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5.Project planning and management l Role of a manager l Charts and Critical Path Analysis l Estimation Techniques l Monitoring Slide 2 Role of a manager l Directs resources for the achievement of goals l LEADER also provides Vision Inspiration Rises above the usual l No one right way to manage Slide 3 Management Continuum AutocraticConsultativeParticipate AuthoritarianDemocratic Solves problems alone Dictates decisions Discusses Problems Makes decision Chairperson Agrees problem Creates consensus Slide 4 Managerial Roles (after Henry Mintzberg) l Interpersonal Figurehead Leader Liaison l Informational Roles Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson l Decisional Roles Entrepreneur Resource Allocator Disturbance Allocator Negotiator Slide 5 Qualities l Technical/Professional knowledge l Organisational know-how l Ability to grasp situation l Ability to make decisions l Ability to manage change l Creative l Mental flexibility - Learns from experience l Pro-active l Moral courage l Resilience l Social skills l Self Knowledge Slide 6 Variables l Resource l Time l Function l You can have any two of quick, good or cheap, but not all three Slide 7 Development cycle: Effort Time SpecificationAnalysisBuild Test Maintain Alpha Beta Slide 8 Crossing the Chasm l Geoffrey Moore, after Everett Rogers TechUtility Slide 9 Approaches and methodologies l Top Down Waterfall decomposition l Bottom Up meta machine l Rapid Prototype successive refinement l Muddle through Slide 10 Spiral Methodology Slide 11 PhaseDeliverables Envisioning agreeing the overall direction and the contents of this phase Vision/Scope document Risk assessment Project structure Planning design for this phase. Functional specification Risk assessment Project schedule Developing the actual buildFrozen functional specification Risk management plan Source code and executables Performance support elements Test specification and test cases Master project plan and master project schedule Stabilsing test, debug, rework. Golden release Release notes Performance support elements Slide 12 Pert and Gantt Charts l Visual representation of project l Microsoft Project Slide 13 Example: Getting up in the morning TaskDuration (mins) 1 Alarm rings0 2. Wake Up3 3. Get out of bed5 4. Wash5 5. Get dressed5 6. Put kettle on2 7 Wait for kettle to boil5 8 Put toast on2 9 Wait for Toast3 10 Make coffee3 11 Butter Toast2 12 Eat Breakfast10 13 Leave for Lectures0 Slide 14 Pert Chart Slide 15 Critical Path Analysis l Compute earliest and latest start/finish for each task l The difference is the slack l The Critical Path joins the tasks for which there is no slack l Any delay in tasks on the on the critical path affects the whole project Slide 16 Pert Chart Slide 17 Gantt Chart Slide 18 Example Slide 19 Example Pert Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Levelling l Adjust tasks to match resources available l Automatic systems available, but do not always give an optimum result l Tasks may be delayed within slack without affecting project dates l Otherwise consider extending project, or using more resource l Adding resource to late project may cause RECURSIVE COLLAPSE consider carefully whether the benefits outweigh the additional learning delays and overheads l Derive costings Slide 23 Larger example Slide 24 Estimation Techniques l Experience l Comparison with similar tasks 20 lines of code/day can vary by 2 orders of magnitude l Decomposition l Plan to throw one away l 20 working days per month BUT 200 per year Slide 25 Rules of Thumb l Software projects: estimate 10 x cost and 3 x time l 1:3:10 rule 1: cost of prototype 3: cost of turning prototype into a product 10: cost of sales and marketing >>Product costs are dominated by cost of sales l Hartrees Law The time to completion of any project, as estimated by the project leader, is a constant (Hartrees constant) regardless of the state of the project A project is 90% complete 90% of the time l 80% Rule Dont plan to use more than 80% of the available resources Memory, disc, cycles, programming resource.... Slide 26 Cynics Project Stages l Enthusiasm l Disillusionment l Panic l Persecution of the innocent l Praise of the bystander