IEC COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING& TECHNOLOGY

GR. NOIDA

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED,JAMMU (J&K Circle)

Submitted To:

Mr. Tushar Giri Head Of Department Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted By:

Sarthak Gupta (0609010092)Computer Science & Engineering

IVth Year (Section – B)

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED(A Govt. of India Enterprise)

O/O CHIEF GENERAL MANAGER TELECOMJ & K CIRCLE, JAMMU

No. GM/Admin/08-09/27 Dated 01-Aug-09

TO WHOMSOEVER IT MAY CONCERN

This is to certify that Mr. Sarthak Gupta, Roll No. 0609010092 student of B.Tech III Year Computer Science, IEC College Of Engineering & Technology, Greater Noida has successfully completed six weeks Industrial Training in BSNL at Jammu (starting from 9th June 2008 to 1st August 2008) under the supervision of this office.

His performance has been observed in the field of Software Programming and Networking as commendable. He will be an asset to any organization.

I wish him all success in every walks of life.

Anupam Gupta

General Manager (Administration)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. PREFACE

2. INTRODUCTION

3. COMPANY PROFILE

4. SERVICES

5. SECTIONS

I. MOBILE SECTION

II. E-10B SWITCHING

III. OCB SWITCHING

IV. MDF

V. TRANSMISSION SECTION

VI. MICROWAVE

VII. POWER STATION

VIII. BROAD BAND

6. COSTUMER CARE

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

PREFACE

B.TECH program is one of the most reputed professional courses in the

Industry. There is an Industrial Training as an integral part of B.TECH. As

a complementary to that everyone has to submit a report on the work

conducted in the industry.

This report is thus prepared for the training done at Bharat

Sanchar Nigam Limited (B.S.N.L). The organization shall make all possible

efforts to have a secure and safe domain. The data/information is very

important and most critical to the business requirements; therefore

proper measures should be adopted so that the information is well

secured and protected.

Sarthak Gupta

B.TECH

INTRODUCTION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. formed in October, 2000, is World's 7th largest

Telecommunications Company providing comprehensive range of telecom

services in India: Wire line, CDMA mobile, GSM Mobile, Internet, Broadband,

Carrier service, MPLS-VPN, VSAT, VoIP services, IN Services etc.

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (known as BSNL, India Communications

Corporation Limited) is a public sector communications company in India. It is

the India's largest telecommunication company with 24% market share. Its

headquarters are at Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, New Delhi. It has the status of

Mini-ratna - a status assigned to reputed Public Sector companies in

India.BSNL has installed Quality Telecom Network in the country and now

focusing on improving it, expanding the network, introducing new telecom

services with ICT applications in villages and wining customer's confidence.

Today, it has about 47.3 million line basic telephone capacity, 4 million WLL

capacity, 20.1 Million GSM Capacity, more than 37382 fixed exchanges,

18000 BTS, 287 Satellite Stations, 480196 Rkm of OFC Cable, 63730 Rkm of

Microwave Network connecting 602 Districts, 7330 cities/towns and 5.5 Lakhs

villages. BSNL is the only service provider, making focused efforts and

planned initiatives to bridge the Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact

there is no telecom operator in the country to beat its reach with its wide

network giving services in every nook & corner of country and operates across

India except Delhi & Mumbai including inaccessible areas of Siachen glacier

and North-eastern region of the country.

BSNL cellular service, CellOne, has more than 17.8 million cellular customers,

garnering 24 percent of all mobile users as its subscribers. That means that

almost every fourth mobile user in the country has a BSNL connection. In basic

services, BSNL is miles ahead of its rivals, with 35.1 million Basic Phone

subscribers i.e. 85 per cent share of the subscriber base and 92 percent share in

revenue terms. BSNL has more than 2.5 million WLL subscribers and 2.5

million Internet Customers who access Internet through various modes viz.

Dial-up, Leased Line, DIAS, and Account Less Internet (CLI). BSNL has been

adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.

BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP

infrastructure that provides convergent services like voice, data and video

through the same Backbone and Broadband Access Network. At present there

are 0.6 million DataOne broadband customers. The company has vast

experience in Planning, Installation, network integration and Maintenance of

Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO 9000

certified Telecom Training Institute. BSNL plans to expand its customer base

from present 73 millions lines to 125 million lines and infrastructure

investment plan to the tune of Rs. 733 crores (US$ 16.67 million) in the next

three years. Today, BSNL is India's largest Telco and one of the largest Public

Sector Undertaking with estimated market value of $ 100 Billion. The company

is planning an IPO with in 6 months to offload 10% to public in the Rs 300-400

range valuing the company at over $100 billion.

COMPANY PROFILE

Company Name: Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd.

Type : Public

Founded : 19th century, incorporated 2000

Headquarters : Bharat Sanchar Bhawan, Harish Chandra

Mathur Lane, Janpath, New Delhi

CMD: R K Upadhyay

Industry: Telecommunications

Status: Mini Ratan (a status assigned to reputed public

sector companies in India.)

Products: Wireless, Telephone, Internet, Television

Revenue: US$ 9.67 billion (2007)

Owner(s): The Government of India

Website : Bsnl.co.in

SERVICES

BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India. Following are the

main telecom services provided by BSNL:

Universal Telecom Services : Fixed wireline services &

Wireless in Local loop (WLL) using CDMA Technology called

bfone and Tarang respectively. As of December 31, 2007,

BSNL has 81% market share of fixed lines.

Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is major

provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services using GSM

platform under the brand name BSNL Mobile[2]. As of March

31, 2007 BSNL has 17% share of mobile telephony in the

country.

Internet: BSNL provides internet services through dial-up

connection (Sancharnet) as Prepaid, (NetOne) as Postpaid and

ADSL broadband (BSNL Broadband). BSNL has around 50%

market share in broadband in India. BSNL has planned

aggressive rollout in broadband for current financial year.

Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL provides IN services like

televoting, toll free calling, premium calling etc.

SECTIONS

The BSNL is divided into following sections:

IX. MOBILE SECTION

X. E-10B SWITCHING

XI. OCB SWITCHING

XII. MDF

XIII. TRANSMISSION SECTION

XIV. MICROWAVE

XV. POWER STATION

XVI. BROAD BAND

XVII. COSTUMER CARE

Mobile Section

In this section we learnt how mobile communication takes

place.

There are two ways by which mobile communication takes place,

GSM

CDMA

The Basic Transmission Procedure:

1. BSC: Base Station Controller

2. BTS: Base Station TRANSCEIVER

3. MSC: Mobile Switching Center

4. HLR: Home Location Register

5. VLR: Visitor Location Register

6. AUC: Authentication Center

7. EIR: Equipment Identity Register

8. SC: Short Message Center

9. OMC: Operation and Maintenance Center

E-10B (ELECTRONICS - 10 BINARY)

Here we came to know about function of:--

OMC: -- Operation maintenance centre.

OC:--Monitoring unit.

ETA:--Frequency sender and receiver.

URM:--Multiplex connection unit.(5 unit)

CSE:--Subscriber connection unit.

DSF:--Stand by charge unit.

MR:--Multiresistor (5 unit)

MQ:--Marker (2 unit)

TR:--Translator (2 unit)

TX:--Tax (charging unit) (2 unit)

RLM:--Remote lining unit.

COM:--Switching module.

CX: -- Switching unit.

TAX (Trunk auto exchange)

This section deals when a caller picks up the receiver, gets the dial

tone and how the call is made and processed.

Transmission

The call is transmitted from telephone to:

Caller

/

D.P

/

Pillar

/

MDF

/

Exchange

/

Tax

/

Exchange

/

MDF

\

Pillar

\

D.P

\

Receiver

There are two types of media:

Guided Media (OFC)

Un-Guided Media.

BROADBAND

A trend of changes in telecommunication technology is

very fast. The need of hour is large bandwidth and its optimum

utilization at reasonable cost. Any data access rate more than

2Mbps is considered as broadband access.

As per the recent broadband policy of govt. of India, access

rate over 256kbps will come under category of broadband access.

Equipment's required in customer premises are

• Filter:-The filter separates out the signal for telephone.

(Called as Splitter)

• Modem:-The modem directs the signal to PC and TV.

• Set Top Box (STB)-The STB converts the digital IP based

signal to a form compatible with the TV set.

• PC and TV

What is DSL?

• A high speed digital communication line

• Has several advantages over other high speed

communication solutions.

