HALAKAM

GNINRAEL DESAB TCEJORP

RALUKSAVOIDRAK METSIS IGOLOISIF IMOTANA

: helO nususiD

ITITSAN GNINAYDAM YKE

4001270190

UMLI NASURUJ NARETKODEK SATLUKAF NATAWAREPEK

AYAJIWARB SATISREVINU

EATIV MULUCIRRUC

AMAN ITITSAN GNINAYDAM YKE :

MIN 4001270190 :

NASURUJ NATAWAREPEK UMLI :

NATAKGNA A 9002 :

LTT 1991 IEM 02 ,REBMEJ :

TAMALA REBMEJ 82 ON UAIR .NLJ :

: NAKIDIDNEP TAYAWIR

- NDS GNARAKES( II ROL REBMEJ REBMEJ )1 ROL

- 2 IREGEN PMS REBMEJ

- REBMEJ 1 IREGEN AMS

- AYAJIWARB SATISREVINU NATAWAREPEK NASURUJ

RALUKSAVOIDRAK METSIS IMOTANA

06 kaynabes simtir araces tuynedreb gnay gnutnaj lawareb reluksavoidrak metsiS -

001 tinem/x taharitsi taas 021 nad - tuyned apiteS .agarhalo taas tinem/x 061

nagniraj utaus malad hubut hurules ek gnutnaj irad rilagnem harad nakbabeynem

gnutnaj ek ilabmek naidumek relipak nad ,loiretra ,iretra irad iridret gnay pututret

alunev iulalem .anev nad

gnay pututret tropsnart metsys utaus nakapurem reluksavoidraK metsiS nenopmoK

: tukireb nenopmok aparebeb irad iridret

harad apmomep igabes gnutnaj .1

isirtun nad negisko iretam awabmep iagabes harad nenopmok.2

uata aidem iagabes harad hulubmep.3 nenopmok irad nalaj

hubut hurules raga kiab gnay isgnuf ikilimem surah tubesret nenopmok agiteK tapad

.taukeda gnay isirtun nad negisko nakosap amirenem

GNUTNAJ .A

kilabret adimarip itrepes katelret tucurek uata rip haub itrepes kutnebreb gnutnaJ

agned 052 ayntareB .sata id adareb )sala( sisab nad hawab id adareb )kacnup( skepa n -

rasebes gnutnaj awhab nakatagnem gnay tapadnep adA .asawed gnaro adap marg 053

.mc 9 ratikes rabel nad mc 21 ratikes gnajnap uata asawed gnaro nagnat nalapek

ap katelret gnutnaJ munitsaidem aggnor adap ayntapet )xaroht muvac( adad aggnor ad

urap aratnaid - nanak nad irik urap

tubesid gnay gnutnaj iratignem gnay tupales tapadreT gnutnaJ malaD muidrakirep ,

:nasipal aud irad iridret

- silateirap muidrakireP urap nad adad gnalut adap takelem raul nasipal :

- silaresiv muidrakireP /gnutnaj naakumrep nasipal : muidrakipe

nariac tapadret ini nasipal audek aratnaiD muidracirep

GNUTNAJ RUTKURTS

: nasipal3 irad iridret gnutnaj gnidniD

.1 raul nasipaL )muidrakipe(

gnutnaj gnidnid irad sata gnilap nasipal nakapurem muidrakipe nasipaL nususret

sata

lailetosem nasipal

.2 hagnet nasipaL )muidrakoiM(

L gnay gnutnaj lanoisgnuf nasipal nakapurem gnay muidrakoim nasipa

naknikgnumem

utiay awemitsi tafis iaynupmem muidrakoiM .apmop iagabes ajrekeb gnutnaj

ajrekeb

upmam nad akgnar toto irad amal hibel iskartnok isarud ,)kinegoim( monoto araces

.kimtir araces iskartnokreb

- idrakoim nasipal nalabeteK adebreb gnutnaj nagnaur paites adap mu - .adeb

anerak labet gnilap gnay muidrakoim nasipal iaynupmem irik lekirtneV

iaynupmem

hibel nabeb kutnu tareb iaynupmem gnay kimetsis isalukris ek harad apmomem

narila nanahat bel harad .raseb hi

- sakreb irad nususret gnay toto tubares - .gnutnaj ganur isipalem larips sakreb

iskartnoK .raseb iretra ujunem gnaur raulek harad “ nakenem “ muidrakoim

- d muirta muitisnis utiay toto sakreb aud irad iridret muidrakoiM na muitisnis

paiteS .lekirtnev isgnufreb gnay siralakretni suksid nakhasipid toto tubares

muitisnis aratnA .gnutnaj toto les paites adap slupmi naratnah tapecrepmem

muirta

nad gnay susorbif suluona nakamanid gnay gnabul tapadret lekirtnev muitisnis

.lekirtnev ek muirta irad ladonretni tubares aynkusam tapmet nakapurem

.3 malad nasipaL )muidrakodne(

kutnebmem gnay nasipal nakapurem muidrakodne nasipaL malad naigab

mem kutnu nicil tagnas gnay letodne nasipal nakapurem nad gnutnaj utnab

.gnutnaj naklaggninem nad ikusamem harad narila

GNAUR – GNUTNAJ GNAUR

tubesid sipit gnidnidreb 2 utiay ,gnaur 4 irad iridret gnutnaJ muirta 2 nad )ibmares(

tubesid labet gnidnidreb lekirtnev )kilib(

.1 muirtA

.a muirtA irad negisko hadner harad gnupmanep iagabes isgnufreb nanak

ek nakapmopid harad naidumeK .hubut hurules lekirtnev iulalem nanak

butak .urap ek ayntujnales nad

.b muirtA 4 iulalem urap audek irad negisko ayak gnay harad amirenem irik

haub silanomlup anev ek rilagnem harad naidumeK . lekirtnev iulalem irik

iulalem hubut hurules ek ayntujnales nad butak .atroa

audeK muirta tubesid gnay takes helo nakhasipid irta mutpes .mu

.2 lekirtneV

tubesid gnay toto rula rula nakapureM .alukebart tubesid lojnonem gnay rulA

siralipap suluksum butak nuad ipet nagned nakgnubuhid ayngnuju ,

relukirtnevoirta tubesid gnay tares helo eanidnet adrok .

.a lekirtneV irad harad amirenem nanak muirta ek nakapmopid nad nanak

iulalem urap silanomlup iretra

.b lekirtneV hurulesek nakapmopid nad irik muirta irad harad amirenem irik

iulalem hubut atroa

audeK irtnev lek tubesid gnay takes helo nakhasipid .lekirtnev mutpes

GNUTNAJ PUTAK PUTAK

.1 putaK relukirtnevoirta

aratna katelreT muirta nad lekirtnev aratnaid katelret gnay putaK . muirta nad nanak

lekirtnev putak nuad haub 3 iaynupmem nanak .)dipsukirt ( gnay putak nakgnadeS

aratnaid katelret muirta nad irik lekirtnev putak nuad haub aud iaynupmem irik lartiM ( .)

irad rilagnem harad naknikgnumeM muirta ek lekirtnev esaf adap elotsaid nad

esaf adap kilab narila hagecnem .kilotsis

.2 putaK ranulimeS

.a adap katelret lanomluP putaK silanomlup iretra ini hulubmep nakhasimem nad

irad lekirtnev .nanak

.b aratna katelret atroA putaK lekirtnev nad irik .atroa

haub 3 irad iridret amas gnay kutneb iaynupmem ini putak audeK gnay putak nuad

aynada .sirtemis gnisam irad rilagnem harad naknikgnumem ini putak - gnisam

lekirtnev amales iretra ek elotsis utkaw adap kilab narila hagecnem nad .elotsaid

HARAD HULUBMEP .B

HARAD HULUBMEP SINEJ

aD ulubmep iulalem hubut hurules ek nakradeid har araceS .)reluksav( harad h

mumu utiay nasipal 3 irad iridret harad hulubmep :

.1 .tauk gnay taki nagniraj apureb raul gnilap nasipal nakapurem aisitnevda akinuT

.2 akinuT .solop toto irad iridret gnay hagnet nasipal nakapurem aidem

.3 les irad iridret harad hulubmep irad malad gnidnid kutnebmem amitni akinuT - les

.letodne

les aratna haleC - bmem letodne les irop kutne - .harad hulubmep irop

iay macam 3 ada harad hulubmeP .relipak nad anev ,iretra ut

RELIPAK

akinut helo kutnebid aynah ,sipit tagnas gnay licek harad hulubmep nakapurem relipaK

hulubmep aratna taz narakutrep sesorp nakhadumem aggnihes ajas amitni harad

.nagniraj uata les nagned

: halada relipak isgnuF

- neP anev nad iretra gnubuhg

- taz narakutrep aynidajret tapmeT

- susu adap isirtun isbrosbA

- nig adap isartliF laj

- rajnelek terkes isbrosbA

IRETRA

harad nakrilagnem gnay harad hulubmep nakapurem iretrA hurules ek gnutnaj irad

.hubut nay harad awabmem iretrA gisko ayak g .silanomlup iretra ilaucek ,ne

nasipal agit irad nususret iretrA gnidniD rutkurtS :

asorbif taki nagnirajirad iridret aisitnevda

citsale tubares uata/nad solop toto irad iridret hagnet aidem

les irad kutnebret gnay sipit abut utaus ,malad amitni - les lailehtodne

:iretra sineJ

kitsalE iretrA .1 nagniraj irad amaturet nususret gnutnaj adap rasebret iretra =

.citsale

A .2 kureb ralucsum iretra idajnem gnabacreb citsale iretra = ralucsuM iretr gnades naru

nad snopserem kutnu ayngnidnid adap solop toto tubares ikilimem

sulumits faras )ratnahgnep( rabeynep iretra tubesid ini iretrA .

aynnemul naruku metsys rutaid gnay harad emulov aggnihes ,faras

gabreb ek mirikid ia nahutubek ihunemem kutnu hubut naigab

nakiladnekid tapad utnetret

to irad nususret licek iretrA .3 magareb gnay halmuj malad citsale tubares nad to

.4 ,labet ralucsum gnidndid nad tipmes nemul nagned licek iretra nakapurem loiretrA

id anerak nanahat iretra tubesid ini hulubmeP .ralipak nagniraj ek harad awabmem

tapmis faras huragnep hawab si , amatnu nanahat isis nakaideynem ini hulubmep

kutnu harad nanaket naktakgninem

ANEV

hubut hurules irad harad nakilabmegnem gnay harad hulubmep nakapurem aneV

aggnihes gnutnaj ek .kilab hulubmep alup nakamanid pal agit iaynupmem aneV nasi

gnaruk ,sipit hibel gnay solop toto nasipal iaynupmem ipatet iretra itrepes nad tauk

.)spalok( sepmek hadum

- aneV .)elbisnetsid( gnabmegnem tapad nad sipit gnidnidreb anev metsiS

gnupmanem arad nakilabmegnem nad latot harad emulov %57 k h malad gnutnaj e

gnay nanaket hadner tagnas

- relipak ek ilabmek harad )kilab sura( wolfkcab hagecnem kutnu putak ikilimem aneV

:aneV sineJ

gnirraj anev gnuju irad lawareb anev metsiS - ralipaktsop alunev nagned ralipak gniraj

ajnem utaynem gnay .raseb anev nad gnades ,licek anev idajnem naidumek nad alunev id

GNUTNAJ ADAP RASEB HARAD HULUBMEP

natakedreb gnay raseb harad hulubmep aparebeb adA : utiay gnutnaj nagned aynkatel

roirepuS avaC aneV .1

awabmem gnay raseb anev halada roirepus avac aneV b hubut irad rotok harad naiga

.nanak muirta ujunem sata

roirefnI avaC aneV .2

b naigab irad rotok harad awabmem gnay raseb anev halada roirefni avac aneV hawa

.nanak muirta ek amgarfaid

airanoC suniS .3

abmem gnay gnutnaj id raseb anev halada yranoroc suniS ad aw gnutnaj irad rotok har

.iridnes

silanomluP suknurT .4

irad rotok harad awabmem gnay raseb harad hulubmep halada knurt yranomluP

nad nanak utiay 2 idajnem igabid silanomlup iretrA .silanomlup iretra ek nanak lekirtnev

irad rotok harad awabmem gnay irik mlup urap audek ek knurt yrano - .urap

silanomluP aneV .5

irad hisreb harad awabmem gnay irik nad nanak utiay 2 idajnem igabid ,silanomlup aneV

urap audek - .irik muirta ek urap

snednesA atroA .6

b harad awabmem gnay raseb harad hulubmep utiay ,atroa gnidnecsA irad hisre

bawaj gnuggnatreb gnay ayngnabac ek )atroa gnukgnel( atroa sukra ek irik lekirtnev

b hubut nagro nagned .sata naiga

snedneseD atroA .7

gnuggnatreb nad hisreb harad awabmem gnay atroa naigab utiay,atroa gnidnecseD

b naigab hubut nagro nagned bawaj awa h

GNUTNAJ TIKAYNEP IGOLOIMEDIPE

DP nad JP susak nanurunep nagnurednecek idajret ujam arageN iD

8891 nuhat aratna :hotnoc( - aratnemes ,%03 rasebes nanurunep idajret ASU id 8991

ayag nakiabrep helo nakbabesid gnay )%24 aidewS id ignarugnem itrepes ,pudih

.natahesek padahret iggnit gnay naradasek takgnit nad )kokor( uakabmet ismusnok

aynada utiay ,aynkilabes gnay lah idajret gnabmekreb aragen id aratnemeS

kbabesid gnay DP nad JP susak natakgninep nagnurednecek pudih ayag helo na

tarabek" - ,)naklaggnitid ialum hadus tarab ainud id aynranebes gnay( "natarab

.tujnal aisu halmuj natakgninep nad isasinabru

halasam nabeb habmanem halet tubesret naadaek gnabmekreb aragen iD

d surah gnay natahesek iskefni tikaynep nad izig gnaruk halasam aratnemeS .ipadahi

