydl wdY%s; ksIAmdok M,odhS f,i fhdod.ekSuYdl wdY%s; ksIAmdok M,odhS f,i fhdod.ekSuYdl wdY%s; ksIAmdok M,odhS f,i fhdod.ekSuYdl wdY%s; ksIAmdok M,odhS f,i fhdod.ekSuYdl wdY%s; ksIAmdok M,odhS f,i fhdod.ekSu

kQ;k hq.fha ;dlaI‚l l%uj, ÈhqKqj ksid Ydl øjHj,ska úúO foa jvdld¾hlaIu j iy .=Kd;aul j ksIAmdokh lsÍug yels ù we;' tfy;a tfia jQmu‚kaa tAjdfha M,ÞhS;djh jeä fkdfõ' fhdÞ.kakd øjHj, Wmßu Ndú;h;a"wmf;a hEu wju lsÍu;a hk lreKq ms<sn| j o ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= h'

úúO ksIamdok i|yd fhdÞ.; yels Ydl iy Ydl fldgia lsisÿ Ndú;hlgfkd.ekSu ksid wmf;a hk wjia:d fld;rï o@ tAjdhska fldmuK ksIAmdok isÿl< yels o@ tjeks wjia:d i|yd ksoiqka lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

mejreu - 8mejreu - 8mejreu - 8mejreu - 8mejreu - 8• ir,d ÿgq ksfjfia ;snQ fuj,ï iy wdydr øjH fjk fjk u ,hsia;=.;

lrkak'• tu ksIAmdok i|yd fhdod.;a Ydlfha fyda Ydlj, kï Bg bÈßfhka

,shkak'• fujeks w;a±lSula Tng;a ;sfí kï Tfí ñ;=re ñ;=ßhka iuÕ fnÞ.kak'

wmf;a hk øjH isÿl< yels ksIAmdok

msÿre weiqreï" fmdfydr" Ñ;%

,S l=vq" h;= iqUq`M bkaOk" ;=kS ,E,s

iq.kaOj;a w,xldr u,a iqj| ú,jqka" úis;=re ks¾udK

mÜgd j¾." ksoiqk(- fn,s" kdjd nE.a" fuj,ï" .Dy NdKav

6' 2 j.=j6' 2 j.=j6' 2 j.=j6' 2 j.=j6' 2 j.=j

180

fujeks wjia:d o y÷kdf.k tu øjH wmf;a fkdhjd m%fhdackhg .ekSfukaYdl wdY%s; ksIAmdok Ndú;h jvd M,ÞhS jkq we;'

fï w;r u Ydlj, mj;sk úúO .==K wdY%fhka kj ksIamdok w;ayÞ ne,Sufuka u l%shd;aul lsÍu o isÿ l< yels h' tfia jqj o fuys § wjOdkh fhduq l<hq;= jeo.;a lreKla jkafka wiSñ; mßyrKh j<lajd,Suhs'

Ydl wdY%s; j isÿ lrk fndfyda jQ ksIAmdok w;ßka m%Odk ksIamdok lsysmhlaúuid n,uq'

^1& wdydr iy mdk j¾.^1& wdydr iy mdk j¾.^1& wdydr iy mdk j¾.^1& wdydr iy mdk j¾.^1& wdydr iy mdk j¾.uQ,sl ñksia wjYH;djhka jk wdydr iy mdk i|yd Ydl øjH nyq, j Ndú;

jk w;r" ksIAmdok jYfhka o tAjd úYd, jYfhka fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a ùwe;' tA i|yd Ydlj, m;%" mqIam" M," îc" l| iy uq,a wd§ iEu fldgila uúúOdldrfhka Ndú; ù we;'

lKavdhï mejreu - 1lKavdhï mejreu - 1lKavdhï mejreu - 1lKavdhï mejreu - 1lKavdhï mejreu - 1Tn m%foaYfha we;s Ydl iïm;a ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak' tAjd weiqßka

