54 infant bernard - cecentral.com · fluid‐refractory dopamine‐resistant shock –shock ......
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Phil Bernard, MD
2 week old presents to your office with fever to 101.5 F HR 150 RR 40 BP not‐obtainedBP not obtained Sats 95%
Baraff LJ, Bass JW, Fleisher GR, Klein JO, McCracken GH, Powell KR, et al. Practice guideline for the management of infants and children 0 to 36 months of age with fever without source. Pediatrics 1993;92:1‐12.
Toxic kids – later Non‐toxic appearance 0‐28 days 3% SBI 1% meningitis 29‐ 60 days 1.4% SBI 0.4% meningitis
T‐cell lymphocytes non‐functionalB‐cell lymphoctyes can’t produce IgG’sIgG levels rise greatly over the first few months of life
1‐90 days RECTAL temperature > 100.4 F (or 38 C) Overbundling is real – recheck in 15 minutes If Mom reports rectal temperature – believe it. 92% children hospitalized had subsequent fever
90 days – 3 years > 102.2F (39 C)
Viral RSV Influenza Enterovirus HSV (more later)
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Bacterial Etiology Most common organisms
Streptococcus pneumoniae 6% Niesseria menigitidis 15%H hil i fl t B % Haemophilus influenza type B 2%
Staphylococcus aureus 24% Staphylococcus epidermidis 19% Fungal infections 15%
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?
Meningitis Bacteremia Urinary tract infections
Boston Rochester Philadelphia
Peripheral white blood cell (WBC) count less than 20,000/microL CSF with WBC <10/microL UA <10 WBC per high‐powered field No infiltrate on chest radiograph if one was obtained
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• WBC <15,000/microL• Band‐neutrophil ratio <0.2• UA <10 WBC/hpf and a negative urine Gram stain• CSF <8 WBC/microL and a negative CSF Gram stain• Chest radiograph lacking an infiltrate if one was obtained• Stool without blood and few or no WBCs on the smear
WBC 5,000 to 15,000/microL with an absolute band count <1,500/microL Urinalysis with <10 WBC/hpf and no bacteria seen Stool with <5 WBC/hpf if obtained
Lee GM, Harper MB Risk of bacteremia for febrile young children in thepost-Haemophilus influenzae type b era. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998; 152:624-628
Neonatal Group B strep Listeria monocytogenes E. Coli + GNR’s
Pediatric Staphylococcus Niesseria menigitidis Streptococcus pneumoniae
Tx: Ampicillin + gentamicin vs. cefotaxime
pneumoniae
Tx: 3rd generation cephalosporin + Vancomycin (if they are SICK)
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Get a MANUAL DIFF < 1 month old = admission If you choose to treat with antibiotics Lumbar puncture if < 90 days
Refle U/A on an child < 2 ears Reflex U/A on any child < 2 years Don’t consider otitis media source
Of fever in neonate
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Warm shock ‐ MS, perfusion, flash cap refill with bounding pulses Cold shock ‐ MS, perfusion, cap refill > 3 sec and mottled cool extremities Fluid‐refractory dopamine‐resistant shock – shock Fluid refractory dopamine resistant shock shock despite > 60 cc/kg over 1 hr and dopamine to 10 mcg/kg/min
2000 People/day develop Sepsis Mortality is ~ 30%
Major category for admission to a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit 11% of our patients admitted primary diagnosis 11% of our patients admitted primary diagnosis
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Watson and Carcillo, 2005
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5‐30% of children with sepsis also have shock 9‐18% mortality Confirmed bacteria in ~ 75% of PICU patients
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25 26
80%
100%
120%
0%
20%
40%
60%
1968 Univ Minn 1985 CNMC 1991 CNMC 1999 US
Mortality
Gram negative Sepsis
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Why are the outcomes changing?
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Monoclonal antibody to LPS Anti – Tumour‐necrosis‐factor alpha (TNF‐α) Antithrombin III (ATIII) Tissue‐factor‐pathway inhibitor (TFPI)
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EXPERIMENTAL
Single genetic profile Blood borne
REALITY
Multiple polymorphisms Often with tissue infiltration –Over 1/3rd with cultures negative
Short‐term survival No mechanical ventilation Healthy
O e /3 t cu tu es egat e 30‐day mortality Long‐term mech vent injury LOTS OF CO‐MORBIDITIES
31 Cohen, Nature, 2002 32
Cohen, Nature, 2002 33
Activated Protein C Approved by FDA for severe sepsis in adults in Nov. 2001 following PROWESS study Mortality decreased from 31% to 26% Need to treat = 1 in 16 patients Specifically not approved for Pediatric use
N Engl J Med 2001;344:699‐709
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Largest Pediatric trial ever in critically ill children Patients enrolled between Nov 2002 and April 2005 Ages newborn to 17 yearsA i d P i C l Activated Protein C versus controls
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INCLUSION
Infection – proven or suspected New‐onset respiratory f il
EXCLUSION
High risk of intracranial hemorrhage Imminent death
failure Sepsis‐induced cardiovascular dysfunction pressors
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477 patients enrolled Study suspended after second planned interim analysis
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PEDS Severe hypovolemia Low cardiac output (hypodynamic) Most have High SVR
Adults Less responsive to fluids Less responsive to fluids CO maintained via tachycardia and ventricular dilation Circulatory collapse
More volume More inotropy More responsive to ECMO
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ADULT
Incidence 751,000 cases/yr mortality 28.6%
PEDIATRIC
Incidence 42,000 cases/yr mortality 10.3%
Watson, et al. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167:695‐701 41
Etiology is changing – immunizations Care is improving?