DP nad JP aynmaladid kusumret ralunem kadit tikaynep ,isataret muleb hisam

tikaynep aynlubmit nagned igal habmatid ,isnelaverp natakgninep imalagnem -

IA itrepes urab tikaynep sataid igoloimedipe isisnart narabmaG .)gnurub ulf nad SD

nagnaluggnanep naksatiroirpmem malad ipadahid surah gnay nagnatnat idajnem

TRKS( aggnaT hamuR nataheseK ievruS lisaH iraD .aisenodn I id natahesek halasam

nakukalid gnay)6891 gnutnaj tikaynep isnelaverp naklisahgnem nagned isniporp 7 id

51 rumu nagnolog adap aynnial nad kimeksi -- 000.001 rep 3,81 halada nuhat 42

54 rumu nagnolog adap majat nagned takgninem ini akgnA .kududnep -- ,nuhat 45

6,471 inkay rumu adap kududnep 000.001 rep 9, 164 nad kududnep 000.001 rep

amatu babes nagned raluksavoidrak naitamek nakgnadeS .sata ek nuhat 55

nad kududnep 000.001 rep 5,71 halada aynnial nad kimeksi gnutnaj tikaynep

reb gnay naitamek 000.00 1 rep 4,72 halada tubesret tikaynep nagned natiak

.kududnep

HULUBMEP NAD GNUTNAJ TIKAYNEP NAILADNEGNEP NAMODEP .7002 ,IR sekpeD

ATRAKAJ :IR SEKPED .HARAD

RALUKSAVOIDRAK METSIS IGOLOISIF

.A ISALUKRIS METSIS

kimetsiS isalukriS .1

malad ek rilagnem irik muirta iraD .siranomluP aneV irad iriK muirtA ek kusam haraD

nad muirta nagnubmas id katelret gnay ,)VA(lekirtnevoirta putak iulalem irik lekirtnev

akrulasid harad ulaL .atroa butak iulalem atroa ujunem irik lekirtnev iraD .lekirtnev ek n

kimetsis isalukris hurules utaynem naidumek gnay relipak nad loiretra,iretra iulalem

anev kutnebmem - ek harad nakilabmegnem naka hubut hawab naigab irad aneV .anev

aneV ek harad nakilabmegnem hubut hawab naigab irad nakgnades roirefnI avaC aneV

uS avaK .nanak muirta ek araumreb naka tubesret avaK aneV audeK .roirep

isalukriS .2 lanomluP

gnay aynnial VA putak iulalem nanak lekirtnev ek rilagnem nanak muirta id haraD

rilagnem nad nanak lekirtnev irad raulek haraD .)siladipsukirt(siranulimeS butaK tubesid

.siranomlup iretra malad ek siranomlup putak itawelem gnabacreb siranomlup iretrA

gnisam gnay irik nad nanak siranomlup iretra idajnem - urap ek rilagnem gnisam - urap

nanak - .irik

urap iD - ilakreb gnabacreb siranomlup iretra ,urap - nad loiretra idajnem ilak naidumek

haubes iulalem nasapanrep narulas adapek isufrep rebmem relipak paiteS .relipak

idajnem alunev nad alunev idajnem ilabmek utaynem relipak aumeS .suloevla .anev

aneV - malad id rilagnem haraD .raseb gnay siranomlup anev kutnebmem utaynem anev

up anev .harad narila sulkis nakiaseleynem kutnu irik muirta ek ilabmek ulal ,siranoml

renoroK isalukriS .3

gnay negisko awabmem nad gnutnaj naakumrep hurules itupilem renorok isalukriS

naakumrep hurules itupilem renorok isalukriS .gnutnaj toto adap pukuc nad gnutnaj

ac iualalem muidrakoim kutnu negisko awabmem gnab - gnay laidrakoimartni gnabac

A .licek iapacnem takgninem saib nad gnutnaj haruc irad % 5 amirenem renorok iretr

.nakulrepid alib %52

csed iretra idajnem gnabac kutnebmem areges irik renorok iretrA roiretna snedne

ujunem hawab ek nalajreb irik roiretna snednecsed iretrA .askelfmukris iretra nad

aparebeb gnabacreb naidumek irik nad nanak lekirtnev aratna mutpes roiretna naigab

roiretna naigeb iharadrepmem kutnu ilak tnev roiretna toto assam nad mutpes ,irik lekir

irik lekirtnev nad irik muirta aratna id naigab adap nalajreb irik askelfmukris iretrA

rula id nalajreb nanak renorok iretrA .irik lekirtnev laretal gnidndid iharadrepmem atres

gnabacreb nad irik lekirtnev nad nanak muirta aratna - kutnu gnabac iharadrepmem

naigabes adaP .roiretsop lekirtnev ratna mutpes kusamret ,gnutnaj roiretsop naigab

iharadrepmem nanak renorok iretra ,gnaro raseb gnay gnutnaj nakirtsilep naigab

)VA( lekirtnevoirta sudon nad )AS( muirtaonis sudon utiay gnitnep

.B RUTKURTS DRAKOIM KIPOKSORKAM

O les sata iridret gnutnaj tot - .toto tares tubesid gnay susuhk tagnas gnay toto les

atip sata iridret gnutnaj toto tareS - gnay nemalifoim tubesid gnay nietorp tnemalif atip

naiakgnareb katelret mokras tubesid atip paiteS .nial amas utas toto adap remokraS .re

aera utaus kutnebmem kutnu aynipet naigab adap nial amas utas nagnubuhreb gnutnaj

.sutalakretni suksid nagned tubesid gnay netsiser nagned naigab nakapurem ini aerA

ataki kutnebmem ini hareaD .tawel tapad kirtsil sura aggnihes hadner tauk bgnay n

utas nakirat aggnihes ,apur naikimedes les ratna isehok naknahatrepmem ,taresratna

gnajnaopes naksurets tapad litkartnok tinu gnajnapes iD .aynhalbes tinu ek aynubmus

atres isis - atres les enarbmem ,suksid taked toto tares - natakedreb gnay tares utaynem

tapmet kutnebmem huaj pukuc - nakapurem ini naumetrep tapmeT .naumetrep tapmet

natnabmej - ek tares irad gnasgnar narabeynep kutnu hadner nanahatreb natnabmej

.nial tares

NEMALIFOIM

nemlaiF - j litkartnok nietorp irad taubret remokras id raseb nemalif gnay gnutna

ek nisoym tnemalif irad nalajreb gnay gnalis natabmrj kutnebreT .nisoym tubesid

aud nad nitka utiay audek litkartnok nietorp pukacnem sipit tnemaliF .sipit tnemalif

nisoimoport lamron naadaek malaD .ninoport nad sisoimoport : rotaluger nietorp

tubesret nietorp aggnihes ,apur naikimedes nitka lukelom paites ek takelem

raga takelem nisoym gnalis natabmej aynsurahes tapmet nitak aid haread ignalahgnem

apmomem kutnU .nitka nemlaif nad nisoimoport ek takelem ninoporT .iskartnok idajret

itkefe nagned kutnU .laggnut tinu iagbes iskartnokreb ialum surah gnutnaj toto ,f

les iskartnok - nakukalem surah les enarbmem ,natlumits araces muidrakoim les

aynutkaw iauses isasiraloped

ISKARTNOK RELUKELOM RASAD

isasiraloped halada iskartnok aynidajret lukelom rasaD nasapelep nad gnutnaj toto

.isaskaler nad ,gnutnaj toto les malad ek muislak xulfni ,iska laisnetop

gnutnaj toto nagniraj irad kitamargaid araces nagnotoP

iskA laisnetoP nasapeleP nad gnutnaJ totO isasiralopeD

leS - iridnes iskartnokreb gnutnaj toto les les anerak - imalagnem tubesret les

les utiay ,natnops isasiraloped - malad naigab id fitisop nataumreb idajnem tubesret les

les enarbmem anerak idajret natnops isasiralopeD .les raul naigab nagned nakgnidnabid

elbaemrep tafisreb taharitsi naadaek adap gnutnaj noi padahret - rocob gnay muirtan noi

nakbabeynem muirtan noi ,xulfni utkaweS .fitisop nataum awabmem nad les malad id

idajnem muirtan narulas akam ,utnetret gnabma utaus adap iapmas ales isasiraloped

akubret gnay gnutnaj ales paitesid esatlov padahret akep sura nakbabeynem ini laH .

noi raseb - halkutnebret nad les malad ek kusam fitisop nataumreb gnay muirtan noi

id fitisop idajnem tapec hibel les paites enarbmem laisnetop anerak ,iska laisnetop

.raul naigab nagned nakgnidnabid malad naigab

k muislaK skulfnI gnutnaJ totO leS malaD e

narulas ,kutnebret iska laisnetop utkaweS - muislak narbmem narulas - muirtan

id aynanapmiynep tapmet irad amsalpotis maladek kusam muislak nad akubmem

muislak narulaS .gnutnaj les amsalpokras muluciter - gnay narulas nakapurem muirtan

rulaJ .akubmem tapec hibel gnay muirtan narulas nagned nakgnidnabid akij tabmal

halada iska laisnetop amales gnutnaj toto les malad ek kusam kutnu muislak igab agitek

sulubut iulalem rulaJ .sesrevsnart - nemetrapmok aratna gnubuhgnep nakapurem ini rulaj

iac .lesartske nad lesartni nar

gnutnaJ totO iskartnoK

amsalpotis malad id fitka isakol adap muislak noi naraulegneP : 1 esaF

.ninoport lukelom nagned natakireb muislak noi ,amsalpotis malad id haletes :2 esaF

ka lukelom irad resegreb nisoimoport nad ninoporT naknikgnumem aggnihes nit

nitka tnemalif nagned gnubagreb kutnu nisoym gnalis natabmej

nedneped esaPTA nafitkagnep idajreT:3esaF - enisoneda idajnem iaruret PTA nad nisoim

tafsop nad )PDA( tafsopid

akbabeynem PTA naiarugnep irad naksabebid gnay igrenE :4esaF gnalis natabmej n

nuyaret

nial amas utas resegreb nisoym nad nitka nimaliF .nisoym isavitkaer idajreT :5esaF

gnutnaj tuyned utas naknimrecnem iskartnok paiteS .toto iskartnok lubmit aggnihes

taharitsni remokras esaf :6esaF

oto isaskaleR t gnutnaj

natabmej irad naksabebid PDA utkaweS - natakireb nial PTA lukelom nad gnalis

.nitka irad hasipret nisoym natabmej akam ,nisoym nietorp nagned noi aidesret amaleS

suret nak toto nad gnalureb naka sulkis akam ,ninoport nagned natakireb kutnu muislak

kartnokreb sulkis kaynab ,idajret iska laisnetop utas amales ,aynaataynek adaP .is

nakitnehgnem aynrihka adap gnay aggnihes ,tnemalif naresegrep nad gnalis natabmej

kutnu igene naksabebmem gnay agitek PTAlukelom naiarugnep halada iskartnok

irad raulek muislak apmomem haread tabmahgnem nisoimoprt ,muislak apnaT .toto les

helo nakiaruid gnay PTA igal ada kadit nad takiret gnalis natabmej tapmet nitka adap

atabmej nanuya taubmem gnay nisoym esaPTA - leS .itnehret )iskartnok(gnalis - toto les

s aynnarbmem laisnetop ek ilabmek .akubret esatlov akep muilak narulas nad alume

laisnetop nakhiluimem nad les irad raulek aregeds ,fitisop noi nakapurem gnay muilaK