±kg ksIamdokh fkdlrk" tfy;a bÈßfha § ksIAmdokh l< yels øjH ,ehsia;=jlailia lrkak' tu ksIAmdok i|yd Ndú; l< yels Ys,amSh l%u ms<sn| júuiSula lrkak'

Ndú; jkYdl fldgia

l|

uq,

îc

M,

mqIam

mqIam m;%

m;%

ksIAmdokh lrk wdydr iy mdk j¾.

ls;=,a msá" Wla yl=re" Wla me‚" Wla iSks" bÕ=re fodais iy isrma"

w¾;dm,a fm;s ^Potato chips&

u[af[dlald msá" îÜj,ska iSks" nÈk ,o u[afØlald fm;s"

úc,kh l< lerÜ

;,.=<s" me‚ lcq" yd,a msá" l=rlalka msá" ;sßÕ= msá" W÷ msá"

fldams l=vq" fldfldajd l=vq ^fpdla,Ü l=vq&

m,;=re hqI" mqyq,a fodais" fldaäh,a" pÜks" fidaia" isrmaj, ±uQ

je<jrld" wkakdis" wU wdÈh" fmdf,dia" cEï" ̈ Kqfoys" úh<k

,o m,;=re ^ñÈ" iafg%dafnß" rgb¢& úc,kh l< t<j¿

fmd,a meKs" ls;=,a meKs" ls;=,a yl=re

fn,su,a" rKjrdu,a

f;a fld<

6' 1 j.=j6' 1 j.=j6' 1 j.=j6' 1 j.=j6' 1 j.=j

181

Ydl øjHj,ska úúO wdydruh ksIamdok j¾. ilia lsÍfï wruqKq jkafkawdydr úúO;ajfhka hq;= j ms<sfh, lsÍu" Ndú;hg .ekSu myiqùu iy wmf;ahEu j<lajd .ekSu fõ' fuys § wdydrj, rih" .=Kh" iy msßisÿlu wdrlaIdjkmßÈ ksIamdokh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' fuu ls%hdj,sfha § n,mdk úYd, u wNsfhda.hjkafka wdydr l,a;nd .ekSug yels wdldrfhka ms<sfh, lsÍuhs'

wdydr krla ùu isÿ jkafka laIqø Ôùkaf.a ls%hdldÍ;ajh ksid h' laIqø Ôùkahkq msfhú weig fkdfmfkk b;d l=vd Ôùka h' fudjqka b;d l=vd ksid uwdydrj,g Tjqkaf.a we;=¿ ùu je<elaùu wmyiq h' tu ksid wdydr l,a ;nd.ekSfï l%uj, § Tjqkaf.a jeãug wjYH idOlhla fyda idOl lsysmhla fyda,eîu je<elaùfuka wdydrh u; fudjqkaf.a ls%hdj je<elaùu fyda md,kh lsÍufyda isÿ flf¾'

wfkla ish¨u Ôùkag fuka u fudjqkag o jeãu i|yd wjYH m%Odk idOljkafka jd;h" c,h" wdydr iy WKqiquhs' iuyr wjia:dj, § wdydrj,g ridhksløjH tla lsÍu uÕska tAjd laIqø Ôùkag wys;lr ;;a;aajhg m;a flf¾'

my; ±lafjk j.=j wOHhkh lsrSfuka Tng úúO Ydl wdY%s; ksIamdok l,a;nd .ekSfï § fhdÞ.kakd úúO l%u ms<sn| j wjfndaO lr.; yels h'

tu j.=jg wod<j ;j;a wdydr ksIamdok ms<sn| j f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'

mejreu - 9mejreu - 9mejreu - 9mejreu - 9mejreu - 9• fjf<|i,l olakg ,efnk wdydr mdk j¾. ksIamdok ms<sn| j

