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".-- - - 11. " " . .--- . - - 12. . )1( )1(,a) A. E. Ettlie, Taking Charge of Manufacturing.57 06 .Jossey Boss, San Francisco, 1988 PP b) A. Majchrzak, The Human Side of Factory.02 .Automation, Jossey Boss, San Francisco 1988 P - - 13. )2(. )3(. )2( ,P. S. Adler, Managing Flexible Automation ,3 .California Management Review, vol. 30 Nu .65 43 .1988, PP )3( E. G. Flamholtz and J. M. Facey, Personnel Management, Human Capital Theory, and Human Resrouce Accounting Institute of Indsutrial ,Relations, University of California Los Angeles.021 001 .1981, P.P- - 14. )4( : - . - .- *. )4( G. S. Odiorne, Strategic Management of Human Resources: A Portfolio Approach, Jossey Bass .991 .Inc., Publishers, San Francisco, 1984, P* .Off The Job Problems - - 15. - . )5( )6( . )7( )5( S. A. Spenner, Deciphering Prometheus: Temporal Change in the skill level of work, American .428 .Sociological Review, vol. 48, 1983, P )6( R. E. Walton and G. I. Susman, People Policies for ,7891 ,2 the New Machines, H. B. R. vol. 65. Nu .601 89 .PP )7( ,R. M. Hodgetts, Modern Human Relations at Work The Dryden Press, Marcourt Brace Jovanovich, San.764 664 .Diego, 1993, PP - - 16. . )( . )8( . . )8( A. W. Shermarnr, et. Al, Managing Human .Resources, South Western Publishing Co.25 .Cincinnati, Ohio, 1988, P - - 17. )9( . ( 9)M. Beer and B. spector, (ed), Readings in Human,Resources Management, The Free Press, New York.713 613 .1985, PP- - 18. : - )( )01(: )01( / / .- - 19. - . - / .- / .- . .- - 20. )( / / / // / / - , , , ,,,- / . - / , , , ,, , . - - )11( :)11( )( - . - - 21. - . - . - . - . )21(- )21( : ( / . ( .- - 22. , % . )( . . - - 23. )( / / ,, ,, / ,, / ,, / , / , , / , / , , : :- - 24. : - .- . - . - .- - 25. : - ) (. - :- .- .- . - . - - 26. - )/ ( ) ( )/ ( ) ( )/ ( ) ( )/ ( ) (. - )(.- - 27. - : . - : . - : . - - 28. - : : - .- .- .- . - . - . - .- .- .- : % - - 29. )31( )( . )( , % - - , % , % - )31(. ): ( . - - 30. - , % - , % , % - , % , % - , % - - % . - - 31. - : . ) (.- - 32. - : )41( AMT JIT TQM )51(. )41( P. F. Drucker, The Emerging Theory of .Manufacturing, H. B. R., Vol. 90, Nu 3, 1990, PP.201 49 )51( J. W. Dean and S. A. Snell, Integrated Manufacturing and Job Design: The moderating effect of Organization Inertia, The Academy of.408 677 .Management Journal, Vol. 34, 1991, PP - - 33. )61(. )71(. . )81( )61( .877 .Ibid, P )71(T. G. Gunn, Manufacturing for Competitive (a 02 .Advantage Free Press, New York, 1987, PP .22 J. Mortimer, Ed., Integrated Manufacturing, (b .5891 ,Springer, Verlag and IFS, Berlin )81( S. A. Snell and J. W Dean. Integrated :Manufacturing and Human Resource Management A Human Capital Perspective, Academy of 764 .Management Journal, Vol. 35, Nu. 3, 1992, PP.405 - - 34. TQM AMT JIT . )91( . . )91( .a) R. Jaikumar, Postindustrial Manufacturing, H. B .67 96 .R Vol. 64, Nu. 6, 1986, PP .971 .b) R. M Hodgetts, Op. cit. P ,c) M. Ainsworth and N. smith, Making It Happen .Managing Performance at work Prentice Hall, N .35 Y. 1993, P- - 35. )*( )02(. )12( )22(. * .Structural contingency theory )02( A. Majchrzak, The human side of factory .automation, Jossey Boss, San Francisco, 1988, pp 08 - 56 )12( H. Kern and M. Schumann, The Impact of .technology on jop content and work organization ,Working paper sociological research institute .0991 ,University of Geottingen, West Germany - - 36. . - : )32( )42(.)22()aF. Butera