.evitagen gnay taharitsi takgnit ek ilabmek lesartni kirtsil

REFIREP ISALUKRIS NARUTAGNEP .C

firep harad narila akimaniD gnitnep gnilap gnay sigoloisif erusnu nakapurem re

:anerak

ralucsav nagniraj tafis adap gnutnagreb refirep id gnutnaj haruc irad isubirtsiD .1

gnutnaj ujunem ilabmek gnay harad halmuj adap gnutnagreb gnutnaj haruc emulov .2

haraD narilA pisnirP

araD narilA gnilas gnay elbairav aud adap gnutnagreb harad hulubmep iulalem h

:nanawalreb

.1 harad hulubmep gnuju audek aratna nanakeT takgninem harad narila ,takgninem

d k iretra irad isalukris hurules iulalem rilagnem hara iagbes anev hulubmep gnuju e

er nops :iulalem nakutnetid nanaket naadebreP .nanaket naadabrep padahret s

ataR iretrA haraD nanakeT .a - erusaerP lairetrA naeM( ataR - )PAM

nad utkaw gnajnapes raseb iretra hulubmep malad kutnebret gnay nanaket halada

nakapurem tar harad emulov nad snailpmok nanimrec - .iretra metsys malad atar

kilotsiS haraD nanakeT irad nakarikrepid tapad nad gHmm 001 halada lamron PAM

nagned )PBD ,erusaerP doolB cilotsaiD( cilotsaid nad )PBS, erusserP doolB cilotsys(

:sumur

PBS{(+PBD=PAM uata 3 : )}PBDx2{(+PBS( =PAM - )3:}PBD

erusaerP lairtA thgiR ( nanaK muirtA nanakeT .b - )PAR

naanapmomep isgnuf nad anev kilab narila aratna nagnabmiesek adap gnutnagreB

.nanak muirta

.2 isnetsiseR harad narila padahret ,nurunem takgninem harad narila .

gnidnabreb nad tare natiakreB .harad narila iskurtsbo nakapurem isnetsiseR

hulubmep malad nahaburep tikides ;harad hulubmep nemul naruku nagned kilabret

.isnetsiser padahret raseb gnay nahnaburep nakbabeynem harad tagnas harad narilA

.harad hulubmep nemul naruku nahaburep padahret evitisnes

isnetsiser ihuragnepmem gnay nial rotcaF nad harad hulubmep gnajnap halada

.harad satisoksiv

haraD narilA natapeceK

m aguj natapecek ,refirep metsys ek harad aynrilagnem nagneD anerak nurune

nagnabacrep gnapmanep saul adap takgninem evitaler nad fisergorp gnay nagnabacrep

saul adap idajret raseb gnay natakgninep ,relipak takgnit adaP .harad hulubmep

ini natabmalreP .harad narila natapecek naknurunem aggnihes hulubmep gnapmanep

em relipak adap cilobatem nad nanakam narakutrep aynidajret naknikgnum .

haraD narilA isubirtsID

harad narila aggnihes nahaburep imalagnem surenem suret nagniraj nahutubeK

akam ,nagniraj emsilobatem ayntakgninem nagneD .nakaiusesid surenem suret surah

harila kutnu atres isirtun nad negisko kosamem anug naktakgnitid surah harad

.emsilobatem rihka lisah gnaubmem

KISNIRTSKE NARUTAGNEP

rasebrepmem nagned naktakgnitid tapad nagro metsisek ujunem gnay harad narilA

sys utaus irad harad nakhadnimem uata gnutnaj haruc fitka kadit evitaler gnay nagro met

nagned sitapmiS faraS metsiS helo rutaid aynaudeK .fitka hibel gnay nial nagro metsys ek

:emsinakem

tuyned natakgninem iulalem gnutnaj haruc naktakgninem sitapmis faras nagnasgnaR .1

.iskartnok nataukek nad gnutnaj

es .2 amaturet refirep harad hulubmep nagniraj iapmas saulemkigrenerda sitapmis tubar

loiretra

.3 afla rotpeser gnasgnarem naka fitkeles araces sitapmis faras nagnasgnarep nahabureP

kutnu nial gnay nakrabelem nad utnetret loiretra aparebeb naktipmeynem ateb nad

r .nakhutubmem gnay relipak nagniraj ek harad isubirtside

nega akam ,faras iulalem narutagnep nialeS - iaynupmem aguj laromuh nega

,nirfenipe ,nimaloketek iserkeynem gnay lanerda alludem itrepes ksisnurtske huragnep

gek padahret nopser iagbes nirfeniperon nad sitapmis natai .refirep harad hulubmep id

harad irad lasareb gnay nial taZ - niletohdne nad ninotores,nisnetoigna,niserposav

ninikidarb itrepes( harad irad lasareb gnay taz nakgnadeS .iskirtnokosav malad narepreb

.rotalidosav iagabes narepreb )enimatsih nad

KISNIRTSNI NARUTAGNEP

snopser iagabes harad narila nahaburep utiay( harad narila iskirtsni narutagneP

gnay nagniraj malad gnitnep narepreb tagnas )lacol nagniraj nahaburep padahret

.harad narila nanurunep kutnu isnarelot nasatabretek ikilimem

emsinakeM nad negisko naaidesretek nanurunep nakbabeynem iskirtsni narutagnep

nagned isataid gnay )nahutubek natakgninep nupuam ialpus nanurunep anerek( isirtun

.nagniraj ek harad narila naktakgninem

harad narila nahaburep awhab naksalejnem gnay iroet aud tapadreT ini

.isirtun nad negisko nahutubek nagned natiakreb

nurunem isirtun naratnah alib uata nakatakgnitid msilobatem alib = rotalidosav iroeT .1

helo naklisahid gnay )2H nad +K noi,2OC,enisoneda(rotalidosav taz natakgninep idajret

angniraj

gisko gnaruk iroeT .2 naknahatrepmem malad gnitnep narepreb isirtun = isirtun nad ne

,isirtun gnaruk aliB .solop toto les iskartnok helo naklisahid gnay harad hulubmep sunot

.isatalidosav aynidajret nakbabeynem ,iskartnokreb upmam kadit solop toto les

alidosav iroet nanikgnumeK naamasreb idajret isirtun uata negisko gnaruk iroet nad isat

.isatalidosav naklamitpognem kutnu

iagbes harad naraila rutagnem kutnu naupmamek ikilimem aguj nagniraJ

natakgnineP .)iretra harad nanaket( isufrep nanaket nahaburep padahret snopser

rep nanaket nad isnetsiser nanurunep nagned isataid isuf isufrep nanaket nanurunep

harad narila naknahatrepmem kutnu naupmameK .isnetsiser natakgninep nagned isataid

.isalugerotuA tubesid isufrep nanaket nahaburep malad natsnok

NARUTAGNEP .D GNUTNAJ HARUC

haruC gnutnaJ

.tinemrep lekirtnev pait helo apmopid gnay harad emulov halada gnutnaj haruC

habureb aynraseB - .isirtun nad negisko naka refirep nagniraj nahutubek gnutnagret habu

atar gnutnaJ haruC - .tinem/L5 halad atar atres raseb gnutnagret aguj gnutnaj haruC

uku utiay ,taruka hibel gnay gnutnaj isgnuf rotakidni utaus nakulrepid akam ,hubut nar

nagned gnutnaj haruc igabmem nagned tapadid gnay ,)xedni caidrac( gnutnaj skedni

8,2 ratikes utiay ,hubut naakumrep saul – etil 6,3 .2m/tinem/r

emuloV emulov halada pucnukes aud ratikeS .kitedrep lekirtnev helo nakraulekid gnay

.kilotsis amales nakraulekid kilotsaid rihka adap lekirtnev malad harad emulov agitrep

gnutnaJ haruC utneneP rotkaF

utnaj isneukerf gnutnagret gnutnaj haruC emuloV nad gn .pucnukes

erf = gnutnaJ haruC pucnukes emulov x gnutaj isneuk

aratna id lekirtnev irad isaskaler edoirep akam ,tabmal nikames gnutnaj tuyned aliB

,lekirtnev naisignep utkaw naktakgninem aggnihes ,amal hibel idajnem gnutnaj tuyned

kraulekid gnay harad nad raseb hibel emulovreb lekirtnev haruc aliB .kaynab hibel na

ek naktakgninem nagned naklibatsid tapad gnutnaj haruc ,nurunem pucnukes natapec

:.gnutnaj tuyned

J tuyneD narutagneP gnutna

faras metsis kisnirtske narutagnep hawab id adaeb raseb naigabes gnutnaj isneukerF

sarap tubares ;monoto ,VA nad AS sudon ifarasrepmem sitapmis nad sitapmi

.slupmi iskudnok isneukerf nad natapecek ihuragnepmem

lamron gnutnaj adaP .gnutnaj tuyned isneukerf ignarugnem :sitapmisarap faras isalumitS

natapecek naknahatrepmem malad nanimod huragnepreb taharitsi nad gnutnaj tuyned

.tinemrep tuyned 08 ratikes

tikaynep adap nanimod huragnepreB .gnutnaj tuyned tapecrepmem :sitapmis isalumitS

isasnepmok naknahatrepmem malad nad gnutnaj isneukerf narutagnep malad gnutnaj

.gnutnaj

pucnukes emulov narutagneP

m pucnukes isI gnisam irad raulek nakapmopid gnay harad halmuj nakapure - gnisam

nabeb :lebairav agit irad gnutnagret pucnukes isI .tuynedreb gnutnaj paites lekirnev

.rihka nabeb nad ,satilitkartnok ,lawa

.1 lawA nabeB

tubares nagnagerep tajared halada lawa nabeB naisignep rihka adap muidrakoim

amales muidrakoim tubares nagnagerep :gnilratS mukuH nagned iauses ini laH .lekirtnev

nataukek naktakgninem naka elotsaid rihka emulov natakgninep iulalem elotsaid

erid gnay terak hotnoc iagabeS .kilotsis taas adap iskartnok naka lamiskam nakgnag

halada lawa nabeb nial atak nagneD .naksapelid taas naterpej nataukek habmanem

.kilotsis/iskartnokreb mulebes kilotsaid taas lamiskam gnagerem lekirtnev naupmamek

:lawa nabeb utnenep rotkaF

lawa nabeb naknurunem lartim isneisifusnI •

lawa nabeb naknurunem lartim sisosnetS •

nakgnadeS .lawa nabeb naktakgninem isalukris emulov natakgninep ,islaukris emuloV •

.lawa nabeb naknurunem isalukris emulov nanurunep

tabO • - tabo nakgnadeS .lawa nabeb naktakgninem rotkirtsnokosav tabo ,natabo - tabo

.lawa nabeb naknurunem rotalidosav

.2 rihkA nabeB

nakapmomem tapad kutnu lekirtnev gnidnid nagnaget aynraseb halada rihka nabeB

tabmahgnem gnay nanahat aynraseb nakrabmaggnem rihka nabeB .kilotsis taas harad

uj rihka nabeB .lekirtnev nagnosognep adap nabeb utaus iagabes nakitraid tapad ag

amales harad gnorodnem nad ,atroa ranulimes putak akubmem kutnu irik lekirtnev

.kilotsis/sikartnok

:ihuragnepid rihka nabeB

rihka nabeb naktakgninem atroa sisonetS •

hka nabeb naktakgninem refirep iskirtnokosaV • ri

rihka nabeb naktakgninem isnetrepiH •

rihka nabeb naktakgninem aimetisiloP •

tabO o - rotkirtsnokosav nakgnades ,rihka nabeb naknurunem rotalidosav ,natabao

.rihka nabeb naktakgninem

lekirtnev ajrek naktakgninem naka rihka nabeb sitsard araces natakgnineP habmanem ,

.lekirtnev nalagagek tabikareb tapad nad negisko nahutubek

.3 satilitkartnoK

toto naupmamek nakapurem satilitkartnoK - nad pucnugnem kutnu gnutnaj toto

toto nietorp iskaretni irad lisah nakapurem satilitkartnok natakgnineP .gnabmegnem

a nitk - gnutnaj toto satilitkartnok natakgnineP .muislak helo nakfitkaid gnay nisoim

kutnu lekirtnev naupmamek habmanem arac nagned pucnukes haruc rasebrepmem

.kilotsis amales aynisi nakgnosognem

GNUTNAJ HARUC IHURAGNEPMEM GNAY ROTKAF

TIKAYNEP SINEJ

.A esaesiD traeH yranoroC

isinifeD

amatu babeynep idajnem nad gnires gnilap gnay gnutnaj adap nauggnag sineJ

)8002 ,niaZ(.aisenodnI id utas romon naitamek

iranorok iretra natipmeynep anerak nakbabesid amaturet gnay gnutnaj tikayneP

lksoreta sesorp tabika ludbA( .aynaudek isanibmok uata emsaps uata sisore

)7002 ,dijaM

gnutnaj tikaynep( renorok iretra tikaynep /renorok gnutnaj tikayneP

adap sisorelcsoretra nad susuhk isatsefinam utaus nakapurem )kifortsorehtra

agnabacrep adap kutnebret euqalP .renorok iretra noireta hara ek gnay iretra n

.xelfmorris iretra adap gnaraj kaga nad nanak airanorok iretra ,irik harad narilA

