Phn quyt s 1

PHN QUYT S 1

TRANH CHP LIN QUAN N

TNH C LP CA IU KHON TRNG TI

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi bn c

B n: Ngi mua Rumani

Cc vn c cp:

iu khon trng ti

nh hng ca iu khon bo lu ti hiu lc ca hp ng v ca iu khon trng ti

Tm tt v vic:

HP TC LM PHIM

Nguyn n v B n k mt Tho thun (hp ng) trong c cha mt iu khon bo lu vi ni dung nh sau "Tho thun ny s c gi tr sau khi th tn dng c m".

B n, sau khi c c bo lnh ca Chnh ph m th tn dng, yu cu Nguyn n giao hng ngay trc khi th tn dng c m. Nguyn n thc hin vic giao hng theo yu cu ny ca B n.

Sau khi thc hin ton b cc ngha v trong hp ng m ch c thanh ton mt phn tin hng, Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti yu cu B n thanh ton nt s tin cn li.

B n khng chp nhn thm quyn ca trng ti vi lp lun rng v iu khon bo lu (vic m th tn dng) khng c thc hin nn hp ng coi nh cha c hiu lc v iu khon trng ti, v th, cng khng c hiu lc.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Vn gy nhiu tranh ci nht trong v kin ny l khi iu kin bo lu quy nh trong hp ng chnh khng c tho mn, hp ng tr nn v hiu th s v hiu ca hp ng c ko theo s v hiu ca iu khon trng ti hay khng.

Trn thc t tho thun v trng ti thng thng c th hin n gin di hnh thc mt iu khon trng ti v a vo hp ng thng mi (nh hp ng mua bn hng ho, mua bn bn quyn, vn chuyn...). Thc t, iu khon trng ti c th c hiu l "mt hp ng trong mt hp ng".

Chng ta khng nn ln ln iu khon trng ti vi hp ng chnh m n dn chiu ti. Bi y l hai loi tho thun c i tng php l hon ton khc nhau: iu khon trng ti xc nh th tc t tng s c p dng trong trng hp c tranh chp pht sinh gia cc bn cn Hp ng chnh quy nh ngha v v quyn li ca cc bn. Thng thng iu khon trng ti c mt mc c lp nht nh i vi hp ng chnh. iu khon ny khng b tc ng bi nhng l do v hiu ca hp ng chnh. Ni mt cch khc, vic v hiu ca hp ng chnh khng th nh hng ti tin trnh t tng bng trng ti.

Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l hp ng chnh khng c nh hng g ti iu khon trng ti. C nhng l do v hiu c tc ng ti c hai tho thun trn nh vi phm nguyn tc t nguyn khi k kt hoc s khng c nng lc trong k kt hp ng ca cc bn.

V mt php l, iu 343 Lut dn s ca Rumani (lut c chn iu chnh hp ng) c quy nh: "Hiu lc ca iu khon trng ti c lp vi hiu lc ca hp ng cha ng n".

Thc t, vn hp ng chnh trong v vic ny c hiu lc hay khng cng cn phi xem xt li bi theo tho thun mi gia hai bn (B n yu cu v Nguyn n chp nhn yu cu ), vic giao hng c tin hnh trc khi th tn dng c m, tc l iu khon bo lu khng cn na. Tuy nhin, trong v vic ny u ban trng ti ch c nhim v xem xt xem iu khon trng ti trong hp ng c hiu lc hay khng. Vi lp lun rng "v tho thun trng ti l mt tho thun c lp nn d hp ng chnh b tc ng bi iu khon bo lu, tho thun ny vn khng h b nh hng bi iu khon bo lu ni trn", trng ti quyt nh mnh c thm quyn gii quyt v bc yu cu ca B n.

PHN QUYT S 2

TRANH CHP V CHT LNG CA H THNG THIT B HPA

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi mua ng Phi

B n: Ngi cung cp M

Cc vn c cp:

Hy b hp ng trong trng hp hng ha khng ph hp quy cch phm cht

Trch nhim hn ch thit hi trong hp ng

iu khon gii quyt tranh chp bng thng lng

Tm tt v vic:

phc v cho vic vn hnh mt trm v tinh mt t ti ng Phi, thng 4 nm 1978, Nguyn n, mt cng ty ng Phi, k mt hp ng mua, vn chuyn v lp t mt b khuych i sng cc ngn (sau y gi tt l "HPA") vi B n, mt nh cung cp M. Hp ng quy nh lut p dng l lut ca bang California v mi tranh chp s c gii quyt bng trng ti ca Phng Thng mi v Cng nghip Quc t ti Geneva.

Nguyn n k Bn Chp Nhn i vi h thng "HPA" ti nh my ca B n ti M vo thng 6 nm 1979, sau ti cng trng ti nc ng Phi.

Tuy nhin trong qu trnh hot ng, h thng "HPA" lun gp trc trc v vo thng 1 nm 1980, ngng hot ng. K t , mc d hai bn vi ln c gng sa cha ti ng Phi, h thng HPA vn khng th hot ng bnh thng.

Nguyn nhn ca vic h thng HPA lin tc b hng l do vic lp t khng ng thit b. C th, h thng cung cp in m HPA yu cu khng ph hp vi h thng in sn c ti hin trng.

Cui cng vo thng 4 nm 1981, cc bn quyt nh gi h thng HPA tr li nh my ca B n ti M. Thng 5 nm 1981 B n ngh c sa h thng HPA nhng Nguyn n khng chp nhn. Hai bn cng tin hnh thng lng nhiu ln v vic sa cha ny nhng khng t kt qu. Ngy 25 thng 11 nm 1981, Nguyn n hu b Bn Chp Nhn h thng HPA m mnh k trc y v mua mt h thng HPA t mt nh sn xut khc thay th cho h thng HPA ca B n.

Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti yu cu B n:

Hon li s tin thanh ton theo hp ng,

Bi thng khon chnh lch gia gi mua ca h thng HPA c v h thng HPA thay th,

Bi thng nhng thit hi ngu nhin v nhng thit hi nhn qu ko theo.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Vn ch yu m trng ti cn xc nh trong v vic ny l liu y c phi l mt trng hp cung cp hng khng ng phm cht, qui cch theo hp ng hay khng.

Nguyn n khiu ni i hu b Bn Chp nhn i vi h thng HPA, i tng ca hp ng. L do Nguyn n (ngi mua) nu ra l tnh khng ph hp ca hng ho c giao vi hng ho miu t trong hp ng.

U ban trng ti lp lun nh sau:

Theo iu 2608 ca Lut Thng Mi California, ngi mua c th hu b Hp ng ca mnh i vi mt l hng hoc mt n v hng ho khi l hng c giao khng ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh, gy thit hi ln cho ngi mua trong nhng trng hp sau:

- S khng ph hp v quy cch phm cht c th c khc phc nhng li khng c khc phc mt cch hp l.

- Ngi mua chp nhn hng ho c giao m khng bit rng cht lng v quy cch hng ho khng ph hp vi hp ng do li v cht lng v quy cch ny rt kh pht hin khi nhn hng giao hoc do ngi bn c bo m trc v cht lng hng ho.

Vn cn lm r l liu vic h thng HPA khng hot ng c ti hin trng c c coi l s khng ph hp ca h thng HPA vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh ti hp ng hay khng. V ngay c trong trng hp khng ph hp vi hp ng th liu y c phi l mt trng hp c php hu hp ng nh qui nh ti iu 2608 hay khng.

Theo cc quy nh ca hp ng, ngha v hp ng ca B n i vi h thng HPA khng ch n thun l bn v giao hng m cn phi lp t h thng HPA ti hin trng. Mc A ca hp ng qui nh "Ngi bn c ngha v giao, lp t v kim tra ti hin trng b khuych i v qun l, gim st cng nh c thc cng vic cn phi thc hin".

U ban trng ti cho rng ngha v lp t ti hin trng ko theo trch nhim phi bo m rng h thng HPA s c xy lp theo ng quy cch phm cht cn thit ph hp vi iu kin thc t ti cng trng cho d iu khng c quy nh c th trong phn B "Quy cch phm cht" ca hp ng. Bi vy, v khng thit k c h thng HPA vi nhng quy cch phm cht cn thit vn hnh c ti hin trng, B n khng thc hin ng ngha v ca mnh.

Mt vn na l liu Nguyn n c phi chia s trch nhim vi B n hay khng, v trong thi gian m phn Nguyn n bit rng h thng HPA phi ph hp vi h thng phn phi in ti hin trng v nh th mi c th d dng p ng c mi quy cch phm cht quy nh ti phn B ca hp ng.

U ban trng ti thy khng cn thit phi nghin cu vn ny, v trn thc t, vo thng 12 nm 1978, c th l trong thi gian thit k v xy dng h thng HPA, ngay trc thi im chuyn giao, ng B, nhn vin iu hnh chu trch nhim v phn sn xut h thng HPA ca B n, nhn c thng bo t mt trong cc k s ca mnh ti hin trng l tm im c s dng l tm im khc vi tm im c thit k cho h thng HPA.

U ban trng ti kt lun rng vic h thng HPA khng th vn hnh trong cc iu kin thc t ti hin trng cu thnh li "khng ph hp" v to thnh li trong hp ng ca B n. Xt trn kha cnh ny, nhng quy nh ca iu 2608 ca lut thng mi California c p ng. U ban trng ti cng cho rng nhng iu kin php l nu ti iu 2608 ca lut thng mi California v hu b Chp nhn cng c tha mn.

U ban trng ti kt lun rng, Nguyn n c quyn hu b Chp nhn h thng HPA, c hon tr li tin thanh ton v bi thng khon chnh lch gi do phi mua mt h thng HPA khc thay th. U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n v cc thit hi ngu nhin v nhn qu ko theo do Nguyn n khng a ra c cc chng c chng minh cho cc thit hi ny.

PHN QUYT S 3

TRANH CHP V TNH V HIU CA HP NG I HNG

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Hai doanh nghip Nam T

B n: Mt cng ty Thy S

Cc vn c cp:

Lut p dng i vi Hp ng

Tnh v hiu ca hp ng: do tri vi tp qun, vi phm chnh sch chung

Hu qu ca tnh v hiu

Tm tt v vic:

Quan h pht sinh t giao dch gia cc bn c thit lp thng qua vic i hng ho xut khu t Nam T ly hng ho nhp khu khc. Thc cht ch Hp ng nhp khu l c thc, cn Hp ng xut khu l khng c thc v mc ch ca vic thit lp quan h ny l nhm thu c ngun ti chnh cn thit v thc hin vic quy i ngoi t thanh ton hng ho nhp khu. Trn thc t, hng ho xut khu c giao ti Nam T v c thanh ton bng Franc Thu S. Cc Nguyn n (trong c mt doanh nghip ph sn) yu cu hu b giao dch v i bi thng thit hi.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Lut p dng cho quan h hp ng gia cc bn:

Theo Nguyn n, lut Nam T s l lut p dng, cn B n cho rng lut Thu S s l lut p dng.

Theo on 3 v 5, iu 13 ca Quy tc Trng ti Quc t ICC, cc bn c t do quyt nh lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp. Trong trng hp cc bn khng c bt k tho thun no v lut p dng th U ban trng ti s ch nh lut p dng theo nguyn tc m U ban trng ti cho l thch hp. Tuy nhin, trong mi trng hp U ban trng ti phi tnh n cc iu khon ca hp ng v cc tp qun thng mi.

