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英语的名词

名词是英语的一种重要词类。名词作为定语的三种结构使用名词所有格My sister’s car, the customer’s complaint名词用作定语A computer factory, a war film, the table leg介词词组用作定语The top of the page, a feeling of

disappointmentA book on English learning

A table leg, *a table’s legMy brother’s house, * the house of my

brotherThe earth’s gravity, the gravity of the earthA man from London, a London manA box of matches, a matchbox

所有格和作为定语的名词my father’s house, a ring-finger, a race-horse, a

horse-race’s 所有格的意义A has bJohn’s bicycle, my father’s headache, a butcher’s

shopA does sth to/with bThe girl’s story, a spider’s web, the general’

letterA women’s college, a men’s lavatory, boy’s

socks

A does bThe government’s decision, the volcano’s

eruption, the train’s arrival, a baby’s smileThe prisoner’s release, the President’s

assassination（时间）： today’s news, a night’s sleep, two

days’ journey, ten minutes’ walkA ten-minute walk, a five-day weekN+n结构： b does sth to a, b produces a, b goes

to a, b is in/from/for/with/about… aA book case, an oil well, a garden chair, the

airport bus

Please don’t put the dog’s food under the kitchen table, Lucy.

Dog food costs near as much as steak.Of结构：可替换’ s 所有格，但并非完全如此The arrival of the train, the train’s arrivalThe plan’s importance, the importance of

the plan但是The cost of the roof, *the roof’s cost

’s 用来分类The dog’s meat, dog meat但是， a bird’s nest, Cow’s milk, goat cheeseLamb’s wool, calf skin冠词和限定词的所指：That man’s houseThat bird’s nest

Of 结构名词作定语描写常见的事物Road sign, postman, an insurance man (一个概念）

Signs of improvement, signs of damage谈论具体实例时Leg muscles, the muscles of my right legA tree-trunk, the trunk of the old pear tree谈论装了东西的容器时A coffee-cup, a cup of coffeeA petrol can, a can of petrol

Of 结构常与 piece, bit, slice, lump等表示数量的词连用A piece of paper, a slice of cake, a bunch of

flowers, a pinch of salt用于带 back, front, side, top, bottom, edge,

middle, end, inside, outside等词的结构The back of the bus, the edge of the paper, the

middle of the night, the top of the mountain, the outside of the box, the end of the film

用于描写事物、人特征的词组A woman of medium height, a man of great

courage, a building of no architectural value, a decision of great importance

Of 结构用于地名The city of London, the village of Lower

Garsfield, the County of Durbam

’s 结构Produced by/from animalsSheep’s wool, a bird’s egg, cow’s milkThe animal is killed to provide something:

chicken soup, a lamb chopParts of animals’ bodies whether the animal is

living or dead: a sheep’s heart, a frog’s legUsed byWomen’s magazines, a children’s hospital, a

bird’s nest但是在 user does not control what is happening时： baby clothes, a birdcage, baby-food

A car engine usually lasts for about 80000 miles.That car’s engine is making a funny noise.

’s 结构表示时间The nine o’clock news, Sunday paperWhat did you think of last Sunday’s match?

单数还是复数？有些单数的词可与复数动词和代词连用。The team are playing wonderfully, aren’t

they?My family have decided to move to Florida. Police, people, cattle (look singular)有些复数的表达式可与单数动词和代词连用。Five pounds doesn’t buy as much as it used

to.News, a series, a crossroads (look plural) The company's headquarters is based in

London.

A number of my friends ___ (think) I should take a holiday.

A group of us ___ (have) decided to hire a boat and travel through Holland by canal.

The majority of the damage __ (be) easy to repair.

The majority of criminals ___ (be) non-violent.More than one person ___ (be) going to lose his

job.Fish and chips ___ (be) getting expensive.War and peace is the longest book I’ve ever

read.

We want to stay for another ten days.We’ll need an extra ten dollars.He’s been waiting for a good twenty-five

minutes.I go to Ireland every six weeks.