gnay aratnemes nupuam nenamrep araces iskurtsbo imalagnem tapad latsid ek

laretalok isalukriS .nalapmuggnep uata euqalp isalumuka helo nakbabes id

sag narakutrep tabmahgnem gnay susamoretra iskurtsbo ratikes id gnabmekreb

rakoim ek isirtun nad .muid

ek taukeda gnay negisko ylppus nakaideynem kutnu laretalok isalukris nalagageK

harad narila nauggnag ,airanorok iretra tikaynep aynidajret tabikareb gnay les

nad )krafnierp anigna nad sirotkep anigna( nenamrep kadit iskurtsbo anerak

rtsbo namrep isku ( .)tcrafni dracoim( ne nakididneP tasuP nataheseK aganeT

)3991 ,sek.peD

esaesiD traeH yranoroC igoloitE

.a 8002 ,niaZ turuneM

amoreta uata sisorelksoreta sesop halada KJP aynidajret amatu babeynep 2 adA

.sisobmort sesorp nad

- sisorelksoretA

gnutnaj tikayneP iretra id kalp aynkutnebret helo nakbabesid renorok

,nahibelreb gnay loretselok sata iridret ini kalP .gnutnaj harad hulubmep

kupmunem naamalek amal gnay harad hulubmep id nial nahav nad ,muislak

s )airanorok iretra( gnutnaj harad hulubmep gnidnid malad id ietra atre

uata sisorelksoreta uat airetra nasaregnep tubesid ini sesorp.nial tapmetid

.amoreta

- sisobmorT

kutnu haimala sesorp utaus ,harad naukebmep kutnu sidem halitsi halaI

idajret atik akiJ .akul imalagnem atik akij naharadrep nakitnehgnem

id ,amoreta ada gnay tapmetid nad ,nicil igal kadit harad hulubmep gnidn

les ini nakasurek - lupmukreb naka )harad naukebmep kutnu( tisobmort les

nagned tunesid ini harad naukeB .tubesret nakasurek iputunem kutnu

.submort

- :inkay rotkaf 2 ada okisir rotkaF

gnay rotkaF .aisu atres ,redneg ,akiteneg : habuid tapad kadit

,setebaid ,isnetrepih ,iggnit loretselok ,kokorem : habuid tapad gnay rotkaF

.agarhalo gnaruk atres serts ,nakumegek

- redneg nad aisU

- agraulek tayawiR

- kokoreM

- loretselok nad nanakaM

oroC sinilK isatsefinaM esaesiD traeH yran

akam ,amal gnay utkaw malad nad nahalrep aynkutnebret ini tikaynep aneraK

.ini lah iuhategnem kadit atirednep nakaynabek

,ayngnayaS .safan kases atres ,)anigna( adad ireyn utiay lawa gnilap alajeg aynasaiB

idajnem gnay gnutnaj nagnares naitilenep turuneM .ini tikaynep amatrep adnat

laggninem gnay atinaw %36 nad airp %05 irad ,nuhat 05 amales traeH mahgnimraF

alajeg iaynupmem kadit )gnutnaj nagnares( renorok gnutnaj tikaynep anerak kadadnem

.aynmulebes

t KJP anerak anigna uata adad ireyN“ akitek gnalih nad sativitka nakukalem haletes lubmi

gnay negisko naktapadnem kadit gnutnaj toto anerak lubmit ireyn asaR .taharitsireb

2 amales gnusgnalreb aynasaib ,pukuc - arac agiT .tinem 01 irad hibel kadit ,tinem 3

:KJP anerak adad ireyn ilanegnem

.a asaR .safan kiranem taas harap habmatreb kadit ireyn

.b ,nagnel audek ,irik isis ek rabeynem asib ,adad hagnet id asaret aynasaiB

.gnahar nad rehel ek uata

.c kusutret ,rakabret ,kases itrepes asaret adaD - .naketret uata ,kusut

)8002 ,niaZ(

yraboroC igoloisifotaP esaesiD traeH

irad kimeksi snopser nakapurem krafni liaidracim nad renorok gnutnaj tikayneP

uata nenamrep araces airanorok iretra natipmeynep helo nakbabes id gnay muidrakoim

les helo nakulrep id negiskO .nenamrep kadit - ea emsilobatem kutnu ,laidrakoim les bor

taharitsi taas adap gnutnaj igrene kutnu naksabeb id etapsohpirT enisonedA anam id

id gnutnaj ajrek kutnu nakulrep id gnay negisko aynkaynaB .negisko % 07 nkahutubmem

OVM( noitpmusnuC negyxO laidracoyM iagabes tubes 2 helo nakataynid gnay ,)

j natapecrep .gnutnaj gnidnid adap nanaket nad laidracoim iskartnok ,gnutna

natakgninep padahret nakiauseynem hadum nagned tapad lamron gnay gnutnaJ

nakenem kutnu iskartnok nad natapecrep habmanem nagnad negisko nanaket natutnut

takes ek harad emulov - aP .gnutnaj takes narila iskurtsbo imalagnem gnay gnutnaj ad

.idajret gnay natutnut padahret ipukucnem tapad kadit harad ialpus ,laidracoim harad

nad aiskona nakbabeynem tapad naigabes nupuam latel iskurtsbo aynada naadaeK

yapureb ciborea sisilokilg iapureynem isidnok utaus .negisko nahutubek ihunemem a

tapad gnay kiborea sisilokilg irad tabika nakapurem tatkal masa nanubmineP

sisodisa nad aimorkopiH .gnutnaj nalagagek nad aimtirsid aynidajret isisopsiderp iagabes

nurunem iskartnok nataukeK .lekirtnev isgnuf uggnaggnem tatkal gnidnid nakareg ,

.kitenikopih idajnem kimeksi nemges

nagnarugnep ,emulov ekorts nanurunep nakbabeynem irik lekirtnev nalagageK

nanaket nad elotsaid rihka nanaket taas adap irik lekirtnev natakgninep ,tup tuo caidrac

t atres silanomlup iretra adap nakased adna - .gnutnaj nalagagek adnat

airanorok iretra adap iskurtsbo adap gnutnagret aimeksi nad natujnaleK

imeksi irad isatsefinem agiT .aynnaruku atres isakol ,)aratnmes uata nenamrep(

,aratnemes suiranorok iretra natipmeynep ,sirotcep anigna halada laidracoim iskrafnierp

tasuP( iranorok iretra adap nenamrep iskurtsbo uata krafni laidracoim nad ,anigna

.)3991 ,sek.peD nataheseK aganeT nakididneP

.B eruliaF traeH

isinifeD

tapad igal kadit gnutnaj anamid isidnok iagabes nakisinifedid gnutnaj lagaG

nakapmomem rawnA nad onoyiraM H unabraH( .hubut nagniraj ek harad pukuc

)7002 ,onoyraM

kutnu harad apmomem malad gnutnaj nalagagek utaus halada gnutnaj lagaG

)2891 ,idanuJ nawanruP( .hubut nahutubek ihunemem

aapmomep nalagagek utaus halada fitsegnok gnutnaj nalagageK caidrac anam id( n

iagabes idajret nikgnum ini lah ,)hubut kilobatem nahutubek ipukucnem kadit tuptuo

gnay negisko satisapak uata harad hulubmep ,gnutnaj nauggnag irad rihka tabika

utubek ipukucnem tapad kadit gnutnaj naktabikagnem gnay harad malad awabret nah

)3991 ,nimsaY edeG huL iN( .nagro iagabre adap negisko

eruliaF traeH igoloitE

pukuc igoloimedipe araceS .lah kaynab helo nakbabesid tapad gnutnaj lagaG

gnabmekreb aragen id ,gnutnaj lagag irad babeynep iuhategnem kutnu gnitnep

renorok iretra tikaynep id nakgnades kaynabret babeynep nakapurem isnetrepih nad

putak gnutnaj tikaynep halada kaynabret babeynep idajnem gnay gnabmekreb aragen

aparebeb adaP .isirtunlam tabika gnutnaj tikaynep nad kutnu tilus tagnas naadaek

nutnaj lagag irad babeynep nakutnenem idajret gnay naadaek adap amatureT .g

.atirednep adap naamasreb

gnay rotcaf nakapurem kokorem nad setebaid itrepes renorok okisir rotcaF

huragnepreb atres nadab tareb uti nialeS .gnutnaj lagag irad nagnabmekrep adap

ed latot loretselok oisar ayniggnit okisir iagabes nakatakid aguj LDH loretselok nagn

.gnutnaj lagag nagnabmekrep nednepedni

aparebeb adap gnutnaj lagag okisir naktakgninem nakitkubid halet isnetrepiH

,emsinakem aparebeb iulalem gnutnaj lagag naktabikagnem tapad isnetrepiH .naitilenep

amret .irik lekirtnev iportrepih kus

nakgnubuhid nad gnutnaj lagag nagned neisap adap nakumetid gnires aimtirA

.isnetrepih atirednep adap irik lekirtnev iportrepih kusamret larutcurts nanialek nagned

aklubminem ,gnutnaj adap gnusgnal araces kefereb tapad lohoclA lagag n

lohoclA .)isalirbif lairta gniresret( aimtira tabika gnutnaj lagag nupuam tuka gnutnaj

2 ratikes gnutnaj lagag naktabikagnem tapad - .susak irad %3

tabO – itrepes suriv itna tabo nad nad niciburoxod itrepes iparetomek natabo

ynem tapad aguj niduvodiz padahret gnusgnal kiskot kefe tabika gnutnaj lagag nakbabe

.gnutnaj toto

)7002 ,osotnaS rawnA nad onoyraM H unabraH(

eruliaF traeH isakifisalK

saleK isinifeD halitsI

1 apnat ipatet gnutnaj nanialek nagned neilK

kisif sativitka nasatabmep

isgnufsiD irik lekirtnev

kitamotmisa gnay

2 gnay gnutnaj nanialek nagned neilK nagnir gnutnaj lagaG

sativitka nasatabmeo tikides nakbabeynem

kisif

3 gnay gnutnaj nanialek nagned nielK

sativitka nasatabmep kaynab nakbabeynem

kisif

gnades gnutnaj lagaG

4 gned neilK alages gnay gnutnaj nanialek na

nakbabeynem naka aynkisif sativitka kutneb

nahulek

tareb gnutnaj lagaG

eruliaF traeH igoloisifotaP

nahutubek natakgninep padahret snopsereb tapad lamron gnay gnutnaJ

gnay isasnepmok emsinakem nakanuggnem gnay emsilobatem kutnu isairavreb

kitetapmis farays metsis snopser :itupilem nikgnum inI .tuptuo kaidrak naknahatrepmem

gnutnaj toto narabelep nad nagnacnegnep ,rotpeseromek uata rotpeser orab padahret

iretra isknirytsnokosav ,emulov natakgninep padahret nakiuseynem kutnu nad laner

mures padahret nopser atres nisnetoigna niner metsis isavitka - nad muidos mures

.nariac isbrosbaer irad HDA isaluger

harad emulov aynada helo tapecrep id isasnepmok emsinakem nalagageK

isiser natakgninep gnatnenem kutnu nakapmop id gnay isalukris helo reluksav isnet

lekirtnev naisignep utkaw akedneprepmem gnutnaj natapeceK .gnutnaj nagnacnegnep

isanegisko ayngnarukreb nakbabeynem tupuo kaidrak aynnurunem ,airanorok iretra nad

.drakoim adap

isatalid tabika harad hulubmep gnidnid nanaket natakgnineP nakbabeynem

adap amaturet )iportrepih( gnutnaj narasebmep nad negisko natunut natakgninep

.naapmomep emsinakem nalagagek nakbabeynem gnay ,nakasurek uata kimeksi gnutnaj

:remirp snopser emsinakem agit ada ,gnutnaj lagag padahret snopser iagabeS

akgninem .1 sitapmis cigrenerda sativitka aynt

nomrohoruen isavitka tabika lawa nabeb ayntakgninem.2

lekirtnev ivortrepih.3

:tukireb iagabes nakrabmagid tapad sitameks araceS

S nauggnaG kurt gnutnaJ rut

) butak ( raluvlaV gnutnaJ tikayneP A

isalkid putak ignufsiD :sinej aud idajnem nakisakif

aggnihes tapar nagned putunem tapad kadit putak nuad = putak isneisifusnI .a

halada aynminonis( narocobek imalagnem naka uata kilab rilagnem tapad harad

)putak isnetepmokni nad putak isatigruger

utak gnabul = putak sisonetS.b harad narila aggnihes natipmeynep imalagnem p

.gnarukreb naka putak iualem harad harila /natbmah imalagnem

gnutnaj asakamem putak isneisifusnI .gnutnaj ajrek nakatakgninem naka putak isgnufsiD

y harad halmuj nakitnaggnem kutnu kaynab hibel harad nakapmomem imalagnem gna

sisonetS .gnutnaj ajrek emulov naktakgninem aggnihes ,liab rilagnem/isatigruger

isnetsiser isatagnem tpaad raga aynnanaket nakatakgninem kutnu gnutnaj askamem

.muidrak ajrek nanaket naktakgninem naka anerak ,takgninem gnay narila apadahret

eR apureb ajrek nanaket nad emulov natakgninep adap sahk gnay muidrakoim snops

nakapurem ifortrepih nad muidrakoim isataliD .toto ifortrepih nad gnaur isatalid

gnutnaj naupmamek nakatakgninem kutnu naujutreb gnay isasnepmok emsinakem

.harad nakapmome malad

1. LARTIM SISONETS

isinifeD

harad narila kolB nakitraid tapad lartim gnutnaj tikaynep akam isinifed araceS

rutkurts nahabureP aynada tabika ,lartim putak takgnit adap ,stelfael lartim gnay

taas adap anrupmes araces lartim butak aynakubmem kadit nakbabeynem kilotsaid .