Qui nh ny cng c nu trong iu VII ca Cng c Geneva v Trng ti Thng mi Quc t k ngy 21 thng 4 nm 1961 v trong iu 33 on 1 v 3 Quy tc Trng ti Quc t UNCITRAL.

V vn ny, hu ht cc hc thuyt hin nay v thm quyn ca trng ti v cc n l trng ti quc t u tha nhn rng trong vic xc nh lut p dng, U ban trng ti c th b qua cc qui tc lut xung t v p dng trc tip cc qui tc lut thc cht. Tuy nhin, iu ny khng c ngha l cc trng ti vin c t do la chn lut p dng, c u tin p dng lut ny hay lut khc. Vic la chn lut ca cc trng ti vin phi da trn cc yu t khch quan nh cc iu khon ca hp ng lin quan, cc tp qun thng mi.

Ngoi ra, Trng ti cng phi cn c vo cc qui tc nu trong bn d tho nguyn tc v lut p dng i vi hp ng quc t, mt cng trnh nghin cu ca U ban Thc tin Thng mi Quc t ca ICC a ra ti Hi ngh Stockholm ngy 9 thng 10 nm 1981.

Theo iu 3 Cng c v Lut p dng i vi Hp ng Mua bn Hng ho Quc t k ti La Haye ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1955, hp ng mua bn c iu chnh bi lut quc gia ca nc m ngi bn c tr s thng tr ti thi im nhn c n t hng. Tuy nhin, hp ng mua bn s c iu chnh bi lut quc gia ca nc m bn mua c tr s chnh, nu nh l ni m ngi bn nhn n t hng.

Cc qui nh t php quc t ca Thu S, Php v Nam T vo thi im ny cng c nhng quy tc tng t trong vic xc nh lut p dng cho cc ngha v pht sinh t hp ng mua bn: Vn u tin l phi xc nh nhng im quan trng nht khi thc hin hp ng. Tip theo cn xc nh lnh th c mi quan h cht ch nht vi vic thc hin hp ng, hoc theo nh kin ca To n lin bang Thu S, th phi nh ra "trung tm" ca Hp ng. Cc yu t ny s l c s ch yu xc nh lut p dng i vi hp ng. y cng l gii php a ra trong Cng c Chu u v Lut p dng i vi Ngha v hp ng c cc nc thnh vin k kt ti Rome, ngy 19 thng 6 nm 1980.

U ban trng ti cho rng trong v vic ny Nguyn n phi chu s iu chnh ca lut Nam T i vi vic qun l xut nhp khu. Lut ny bao gm cc quy nh chung v pht tin v thm ch b pht t theo nh vn bn sa i lut ny v c p dng cho bt c hp ng xut nhp khu no Nam T.

Ngoi ra, cn c vo cc iu khon ghi trong cc chng t hp ng v thc tin thc hin hp ng, U ban trng ti cho rng lut p dng i vi quan h hp ng l lut Nam T.

S v hiu ca hp ng xut khu:

Trn thc t, khng h c bt k thng tin chi tit no v Hp ng xut khu v cc trng ti vin i n kt lun rng hp ng ny l khng c thc v cc bn vi phm qui nh v quy i ngoi t.

U ban trng ti cho rng:

"V mt nguyn tc, nhng tho thun tri vi qui nh bt buc ca lut hoc tri vi chnh sch chung, tri o c v tp qun l khng hp l v v hiu. iu ny c qui nh trong iu 879 Lut Dn s o, c p dng ti Croatia v Slovakia nm 1974, cng nh c qui nh trong Lut v Ngha v hp ng c hiu lc t nm 1978 ca Nam T. Nguyn tc ny cng c tt c cc nc v cc h thng php lut khc cng nhn. y c th coi l mt yu t ca lut hp ng c cng ng quc t tha nhn rng ri".

Trong v vic ny, cc bn k kt mt hp ng khng c thc, vi phm lut Nam T v thng qua vic dng nh xut khu khng c thc thu c mt khon tn dng cng khng c thc. V vy, ti thi im giao kt hp ng c vi phm lut, cng nh vi phm o c v tri vi tp qun.

Ngoi ra, iu 7 Hp ng xut nhp khu k kt gia cc bn qui nh: "Ton b cc iu khon nu trn ca hp ng ny l khng th tch ri v cc bn phi c ngha v thc hin ng theo hp ng".

T cc lp lun trn, U ban trng ti i n kt lun rng: Hp ng xut khu l khng hp l v v hiu.

H qu ca s v hiu ni trn l hai hp ng nhp khu hng ho cng khng hp l v v hiu v iu 7 ca hp ng gc qui nh v tnh thng nht ca cc iu khon trong hp ng (tc l s thng nht gia cc Hp ng nhp khu v xut khu).

Hu qu ca vic hp ng v hiu:

Theo lut Nam T, Hp ng v hiu dn ti vic phi khi phc li tnh trng ban u ca cc bn, c ngha l mi bn phi hon li nhng li ch m h nhn c t hp ng, khng n b thit hi, tr khi c li ch b vi phm. Kt lun ca U ban trng ti l hp ng nhp khu khng hp l v v hiu, hu qu l mt trong cc bn phi khi phc li tnh trng ban u m khng c bt c bi thng no tr khi li ch b vi phm.

Vn tip theo l vic xc nh khon tin m B n phi hon tr.

B n s phi hon tr khon tin tn dng do Nguyn n m l 5.398.986,51 Franc Thu S.

Cc Nguyn n cn thc hin mt s chi ph khc nhng khng mang li li nhun cho B n, v vy B n khng phi hon tr cc chi ph ny.