代词和名词性词组代词在会话用得比名词多。名词在新闻和学术语篇用得比名词多好几倍。回指回指人称代词和限定名词词组是主要的回指手段。人称代词是会话和小说的主要回指手段。限定性名词词组是新闻和学术语篇的主要回指手段。

They’ve got so much money. They their house is full of, it’s worth two hundred and fifty thousand. Their house in Sulfolk got to be worth about two hundred thousand. They’re buying a house this year in France. My cousin works at Jones … does designs. She’s a designer, she’s very famous. She designs a lot of clothes for Lord Browning. Her best friend is Princess Margaret.

Four carefully chosen plants in the centre row of the maintenance plot are placed under muslin bags to prevent cross-pollination. When flowering is over the bags are removed and the plants allowed to ripen normally. These four plants are the insurance against accidental loss of the pure line.

影响回指手段使用的一个因素是回指距离。指示代词人称代词指示代词＋同义词指示代词＋重复的名词The + 同义词The + 重复的名词

A school girl yesterday dropped a legal bid to divorce her parents after she made up with her mother. The 14-year-old had asked the High Court to rule that she could live with her boyfriend’s family. The deal was struck after talks between lawyers and Official Solicitor David Venables. But it is not yet known whether the teenager is returning to her mother or remaining with her 18-year-old boyfriend’s family.

In 1882 H. Weber gave a set of postulates for abstract groups of finite order. These postulates are essentially those in use today.

Two older directions taken in the 19th century by the theory of groups should perhaps be mentioned. One is Dyck’s concentration on systems of generators for a group, and on relations satisfied by these generators.

Types of nounsThe basic structure of noun-headed

phrasesDeterminer+premodifier+head+postmodifi

erA boat, the race, Australia’s best-known

businessman and yachtsmanThe rules of the race, a long way to go

Nouns can be broadly grouped into a small number of classes which differ in meaning and grammatical behaviour.

common, proper countable, uncountable

不同类型名词的使用反映了事物概念化的不同方式。Well we’ve got an oak out the front.The daughter had to bring in logs of oak

and pine.On May 29, a window was broken by a

stone.In the flat landscape of scrub and stone

there was nowhere one could hide.

名词单、复数的使用看作单个事物，还是看作物质或材料？The rattling carriage was full of rucksakes and hikers,

and black-dressed Greek ladies with chickens.Would you like some chicken for dinner? Tests on naturally contaminated eggs show

multiplication cannot occur in an intact egg, not even in the yolk.

She cooked me egg and chips and sat by me while I ate.

There is no way to tell how old a rock is merely by looking at its minerals.

Rock is defined as the inorganic mineral covering the earth’s surface.

不可数名词可作可数名词用Plant beverages include tea, coffee, wine, alcoholic

drinks, intoxicants, and sweet beverages.Six teas please.We learned to eat brown rice and yogurt and to

tolerate kasha and odd-tasting teas.It was in fact impossible to be strenuously diligent

after one of Mrs Sutton’s teas.I think I would like some wine though.That was only on forty nine a bottle. Which is

cheap cos a lot of non-alcoholic wines are expensive.

抽象名词也可有可数用法It pulls together a series of wide-ranging

recommendations for business, transport and education.

Although she was a girl she wanted an education.

They had received kindness, thoughts and good wishes from total strangers.

It would be a “cruel kindness” to uphold the county court order.

复数不可数（不因数的变化而变化）She wears those jigsaw-type clothes,

trousers usually.She reached for the scissors.Letters of thanks have been flooding

into our office.与 pair连用，可数A pair of trousers, a pair of scissors

专有名词人名、地名、物体名、机构名、节假日等与定冠词连用的专有名词：复数的地名： the Bahamas, the Great Smoky

Mountains江、河、海、洋、运河等地名： the Pacific, the

Panama Canal图书馆、戏院、博物馆、旅馆等： the Metropolitan

Museum, the Library of Congress某些报纸、杂志的： The Times, The Guardian

集体名词Army, audience, board, committee, crew, family,

jury, staff, teamThey elected a leader and a committee to represent

the three urban communities where they lived.官方机构和组织的名称： the Air Force, the BBC, the

Senate, the United Nations, British Rail, NBC, Congress, Parliament

The administration is an adept player and so is Congress.

The traditional view is that Parliament has no power to bind it successors.