igoloisifotaP

4 ratikes lartim butak naakubmep saul lamron naadaek malaD - alibapA .²mc6

m hadus akam )sisonets dlim( ²mc 2 ini butak naakubmep saul nahaburep lubmit ialu

anamid,kimanidomeh alibapa,irik lekirtnev ek kusam tapad aynah irik muirta irad harad

helo gnorodid tneidarg eruserP .lamronba gnay

lartim sisonets nakapurem ini lah akam mc1 < lartim butak naakubmep alibapA

ad raga gHmm 02 tneidarg erusserp nakulrepid ini kutnU .tareb gnay tap

taas adaP . taukeda patet gnutnaj haruc aggnihes harad narila naknahatrepmem

taharitsi naksuretid naka utnet hadus irik muirta nanaket naiggnineP anev ek

gnay,iggninem tuki naka naidumek lanomlup anev adap nanaket aggnihes,lanomlup

nem tapad aynsuretes .urap amedeO nakbabey

ek naksuretid naka aguj fisap araces relipak nad lanomlup anev adap nanaket naiggnineP

ifortrepih ,lanomlup isnetrepih naklubminem tapad gnay ,lanomlup iretra metsis

.nanak lekirtnev isatalid nad nanak lekirtnev

sinilk isatsefinaM

eK nahul - : apureb tapad nahulek

ini nahulek , lojnonem gnilap gnay nahulek nakapurem ,)uenpsid( sapan kaseS

.uraP malad id anev itsegnok aynada nagned nagnubuhreb

mulov nahaburep aynada tabika idajret urap fitsegnok naiggnineP

savartni uata nad raluksavartskE malad atirednep alibapa raluk rudit isisoP

uenpohtro nahulek naklubminem kutnu gnurednec ini naadaek lamsyxorap uatA

.tareb uata gnades lartim sisonetS atirednep adap amaturet ,uenpsyd lanrutcon

gnay ,lartim sisonets adap idajret aguj tapad sisitpomeH iskelfer tabika lubmit

.laiknorb anev malad ek lanomlup anev isnetrepih

aynada iatresid hadus tubesret lartim sisonets alibapa lucnum aynasaib isatiplaP

.lairta isalirbif

sisonetS atirednep helo nakhulekid gnires aguj )niap tsehc( adad tikaS

kgnum.lartim isnetrepih tabika nanak lekirtnev drakoim kimeksi tabika ni

.tareb gnay lanomlup

suvren adap iserpmok tabika idajret aguj tapad )ssenesraoh( uarap arauS

rasebmem gnay lanomlup iretre helo irik snerucer

LARTIM ISNEISIFUSNI .2

isinifeD

lartim isneisifusnI lekirtnev iraD harad skulfer tapadret anamid naadaek halada

araces putunem kadit lartim butak tabika ,kilotsis taas adap irik muirta malad ek irik

.kitamer gnutnaj tikaynep halada ini nanialek amatu babeyneP.anrupmes

igoloitE

aj tikaynep igoloite gnipmasiD sata lartiM isneisifusni ada hisam,kitamer gnutn

: nial igoloite rasad

: adap rutkurts nahabureP

-- butak nuad

-- aenidnet eadrohc

-- siralipap suluksum

-- imotana nahabureP

akam,anrupmes nagned putunem lartim butak ayntapad kadit nagneD naka

isatigruger aynlubmit naktabikagnem

igoloisifotaP

aguj ,atroA ek kusam harad gnipmasid akam ,lekirtnev kilotsis taas adaP

surah atroa ek irik lekirtnev tuptuO naikimed nupualaW.irik muirta ek ilabmek naigabes

nakem nagned lamitpo araces naknahatrepid iskartnokreb irik lekirtnev.isasnepmok emsi

.isasnepmoked lubmit iapmas tauk hibel

kaynab gnay harad mulov tabika iagabes aguj isatalidreb naka irik lekirtnev aynrihkA

iatresid ulales kadit irik muirta isatalid.kilotsis taas adap irik muirta irad kusam

nep halada irik muirta isatalid nial isneukesnoK .irik muirta adap nanaket naiggni

.kaynab nikames isatigruger

.3 DIPSUKIRT ISNEISIFUSNI

igoloitE

isneisifusnI.kinagro uata lanoisgnuf rasad sata idajret tapad dipsukirt isneisifusnI

nuf rasad sata dipsukirt gnay ,nanak lekirtnev isatalid anerak nakbabesid lanoisg

.dipsukirt isneisifusni nakbabeynem aynrihka nad dipsukirt isatalid nakbabeynem

gnutnaj isasnepmoked aynada tabika iagabes lubmit lanoisgnuf dipsukirt isneisifusnI

ned iatresid alib amaturet,.nanak .lairta isalirbif nag rasad sata dipsukirt isneisifusnI

gnires gnilap gnay kinagro a .kitamer gnutnaj tikaynep halad

kimanidomeH

irad nanak muirta ek ilabmek gnay harad aynada naknikgnumem dipsukirt isneisifusnI

.kilotsis taas adap nanak lekirtnev gnay harad mulov ,kilotsaid taas adap aynkilabeS

nad nanak muirta ayntabika habmatreb tagnas nanak lekirtnev nad muirta ek iapmas

.ifortrepih nad isatalid imalagnem nanak lekirtnev

ITAPOYMOIDRAC

isinifeD

adap tikaynep iagabes nakisinifedid itapoimoidraK nakub gnay gnutnaj toto

,latinegnok gnutnaj tikaynep nupuam ,isnetrepih ,renorok tikaynep helo nakbabesid

,osotnaS rawnA nad onoyraM H unabraH( .laidrakirep adap tikaynep nupuata putak

)7002

irp araes muidrakoim ianegnem gnay tikaynep halada itapoimoidraK nad rem

nad lairetra ,renorok ,butak ,latinegnok nanialek ,isnetrepih irad tabika iagabes nakub

.)942 lah ,1002 ,kkd ,onotnaliR itraidumI iliL( laidrakirep

aynigoloitE nad isakifisalK

itupilem itapoimoidrak igabmem OHW aynigoloisif nad imotana nakrasadreB :

lekirtnev audek uata utas halas isatalid helo iadnatid( isatalid yhapoimoidraK

.)kilotsaid uata kilotsis isgnufsid iatresid

tiv isneisifusni ,iretkab nad suriv iskefni ,aimeksi ,setebaid ,mutrapirep : igoloitE

.iuhatekid kadit ,sigolonumi/kimetsis ,1B

iuhatekid apnat laidrakoim iportrepih nagned iadnatid( iportrepih itapoimoidraK

.)aynigoloite

.iuhatekid kadit : igoloitE

emulov nagnarugnep uata nahabmanep helo iadnatid( iskirtser iitapoimoidraK

uata lamron lotis isgnuf nagned lekirtnev audek uata utas halas adap cilotsaid

.)lamron itakednem

guj ini gnutnaj toto nanialek babeyneP : igoloitE itapoimoidraK .iuhatekid kadit a

,negokilg isisoped ,sisotamorkomeh ,sisodiolima adap nakumetid gnires fitkirtser

nial nad ,sisotsaleorbif ,ailifonisoe ,laidrakoimodne sisorbif - .nial

naretkodeK nad igoloidraK nemetrapeD( )8002 ,IUKF ,raluksaV

sinilK isatsefinaM

o sapan kaseS

o hameL

o aenpohtrO

o lanrutcon lamiskorap aenpsyD

o refirep amedE

o isatiplaP

o )lubmit asib sahk kadit gnay ( adad ireyN

o )ayniatreynem renrok tikaynep akij ( sirotcep anignA

,1002 ,kkd ,onotnaliR itraidumI iliL( 152 lah )

igoloisifotaP

gnay tisoim isgnuf nagnalihek idajret fitsegnok itapoimoidrak adaP

isataliD .gnutnaj istalid aynhabmatreb nad sikartnok ayad aynnurunem nakbabeynem

.nurunem nikam gnutnaj haruc aggnihes ,iskartnok ayad aynnurunem nakbabeynem

a sulkiS ralucsav isnetsiser ayniggninem nagned gnutnaj haruc ayngnarugnem aratn

aggnihes iskeje isnetsiser aynhabmatreb nakbabeynem aynnarilig adap ,kimetsis

.gnutnaj haruc igal naknurunem

)9002 ,niqatuM firA(

.C iggniT haraD nanakeT /isnetrepiH

isinifeD

,lamron satab ihibelem takgninem harad nanaket anamid naadaek utaus halai

rD( .aisu takgnit nagned iauses isairavreb lamron satab anamid ,nawainruK einA .

)2002 ,cSM

nanaket uata gHmm 041 ayntikides kilotsis harad nanaket natakgninep halai

)5002 ,ecirP .A aivlyS( .gHmm 09 ayntikides cilotsaid

:utiay isnetrepih sinej 2 adA

- laisnese uata remirp isnetrepiH

muleb gnay isnetrepih sinej nakapureM iuhatekid

)8002 ,niaZ(.aynbabeynep

naklisahid gnay iretra nanaket netsisrep natakgninep utaus haladA

,lamron kitatsoemoh lortnok emsinakem narutaretkaditek helo

%09 + pukacnem nad aynbabeynep iuhatekid kadit ini isnetrepiH

1 ,owobiW( isnetrepih susak irad .)999

- rednukes isnetrepiH

,lajnig tikaynep helo nakbabesid gnay isnetrepih nakapureM

.lld ,lajnig kana nauggnag ,gnutnaj tikaynep ,nirkodne tikaynep

)8002 ,niaZ(

niales audek rasad nanialek tabika netsisrep isnetrepih haladA

snetrepiH .laisnese isnetrepih ini nad iuhatekid aynbabeynep ini i

susak irad %01 + tukgnaynem - .)5002 ,spehS( .isnetrepih susak

irogetaK kilotsis harad nanakeT kilotsaid harad nanakeT

*lamroN gHmm 021 ≤ naD gHmm 08 ≤

**isnetrepiherP 021 - gHmm 931 08 uatA – gHmm 98

1 muidatS isnetrepih(

)nagnir

041 - gHmm 951 09 – gHmm 99

isnetrepih(2 muidatS

)gnades

061 - gHmm 971 001 – gHmm 901

)tareb isnetrepih( 3 muidatS 081 – gHmm 902 011 – gHmm 911

isnetrepih( 4 muidatS

***)angilam

hibel uata gHmm 012 hibel uata gHmm 021

amitpo satab* ulalret gnay harad nanaket numaN .reluksavoidrak tikaynep okiser kutnu l

nakhutubmem nad gnutnaj halasam naktabikagnem tapad aguj )06/09 hawabid( hadner

.retkod nautnab

isakidem nakulremem kadit anamid naadaek nakapurem isnetrepiherp** numan

tikaynep ,isnetrepih idajnem kutnu iggnit okisireb gnay kopmolek adap kusamret

,isakidem nakulremem kadit isnetrepiherp nagned udividnI .ekorts nad renorok gnutnaj

hagecnem gnitnep gnay tahes pudih isakifidom nakukalem kutnu nakrujnaid ipat

akgninep tareb nanurunep halada tahes pudih alop isakifidoM .aynharad nanaket nat

isatabmem nad, kokorem itnehreb, marag napusa ignarugnem ,agarhalo, teid, nadab

.lohocla munim

.ini isnetrepih atirednem gnay gnaro 002 irad 1 aynah ,idajret gnaraj ini isnetrepih***