B n phi hon tr khon tin bng Franc Thu S. Khon tin ny trc y do mt trong cc Nguyn n thanh ton cho B on ti Thu S v vy cc li ch b vi phm phi c tnh theo t gi p dng cho li sut p dng cho thanh ton qu hn Thu S, tc l 5% theo iu 104 Lut ngha v hp ng ca Thu S.

Nh vy cc Nguyn n c quyn i B n bi thng khon li trn s tin thanh ton cho B n tnh t ngy thc hin vic thanh ton vi li sut l 5%.

Phn quyt ca U ban trng ti nh sau:

Hp ng gc v ba hp ng lin quan l khng hp l v v hiu do vi phm lut Nam T v tri vi o c v tp qun.

Cc Nguyn n phi t chu cc chi ph gi tr li hng ho nhp khu m B n giao cho h ti ni ng k tr s ca B n.

B n phi tr cho Nguyn n khon tin ng trc 5.398.986,51 Franc Thu S vo ti khon theo th tn dng ti ngn hng X.

Nguyn n c quyn hng li sut theo t l 5% tnh t ngy tr tin cho ti ngy B n thc hin vic bi hon.

Mi bn phi thanh ton mt na th lao v ph trng ti do U ban trng ti quyt nh.

PHN QUYT S 4

TRANH CHP V VIC KHNG GIAO HNG DO BT KH KHNG

TRONG HP NG MUA BN G

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Bn mua Syri

B n: Bn bn Ghana

Cc vn c cp:

Vic vi phm hp ng ca B n

Trng hp bt kh khng

Vic Nguyn n t chi hp ng

Cc thit hi (gi chnh lch, mt li nhun, cc chi ph ngn hng)

Tm tt v vic:

Ngy 15 thng 8 nm 1979, Nguyn n k hp ng mua ca B n 5000 m3 g dn v 5000 m3 g khi theo nhng iu kin sau:

a. Chuyn hng u tin gm 3000 m3 g dn v 1000 m3 g khi s c giao trong vng hai thng k t ngy m th tn dng,

b. Chuyn hng th hai gm 2000 m3 g dn v 2000 m3 g khi s c giao sau chuyn th nht mt thng,

c. Chuyn hng th ba gm 2000 m3 g khi s c giao sau chuyn th hai mt thng.

Thanh ton bng L/C c xc nhn v khng hu ngang;

Bo m thc hin hp ng tr gi 5% tng tr gi hp ng do B n cp "ngay sau khi L/C tng ng c m ";

iu khon v pht do giao chm;

iu khon v trng ti quc t ICC;

iu khon v bt kh khng trong nu r:

Trong trng hp xy ra s kin bt kh khng, bn bn c trch nhim thng bo vi bn mua ngay sau khi s kin ny xy ra,

S bin ng ca tin t cng nh vic tng gi s khng c coi l bt kh khng.

Sau khi hp ng c k kt, Bo m thc hin hp ng c B n gi ti Nguyn n ngy 22 thng 11 nm 1979. Tng ng theo , chuyn hng cui cng phi c giao mun nht l ngy 22 thng 3 nm 1980. Ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1979, hai th tn dng c thi hn ti ngy 22 thng 2 nm 1980, mt cho l g dn v mt cho l g khi m ngi th hng l B n, c xc nhn. V phn mnh, Nguyn n cng k hp ng bo him cho hng ho v ch nh cng ty gim nh kim tra cht lng hng ho c giao.

Ngy 14 thng 12 nm 1979, B n thng bo cho Nguyn n bng Telex rng do ma ln, thiu nhin liu v mt s l do khc, h khng th giao hng theo ng lch nh. Ngy 16 thng 12 nm 1979 chuyn hng u tin ch c 218,671 m3 g dn v 415,904 m3 g khi ri Ghana i Syri.

Sau , B n thng bo cho Nguyn n hn s gi chuyn hng th hai gm 2500 m3 g dn v 1500 m3 g khi vo cui thng 1 nm 1980. Nguyn n ng ngh ny ca B n. Tuy nhin trn thc t iu ny khng c thc hin. Nguyn n sau phi nhc nh B n vi ln, ngh c thng bo chi tit v chuyn hng giao ngy 7 thng 3 nm 1980, ng thi xin gia hn th tn dng cng nh chp nhn gia hn thi hn giao hng cho ti ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980.

B n khng h c ng thi g v thc t khng tin hnh giao chuyn hng th hai. Ngy 2 thng 5 nm 1980, hai bn ng gp nhau bn bc v vic thc hin hp ng. Ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1980, vin c rng mnh phi chu nhng tn tht do gi du tng, B n ngh tng gi ln 40%. Nguyn n khng chp nhn yu cu ny. B n mun hu b hp ng vi l do bt kh khng v i c thanh ton tin hng cho chuyn hng u tin giao.

Cho n thi im ny Nguyn n c c lnh phong to Bo m thc hin hp ng cng hai th tn dng theo quyt nh ca to s thm Damascus.

Ngy 25 thng 8 nm 1981, Nguyn n a s vic ra To trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t (ICC). Theo cc iu khon dn chiu, v vic c xt x ti Paris v p dng Lut Trng ti Quc t Php.

Nguyn n i c bi thng:

Khon chnh lch v gi l 656.070,35 USD

Mt khon li nhun b tht thu l 468.301,10 USD

Chi ph ngn hng l 620.719 Pounds Syri

Chi ph bo him

Thu nhp khu

T l li sut l 9% cho tng s tin ny.

B n khng co i:

c thanh ton s tin l 306.988,42 USD cho chuyn hng u tin vi t l li sut l 15% mt nm,

Tuyn b Nguyn n khng c quyn c hng s tin Bo m thc hin hp ng v nhng thit hi pht sinh do vic hu b hp ng.