úuiSula lr tAjdfha ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh, lrkak'• .=re;=ud $.=re;=ñhf.a iydh we;s j tAjd l,a;nd .ekSug fhdÞf.k

we;s l%uh y÷kdf.k th o we;=<;a lr j.=jla ilia lrkak'

wdydr ksIamdokhwdydr ksIamdokhwdydr ksIamdokhwdydr ksIamdokhwdydr ksIamdokh

1' msá l< fmd,alsß2' ̈ Kqfoys3' m,;=re4' w¾;dm,a len,s5' ñÈ

l,a;nd .ekSfï l%uhl,a;nd .ekSfï l%uhl,a;nd .ekSfï l%uhl,a;nd .ekSfï l%uhl,a;nd .ekSfï l%uh

hka;%dkqidrfhka úh<Su ¨Kq oud idkaø lsÍu áka lsÍu YS; lsÍu úh<Su

laIqø Ôùkaf.a jeãulaIqø Ôùkaf.a jeãulaIqø Ôùkaf.a jeãulaIqø Ôùkaf.a jeãulaIqø Ôùkaf.a jeãuje<elaùu i|ydje<elaùu i|ydje<elaùu i|ydje<elaùu i|ydje<elaùu i|yd

bj;a lr we;s idOlh bj;a lr we;s idOlh bj;a lr we;s idOlh bj;a lr we;s idOlh bj;a lr we;s idOlh c,h c,h jd;h WKqiqu c,h

6' 3 j.=j6' 3 j.=j6' 3 j.=j6' 3 j.=j6' 3 j.=j

mejreu - 10mejreu - 10mejreu - 10mejreu - 10mejreu - 10l,a ;nd.;a wdydr ksIamdokj, f,an,a tl;= lrkak' tAjdfha i|yka jk

mÍlaIK øjH ^Preservatives& fudkjd ±hs fidhd n,kak' tAjdhska lsysmhla,shkak'

182

ir,d ÿgq iïm%Þhsl uq¿;ekaf.hs wdydr wmf;a hEu j<lajd we;s wdldry÷kd.kak' tA wdldrhg fyda kQ;k l%u Ndú;fhka fyda Tng o Tfí uq¿;ekaf.hswdydr wmf;a hEu je,elaùug Tngo iydh úh yels±hs n,kak'

msá j¾. fhdÞf.k fndfyda wdydr j¾. ksIamdokh flf¾' fï i|yd iy,amsá" l=rlalka msá" ls;=,a msá" W÷ msá wdÈh o Ndú; flfrk kuq;a ;ju;a YS%,xldfõ nyq, f,i fhdÞ.kafka ;sßÕ= msá h' ;sßÕ= msá wdkhkh i|yd úfoaYúksuh úYd, jYfhka jeh fõ' tfy;a foaYSh jYfhka msá ,nd.; yels Ydl iyYdl fldgia fld;rï m%udKhla m%fhdackhg fkdf.k wmf;a hkafka o@

fldia" nvbßÕ= îc" ,djq¿" y,a jeks M," u[afØlald" n;, jeks uq,a j¾."ynr, jeks Ydl l`oka ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h' fïjd iuyrla msá ,nd.ekSui|yd .%dóh uÜgñka iq¿ jYfhka fhdÞ.efka' fï i|yd uyd mßudKl¾udka;Yd,d we;s lsÍu fyda .%dóh uÜgñka jHdma; lsÍu i|yd m¾fhaIKmeje;aùu rfÜ wNsjDoaêhg fya;= jkq we;'

02' T!IO ksIamdokh -02' T!IO ksIamdokh -02' T!IO ksIamdokh -02' T!IO ksIamdokh -02' T!IO ksIamdokh -Ydl ;=< ;ekam;a ù we;s fkdfhl=;a ridhksl ixfhda.j, úúO T!Iëh .=K

ksid fndfyda Ydl T!IO ksIamdokh i|yd fhdÞ.efka'Tn isxy, wdhq¾fõo fnfy;a nvq fjf<|i,lg f.dia ;sfí o@ tjeks