)8002 ,niaZ(

isnetrepiH igoloitE

.a 8002 ,niaZ turuneM

halet itilenep numan ,iuhatekid muleb raseb naigabes iggnit harad babeyneP

isnetsiser nagned nagnubuhreb iggnit harad nanaket awhab nakitkubmem

imenilusnirepih( nilusni radak natakgninep uata/nad nilusni .)a

.b 6991 ,SY ydnefE matsuR turuneM

- adA .aynbabeynep iuhatekid kadit : laisnese uata remirp isnetrepiH

aratna isnetrepih aynidajret malad gnitnep narepreb gnay rotcaf aparebeb

,tuog ,sutilim setebaid ,laro ispesartnok ,aimetisilop ,sserts ,lohocla : nial

bo .satise

- : rednukes isnetrepiH

,sitirhpenoleip ,silaner iretra sisonets : rednukes babeyneP

.lld ,sitirhpenoluremolg

,emordnys sgnihsuc ,amotisomorkeaf : nirkodne babeyneP

.ilagemorka

.atroa oiskraoK

.c lov ,gnutnaj tuyned natapecek adap gnutnagret isnetrepiH nad pucnukes emu

ecnatsiseR larehpireP latoT agitek irad utas halas natakgninep akaM .)RPT(

)0002 ,niwroC( .isnetrepih nakbabeynem tapad isasnepmokid kadit gnay lebairav

.d ,loretselok ,marag ,)nakiladnek id asib kadit gnay rotcaf( aisu nad nanuruteK

satisebo )mynona( .agarhalo gnaruk ,lohocla ,niefak ,kokor ,sserts ,

.e nakgnades itsap iuhatekid muleb gnay babeynep nagned isnetrepih % 09 ratikeS

nakbabesid %3 nad silaner isnetrepih uata lajnig nanialek helo nakabesid %7

mroh isnetrepih uata lanomroh nanialek helo lano firA( .nial babeynep nad

)8002 ,niqatuM

: isnetrepiH sinilk isatsefinaM

.a 8002 ,niaZ turuneM

nahalelK

gnugniB

naanrecnep nauggnag uata lauM

natahilgnep halasam uata nauggnaG

nahibelreb gnay tagnireK

”nasimim“ naharemek uata tacup kapman tiluK

nasameceK napugugek uata

rutaret kadit nad tapec ,tauk gnay gnutnaj tuyneD

agnilet id gnignedreb uata gnugnedreb iynuB

isnetopmI

alapek tikaS

isnetrepiH igoloisifohtaP

harad hulubmep isaskaler nad iskirtsnnok lortnognem gnay emsinakeM

ap ,rotomosav tasupid katelret ini rotomosav tasup iraD .katoid alludem ad

raulek nad silanips adrok ek hawab ek tujnalreb gnay ,sitapmis faras saraj alumreb

.nemodba nad skarot id sitapmis ailgnag silanips alludem anmulok irad

slupmi kutneb malad nakratnahid rotomosav tasup nagnasgnaR ek karegreb gnay

noruen ,ini kitit adaP .sitapmis ailgnag ek sitapmis faras metsys iulalem hawab

acsap faras tubares gnasgnarem naka gnay ,niloklitesa naksapelem noilgnagerp

nirpenipeeron aynnaksapelid nagned anamid ,harad hulubmep ek noilgnag

aktabikagnem nad nasamecek itrepes rotcaf iagabreB .harad hulubmep iskirtsnok n

gnasgnar padahret harad hulubmep nopserihuragnepmem tapad natukatek

,nirfeniperon padahret evitisnes tagnas isnetrepih nagned udividnI .iskirtsnokosav

salej nagned iuhatekid kadit nupiksem .idajret asib tubesret lah apagnem

gnasgnarem sitapmis faras metsys anamid naamasreb taas adaP

aguj lanerda rajnelek ,isome gnasgnar snopser iagabes harad hulubmep

lanerda alludeM .iskirtsnokosav sativitka nahabmat naktabikagnem ,gnasgnaret

ipe iserkesnem lanerda sketroK .iskirtsnokosav nakbabeynem gnay ,nirfen

snopser taukrepmem tapad gnay ,aynnial diorets nad lositrok iserkesnem

nanurunep naktabikagnem gnay iskirtsnokosaV .harad hulubmep rotkirtsnokosav

nneR .ninner nasapelep nakbabeynem ,lajnig ek narila gnasgnarem ni

utaus ,II nisnetoigna idajnem habuid naidumek gnay I nisnetoigna nakutnebmep

helo noretsodla iserkes gnasgnarem aynnarilig adap gnay ,tauk rotkirtsnokosav

sulubut helo ria nad muirtan isneter nakbabeynem ini nomroH .lanerda sketrok

em ,lajnig ini rotcaf aumeS .reluksav artni emulov natakgninep nakbabeyn

.isnetrepih naadaek naksutecnem gnurednec

.ygolotnoreg nagnabmitrep kutnU lanoisgnuf nad larutcurts nahabureP

harad nanaket nahaburep adap bawajgnuggnatreb refirep hulubmep metsys adap

,sisorelksoreta itupilem tubesret nahabureP .tujnal aisu adap idajret gnay

oto isaskaler malad nanurunep nad taki nagniraj satisitsale ayngnalih solop t

ayad nad isnetsid naupmamek naknurunem aynnarilig adap gnay ,harad hulubmep

gnarukreb raseb iretra nad atroa ,aynisneukesnoK .harad hulubmep gnager

gnutnaj helo apmopid gnay harad emulov isadomokagnem malad aynnaupmamek

ikagnem ,) pucnukes emulov ( natakgninep nad gnutnaj gnaruc nanurunep naktab

.) 2002 ,htradduS & rennurB ( refirep nanahat

GNUTNAJ TIKAYNEP OKISER ROTKAF

iitrareb ini lah ,gnaro aumes imalaid itsap gnay sesorp haubes halada naauneP

aguj gnutnaj imotana nad igoloisif adap nahaburep .gnaro aumes adap idajret naka

.gnutnaj adap halasam imalagnem naka itsap aisnal aumes itrareb kadit ini lah ipateT

rotkaf ihuragnepid aguj ,negodne rotkaf ihuragnepid niales aneraK - ,negoske rotkaf

itrepes k gnay ,imonoke nad ayadub laisos ,nagnukgnil iagabes tubesid tapad aynaumese

.)elyts efil( pudih ayag .okiser rotkaf natubes nagned lanekid hibel ini negoske rotkaF

:isakifidomiD tapaD kadiT gnaY okisiR rotkaF .1

:nial aratna ,isakifidomid tapad kadit gnay okisir rotkaF

.aisU .a

adap ada gnay kitorelksoreta kalp nad harad hulubmep id lawa nanialeK

kanak kajes alumreb hadus aynranebes nuhat 02 irad hibel aisu - ajamer nad kanak

.agarhalo ukalirep ,nakam alop ,kokorem :itrepes pudih alop helo nakbabesid gnay

aisu kopmolek adap idajret ialum DP nad JP satilatrom nad satidibrom natakgnineP

03 - aisu adap naitameK .okisireb nikames akam rumu habmatreb nikames nuhat 44

52 uata nuhat 46 < utiay inid - JP anerak naitamek nupualaW .nuhat 46 DP nad

adap naitamek babeynep numan ,nuhat 56> aisu adap idajret kaynab hibel

aynada anerak nakisaterpretniid tilus hibel nuhat 56 > uata aut aisu kopmolek

tikaynep babeynep rotkaf iagabreb

.

nimalek sineJ .b

KJP anerak satilatroM KJP numan ,.airp adap idajret gnires hibel )lataf susak(

atinaW .tujnal aisu adap amaturet airp nagned aynkaynab amas atinaw ianegnem

:anerak nakbabesid ini ,)4002 ,OHW( KJP kutnu laiseps susak nakapurem

it hibel atinaw adap okisiR ayniggnit ,kokorem( airp gnidnabid iggn

)adiresilgirtradak

gnidnabid atinaw adap iggnit hibel utnetret okisir rotkaf isnelaverP

)iserped ,sutilleM setebaiD( airp

kiteneG .c

rotkaf( isnetrepih atirednem gnay taked agraulek tayawiR aguj )nanurutek

.)laisnese(remirp isnetrepih adap amaturet ,isnetrepih anekret okisir iggnitrepmem

rotkaf ihuragnepid aguj ini kiteneg rotkaf aynutneT - gnay ,nial nagnukgnil rotkaf

rotkaF .isnetrepih atirednem gnaroes nakbabeynem naidumek natiakreb aguj kiteneg

nosdivaD turuneM .les narbmem niner nad marag rutagnep emsilobatem nagned

ek nurut naka ho54 ratikes akam isnetrepih atirednem aynaut gnaro audek alib

kana - m gnay aynaut gnaro utas halas alib nad aynkana akam isnetrepih atiredne

kana ek nurut naka %03 ratikes - .avnkana

: )laidromerP( ukalireP okisiR rotkaF .2

nakarikrepid numan ,okisir rotkaf idajnem muleb gnay rotkaf utauS malad

.okisir rotkaf idajnem naka aynnagnabmekrep

kokoreM .a :

raluksavaidrak tikaynep amilek babeynep nakapurem uakabmet ,ainud iD

gnay gnutnaj tikaynep anerak laggninem gnaro 000.26 irad hibel ASU iD

isap kokorep halada akerem anerak nakbabesid tapad kokoreM.f

naktakgninem :

apil x2 okisiR .netopmi nad ,KJP ,ekorts okisir anekret t

.sisongaidret kadit gnay KJP anerak laggninem tapil x3 okisiR

hulubmep tikaynep anekret okisir naktakgninem tapil x3 irad hibeL

.)PDP( refirep harad

tapil x4 .msyruena ciiroa anekret okisir naktakgninem

naitamek okisir naklupmiynem mahgnimarF naitilenep lisaH

naasaibek nakitnehgnem nagned aynah %42 ratikes nurunemraluksavoidrak

% 53 rasebes ,aisenodnI iD .uti haread id kududnep kokorem rumureb kududnep

gnadak nad irah pait( kokorem sata ek nuhat 51 - sanesuS nakgnidnabid) gnadak

ikal adap kokorem esatnesreP .% 3 rasebes natakgninep idajret ,3002 nad 1002 - ikal

ad 3002 ,1002 nuhat adap ho 36 utiay iggnit natsnok huaj naupmerep adap :4002 n

%7,1 idajnem 1002 nuhat adap %4,1 irad natakgninep ada numan hadner hibel

naasedrep id kokorem esatnesreP .4002 nuhat adap % 5,4 nad 3002 nuhat adap

.) %23( naatokrep id gnidnabidiggnit hibel) % 73( hadneret kokorem esatnesreP

,) % 03 ( hadneret imonoke atarts kopmolek adap atarts kopmolek adap nakgnades

63 aratna rasikreb iggnit hibel gnay imonoke - sanesuS nagned nakgnidnabiD .% 73

esatnesrep natakgninep kapmat 3002 nad 1002 adap idajret raseb gnilap kokorem

irah pait kokorep esatnesreP.% 6 rasebes utiay iggnitret imonoke atarts kopmolek

1 halmujes kokorem aynaratnaid %48 ;% 82 rasebes - raseb naigabes nad ,gnatab21

51 rumu adap kokorem ialum ) %46( - 91 rasebes kokorep natnam esatnesreP .nuhat

natnam raseb naigabes nad oT 4 rasebes kokorep natnam raseb naigabes nad % 4

takgninem kokorep isnelaverP .sata ek nuhat 55 kududnep nakapurem kokorep

up iapacnem nad rumu ayntakgninem nagned 04 aisu adap kacn - naidumek,nuhat 54

.tujnal aisu adap nurunem

:kisiF satifitikA .b

nagned kisif sativitka nagned naktiakid nakukalid halet gnay naitilenep halmujeS

:tukireb iagabes lisah

s halas nagned nagnubuhreb kisif sativitkA .1 tikaynep okisir rotkaf uta

.isnetrepih utiay raluksavoidrak

,asawed gnaro adap nadab tareb nanurunep nagned nagnubuhreb kisif sativitkA .2

.218.2=n nagned ,tucitcennoC id nuhat 21 amales igoloimedipe iduts nakapurem

isif sativitkA .3 setebaid snedisni nad satisebo nagned natiakreb k ,2 epitsutilem iduts

.aidnalniF nad anihC,akiremAid atinaw nad airp adap lanidutignol

susak iduts ,tatsorp aC okisir naknurunem tapad ataynret kisif sativitka latoT .4 -

alupop( lortnok .adanaK id)yduts desab noit

,adanaC id )recnac gnul( urap reknak okisir naknurunem tapad aguj kisif sativitkA .5

susak iduts - susak iduts ,adanaC id )recnac 821.2 susak halmuj nagned lortnok -

3 nad 821.2 susak halmuj nagned lortnok .lortnok 602.

nakapuremisakifitnediid gnay rotkaf utas halas nakapurem aguj kisif sativitkanI .6

nagnubuh ,latceroloC reknak aynidajret kutnu netsisnok gnilap gnay okisir rotkaf

dap naktapadid nolok reknak nad kisif sativitka aratna susak iduts a - gnaylortnok

.ainrofilaC nrehtoN nad hatU id )dehctam( naknadapid

58 rasebes kisif satifitkareb gnaruk sata ek nuhat 51 rumu kududneP

adap nanurunep nakkujnunem kisif satifitkareb gnaruk gnay kududnep esatnesreP.%

molek rumu kopmolek adap majat kapman nanurunep ,iggnit hibel gnay rumu kop

51 rumu kopmolek gnidnabid % 11 rasebes utiay sata ek nuhat 55 - .nuhat 91

gnay kududnep ayntakgninem anerak nakbabesid raseb naigabes nanuruneP

adap yratnedes gnaruk gnay kududneP .sata ek nuhat 55 rumu kopmolek

ikal adapirad iggnit hibel )% 78( naupmerep adap kisif satifitkareb - id ,) %38( ikal

gnaruk gnay kududneP .) %48( naasedrep id adapirad iggnit hibel) % 68( naatokrep

ifitkareb adaP .iggnit hibel imonoke atarts adap natakgninep nakujnunem kisif sat