• DSL runs on existing copper

• DSL helps carriers reduce congestion on their voice-

switching systems

• Very high speed.

Data Card

There are two type of data card:

1. IX data card (speed -144kbps (max))

2. E-VDO data card (speed - 2Mbps)

OCB EXCHANGE SYSTEM

Salient Features:

OCB stands for organ control bhersion.

Digital switching system developed by CIT ALCATEL of France.

OMC & S/N duplicated.

Varieties of service provided are: basic telephony, ISDN, Mobile,

Videotext etc.

Supports different types of signaling system.

Max. no. of junctions may be 60000 and 35 types of cards can be

used.

Less space requirement.

Automatic fault recovery and remote monitoring.

Environmental requirement is not very stringent.

MAJOR UNITS OF OCB SYSTEM

Subscriber Connection Unit (CSN)

A CSN basically consists of 1 basic rack and 3 extension racks

capacity of CSN is 5000.Subs may be analog and digital.

TRUNK & JUNCTION CONNECTION UNIT (SMT)

It is the interface between switching network and junctions from other

exchanges (or remote connection unit).

SWITCHING MATRIX

The Switching matrix is a single stage ‘t’ made up of host switching

matrix and branch selection & amplification function, SMX is

duplicated.

AUXILLIARY EQUIPMENT CONTROL STATION

(SMA)

It consists of frequency receiver/generator conference call CCTS, tone

generators etc.

CONTROL UNIT (SMC)

The six control units are as under:

Multi register (MR) for connecting and disconnecting calls.

Translator (TR) for storing exchange database.

Charging unit (TX) for carrying out charging jobs.

Marker (MQ) for performing connection & disconnection of

subscribers.

Ccs-7 controller (PC) for carrying out routing & traffic

management functions.

Matrix system handler (GX) for monitoring connection in S/N.

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE UNIT (SMM)

It is OMC for supervising functions of different units and for

taking suitable actions at the event of faults. Magnetic disks each of

capability 1.2 GB for various stages.

In the field of telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone

switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone

calls. A central office is the physical building used to house inside

plant equipment including telephone switches, which make phone

calls "work" in the sense of making connections and relaying the

speech information.

MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Mobile phones send and receive radio signals with any number of cell site

base stations fitted with microwave antennas. These sites are usually

mounted on a tower, pole or building, located throughout populated areas,

then connected to a cabled communication network and switching

system. The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice

and data to the nearest cell sites, normally not more than 8 to 13 km

(approximately 5 to 8 miles) away.

When the mobile phone or data device is turned on, it registers with the

mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its unique identifiers, and can

then be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming telephone

call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received

from the surrounding base stations, and is able to switch seamlessly

between sites. As the user moves around the network, the "handoffs" are

performed to allow the device to switch sites without interrupting the call.

Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two watts) radio

transmitters which broadcast their presence and relay communications

between the mobile handsets and the switch. The switch in turn connects

the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to

the public telephone network, which includes the networks of other

wireless carriers. Many of these sites are camouflaged to blend with

existing environments, particularly in scenic areas.

The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of digital

data that includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog

networks). The technology that achieves this depends on the system

which the mobile phone operator has adopted. The technologies are

grouped by generation. The first-generation systems started in 1979 with

Japan, are all analog and include AMPS and NMT. Second-generation

systems, started in 1991 in Finland, are all digital and include GSM,

CDMA and TDMA.

The nature of cellular technology renders many phones vulnerable to

'cloning': anytime a cell phone moves out of coverage (for example, in a

road tunnel), when the signal is re-established, the phone sends out a 're-

connect' signal to the nearest cell-tower, identifying itself and signaling

that it is again ready to transmit. With the proper equipment, it's possible

to intercept the re-connect signal and encode the data it contains into a

'blank' phone -- in all respects, the 'blank' is then an exact duplicate of the

real phone and any calls made on the 'clone' will be charged to the

original account.

Third-generation (3G) networks, which are still being deployed, began in

2001. They are all digital, and offer high-speed data access in addition to

voice services and include W-CDMA (known also as UMTS), and

CDMA2000 EV-DO. China will launch a third generation technology on

the TD-SCDMA standard. Operators use a mix of predesignated

frequency bands determined by the network requirements and local

regulations.