fjf<|i,l § fndfyda T!IO j¾. wmg ±lsh yels h' óme‚" lia;=ß jeks øjHlsysmhla yereKq úg wfkla ish¨ u T!IO Ydlj,ska fl<ska u ,nd.;a tAjd fõ'fuys § úúO frda. i|yd Ndú; jk T!Iëh f;,a j¾." .=<s" l=vq j¾." l,al"wßIaG wd§ jYfhka úúO m%udKfha iy úúO wdldrfha n÷kaj, ;sfnkq ±l.;yels h'

ls%hdldrlu - 6' 1 ls%hdldrlu - 6' 1 ls%hdldrlu - 6' 1 ls%hdldrlu - 6' 1 ls%hdldrlu - 6' 1 u[afØlald uq,lska msá ,nd .ksuq'u[afØlald uq,lska msá ,nd .ksuq'u[afØlald uq,lska msá ,nd .ksuq'u[afØlald uq,lska msá ,nd .ksuq'u[afØlald uq,lska msá ,nd .ksuq'• u[afØlald w,hla f.k fmd;= bj;a lr fyd¢ka fidaÞ.kak'• th iqÿiq WmlrKhla Ndú;fhka fmd,a .dk wdldrhg .d .kak'• thg c,h iaj,amhla tl;= lr fyd¢ka ñßld.kak'• frdvq bj;a lrkak'• ñßld.;a hqIh mfil ;nkak'• meh lsysmhlg miq ødjKh m;=f,a we;s msá m%udKh fld;rï ±hs n,kak'• mfriaifuka c,h fmrd yer tu msá úh<d .kak'

mejreu - 11mejreu - 11mejreu - 11mejreu - 11mejreu - 11wdhq¾fõo fnfy;a nvq fjf<|i,lg f.dia tys we;s T!IO ksIamdok

ksÍlaIKh lrkak' T!IO i|yd Ndú; jk Ydl fldgia yels;dla y÷kd.kak'Tng yels kï tAjd mka;shg /f.k f.dia lKavdhï jYfhka tl;= lrT!Iëh .=Kfhka hq;a M," îc" m;%" mqIam" wd§ jYfhka fyda fjk;a Tn leue;swdldrhlg fyda mqjrejl w,xldr f,i m%o¾Ykh lrkak'

183

Ydlj, we;s T!Iëh .=Kh ksid u tAjd rEm,djKH lghq;= i|yd o Ndú;flf¾'

ksoiqka f,i" fjksje,a" i÷ka" fldaudßld" fldfydU jeks Ydlj, fldgiaj,ska ksiaidrKh lr.;a øjH fndfyda wdf,amk iy inka j¾.j, wvx.= fõ'

03' ;ka;=uh ksIamdok -03' ;ka;=uh ksIamdok -03' ;ka;=uh ksIamdok -03' ;ka;=uh ksIamdok -03' ;ka;=uh ksIamdok -

;ka;= hkq fl¢ j¾. fõ' fndfyda Ydlj, ;ka;=uh fldgia mj;S' iuyrYdlj,ska fl¢ fjka lr fkdfhla ksIamdok i|yd fhdÞ.kafka fl¢j, we;sYla;su;aNdjh iy l,ameje;au ksid h' fl¢ iys; Ydluh fldgia c,fha oud;enQ úg tys wvx.= uDÿ fldgia laIqøÔùkaf.a ls%hdj ksid ÔrKh ù fl¢ fldgiab;sß fõ' ;e,Sfuka miq tAjdhska fl¢ fjka lr.; yels h' fmd,a f,,sj,skafmd,a fl¢ fjka lr.ekSfï § isÿ jkafka fuu ls%hdj,shhs'

yK fl¢ ,nd.ekSu i|yd yK Ydlfha m;% Ndú; lrk w;r tys uoh WKm;a;lska mSrd fl¢ bj;a lr .kS' flfi,a Ydlfha jHdc l| Ndú;fhka o fl¢,nd .efka'