5 elitniuq imonoke atarts adap nad %18 rasebes 1 elitniuq imonoke atarts

.% 63rasebes

:)remirP( amatU okisiR rotkaF .3

:isnetrepiH .a

m harad nanaket naaskiremeP isketednem kutnu hadum arac nakapure

lisah uti anerak helo ,takaraysam uata gnaroeses adap isnetrepih aynkadit ada

takaraysamid isidnok nakrabmaggnem pukuc isnetrepih isnelaverp naitlenep

pid hanrep gnay isnetrepih akgnA .aisenodnI airetirk iakamem hisam nakisakilbu

harad nanaket uata nad gHmm 061 > kilotsis harad nanaket( amal OHW

CNJ airetirk nagned arates uata)gHmm 59 > kilotsaid - takgnit isnetrepih kutnu IV -

h isnelaverP .urab gnay HSI/OHW airetirk uata 2 isairavreb aisenodnI id isnetrepi

surah igal ilakes ada gnay akgna numan ,o/06,71nagned iapmas %8,1 aratna

.amal OHW airetirk iradlasareb nakanugid gnay airetirk babes iggnit ialinid

,4002 nuhat aggnaT hamuR nataheseK ievruS iraD isnetrepih isnelaverp

adaP.rumu aynhabmatreb nagned takgninem nad % 41 ratikes aisenodnl id

52 rumu kopmolek - kopmolek adap % 61 idajnem kian %7 rasebes nuhat 43

erep adap tubesret isnelaverP .% 92 idajnem hibel uata nuhat 56 rumu ( naupm

ikal nakgnidnabid iggnit hibel ) % 61 - nupuam libal isnetrepiH .)% 21( ikal

lubmit ,kilotsaid uata kilotsis isnetrepih ,tareb nupuam nagnir takgnit patenem

dni gnay isubirtsnok nakirebmem gnusgnal araces ,nupapareb iasu adap tnednepe

hulubmep tikaynep ,gnutnaj lagag ,ekorts ,KJP( raluksavoidrak naidajek padahret

iduts naropal anamiagabes )aynnial raluksavoidrak naidajek nad refirep harad

.mahgnimarF

ket anerak helo sisorelksoreta sesorp ucimem isnetrepiH iggnit gnay nana

maladek kusam hadum hibel aggnihes loretselok LDL gnorodnem

urep ucimem nad takgninem raluksav sativitkaer nakbabeynem isnetrepiH.amitni

nauggnag naklubminem isnetrepiH.ifortrepih idajret iapmas lar utkurts nahab

dne itrepes )srotcaF gnitcartnoC deviriD lailehtodnE(FCDE natakgninep iulalem leto

urab letodne isgnufsiD .rotkirtnokosav noina ,2H nidnalgatsorp ,24 naxobmort

nnial raluksavidrak okisir rotkafiatresid hadus alibapa sinilk araces ankamreb .ay

dipil radaK .b - lamronba gnay loretselok

)aimedipilrepih( harad malad takgninem gnay loretselok irad tabikA

kalp nad harad hulubmep isgnuf nad rutkurts nahaburep naktabikagnem

: kitorelksoretra

isgnuf naknuruneM )1 iskarf irad - rotkaf iagabes LDL( loretselok iskarf

)hagecnep iagabesLDH aratnemes ,okisir

naknurunem nad LDH loretselok naktakgninem gnurednec :negortsE )2

.iskudorper aisu id atinaw igab nagnudnilrep ,LDL loretselok

heseK ievruS iraD tujnal nikames nakujnunem 4002 nuhat aggnaT hamuR nata

atar ialin ,aisu - rumu kopmolek adap utiay ,takgninem nikames gnurednec atar

55 - uti aratnemeS .% 1,2 rasebes nuhat 56 > nad % 7,2 rasebes nuhat 46

eloretselokrepih isnelaverp ikal adap .%5.1 rasebes aisenodnI id aim - % 6,0 ikal

.naupmerep adap %2,2 nad

setebaiD .c

)OHW( noitazinagrO htlaeH dlroW 3002 nuhaT awij atuj 491 nakarikrepmem uata

02 aisu ainud kududnep railim 8,3 irad % 1,5 - D atirednem nuhat 97 adap nad M

idajret aisenodnl id iskiderp ayntujnaleS .awij atuj 333 naktakgninem naka 5202

ikududnem nad )0302( atuj 3,12 ratikesidajnem)0002( atuj 4,Birad nakianek

aggnaT hamuR nataheseK ievruS nakrasadreB.ainud tapme ek takgnirep nuhat

adap iggnit hibel nad % 2,11 rasebes aimekilgrepih isnelaverp naktapadid 4002

ikal - naatokrep haread id ,% 01 rasebes aynah naupmerep adapirad % 31 rasebes ikal

hibelrumiT aisenodnI nasawak nad )% 01( naasedrep adapirad )% 21( 1( iggnit

awaJ nad aretamuS adap irad)%5 - harad alug ayniggnit rotkaF .)%01( ilaB

tujnal rumureb gnay kududnep isalupop ayntakgninem nikam helo ihuragnepid

55rumu kopmolek adap amaturet - ,) 4002 , TRKS ( % 5,31 rasebes nuhat 46

asid ismusnok ayniggnit atres ,satisebo nad nadab tareb nahibelek gnipm

nietorpopil nauggnag nakbabeynem )MD( sutillem setebaiD .tardihobrak

apureb raluksav nauggnag babeynep agudid inI .)aimenietorpopilsyd(

sahk kadit gnaY .itapoignaorkim adap itapoignaorkim halada tujnal aisu adap

tapecrepid gnay sisorelksoretA .kato nad gnutnajitrepes raseb harad hulubmep

aisu setebaid adap amatu isakilpmok nakapurem )sisorelcsore htta detare lecca(

huragnep naupmerep adaP .ajamer ikal nagned nakgnidnabid iggnit hibel MD - .ikal

tauk naagud ,gnutnaj lagag adap tahilret amaturet nednepedni tagnas nagnubuH

.itapoimoidrak nakbabeynem gnay muidrakoim kasurem aynkitebaid sesorp

ilusni isnetsiser ,satisebo ,isnetrepiH loretselok aynhadner nad ,adiresilgirtrepih ,n

amasreb araces nad gnukudnem gnilas gnurednec LDH - sesorp tapecrepmem amas

.sisorelksoreta

)satisebO(nakumegeK .d

rotkaf nakub nikgnum satisebo uata )nadab tareb nahibelek( nakumegeK

okisir okisir rotkaf heloitukiid ulales aynmumu adap anerak ,iridnes iridreb gnay

3 uata 2 isanibmok ada ualak raseb hibel idajnem sisorelksoreta ayahaB .aynnial

s kadit gnay nakam alop helo nakbabesid satisebO .aynnial okisir rotkaf utiay ,tahe

ayniggnit nad ,tares nagnudnak ,naruyas nad haub tikides ismusnokgnem nagned

takireS akiremAid asawed gnaro %06 irad hibeL .alug nad hunej kamel iggnit ekatni

07 aniC id ,nakumegek uata nadab tareb nahibelek imalagnem imalagnem gnaro atuj

aisenodnI id ukab gnay igoloimedipe natilenep ada muleb nupualaW .nakumegek

aynidajret nakkujnunem hadus ini taas ada gnay atad ,satisebo ianegnem

atok id aynsusuhk ,satisebo nagned kududnep halmuj nahabmatrep - ok .raseb at

atrakaJ ,ajoK haread id nabru bus haread id nakukalid gnay igoloimedipe naitileneP

uyaK haread id % 2,4 rasebes isnelaverp naktapadnem ,2891 nuhat adap ,aratU

hat adap utiay ,naidumek nuhat hulupes ,tasuP atrakaJ ,hituP isnelaverp ,2991' nu

adap satisebo isnelaverp nakumetid anam iid ,% 1, 71 iapacnem hadus satisebo

ikal - .ikal haread id igoloimedipe naitilenep adaP .% 1,42 naupmerep nad % 9,01

p ,% 6,84 naktapadid 1002 nuhat adap ,kopeD ,ayajidabA 2002 nuhat ada

)3002( %44 nad %54 naktapadid

GNUTNAJ TIKAYNEP SINILK ISATSEFINAM

gnutnaj tikaynep alajeG

sinej aguj kaynaB .aynsinej nagned iauses isairavreb gnutnaj tikaynep alajeG

esaf adap alajeg nakkujnunem kadit gnay - ,uti nialeS .lawa esaf utas atirednep aratna

tukireb ,mumu nakotap iagabeS .adebreb gnay alajeg ikilimem aguj aynnial nagned

: nakasarid nikgnum gnay alajeg halada

adad ireyN

gnabma nakrasadreb aynnial udividni ek udividni utas irad adebreb ireyn asaR

ulegnep isnarelot nad ireyn sisifopih nakraulekid gnay nilafekne nihprodne nara

.isalukris ek

sapan kaseS

rihka nanaket nakianek helo nakbabesid sahk araces idajret kaidrak aenpsiD

.siranomlup anev nanaket naktakgninem gnay irik lekirtnev irad cilotsaid

anerak idajret aenpotrO taas urap audek adap lamron gnay harad nalupmugnep

imalagnem gnay lanomlup harad hulubmep adap nakhabmatid gnatnelet isisop

helo nakiskejeid kadit takgninem anev kilab narila nad sinork araces fitsegnok

.irik lekirtnev

nakapurem lamiskorp larutkon aenpsiD tapad gnauy tareb aenpsid

kadadnem nalagagek tabika anerak idajreT .aynrudit irad neilk naknugnabmem

silanomlup relipak nad anev nanaket aynkiaN .irik lekirtnev harad narila irad

aggnihes ,laisitsretni nagniraj malad ek nariac isadusnart nakbabeynem

gninem adap amede isprosbaer helo naksutecid tapaD .nasapanrep ajrek naktak

.gnatnelret rudit alib irah malam adap ikak nagnalegrep

halel nad hameL

rabedreb gnutnaJ

anignA

jadit asar ,tipmihret ireyn aynada hulegnem neilK .kikecret itra ikilimem anignA

uata kane anigna aynlubmit adnaT .lanretsorter haread id kikecret naasarep

nad aganet naharegnep haletes adad id ireyn asar aynlubmit hlaada sahk gnay

.taharitsi haletes tinem amil utkaw malad gnalihgnem

nasgnip uam asarem uata nasgniP

KITSONGAID NAASKIREMEP

.A MUIROTAROBAL TSET

: tukireb iagabes nasala kutnu nakukalid muirotarobal seT

adad ireyn utiay )sirotkep anigna( tuka drakoim krafni asongaid utnabmeM .1

nagned nakkagetid tapad kadit ,gnutnaj ek harad ialpus nagnarukek tabika

.niru nupuam harad naaskiremep

sisongorp ihuragnepmem tapad gnay harad aimik satilamronba rukugneM .2

gnutnaj neisap

gnadar sesorp tajared ijakgneM .3

iretra tikaynep aynada nagned nagnubuhreb gnay okisir rotkaf gninirkS .4

kitorelksoreta airanorok

etni mulebes rasad ialin nakutnenem .5 kitueparet isnevr

tabo mures radak ijakgnem .6

)mures muilak radak adap akiteruid kefe aynlasim( natabognep kefe ijakgnem .7

nasgnip uam asarem uata nasgniP

KITSONGAID NAASKIREMEP

.A MUIROTAROBAL TSET

: tukireb iagabes nasala kutnu nakukalid muirotarobal seT

adad ireyn utiay )sirotkep anigna( tuka drakoim krafni asongaid utnabmeM .1

nagned nakkagetid tapad kadit ,gnutnaj ek harad ialpus nagnarukek tabika

.niru nupuam harad naaskiremep

sisongorp ihuragnepmem tapad gnay harad aimik satilamronba rukugneM .2

gnutnaj neisap

gnadar sesorp tajared ijakgneM .3

iretra tikaynep aynada nagned nagnubuhreb gnay okisir rotkaf gninirkS .4

kitorelksoreta airanorok

etni mulebes rasad ialin nakutnenem .5 kitueparet isnevr

tabo mures radak ijakgnem .6

)mures muilak radak adap akiteruid kefe aynlasim( natabognep kefe ijakgnem .7

nasgnip uam asarem uata nasgniP

KITSONGAID NAASKIREMEP

.A MUIROTAROBAL TSET

: tukireb iagabes nasala kutnu nakukalid muirotarobal seT

adad ireyn utiay )sirotkep anigna( tuka drakoim krafni asongaid utnabmeM .1

nagned nakkagetid tapad kadit ,gnutnaj ek harad ialpus nagnarukek tabika

.niru nupuam harad naaskiremep

sisongorp ihuragnepmem tapad gnay harad aimik satilamronba rukugneM .2

gnutnaj neisap

gnadar sesorp tajared ijakgneM .3

iretra tikaynep aynada nagned nagnubuhreb gnay okisir rotkaf gninirkS .4

kitorelksoreta airanorok

etni mulebes rasad ialin nakutnenem .5 kitueparet isnevr

tabo mures radak ijakgnem .6

)mures muilak radak adap akiteruid kefe aynlasim( natabognep kefe ijakgnem .7

edotem iagabreb tapadret aneraK .satilamronba paites padahret gninirkS .8

adebreb tapad lamron ialin akam ,adebreb gnay narukugnep set utas aratna

.aynnial set nagned muirotarobal

:halada aynaratnaiD

.1 nad ,nibolgomeh ,tirkotameh ,tisortire irad iridret :pakgnel harad sinej gnutiH