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80%
100%
120%
0%
20%
40%
60%
1968 Univ Minn 1985 CNMC 1991 CNMC 1999 US
Mortality
Gram negative Sepsis
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Very few good trials available Best Guess strategy Supportive Care
Neonatal Group B strep Listeria monocytogenes E. Coli + GNR’s
Pediatric Staphylococcus Niesseria menigitidis Streptococcus pneumoniae
Tx: Ampicillin + gentamicin vs. cefotaxime
pneumoniae
Tx: Vancomycin + 3rd generation cephalosporin
Herpes Simplex Virus Systemic Not subtle! ‐ Fulminant and overwhelming Skin lesions in only 1/3 of patients Thrombocytopenia, Inc. LFT’s, lymphocytic meningitis
M i h liti Meningoencephalitis Must have focal neurologic signs Bloody tap DOES NOT EQUAL HSV
Enterovirus Myocarditis
Meadows, TE, manuscript in progress
• Add Acyclovir only in cases with severe systemic infection, skin manifestations, or seizures• KCH – rate 1.3% of patients given Acyclovir had HSV; all had skin lesions or generalized seizures
Candida (17% survival) Immunocompromised
Treatment Fluconazole Fluconazole Amphotericin B
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ER
modified from Carcillo 2004
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PICU
Yong Y. Han, Joseph A. Carcillo, Michelle A. Dragotta, Debra M. Bills, R. Scott
91 patients
65 survivors26
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65 survivors
Prism score 13
nonsurvivors
Prism score 26
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40
60
80
100
Patient survival vs whether shock was reversed
urvi
val %
55
0
20
4
Shock reversed
Persistant Shock
Pat
ient
Su
60
80
100
Patient survival vs. resuscitation c/w PALS
urvi
val %
56
0
20
40
Resuscitation c/w PALS
Resuscitation NOT c/w PALS
Pat
ient
Su
Every hour patient went without resuscitation increased mortality risk by 100% Every hour patient went without transfer increased mortality risk by 50%
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ScVO2
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SvO2 CVL catheters now available May be useful in pediatric sepsis One study performed Oliveria et al Reduction in mortality Reduction in mortality 39% to 12%
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Current practice guidelines Hgb 0f 10 mg/dL Multiple adult studies show liberal transfusion practices have higher morbidity and mortality
Hebert 1999 62
19 multi‐center trial 648 hemodynamically stable children in PICU Randomized for transfusion threshold Hgb <9.5 Hgb < 7 Hgb < 7
Protocol suspended for hemodynamic instability, acute blood loss, severe hypoxemia
Lacroix NEJM 200763
85% of patients had septic state 33% had multiple organ dysfunction 5% had septic shock
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Transfusion requirements decreased significantly (98% vs. 46%) Primary and secondary endpoints equivalent New organ dysfunction Vasoactive drugs Vasoactive drugs Not powered for mortality but they were equivalent
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Hydrocortisone WILL improve vasomotor tone and
modified from Carcillo 200466
y pcardiac output
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Retrospective study of 6693 pediatric patients Multivariate analysis Overall mortality 24%
Markovitz Pediatric Critical Care Med 2005
0
10
20
30
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Steroids No steroids
Mortality
* p< 0.05
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Don’t necessarily intubate in the field (esp. if transport time is short) Landmark study by Gausche showed intubation in field trended towards worsening outcomes Success related to: the length of training, Supervised operating room and field experience Rapid sequence intubation (RSI)
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NOT recommended
Instead Ketamine Atropine
VS
Extubation Rates the same Post‐extubation stridor the same Caveat: keep cuff pressure < 20 mmHg New rule: cuff size = (age in years/4) + 3
Newth 2004 71
ETT route is route of last resort ? Accurate doses Vasopressin effective via ETT (but at what dose?) should we be even using it kids?
E i h i i ETT gi ff t d Epinephrine via ETT may give more effects and therefore may increase myocardial ischemia
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Bystanders Only Adult guidelines NOT FOR Pediatrics EMS providers EMS providers Arrest from non‐cardiac origin
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AED’s are now recommended for children 1 year and up Provide CPR before and immediately after shocking NO MORE SHOCK, SHOCK, SHOCK, Epi, SHOCK
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High dose epi is NOT recommended May be useful in rare circumstances (like ‐
)blocker ingestion)
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Adult studies – cooling may improve outcomes Neonatal studies – cooling may improve outcomes Pediatric studies??? Consider cooling to 32‐34°C for patients who remain comatose following cardiac arrestfollowing cardiac arrest
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Nitric oxide Continuous renal replacement therapy Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
DESPITE RUMOURS TO THE CONTRARY‐ ‐ ‐ MOST OF OUR KIDS GO BACK TO THEIR HOMES!
Golden Hour of Sepsis Multi‐disciplinary Multi‐tiered approach
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