and j. E. Thurman, (Eds), Automation ,4891 ,and work disegn, North Holland Amsterdam .05 04 .pp )b.65 .A. Majchrzak, op. cit., p )c.02 .A. W. Sherman et. Al., Op. cit., P )32( ,N. J. Perry, The workers of the future, fortune.27 86 .Special issue, Spring / Summer, 199, pp )42( W. F. Cascio, Costing Human resources: The financial impact of behavior in organizations pws03 02 .Kent, Boston, 1991, pp - - 37. )52( : - )62(. . )52( ,H. S. Parnes, People power, CA: Sage publications .23 .Beverly Hills, 1984, p )62()a .33 .Ibid., p )b .86 84 .G. S. Odiorane, op. cit. pp- - 38. - )72( . )72( .83 .H. S. Parnes, op. cit., P(a R. W. Rumberger, The impact of surplus (b schooling on productivity and earings, Journal of.05 42 .human resources, Vol. 22, No. 1, 1987, pp- - 39. )82( )92(. - )82( G. S. Becker, The economic approach to human ,behavior, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.031 101 .1976, PP .24 .H. S. Parnes, op. City., P (a)92( M. C. T sang, the impact of underutilization of .education on Productivity: A case study of the U. S ,Bell companies, Economics of Education Review.452 932 .1987, Vol. 6, PP- - 40. . )03(. )13( ( 03)D. Jacoby, Legal Foundations of human capital 922 .markets, Industrial Relations, Vol 30, Nu 2, PP .052 13) (.74 54 .G. S. Odiorne, op. Cit., PP - - 41. . )( . )( )23( ( 23) .86 46 .Ibid., PP - - 42. )( . " " Stars Workhorses DeadwoodProblem Employee )( - - 43. )33( .- : )43( )33()a.921 821 .A. W. Sherman, et, al, op. cit, pp )b.275 075 .M. Beer and B., spector, op cit, pp 43) (.03 02 .W. F. Cascio, op. cit., PP - - 44. . )53(. . )53()a .85 .A. Majchrzak, op. cit, P )b .951 651 .A. W. Sherman, op. cit., PP - - 45. )63(. )73( .)63()a .991 491 .Ibid, PP )b .06 .A. Majchrzak, op. cit., P 73) (.977 .J. W. Dean and S. A. snell, op. cit., P- - 46. )83(. )93( )83(.52 02 .D. J. Mitchell, Op. cit., PP )93( J. R. Jones, Task Visibility, Free Riding, and Shirking: Explaining the effect of structure and technology on employee behavior, Acadamy of .596 486 .Management Review, Nu., 9 PP .405 764 .1- S. A. Snell and G. W. Dean, op. cit., PP - - 47. )04(.)04(405-764 .S.A. Snell and G.W. Dean, op.cit.. pp- - 48. : : - )( ) ( : - .- - 49. , % )( . - . - - 50. - . - . - ) ( . - - 51. - . - )( . - - - 52. . - . - . - . - - 53. - ) ( . - . - - - 54. ) (. )( . - )( : - . - - - 55. . - . - . - . - )( : - .- - 56. - . - . - . - . - )( : - . - - 57. - . - . - . - . - . - )( : - - 58. - . - . - . - . - . - )( - - 59. . . - )( : - . - . - .- - 60. - )( :- . - .- . - )( : - . - . - . - .- . - - 61. - )( : - . - . - . - )( - - 62. . .- - 63. % : - )( )( . . .- - 64. - : - .- . - .- . )( .- - 65. )( )/ ( )/( )/ ( )/ (. - . . . - - 66. " " . - - 67. )( . - - 68. - - 69. : - . - : ( : . - - 70. ( : .( : - - 71. .( : . . - . - - 72. :: :- 1- M. Ainsworth and N. Smith. Making ItHappen. Managing Performance at workPrentice Hall. N. Y. 1993. 2- G. S. Becker. The economic approach tohuman behavior, University of ChicagoPress, Chicago, 1976. 3- M. Beer and B. Spector, (ed.), Readings inHuman Resource Management, The FreePress, New York, 1985. 4- F. Butera and j. e. Thurman, (Eds),Automation and work design, NorthHolland Amsterdam, 1984. 5- W. F. Cascio, Costing Human resources:The financial impact of behavior inorganizations, pws Kent, Boston, 1991. 6- J. E. Ettlie, Taking Charge ofManufacturing, Jossey Boss, SanFrancisco, 1988. 