Phn quyt ca trng ti: 1. V vic vi phm hp ng ca B n:

Khi thi hn giao hng trong hp ng ht, Nguyn n gia hn th tn dng cho ti ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 cng ng thi l gia hn thm cho vic giao hng ti ngy . Vic lm ny c c hai bn tha nhn.

Mc d vy, B n vn khng thc hin c vic giao hng trong thi gian c gia hn ny. Bn thn iu ny cu thnh li vi phm hp ng ca B n. Nhng g xy ra sau ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 khng c tnh ti v cc bn khng c mt tho thun thm no v vic gia hn thi hn giao hng.

Bt kh khng:

Sau khi xem xt gii trnh ca B n v trng hp bt kh khng v iu khon v Bt kh khng trong hp ng, U ban trng ti khng th chp nhn l do khng thc hin hp ng m B n a ra l bt kh khng v trn thc t, cho ti ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 (ngy ht hn ca th tn dng sau khi c gia hn thm) B n khng h cp mt cch c th bng Telex v bt kh khng, vn ny ch c a ra trong cuc thng tho cui thng 7 cng nm ti Damascus. iu ny cho php U ban trng ti kt lun l B n thc t c kh nng giao hng song mun tng gi ln cao hn nn khng thc hin ngha v giao hng theo hp ng.

Vic t chi hp ng ca Nguyn n:

B n cho rng chnh Nguyn n t chi hp ng vi l do Nguyn n :

Lm cho vic nhn tin bng L/C khng thc hin c

Khng thanh ton cho B n chuyn hng u tin

Thc t hu b L/C khng hu ngang

U ban trng ti xc nh nh sau:

B n ni rng h khng c thanh ton do khng Nguyn n khng gi cho h bn gc ca giy chng nhn kim tra hng ho. Trn thc t, giy chng nhn kim tra hng ho m cc bn cung cp cho U ban trng ti cng khc nhau.

U ban trng ti cho rng:

B n cha bao gi phn nn vi Nguyn n, di bt k hnh thc no, v giy chng nhn kim tra hng. Hn na, sau khi Nguyn n thng bo cho B n rng h ch nh c cng ty gim nh, th B n c trch nhim phi yu cu cng ty gim nh cp giy chng nhn ngay sau khi hng c kim tra. V khng lm c iu ny, B n t gy kh khn cho vic nhn tin bng L/C.

Hn na, do bn cht ca L/C l xc nhn khng hu ngang nn Nguyn n khng th hu b th tn dng. B n c ngha v phi xut trnh ng hn y b chng t, nu thiu, h phi tm mi cch c c chng t b thiu ng thi hn song thc t h khng lm c iu . V d gi thit rng b chng t c xut trnh y v ng hn m ngn hng vn t chi thanh ton th li l vn ni b gia Ngn hng m th tn dng v Ngn hng xc nhn.

Cui cng, t tt c cc chng t m hai bn a ra cho thy, B n ch a ra ngh thanh ton trc tip ln u tin ti cuc hp cui thng 7 nm 1980 ti Damascus. Trc B n gn nh hon ton im lng cho ti ngy 7 thng 5 nm 1980 v sau ch quan tm ti vic nng gi hp ng. Trong sut thi gian h khng h chng minh c vic Nguyn n t chi hp ng.

T cc cn c trn, U ban trng ti bc lp lun ca B n.

Thit hi:

a. Phn chnh lch gi c:

Nguyn n i B n bi thng khon tin chnh lch l 656.070,35 USD do gi tng. U ban trng ti cho rng theo thng l quc t, trong trng hp hng ho khng c giao th tn tht c tnh l s chnh lch gia gi trong hp ng v gi th trng ti thi im hng ho l ra phi c giao ti ni c nhu cu v mt hng .

Trong trng hp c th ny, thi hn giao hng c gia hn n ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 nn gi th trng cng s c tnh ti thi im .

Tuy nhin, U ban trng ti bc b yu cu ca Nguyn n i c thanh ton phn chnh lch gi do:

Nguyn n khng chng minh c s tng gi vo ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980,

Qua xem xt U ban trng ti c bit rng gi g dn v g khi ti thi im ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1980 thc t thp hn gi hp ng.

(v vy, gi s v khng mua c hng ca B n m Nguyn n phi mua hng khc thay th th vic ny cng khng gy ra thit hi g cho Nguyn n)

b. Li nhun b tht thu:

U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n v khon li nhun b mt d tnh l 10% tng gi tr 468.301,10 USD hng ho khng c giao. Theo lut thng mi thng thng, nh gi thit hi ca vic khng giao hng, ngi ta ly s chnh lch gia gi hp ng v gi th trng ti thi im m l ra hng ho phi c giao. Thng l ny c da trn mt gi thit rng v hng ho khng c giao, ngi mua c th gim bt thit hi bng cch mua mt lng hng ho thay th trn th trng ch en. Nu v khng mua hng ho ch en thay th, ngi mua phi chu thm nhng tn tht khc (nh mt li nhun...) th ngi bn s khng chu trch nhim v nhng thit hi ny.

Trong trng hp ang xt, Nguyn n khng mua, hay t nht cng khng chng t c vic mnh mua g thay th trong ngy giao hng. Nu mua th h c th bn li g cho "cc t chc thng mi ni a Siri" v bo ton 10% li nhun ca mnh. Do vy, bn thn pha Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim v vic khng lm nh vy.

Hn na, Nguyn n vi t cch l mt thng nhn, h c th thu c li hoc chu l khi bn li hng ho, khng phi bao gi cng li c. 10% li nhun y ch l li nhun v ra ch khng phn nh ng vic xc nh gi c thng mi da trn cung cu trn th trng. Bi vy, yu cu bi thng ny b bc b.

c. Cc ph ngn hng, bo him ca Nguyn n, thu:

V khon ph ngn hng tr gi 618.013,44 Pound Syri, U ban trng ti phn x nh sau:

Ph ngn hng : Do B n vi phm hp ng, Nguyn n c quyn c hon tr khon ph ngn hng k t ngy k hp ng cho ti ngy xy ra vi phm.