nauggnag tapadret aynitra ,lamronba ialin nakumetid alibapA .tisokuel

neilk hubut adap natahesek

.2 kele radaK neilk sisongorp ihuragnepmem tapad mures tilortkele :mures tilort

naknimrecnem mures muirtaN .nupapa isidnok adap larberes nauggnag nagned

nad nariac nahibelek nakkujnunem aimertanopiH .nariac nagnabmiesek

slaK .nariac nagnarukek nakkujnunem aimertanrepih kutnu gnitnep tagnas mui

.raluksumoruen sativitka nad harad isalugaok

.3 tabika naknurunem tapad nad lajnig isgnuf helo ihuragnepid :mures muilaK

.fitsegnok gnutnaj lagag tawarem kutnu nakanugid gnires gnay akiteruid nahab

m tapad aimelakrepih nad aimelakopiH itneh nad lekirtnev isalirbif naktabikagne

gnutnaj

.4 ,halmuj raluksav naadaek padahret naaskiremep nakapurem :naharadrep asaM

2 aynlamron ialiN .tisobmort isgnuf nad - naharadrep asaM .tinem ½ 9

iparet ,ainepotisobmort adap sinilk ankam nakirebmem gnajnamem

na .aimeru nad nalugaokit

.5 6 aynlamron.naukebmep naupmamek emsinakem naialinep :naukebmep asaM -

iparet ,tareb gnay naukebmep rotkaf isneisifed adap gnajnamem nad tinem 21

llD .dioretsokitrok iparet adap kednemem atres ,nahibelreb gnay nalugaokitna

AJ MIZNE .B GNUTN

,citsongaid liforp irad naigab nakapurem amsalp malad gnutnaj mizne sisilanA

krafni asongaidnem kutnu ,margoidrakortkele nad alajeg ,tayawir itupilem gnay

.hacep aynnarbmem nad aredec imalagnem les alib les irad naksapelid miznE .drakoim

.kasur gnay utnetret nagro nagned aynnagnubuh malad kifiseps kadit mizne nakaynabeK

naksapelid nad muidrakoim les helo naklisahid aynah mizneosi macam iagabreb numaN

.krafni naktabikagnem nad amal aiskopih tabika nakasurek imalagnem les alib

ARAD AIMIK .C H

kutnu rukuid nietorpopil nad adiresilgirt ,latot loretseloK .kamel liforP

uata fitisop gnay agraulek tayawir ada alib aynsusuhk ,kitorelksoreta okisir isaulavegnem

gnay latot mures loretseloK .utnetret nietorpopil satilamronba asongaidnem kutnu

kgnnem gnutnaj tikaynep okisir natakgninep rotciderp nakapurem lm/gm 002 sata id ta

asilanaid tapad ,harad malad loretselok tukgnagnem gnay nietorpopiL .)DAC( renorok

irad loretselok awabmem gnay )LDH( iggnit satisned nietorpopiL .siserofortkele iulalem

firep les nietorpopil ,aynkilabeS .fitketorp tafisreb ,rapeh ek ayntukgnagnem nad re

nietorpopil radak nanuruneP .refirep les ek loretselok tukgnagnem )LDL( hadner satisned

okisir naktakgninem naka hadner satisned nietorpopil natakgninep nad iggnit satisned

tikaynep patet fitaler latot loretselok ialin nupikseM .kitorelksoreta airanorok iretra

haletes nakukalid surah latot kamel lifonp narukugnep numan ,maj 42 iapmas libats

.latot loretselok naktakgninem tapad nagnajnapekreb sertS .maj 42 asaup

kelE .mureS tilortkelE krafni nagned neisap sisongorp ihuragnepmem tapad mures tilort

nagnabmiesek naknimrecnem mures muirtaN .gnutnaj isidnok paites uata tuka drakoim

nad nariac nahibelek nakkujnunem aimertanopih ,mumu araceS .fitaler nariac

nagnarukek nakkujnunem aimertanrepih isalugaok kutnu gnitnep tagnas muislaK .nariac

tapad aimeslakrepih nad aimeslakopiH .reluksumoruen sativitka nad harad

.aimtirsid nad GKE nahaburep nakbabeynem

akiteruid nahab tabika nurunem tapad nad lajnig isgnuf helo ihuragnepid mures muilaK

nires gnay muilak radak nanuruneP .fitsegnok gnutnaj lagag tawarem kutnu nakanugid g

taraperp tapadnem gnay neisap taubmem nad gnutnaj satilibatiri naktabikagnem

muilak radak natakgnineP nad silatigid satisiskot imalagnem gnurednec silatigid

oim iserped naktabikagncm nad aimelakopiH .lekirtnev satilibatiri nad muidnak

.gnutnaj itneh nad lekintnev isalirbif naktabikagnem tapad aimelakrepih

emsilobatem nihka kudorp halada )NUB( hanad aeru negortiN .haraD aerU negortiN

aj neisap adaP .lajnig helo nakisenkskeid nad nietorp tapad NUB natakgninep ,gnutn

uata )gnutnaj hanuc nanurunep tabika( lajnig isufrep nanurunep naknimrecnem

.)akiteruid iparet tabika( reluksavartni nariac emulov nagnarukek

aguj gnutnaj neisap nakaynabek anerak uatnapid surah mures asokulG .asokulG

atirednem serts naadaek adap takgninem tikides mures asokulG .sutillem setebaid

idajnem rapeh negokilg isrevnok nakbabeynem gnay negodne nirfenipe isasilibom tabika

.asokulg

IPOKSOROULF NAD ADAD X RANIS .D

ranis naaskiremeP - isisop nad rutnok ,naruku nakutnenem kutnu nakukalid x

nad gnutnaj isakifislak aynada naktahilrepmem tapad ini naaskiremeP .gnutnaj

.lanomlup isalukris sigoloisif nahaburep aynada nakkujnunenr nad laidrakirep

tnabmem kadit ini naaskiremeP tapad numan ,tuka drakoim krafni sisongaid u

nagnasameP .)fitsegnok gnutnaj lagag .sim( utnetret isakilpmok aynada naktaugnem

iulalem tahilid aguj tapad lanomlup iretna retetak uata gnutnaj ucap itrepes ,retetak

ranis naaskiremep - .x

ipoksoroulf naaskiremeP tnecsenimul adap gnutnaj lausiv narabmag nakirebmem tapad

x- harad hulubmep nad gnutnaj natuyned naktahilrepmem ini naaskiremeP .neercs yar

halada ipoksoroulF .lamron kadit gnay gnutnaj rutnok ijakgnem kutnu tapet tagnas atres

apmenep kutnu tapet gnay tala atres anevartni ucamep edortkele nagnasamep nad nat

.gnutnaj isasiretetak adap retetak nakusamep gnibmibmem kutnu

IFARGOIDRAKORTKELE .E

irad padasid gnay gnutnaj kirtsil sativitka naknimrecnem )GKE( nrargoidrakortkelE

.tiluk naakumrep adap tudus iagabreb

sirag iagabes tatacid GKE - rayaI id lausiv narabmag uata satrek rabmeles adap sirag

,neisap rumu ianegnem atad akam ,GKE isaterpretni hadumrepmem kutnU .poksoliso

amaturet( natabognep nad ,alajeg ,nadab tareb ,iggnit ,harad nanaket ,nimalek sinej

silatigid .GKE naatnimrep tarus adap silutid surah )aimtirsiditna nahab nad

adebreb gnay isidnok isaulavegnem kutnu anugreb tagnas amaturet ifargoidrakortkelE

,naratnah nauggnag ,amari nad natapecek nauggnag itrepes ,lamron isgnuf gnidnabid

ramak narasebmep - ap ramak nagnabmieskaditek nad ,drakoim krafni aynada ,gnutnaj ad

.tilortkele

irotalubmA neisaP adap ifargoidrakortkelE nanuatnameP

,nagnubmanisekreb araces ijakid tapad neisap ragA .nagnubmanisekreB nauatnameP

k nakgnubuhid tapad dael saleb aud ek irad utas akam gnay dael auD .poksoliso rayal e

iV isakifidom nad II dael halada nagnubmanisekreb nauatnamep kutnu iakapid asaib

gnay taruka gnay P gnabmoleg isasilausiv naknignignem atik alib hilipid II daeL .)1LCM(

atik alib hilipid ILCM .muirta isasiraloped nakapurem gnay lekintnev nakutnenem nigni

nakgnubuhid neisap gnutnaj amarI .kipotke uata lamronba tuyned rebmus nakapurem

.irtemelet iulalem uata edortkele lebak iulalem gnusgnal araces kiab gnutnaj rotinom ek

abmoleg iagabes nakratnahid GKE laynis ,irtemelet nagneD racnamep nad oidar gn

nalajreb tapad neisaP .neisap helo nakanekid gnay iaretab aganetreb - gnades akitek nalaj

nanagnanep margorp nad naigab halada nagnubmanisekreb GKE nauatnameP .uatnapid

adap nakanugid aguj gnires nad ,sitirk natawarep tinu adap radnats natawarep tinu

.aimtirsid aynada isketednem kutnu mumu

.F EVISAVNI NAASKIREMEP

: isasiretetaK

- iriK

- nanaK

: iulalem retetak gnorodneM: kinheT

- nanak gnutnaj isaulave kutnu aneV

- irik gnutnaj isaulave kutnu iretrA

: naujuT

- anaK gnutnaJ isasiretetaK aumes adap harad nanaket nad 2O isarutas iuhategneMn

.iranomluP iretrA iapmas avaC aneV irad ialum nanak gnutnaj naigab

- iriK naigab irad harad nanaket nad 2O isarutas iuhategneMiriK gnutnaJ isasiretetaK

.iriK muiretrA ilaucek atroA ,gnutnaJ

.G IGNAOROC IFARGO

gnutnaj isasiretetak nagned amas : naaskiremep kinheT

: retetak sinej aud adA

- nanaK yranoroC A kutnU

- iriK yranoroC A kutnU

retetaK .atroA lakgnap iapmas gnorodid retetaKnanaK yranoroC yretrA kutnu retetaK

s gnacnarid hadus nanaK yranoroC A kutnu lakgnaP ek gnorodid alib ,apur naikimede

uitso( tulumid sisrep ,retetak gnuju akam atroA nahaB .nanaK yranoroC yretrA )m sartnoc

gnabac nad nanak yranoroc yretra ek kusamnaktorpmesid - .ayngnabac

: naujuT .renoroc sisonets natabmuynep aynraseb nad tajared ,takgnit tahilem kutnU

yranoroC yretrA kutnu retetaK lakgnap iapmas gnorodid irik iretra kutnu retetaKiriK

ek kusam naktorpmesid sartnoC .irik atroa lakgnap id tapet margorpid aggnih atroa

ranoroc yretra gnabac nad irik y - .ayngnabac

.nanak yfargoigna yranoroc nagned amas : naujuT

GNUTNAJ TIKAYNEP NAANASKALATANEP

iretrA isatalid utnabmem kutnu niresilgortin nairebmeP .1

.2 etaflus enihproM – 2- t gm 4

naknuruneM

samec ignarugneM

sulah toto nakskelireM urpa id - urap

iklimeM ciseglana kefe

nairebmep .3 2 ta negyxO - nim/L 4

tabo nairebmep .4 - citylobmorhT natabo

esanikotpertS

APT

nirapeH

ASA

.5 enimatuboD ,enimapoD ,srekcolb ateB ,nixogiD ,srekcolb lennahc muiclaC ,eniacodiL

.6 tnemecalp tnetS/ytsalpoignA

.7 gnitfarG ssapyB yretrA yranoroC

.8 noitaziralucsaver rezaL laidracoymsnarT

AKATSUP RATFAD

nauggnaG nagned neilK adap natawarepeK nahusA .9002 .firA,niqattuM

akideM abmelAS:atrakaJ .igolotameH nad raluksavoidraK

NAMODEP .7002 ,IR sekpeD NAD GNUTNAJ TIKAYNEP NAILADNEGNEP

IR seKpeD :ATRAKAJ .HARAD HULUBMEP

,suomynonA 454/gnutnaj/moc.barcllams.www//:ptth - rotkaf - okiser - tikaynep -

.gnutnaj lirpA 21 laggnat seskaiD MP 31.41 lukup 1102

21/moc.natahesekhalajam//:ptth,suomynonA - rotkaf - okisir - tikaynep - ./gnutnaj

MP 53.41 lukup 1102 lirpA 21 laggnat seskaiD

sesorP sinilK pesnoK : igoloisifotaP .5002 .nosrednA aivlyS,ecirP - .tikayneP sesorP

CGE : atrakaJ

.5991.K drawdE,gnuhC CGE:atrakaJ .raluksavoidraK tikayneP sitkarP nutnuneP