7- E. G. Flamholtz and J. M. Facey, PersonalManagement, Human Capital Theory, and - - 73. Human Resource Accounting Institute ofIndustrialRelations, UniversityofCalifornia Los Angeles, 1981. 8- T. G. Gunn, Manufacturing for CompetitiveAdvantage Free Press New York, 1987. 9- R. M. Hodgetts, Modern Human Relationsat Work. The Dryden Press, Marcourt BraceJovanovich, San Diego, 1993. 10-H. Kern and M. Schumann, The Impact oftechnology on jop content and workorganization. Working paper sociologicalresearch institute. University of Geottingen,West Germany, 1990. 11-A. Majchrzak, The Human Side of FactoryAutomation, Jossey Boss, San Francisco1988. 12-J. Mortimer, Ed. Integrated Manufacture,Springer Verlag and IFS, Berlin, 1985. 13-G. S. Odiorne, Strategic Management ofHuman Resources: A Portfolio Approach,Jossey Boss Inc., Publishers, SanFrancisco, 1984. 14-H. S. Parnes, People Power, CA: Sagepublications, Beverly Hills, 1984. 15-N. J. Perry, The workers of the future,Fortune, Special issue, Spring/ Summer1991.- - 74. 16-A. W. Sherman, et. Al., Managing HumanResources, South Western Publishing Co.Cincinnati, Ohio, 1988. : 17-P.S.Adler,ManagingFlexibleAutomation,CaliforniaManagementReview, Vol. 30 Nu. 3. 1988. 18-J. W. Dean and S. A. Snell, IntegratedManufacturing and Job Design: themoderating effect of Organization Inertcia.The Academy of Management Journal. Vol.34, 1991. 19-P. F. Drucker, The Emerging Theoys ofManufacturing, H. B. R. Vol. 90. Nu. 3.1990. 20-D. Jacoby, Legal Foundations of humancapital marbets, Industrial Relations vol 6Nu. 2. 1988. 21-R. Jaikumar, Postindustrial Manufacturing,H. B. R. Vol. 64, Nu. 6. 1986. 22-R. W. Rumberger. The impact of surplusschooling on productivity and earings,Journal of human resources, Vol. 22. Nu. 1.1987. 23-S. A. Snell and J. W. Dean, IntegratedManufacturing and Human Resource- - 75. Management:A HumanCapitalPerspective, Academy of ManagementJournal, Vol 35, No. 3, 1992. 24-S. A. Spenner, Deciphering Prometheus:Temporal Change in the skill level of work,American Sociological Review, vol. 48.1983. 25-M. C. Tsorg, the impact of underutilizationof education on Productivity: A Case studyof the U. S. Bell companies, Economics ofEducation Review, 1987. 26-R. E. Walton and G. I. Susman, PeoplePolicies for the New Machines, H. B. R.vol. 65 27. Nu, 2. 1987. :: :- - . ) . ( : - - 76. - . - / . : - / / . - - 77. - - 78. - - 79. )( ) ... (. . . . . .- - 80. . . . - . . . . . .- - 81. )( % , , % - - 82. )( ) .. (. . . . . .- - 83. . . . . . . . - . - - 84. )( . . . . . - - 85. )( . . . . . - - 86. )( . . . . - . . - - 87. )( . . . . - - 88. : - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - . - - 89. )( % . , % . , % . % ., % . % . , % . % . , % , % . , % . - - 90. )( % . % . % . % . % .% . % . % .% . % - - 91. )( , % . , % ) (. , % ., % . , % . , % . , % . , % . , % . , % % % % ., % . - - 92. )( % . % .% .% .% .% . % % - - 93. )( % , % , % , % , % , % : % - , % - % - - 94. - - 95. - - 96. - - 97. - - 98. - - 99. - - 100. " " - - 101. /........................... . . . .... . - - 102. : . ) ( ) ... ( . . . . - - 103. . . . . . . . . .- - 104. . . . . . : . . - - 105. . . . . . . . . - - 106. . . . . . : - .- - 107. - .- .- .- .- . - . - .- .- .- . * .* . * . * .* .* . * . - - 108. : : - . - .- .- . - . - .- ... :- - 109. : " " : : :..................................... :................... :.......................... )/ (:............................. - -