Ph bo him: Do B n khng phn bc li g v s tin bo him, Nguyn n c quyn c bi hon li chi ph ny.

Bo him ph: Khiu ni ny ca Nguyn n b bc b do Nguyn n khng a ra c bng chng no v vic tu ch hng thuc loi c bit v hng bo him c i mt khon ph ph ny.

Thu nhp khu: Khiu ni ny ca Nguyn n b bc. hu ht cc nc, trong c Anh, c mt qui tc c t ra l nu hng ho khng c nhp khu th khng phi tr thu v nu nh thu nhp khu phi tr trc, th chng s c hon li cho ngi np nu nh sau ny hng ho khng nhp khu. Nh vy, B n khng th bit trc c rng liu c ng l thu nhp khu khng c hon li cho Nguyn n nh h vin dn hay khng.

PHN QUYT S 5

TRANH CHP V CCH THC KIM TRA

CHT LNG HNG HO

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi bn Thu S

B n: Ngi mua H Lan

Cc vn c cp:

Hu hp ng

Cc tiu chun nh gi phm cht hng ho khc nhau

Hu qu ca vic hiu nhm

Tm tt v vic:

Nguyn n v B n ng k ba hp ng bn cng mt loi hng ho vi cc quy cch phm cht c quy nh chi tit.

Hng c gi i t mt cng ty Canaa v c giao theo iu kin C.I.F cng Rotterdam. C ba hp ng c lp bng ting Php vi nhng iu kin ging ht nhau, loi tr iu khon v s lng. iu khon trng ti quy nh rng tranh chp s c gii quyt theo Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng Mi Quc t. Tuy nhin ch c hai hp ng u tin c k v thc hin, hp ng th ba vn cha c k v trc khi hng c gi i t Canaa, B n hu hp ng vi l do hng c giao theo hai hp ng u khng ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng.

Nh my Canaa gi mt k s sang H Lan kim tra mu hng trong mt phng th nghim c lp. Kt qu kim tra gy ra nhiu tranh ci: khi tin hnh phn tch theo phng php ca Bc M th mu hng c kim tra hon ton ph hp vi nhng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng, nhng khi tin hnh theo phng php ca Chu u th li khng ph hp.

Cc bn kin ra trng ti theo :

Nguyn n yu cu c bi thng 55.000 USD (bao gm c 37.000 USD tr cho nh my Canaa) i vi vic hu hp ng th ba.

B n khiu ni i 181.645 florins H Lan cho nhng thit hi lin quan ti hai hp ng ban u.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Trong v kin ny c rt nhiu tranh chp c nu ra nh v thm quyn ca trng ti, lut p dng i vi hp ng, vai tr ca ngi k s c nh my Canaa c sang tin hnh phn tch hng ho Tuy nhin, y c ba vn cn xem xt:

Th nht, liu ngi mua c mc nhin c quyn hu mt hp ng khi phng on rng hng c giao theo hp ng th ba c th s khng ph hp vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng hay khng?

Th hai, quyn c thng tin v ngha v phi tm hiu thng tin (v phng php kim tra cht lng hng ho) mt cch y ca cc bn trc khi tin hnh k hp ng c hiu v p dng nh th no?

Th ba, vic hiu khng r v tiu chun nh gi phm cht ca hng ho dn ti hu qu l hng giao khng ng nh ngi mua ngh v trng i c cho php ngi mua c quyn i bi thng v l hng hay khng?

V quyn n phng hu hp ng ca B n:

Theo quan im ca U ban trng ti, y l mt trng hp lin quan n mt nhm hp ng thng mi v do , nu kt lun cui cng l hng ho c giao theo hai hp ng u khng ph hp vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng, v nu B n tin chc rng hng ho theo hp ng th ba s c phm cht y nh s hng c giao theo hai hp ng trc , th B n s c quyn t chi hp ng th ba.

Theo iu 48 ca Lut thng nht v Mua bn Hng ng sn Quc t, ngi mua c th p dng quyn c hu hp ng thm ch trc c thi gian c n nh cho vic giao hng nu c bng chng r rng rng hng ho c giao s khng ph hp vi cc quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo lut Thu S, nu mi bng chng u cho thy l hng ho s b h hng ti thi im giao hng, ngi mua khng c php i ti lc mi tin hnh cc th tc php l t chi nhn hng.

Trong trng hp c th ny, B n tuyn b rng h s khng tip tc nhn hng ho tr khi s hng ny c quy cch phm cht ph hp vi phng php nh gi do B n a ra. Tuy nhin Nguyn n v nh cung cp (nh my Canaa) hin ang s dng phng php ca Bc M, khng chp nhn iu kin ny. Nh vy, nu gi thit v s khng ph hp ca hng ho c chng minh, B n c quyn t chi hp ng th ba.

V vic hiu lm:

Thc cht, c hai bn u ht sc thin ch trong vic gii quyt tranh chp gia h. V phn mnh, Nguyn n ngay lp tc tuyn b sn sng gi mu do hai bn cng ly ti kim tra ti mt phng th nghim c lp do hai bn cng la chn v s chp nhn vic hu hp ng th ba nu nhng phn tch ny cho thy rng nhng l do m B n a ra l c c s. Nguyn n cng ngay lp tc thng bo v nhng vn v phm cht v gi mu cho nh my Canaa, ng thi yu cu nh my c n mt k s.

Nh th c th thy nguyn nhn c bn lm pht sinh tranh chp trn l s hiu lm.