Liverpool stayed on long without kicking a ball.

Collocations of collectivesBunch of, group of, set of, gang of, batch

of, series of, herd of, crowd of

Batch of Cakes, cards, blood tests, messages, pigs

Bunch of Idiots, thieves, roses, bananas, grapes

Crowd of Fans, spectators, shoppers

Gang of Bandits, drunken youths

Herd of Cows, deer, elephants

Series of Accidents, assertions, events, tests

Set of Assumptions, characteristics, conditions

The Indefinite Article用于非特指的场合I’m looking for a millionaire, she says, but I

don’t see many around.I feel terrible. I need a friend. 用于某类人或事物My husband is a doctor.A doctor is not better than his patient.

The Zero Article与不可数名词和复数可数名词连用We have wine on the table, drink it.Two of his cousins are teachers, his sister is a

teacher.Inside the house Mr Summers found a family of

cats shut in the bathroom.三餐Are they going out for dinner or something?Bye bye, dear, thanks for the lunch.机构（重点不在机构而不是某个实体）They are in hospital, badly injured.We were at university together.

The church serves a population of 18000.The university has increased the number of

students.交通 /通讯工具Go by bus/car/coach/plane/sea/taxiTravel by air/car/rail/horseSend by mail/email日子Tomorrow at dawn we’ll begin our journey.It’s not safe to walk the streets at night.But: She sat and waited for the dawn./He woke up

again in the middle of the night.

日期、月份、季节It was on the radio on Sunday.The UN team spent three weeks visiting the

camps in September. When winter comes in 12 weeks, they will

freeze.ButMost of the winter I never see daylight.That was the Sunday before we moved.

平行结构He travelled from country to country.She has had to make the difficult transition from

child to adult star.Thankfully, it has turned out all right from mother to

baby.零块语：出现在新闻标题、标签、告示等Oldest Living Person Marks 127th Birthday呼语I’ll see you later, mate.Teacher! Teacher! Teacher!Do you want that, baby?

统称Beer is, quite rightly, Britain’s favorite Friday

night drink. In Ghana coconut wine is not as popular and

common as palm wine.可数名词可用零冠词和复数Horses are intelligent animals.也可用定冠词 /不定冠词＋单数（较不常见）A doctor is not better than his patient.The reader will be shocked by this.

Quantifiers All money, all (of) the moneySome money, some of the moneyMuch money, much of the moneyAll girls, all (of) the girlsSome girls, some of the girlsMany girls, many of the girls

全包括I’m just fascinated by all those things.Don’t go to that awful man and spend all that

money.Both amendments were defeated.Each强调个体，可用于指两者的场合； every强调群体中的一分子，不能用于指两者的场合。

The book is divided into three parts. Each part consists of chapters grouped together according to their relation to the major concepts of the Earth’s dynamics.

Every minute of every day, hundreds of millions of tonnes of coal are burned.

大量Many 和 much常用于否定句There weren’t many people there.The girl wasn’t paying much attention.A great/good many与复数可数名词连用， a

great/good deal of与不可数名词连用。 Plenty of, a lot of 和 lots of多用于口语。

He’s had a lot of trouble.

中等数量Insurance shares produced some

excitement.Some performances will be presented. 但是That is some horse. (赞许）Some 18 percent of managing directors

secured pay increases of over 20 per cent. (大约 )

少量A few, few, several与可数名词连用， a little与不可数名词连用。

A few, a little相当于 some, few, little表示比预计的少。With a little care he had no difficulty whatever in

putting his glass back on the table.Why do you take so little care?There were a few people sitting at the table in the

back.Though it was not late there were few people

about.

任意量、无There aren’t any women.Got any money?Either or both chromosomes(染色体 )

may divide.No method for the precise manipulation

of the embryo in utero has been divised.Neither method is entirely satisfactory.

用作复数的名词Where did you steal those pants? Pyjamas, shorts, glassesI can hear him on the stairs.Flight of steps/stairsThe surroundings were beautiful and the food

delicious.Our goods are second to none in the world

market.The minutes of the last meeting were

approved.

用作单数的名词My dear Alice, the symptoms of love are as

clear as those of measles. This news is brilliant.