In an effort to limit the potential harm from having a transmitter close to

the user's body, the first fixed/mobile cellular phones that had a separate

transmitter, vehicle-mounted antenna, and handset (known as car phones

and bag phones) were limited to a maximum 3 watts Effective Radiated

Power. Modern handheld cell phones which must have the transmission

antenna held inches from the user's skull are limited to a maximum

transmission power of 0.6 watts ERP. Regardless of the potential

biological effects, the reduced transmission range of modern handheld

phones limits their usefulness in rural locations as compared to car/bag

phones, and handhelds require that cell towers be spaced much closer

together to compensate for their lack of transmission power.

Some handhelds include an optional auxiliary antenna port on the back of

the phone, which allows it to be connected to a large external antenna and

a 3 watt cellular booster. Alternately in fringe-reception areas, a cellular

repeater may be used, which uses a long distance high-gain dish antenna

or yagi antenna to communicate with a cell tower far outside of normal

range, and a repeater to rebroadcast on a small short-range local antenna

that allows any cell phone within a few meters to function properly.

GSM

Global System for Mobile communications (GSM: originally from

Groupe Special Mobile) is the most popular standard for mobile phones

in the world. Its promoter, the GSM Association, estimates that 82% of

the global mobile market uses the standard. GSM is used by over 3

billion people across more than 212 countries and territories. Its ubiquity

makes international roaming very common between mobile phone

operators, enabling subscribers to use their phones in many parts of the

world. GSM differs from its predecessors in that both signaling and

speech channels are digital, and thus is considered a second generation

(2G) mobile phone system. This has also meant that data communication

was easy to build into the system.

The ubiquity of the GSM standard has been an advantage to both

consumers (who benefit from the ability to roam and switch carriers

without switching phones) and also to network operators (who can choose

equipment from any of the many vendors implementing GSM). GSM also

pioneered a low-cost, to the network carrier, alternative to voice calls, the

Short message service (SMS, also called "text messaging"), which is now

supported on other mobile standards as well. Another advantage is that

the standard includes one worldwide Emergency telephone number, 112.

This makes it easier for international travellers to connect to emergency

services without knowing the local emergency number. Newer versions

of the standard were backward-compatible with the original GSM phones.

For example, Release '97 of the standard added packet data capabilities,

by means of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Release '99

introduced higher speed data transmission using Enhanced Data Rates for

GSM Evolution (EDGE).

GSM is a cellular network, which means that mobile phones connect to it

by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. GSM networks operate in

four different frequency ranges. Most GSM networks operate in the 900

MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Some countries in the Americas (including

Canada and the United States) use the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands

because the 900 and 1800 MHz frequency bands were already allocated.

The rarer 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some

countries, notably Scandinavia, where these frequencies were previously

used for first-generation systems.

GSM-900 uses 890–915 MHz to send information from the mobile

station to the base station (uplink) and 935–960 MHz for the other

direction (downlink), providing 124 RF channels (channel numbers 1 to

124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45 MHz is used. In some

countries the GSM-900 band has been extended to cover a larger

frequency range. This 'extended GSM', E-GSM, uses 880–915 MHz

(uplink) and 925–960 MHz (downlink), adding 50 channels (channel

numbers 975 to 1023 and 0) to the original GSM-900 band. Time division

multiplexing is used to allow eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech

channels per radio frequency channel. There are eight radio timeslots

(giving eight burst periods) grouped into what is called a TDMA frame.

Half rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel

data rate is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms.

The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts

in GSM850/900 and 1 watt in GSM1800/1900.

GSM has used a variety of voice codecs to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into

between 5.6 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types

of data channel they were allocated, were used, called Half Rate

(5.6 kbit/s) and Full Rate (13 kbit/s). These used a system based upon

linear predictive coding (LPC). In addition to being efficient with bit

rates, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of

the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect

these parts of the signal.

GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)

codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full rate channel. Finally, with the

development of UMTS, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec

called AMR-Narrowband, which is high quality and robust against

interference when used on full rate channels, and less robust but still

relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate

channels.

There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—macro, micro, pico,

femto and umbrella cells. The coverage area of each cell varies according

to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells

where the base station antenna is installed on a mast or a building above

average roof top level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is

under average roof top level; they are typically used in urban areas.

Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters;

they are mainly used indoors. Femtocells are cells designed for use in

residential or small business environments and connect to the service

provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells

are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in

coverage between those cells.

Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain

and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several

tens of kilometers. The longest distance the GSM specification supports

in practical use is 35 kilometers (22 mi). There are also several

implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius

could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type

of terrain and the timing advance.

Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using

an indoor picocell base station, or an indoor repeater with distributed

indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals

from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna

system. These are typically deployed when a lot of call capacity is needed

indoors, for example in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not

a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building

penetration of the radio signals from nearby cells.

The modulation used in GSM is Gaussian minimum-shift keying

(GMSK), a kind of continuous-phase frequency shift keying. In GMSK,

the signal to be modulated onto the carrier is first smoothed with a

Gaussian low-pass filter prior to being fed to a frequency modulator,

which greatly reduces the interference to neighboring channels (adjacent

channel interference).

Network structure

The network behind the GSM system seen by the customer is large and

complicated in order to provide all of the services which are required. It is

divided into a number of sections and these are each covered in separate

articles.

The Base Station Subsystem (the base stations and their

controllers).

The Network and Switching Subsystem (the part of the network

most similar to a fixed network). This is sometimes also just called

the core network.

The GPRS Core Network (the optional part which allows packet

based Internet connections).

All of the elements in the system combine to produce many GSM

services such as voice calls and SMS

The structure of a GSM network.

Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM),

commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card

containing the user's subscription information and phone book. This

allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets.

Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the

handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by

allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by

them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some

countries.

Many operators lock the mobiles they sell. This is done because the price

of the mobile phone is typically subsidized with revenue from

subscriptions, and operators want to try to avoid subsidizing competitor's

mobiles. The locking applies to the handset, identified by its International

Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number, not to the account (which is

identified by the SIM card). In some countries such as India, all phones

are sold unlocked.

GSM security

GSM was designed with a moderate level of security. The system was

designed to authenticate the subscriber using a pre-shared key and

challenge-response. Communications between the subscriber and the base

station can be encrypted. The development of UMTS introduces an

optional USIM, that uses a longer authentication key to give greater

security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user -

whereas GSM only authenticated the user to the network (and not vice

versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and

authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-

repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The

A5/1 and A5/2 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice

privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within

Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries.

Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to

break A5/2 in real-time with a cipher text-only attack, and in February

2008, Pico Computing, Inc revealed its ability and plans to commercialize

FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack. The

system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher

with a stronger one.

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the equipment which facilitates the

wireless communication between user equipments (UE) and the network.

UEs are devices like mobile phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers

with wireless internet connectivity, WiFi and WiMAX gadgets etc. The

network can be that of any of the wireless communication technologies

like GSM, CDMA, WLL , WAN, WiFi, WiMAX etc. BTS is also

referred to as RBS (Radio Base Station), Node B (in 3G Networks) or

simply BS (Base Station).

Though the term BTS can be applicable to any of the wireless

communication standards, it is generally and commonly associated with

mobile communication technologies like GSM and CDMA. In this

regard, a BTS forms part of the Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

developments for system management. It may also have equipments for

encrypting and decrypting communications, spectrum filtering tools

(band pass filters) etc. Antennas may also be considered as components

of BTS in general sense as they facilitate the functioning of BTS.

Typically a BTS will have several transceivers (TRXs) which allow it to

serve several different frequencies and different sectors of the cell (in the

case of sectorised base stations). A BTS is controlled by a parent Base

Station Controller via the Base station Control Function (BCF). The BCF

is implemented as a discrete unit or even incorporated in a TRX in

compact base stations. The BCF provides an Operations and Maintenance

(O&M) connection to the Network management system (NMS), and

manages operational states of each TRX, as well as software handling and

alarm collection. The basic structure and functions of the BTS remains

the same regardless of the wireless technologies.

BROADBAND

Broadband in telecommunications refers to a signaling method that

includes or handles a relatively wide range of frequencies, which may be

divided into channels or frequency bins. Broadband is always a relative

term, understood according to its context. The wider the bandwidth, the

greater the information-carrying capacity. In radio, for example, a very

narrow-band signal will carry Morse code; a broader band will carry

speech; a still broader band is required to carry music without losing the

high audio frequencies required for realistic sound reproduction. A

television antenna described as "normal" may be capable of receiving a

certain range of channels; one described as "broadband" will receive

more channels. In data communications a modem will transmit a

bandwidth of 56 kilobits per seconds (kbit/s) over a telephone line; over

the same telephone line a bandwidth of several megabits per second can

be handled by ADSL, which is described as broadband (relative to a

modem over a telephone line, although much less than can be achieved

over a fiber optic circuit, for example).