"Theo kt lun chnh ca k s sau chuyn cng tc ti H Lan, hng c gi i khng phi l hng m ngi mua H Lan ngh rng mnh mua". l do khi cho hng ngi bn Thu S khng h cp ti phng php phn tch phm cht cn ngi mua H Lan th li cho rng, v hng c mt cng ty Chu u cho bn nn phng php phn tch ca Chu u s c p dng. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n lp lun rng "T trc ti nay, phng php c p dng phn tch l phng php ca nc xut x hng ho hoc phng php c ton th gii cng nhn, nh phng php ca Bc M chng hn.

S khc bit c bn gia phng php Bc M v phng php Chu u l cch biu th ho tan ca bt bng s (ch s ho tan) m tranh chp ch yu ca hp ng ny l v ho tan ca bt (i tng ca hp ng). Chnh bi vy phng php phn tch cn phi c xc nh r c th xc nh c ho tan ca bt.

Tuy nhin ch mi ti khi B n khiu ni v phm cht ca hng th mu thun v phng php s dng phn tch cht lng hng ho mi pht sinh. V cng ch ti khi , ngi bn mi thng bo v phng php kim tra m theo h c quc t cng nhn, l phng php Bc M.

Nh my ti Canaa ng c k s sang H Lan vi iu kin l cc bn phi thng nht v phng php kim tra. Trn thc t, nu s dng phng php Bc M kim tra th hng ho giao theo hai hp ng u tin c cht lng hon ton ph hp vi miu t cht lng trong hp ng. Tuy nhin nu s dng phng php Chu u th hng giao khng p ng c cc tiu chun cht lng theo tho thun.

Nguyn n l ra phi bit rng vic hiu lm trong vic miu t hng ha hon ton c th xy ra trn th trng Chu u. Thc t, ngi bn Thy S v ngi mua H Lan cha h c mt tho thun no v phng php Bc M c. Ngi bn, tc Nguyn n, l ra phi nu r l nhng miu t v hng ho trong hp ng phi c hiu theo phng php Bc M nh ngi cung cp Canaa nu rt r iu ny trong hp ng k vi Ngi bn. V phn mnh, B n cng bit rt r rng hng c xut x t Canaa v h tng lin h vi ngui cung cp, nh my Canaa. V vy, vic hiu lm ny cng c nguyn nhn mt phn t s cu th ca B n v l ra B n phi hi r v nhng ch s c s dng miu t bt.

Mi quan h qua li gia quyn c cung cp thng tin v ngha v phi t hi thng tin mt cch c th chnh l vn c bn ca tranh chp ny.

Xt cho cng, B n v Nguyn n cng phi chia s trch nhim v hu qu do li cu th gy nn. Tuy nhin xt v phng php Bc M c s dng rng ri hn so vi nhng phng php khc nn li do cu th trong vic cung cp thng tin ca Nguyn n c xt nh hn so vi B n.

Theo lut Thu S, bn c li c quyn c yu cu hu hp ng ngay c khi li l do s cu th m mnh gy ra. Li ca mt (cc) bn trong hp ng s c coi l nghim trng khi n dn n nhm ln c bn v phm cht khin hng ho thuc hn v mt loi khc ca hng ho . Trong trng hp ang xt, cch o ho tan ca bt c th dn ti hu qu l hng ho c giao l mt loi khc so vi loi hng ho m B n mun mua.

Bn c li c th yu cu hu hp ng vi iu kin phi tr tin bi thng. Trch nhim ny c t ra vi gi nh trc l li pht sinh t chnh s cu th ca bn , trong trng hp c th ny, li ca ngi mua l khng hi y thng tin v hng ho. Cn li ca ngi bn l khng cung cp y thng tin v hng ho.

V mt nguyn tc, lut Thu S quy nh rng bn c li khng phi bi thng cho bn i tc ca mnh nu nh i tc ny bit v li trn. Tuy nhin nhng n l trc c xt n vic gim bi thng trong trng hp hai bn cng c li. Xt li ring ca tng bn trong v kin ny, U ban trng ti quyt nh rng s tin bi thng s c chia lm 5 phn, B n chu 3/5 v li hiu nhm v Nguyn n chu 2/5. V n kin li ca B n yu cu c bi thng thit hi do s khng ph hp ca hng ho c giao theo hai hp ng trc:

Theo U ban trng ti, hai hp ng ban u khng th c coi l v hiu na v chng c xc nhn v vic thanh ton cng c thc hin sau khi li c pht hin, hn na khng c bng chng no chng t rng hai bn c nhng thng lng v vn ny. Do n kin li ca B n l khng c c s.

U ban trng ti kt lun:

B n phi thanh ton cho Nguyn n mt khon tin bi thng tr gi 37.000 USD (trong tng s 55.000 USD m Nguyn n yu cu) cho vic hu hp ng th ba.

Bc khiu ni i bi thng ca B n v s khng ph hp ca hng ho c giao theo hai hp ng trc.

Nguyn n phi tr 2/5 v B n tr 3/5 ph trng ti.

Bnh lun v lu :

Trong thc t kinh doanh, vic cc bn gp g trc tip tin hnh m phn v k hp ng khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. k kt mt hp ng hoc thc hin mt thng v, cc bn thng ch trao i rt nhanh thng tin di hnh thc vn bn (n cho hng, n t hng, hp ng, ti liu k thut...) qua Telex, Fax, th tn hoc thm ch c trng hp khng c vn bn y . Nu mi vic din ra sun s th khng c vn g ng nu ra, tuy nhin nu c bt c mt kh khn no pht sinh th nhng thiu st, li lm hoc s h d nh my cng c hu qu nghim trng kh lng. Chnh bi vy, trc khi tin hnh k kt bt c hp ng no, vic son tho cht ch cc vn bn hoc hp ng mua bn, nhng ph lc km theo nh ti liu k thut hay miu t v hng ho... phi c c bit coi trng. Mi chi tit cha r rng cn phi c lm sng t ngay trnh nhng thit hi ng tic khng nn c nh chng ta thy qua v d nu trn.