6' 31 - fl¢ fhdÞf.k ksmojk NdKav6' 31 - fl¢ fhdÞf.k ksmojk NdKav6' 31 - fl¢ fhdÞf.k ksmojk NdKav6' 31 - fl¢ fhdÞf.k ksmojk NdKav6' 31 - fl¢ fhdÞf.k ksmojk NdKav

ls%hdldrlu - 6'2ls%hdldrlu - 6'2ls%hdldrlu - 6'2ls%hdldrlu - 6'2ls%hdldrlu - 6'2• wkakdis fyda yK Ydl fyda m;%hla uv iys; ia:dkhl j<,d i;s

folla muK ;nkak'• bkamiq j tAjd f.dvg f.k tu Ydl m;%" fl¢j,g fjka ù we;s

wdldrh ksÍlaIKh lrkak'

184

04' ±j iy ±j wdY%s; NdKav04' ±j iy ±j wdY%s; NdKav04' ±j iy ±j wdY%s; NdKav04' ±j iy ±j wdY%s; NdKav04' ±j iy ±j wdY%s; NdKavf;dá,af,a isg urK uxplh olajd u wm Ndú; lrk fndfyda NdKav

±jj,ska ;kd we;' f.dvkeÕs,sj, hg ,S" mrd," Ímam" isú,su fuka u fÞrcfka, i|yd o ±j Ndú; jkafka tAjdfha we;s Yla;su;aNdjh iy l,ameje;auksid h'

fï i|yd fldia" nqre;" keÿka" f;alal" l=Uqla jeks Ydl j¾. nyq, j Ndú;fõ' tA yereKq úg úYd, jYfhka ±j fhdÞ.kafka .Dy NdKav ksmojd.ekSughs'

fï wdldrhg úYd, jYfhka úúO ksIamdok i|yd Ydl fhdÞ.ekSu ksidtAjdfha meje;aug ;¾ckhla we;súh yels h' tu ksid ÿ¾,N .Kfha Ydl j¾.fujeks ksIamdok i|yd fhdÞ fkd.; hq;= h' ^ksoiqka (- l¿jr& tfia u úúOwjYH;d u; lmd ouk m%udKhg iß,k mßÈ Ydl kej; j.d lsÍu o isÿ l<hq;= h'

fndafrdaka lejQ rn¾ ±j ̂ moï l< rn¾ ±j& wdOdrfhka .Dy NdKav ksIamdokh±ka m%p,s; fjñka mj;S' blaukska iy myiqfjka jefvk rn¾ jeks Ydl ksIamdoklghq;= i|yd fhdÞ.ekSfuka Ydlj,g we;s jk ;¾ckh fndfyda ÿrg wvq fõ'

bj; ,k ,S l=vq iy h;= iqUq¿ wdÈh wdOdrfhka ksmojk ;=kS ,E,s úúOwjYH;d i|yd fhdÞ.ekSu uÕska o ±j ksIamdokfha § isÿ jk wmf;a hEu wjul< yels h'

Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @Tn okakjd o @isxyrdc jeks jkdka;rj, udhsu jgd" Bg msáka hïlsis iSudjl jefvk

jDlaI,;dÈh ñksidf.a mßyrKh i|yd u fjkalr § we;' fujeks l,dmhla^buffer zone& ksid jkdka;rh wdrlaId fõ'

6' 32 - ±j wdY%s; NdKav6' 32 - ±j wdY%s; NdKav6' 32 - ±j wdY%s; NdKav6' 32 - ±j wdY%s; NdKav6' 32 - ±j wdY%s; NdKav

185

05' úis;=re NdKav05' úis;=re NdKav05' úis;=re NdKav05' úis;=re NdKav05' úis;=re NdKav

úis;=re NdKav ksIamdokh i|yd iajdNdúl øjH fhdÞ.ekSu wo m%p,s; l,djlaù we;' fï i|yd fndfyda Ydl fldgia fhdÞ.kafka tAjdfha we;s úúO;ajh" l,ameje;au iy w,xldrh jeks lreKq ie,ls,a,g .ekSfuks' úh<Sfuka" moï lsÍfuka"ridhksl øjH fh§u fyda wdf,amkh uÕska fïjdfha meyeh iy iajNdjhyels;dla ÿrg wdrlaId lsÍu iy l,a;nd .ekSu isÿ flf¾' fujeks úis;=reNdKav lD;s%u tAjdg jvd m%shckl fuka u mßir ys;ldó njla o olajhs'