In data communications

Broadband in data communications can refer to broadband networks or

broadband Internet and may have the same meaning as above, so that data

transmission over a fiber optic cable would be referred to as broadband as

compared to a telephone modem operating at 56,000 bits per second.

However, broadband in data communications is frequently used in a more

technical sense to refer to data transmission where multiple pieces of data

are sent simultaneously to increase the effective rate of transmission,

regardless of actual data rate. In network engineering this term is used for

methods where two or more signals share a medium.

In video

Broadband in analog video distribution is traditionally used to refer to

systems such as cable television, where the individual channels are

modulated on carriers at fixed frequencies. In this context, baseband is

the term's antonym, referring to a single channel of analog video,

typically in composite form with an audio subcarrier. The act of

demodulating converts broadband video to baseband video.

However, broadband video in the context of streaming Internet video has

come to mean video files that have bitrates high enough to require

broadband Internet access in order to view them.

Broadband video is also sometimes used to describe IPTV Video on

demand.

In DSL

The various forms of Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) services are

broadband in the sense that digital information is sent over a high-

bandwidth channel above the baseband voice channel on a single pair of

wires.

In Ethernet

A baseband transmission sends one type of signal using a medium's full

bandwidth, as in 100BASE-T Ethernet. Ethernet, however, is the

common interface to broadband modems such as DSL data links, and has

a high data rate itself, so is sometimes referred to as broadband. Ethernet

provisioned over cable modem is a common alternative to DSL

BSNL is in the process of commissioning of a world class, multi-gigabit,

multi-protocol, convergent IP infrastructure through National Internet

Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide convergent services through the

same backbone and broadband access network. The Broadband service

will be available on DSL technology (on the same copper cable that is

used for connecting telephone), on a countrywide basis spanning 198

cities.

In terms of infrastructure for broadband services NIB-II would put India

at par with more advanced nations. The services that would be supported

includes always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential and

business customers, Content based services, Video multicasting, Video-

on-demand and Interactive gaming, Audio and Video conferencing, IP

Telephony, Distance learning, Messaging: plain and feature rich, Multi-

site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees. The

subscribe will be able to access the above services through Subscriber

Service Selection System (SSSS)portal.

 

OBJECTIVES

To provide high speed Internet connectivity (upto 8 Mbps)

To provide Virtual Private Network (VPN) service to the

broadband customers

To provide dial VPN service to MPLS VPN customers.

To provide multicast video services, video-on-demand, etc.

through the Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS).

To provide a means to bill for the aforesaid services by either time-

based or volume-based billing. It shall provide the customer with

the option to select the services through web server

To provide both pre-paid and post paid broadband services.

TECHNICAL CAPABILITY

The Broadband Service will be given through the state of the art Multi

Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP Infrastructure, which is

designed to provide reliable routes to cover all possible destinations

within and outside the country. Layer 1 of the network will consist of

a high speed Backbone comprising of 24 powerful Core Routers

connected with high speed 2.5 Gbps (STM-16) links. The routers are

located on the national DWDM network interfacing at STM-16 optical

level to provide for high transmission speeds.

Advantage of MPLS over other Technologies

MPLS VPN is a technology that allows a service provider like BSNL to

have complete control over parameters that are critical to offering its

customers service guarantees with regard to bandwidth throughputs,

latencies and availability.

Services available through Broadband

High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access

service with speed ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.

Bandwidth on Demand: This will facilitate customer to change

bandwidth as per his / her requirement. For example a customer

with 256 kbps can change to 1 Mbps during the video

Conferencing session.

Multicasting: This is to provide video multicast services for

application in distance education, telemedicine etc

Dial VPN Service: This service allows remote users to access their

private network securely over the NIB-II infrastructure.

Video and Audio Conferencing:

Content based Services: Like Video on Demand, Interactive

Gaming, Live and time shifted TV

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia

Bsnl