60868966 nursing education instruction and curriculum teaching

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Unit-two Teaching learning process

TeachingDefinition of teaching;

Amidon and Hunter -Teaching is an interactive process, primarily involving classroom talk, whichtakes place b/n teacher and pupil and occurs during certain definable activities.Joyce and Well- Teaching is a process by which teacher and students create a shared envt including

set of values and beliefs (a agreement about what is improvement)which in turn color their view of reality.

N.L.Gage- Teaching is a form of interpersonal influence aimed at changing the b/r potential of another person.

Burton -Teaching is the stimulation, guidance, direction and encouragement of learning.H.C.Morrison -Teaching is an intimate contact b/n a more mature personality and less mature onewhich is designed to further the education of the latter.

John Brubacher - Teaching is an arrangement and manipulation of a situation in which there are gapsand obstructions which an individual will seek to overcome and from which he will learn in the courseof doing so.

Ned.A.Flanders -Teaching is an interaction process. Interaction means participation of both teacher

and students and both are benefited by this. The interaction takes place for achieving desiredobjectives.Yoakm and Simpson -Teaching is means where by society trains the young in a selected envt as

quickly as possible to adjust themselves to the world in which they live.Generally teaching is an interaction b/n a teacher and students under the teachers responsibility inorder to bring about expected b/r changes.Teaching is instructing i.e. to cause a learner to know a subject or to cause to know how to do some

thing, aimed and beyond acquisition of specific task or duty like training.November 14, 2012 1Nursing education and curriculum development handout for graduate Bsc Nursing students prepared byMinlikalew D.


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Purpose of teaching Teaching help students to;

Acquire, retain and be able to use knowledge.Understand, analyze, synthesize and evaluate.Achieve skills.Develop attitudes and habits.

Teaching approachTalk to studentsTalk with studentsHave them talk togetherShow students howSupervise themProvide opportunities for practice

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Principles of teaching

The educators and philosophers have emphasized certain principles of teaching which theteachers are expected to bear in mind for making there teaching effective ,efficient and

inspirational. Some times these principles are classified as psychological and generalprinciples. This classification is how ever , very arbitrary and both types overlap.A. Psychological principles of teaching

1. Principle of activity or learning by doing.2. Principle of play-way.3. Principle of motivation.4. Principle of Self education.5. Principle of Individual difference.6. Principle of Goal setting.7. Principle of Stimulation.

8. Principle of Association.9. Principle of Readiness.10. Principle of Effect.11. Principle of Exercise on repetition.12. Principle of Change and rest.

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13. Principle of feed-back and reinforcement.14. Principle of training of senses.15. Principle of group dynamics.16. Principles of creativity.17. Principles of correlation.

B. General principle of teaching1. Principle of definite goals or objectives.2. Principle of child centeredness.3. Principle of linking with life.4. Principle of correlation.

5. Principle of active involvement and participation of students.6. Principle of individual deference.7. Principle of cooperation.8. Principle of remedial teaching.9. Principle of creating conducive envt.

10. Principle of planning.11. Principle of effective strategies.12. Principle of flexibility.13. Principle of variety.14. Principle of activity.

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Learning

Definitions of learning ;Munn -Learning is the process of being modified, more or less permanently, by whathappens in the world around as, by what we do, or by what we observe.

Kulkarm - learning is relatively permanent change in b/r, which occurs as e result of experience or practice.

Generally learning is a process resulting in some modification, relatively permanent, of theway of thinking, feeling, doing of the learner. It includes words such as education "andtraining. Training usually means learning to act or behave in a certain way or do a specific

jobs or skills. It usually puts less emphasis on general thinking or knowledge than educationdoes. Education usually means gaining general theoretical knowledge and may not pay muchattention to learning how to do any specific work, tasks or skills. Usually basic training inhealth service is a combination of theoretical, education and practical learning skills.

How does learning occur? There are some hypothetical assumptions. These are;1) Learning is personal/individual.

2) Learning occurs when there is an active mental process(active participation)3) Learning occurs by the choice of the student.

Characteristics of learning

I. Learning is unitary.II. Learning is individual and social.

III. Learning is self-active.November 14, 2012

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IV. Learning is purposive.V. Learning is creative.VI. Learning is transferable.

Steps in learning

We can get some useful ideas about learning by examining how babies and young children learn.This is b/c that adult is similar in several important ways:1. The first is observation.2. Next, children try to use other methods like listening, touching, or tasting. They usually use

more than one way to discover and explore.3. When a child starts to speak, she or he may ask why and how something happens. 4. Often the child tries to imitate/copy the same action saying, let me do it myself. 5. Most of the time the child repeats the action repeatedly.6. Many times children ask parents to observe them how they are able to perform something.

Purpose of learning

To acquire new knowledge, attitude, and skill.To express ones thought, feelings and attitudes. To change the b/r. (the ultimate or general purpose of learning).


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Principle of learning

Generally principle of learning divided in to two. These are;A. Pedagogic - which have basis on teacher centered learning.B. Mathetic - which have basis on learner centered learning.

According to Kulkarni (1975) Learning(programmed) has the following principles;A student learn by being active: If he/she has to perform in a certain manner after thelearning session, he/she must be allowed to perform in that manner during the learningsession itself.A student learns better and is motivated to learn, if he/she is told that he/she is right afterhe/she takes a step in the right direction, i.e. to say, if he/she is reinforced.A student learns better if the task he/she has to learn is analyzed into sub-tasks which aresequenced properly. So that he/she can learn one step at time beginning with a step whichhe/she already knows.The sequence of these sub-task or the instructional events should be reproducible, so thatany person other than the designer himself can verify that the sequence leads to the effect,changes the b/r of the acceptable students in the specified manner and that it does soconsequently. This has to be specified in such a manner that its realization can be measured.For specific strategies in organizing situations for learning and arranging their sequence ,leads are provided by various principle of cognitive process and motivation. These principleare derived from psychology of cognitive process, motivation and field theories.No strategy can be considered to be effective unless it guarantees the learning of allstudents for whom it is designed.


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Principles of adult learners Adults are people with years of experience and wealth of information. Adults have established values, beliefs and opinions. Adults are people whose style and pace of learning has probably changed. Adults relate new knowledge and information previously learned information and

experiences. Adults are people with bodies influenced by gravity. Adults have pride. Adults have a deep need to be self-directed. Individual difference among people increase with age. Adults tend to have a problem-centered orientation to learning.

Characteristics of learner

CultureLanguageAgePrevious experienceTalentIntelligenceE.t.c


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Teaching-Learning process

Teaching-Learning process is as old as human beings on earth. It has been carried out not onlyby human beings but also by animals to teach their young ones to adjust themselvessuccessfully with their envt. With the passage of time, it has undergone revolutionary

changes.Teaching-Learning process is a means through which the teacher, the learner, the curriculum

and other variables are organized in a systematic manner to attain predetermined goals andobjectives.

Teaching-learning has four aspects. These are;1. Teacher2. Student3. Learning process4. Learning situation


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Factors affecting learningThe factors that influence learning may be classified in to four categories;A. Physical factors: It includes sense perception, physical health, fatigue, time of learning, food

and drink, atmospheric conditions, and age.B. Psychological factors: It includes mental health, motivation and interest, success, praise and

blame, rewards and punishment.C. Environmental factors: It includes working conditions and organizational setup.D. Methodology of instructions: It includes presentation and organization of material, learning

by doing, and timely testing.

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60868966 nursing education instruction and curriculum teaching

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