Ydl øjH wdY%s; úúO ksIamdok ms<sn| j f;dr;=re we;=<;a jHdmD;s jd¾;diy m%ldYk ,xld ld¾ñl ixj¾Ok uKav,fhka ^NDB& ,nd.; yels h'

rela l,d"rela l,d"rela l,d"rela l,d"rela l,d" f;rmqulg ,la lr úh<d.;a u,aj,ska ;ekQ ks¾udKhla" f;rmqulg ,la lr úh<d.;a u,aj,ska ;ekQ ks¾udKhla" f;rmqulg ,la lr úh<d.;a u,aj,ska ;ekQ ks¾udKhla" f;rmqulg ,la lr úh<d.;a u,aj,ska ;ekQ ks¾udKhla" f;rmqulg ,la lr úh<d.;a u,aj,ska ;ekQ ks¾udKhla"6' 33 rEmh6' 33 rEmh6' 33 rEmh6' 33 rEmh6' 33 rEmh

mejreu - 121' fndfyda úg ±j jYfhka m%fhdackhg .; fkdyels wl%uj;a yev iys;

Ydl uq,a yd l|kaj,ska rela l,d ks¾udKh flf¾' Tn;a tjeks relal,djla ks¾udKh lrkak' fïjdg ±j wdrlaIl f,i;a" fmkqu jeäÈhqKqlr.ekSu i|yd;a fhdÞ.; yels wdf,amk fudkjd ±hs fidhd n,kak'

2' f;rmqulg ,lalr ^press & úh<d .kakd ,o Ydl øjH wdOdrfhka iqnme;=ï m;la" fmd;a i,l=Kla ^book mark& ;E.s ojgkhla ^wrappingpaper&" ì;a;s ieris,a,la" ;E.s fmÜáhla" fmd;a ljrhla fyda fïiorKqjla ̂ table mat& fyda idokak'

3' mka j¾.hla Ndú;fhka l=vd úis;=re NdKavhla ks¾udKh lrkak'

186

wNHdi

^1&^1&^1&^1&^1& I Ydl fldgiaj, úúO;ajh ms<sn| Tfí ±kqu wdOdrfhka my; ±lafjkYdl fldgiaj, úúO;ajh ms<sn| Tfí ±kqu wdOdrfhka my; ±lafjkYdl fldgiaj, úúO;ajh ms<sn| Tfí ±kqu wdOdrfhka my; ±lafjkYdl fldgiaj, úúO;ajh ms<sn| Tfí ±kqu wdOdrfhka my; ±lafjkYdl fldgiaj, úúO;ajh ms<sn| Tfí ±kqu wdOdrfhka my; ±lafjkixl,am is;shu iïmQ¾K lrkak'ixl,am is;shu iïmQ¾K lrkak'ixl,am is;shu iïmQ¾K lrkak'ixl,am is;shu iïmQ¾K lrkak'ixl,am is;shu iïmQ¾K lrkak'

^2& ^2& ^2& ^2& ^2& I. ñksid úiska isÿ lrkq ,nk Ydl wdY%s; ksIamdok lsysmhla kï lrkak'II. my; oelafjk wdydr øjH l,a ;nd.ekSug wkq.ukh l< yels ls%hd

ud¾.h ne.ska ,shkak'tys § wdydrhg ,eîug je,ela jQ idOlh$idOl th bÈßfhka ,shkak'(a) fldia uÿ¨ (b) foys (c) t<lsß (d) m,;=re (e) ud¿ (f) t<j¿(g) mqyq,a (h) .d .;a fmd,a ( i) fldia weg (j) m,;=re hqI

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