PHN QUYT S 6

TRANH CHP V GIAO HNG KHNG NG CHT LNG

TRONG HP NG MUA BN GIY N

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi mua B

B n: Ngi bn B

Cc vn c cp:

Bt kh khng

Ngha v lm gim nh thit hi

Thit hi do mt uy tn

Tm tt v vic:

Nguyn n v B n k mt hp ng bn hng theo B n s cung cp cho Nguyn n 150.000 i giy ph n trong thi hn bn thng. Cng ngy hm , B n k mt hp ng vi cc iu khon y ht (tr iu khon v gi) vi mt cng ty thng mi quc doanh ca Rumani (sau y gi l bn C) qua C cam kt s cung cp cng mt s lng giy cho B n.

Sau , Nguyn n khng nhn c hng ng quy cch phm cht v ng thi hn nh quy nh trong hp ng, do tin hnh khi kin ra trng ti yu cu c bi thng thit hi. V phn mnh, B n khiu ni li ngi cung cp ca mnh l bn C, do li giao hng chm.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Trong thng mi quc t c rt nhiu l do khin cho mt trong cc bn k kt hp ng khng th thc hin c y nhng ngha v ca mnh, mt trong nhng l do m cc bn thng vin dn nhm gim nh li ca mnh l "bt kh khng". Tuy nhin xc nh liu l do m cc bn a ra c thuc vo trng hp bt kh khng hay khng hon ton khng n gin. Trong v kin c th ny, B n coi vic khng th giao hng ng qui cch v ng thi hn do li ca nh cung cp ca mnh (bn C) l s kin bt kh khng.

Mt vn khc c cp trong v vic ny l ngha v lm gim thit hi ca cc bn khi c mt s c xy ra nh hng ti vic thc hin hp ng.

Vic khng th thc hin ng hp ng ko theo rt nhiu hu qu. Thit hi y c th l vt cht v cng c th l phi vt cht. Trong v kin ny, ngoi thit hi thc t c th tnh ton do li ca B n (bn bn), Nguyn n cn i bi thng thit hi v uy tn thng mi ca mnh.

V bt kh khng:

B n cho rng, v hp ng k gia Nguyn n v B n quy nh rng giy phi ng l loi giy do cng ty C cung cp nn vic C khng th giao hng ng quy cch v thi hn quy nh trong hp ng l mt tr ngi khng th vt qua i vi B n (thc cht l B n mun xp nguyn nhn ny vo trng hp Bt kh khng), v bi vy cho php B n c min mi trch nhim ca mnh i vi Nguyn n.

V vn ny, Nguyn n cho rng, xt trn c s trch nhim ca ngi u thc (trong trng hp ny l trch nhim i vi hnh vi ca ngi c u thc), B n phi chu trch nhim v li ca ngi cung cp ca mnh (cng ty C). Mt khc, Nguyn n lp lun thm rng theo thng l, li ca ngi cung cp khng th c coi l mt yu t bt kh khng i vi ngi bn hng.

Xt lp lun ny ca Nguyn n, U ban trng ti cho rng nguyn tc v trch nhim ca bn u thc (B n) theo hp ng i vi hnh ng ca bn c u thc (Bn C) khng c lin quan g ti trng hp ny v tun th theo hp ng k gia Nguyn n v B n, B n khng chn bt c nh cung cp no khc thay th C. Hn na, s l cng nhc v khng chnh xc nu cho rng trong bt c hon cnh no li ca ngi cung cp cng khng th c coi l trng hp bt kh khng i vi ngi bn hng.

Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny, B n khng chng minh c rng li ca ngi cung cp (Bn C) l khng th lng trc c v khng th khc phc c. B n khng a ra c bng chng rng vic giao hng chm ca nh my C l khng th lng trc c v trn thc t vic giao hng mun ca mt nh cung cp l mt bin c bt ng c th d on c.

Hn na, B n cng khng chng minh c l l ra h cng phi lng trc hoc tm cch lm gim bt nhng hu qu do vic giao hng chm t pha C gy ra. Ngha v ca B n trong trng hp ny l ngha v v kt qu (tc l ngha v m bo mang li kt qu m cc bn tho thun - c th trong trng hp ny l vic giao hng, khc vi ngha v v phng thc - tc ngha v m bo s dng mi kh nng, mi phng thc, phng tin c th v hp l hng ti vic t c kt qu nhng khng phi m bo s mang li kt qu nh mong mun) v ngha v ny buc B n phi c trch nhim giao hng cho Nguyn n tr trng hp Nguyn n hu b n t hng m khng c l do.

Tm li, vic khng giao hng ng quy cch v ng thi hn ca C khng c coi l s kin bt kh khng i vi B n v bi vy, B n phi chu trch nhim v li trn i vi Nguyn n.

V ngha v phi hn ch thit hi:

B n lp lun rng, xt n ngha v thc hin mi bin php c th hn ch v gim bt thit hi ca cc bn, l ra Nguyn n c thi gian dn xp sao cho c th giao cho khch hng ca mnh hng ho tng t nh i tng hp ng c k gia hai bn .

Trn thc t, loi giy l i tng ca hp ng c tnh thi v v ch c th c bn v giao cho khch hng ca Nguyn n mun nht l vo u ma ng. Trong khi cho ti thi im gia thng 9, B n vn lm cho Nguyn n tin rng B n c kh nng giao hng cho Nguyn n, mc d c mun hn so vi tho thun nhng trc thi hn cui cng cho php. Vic khng th thc hin c cam kt ny c bit khi qu mun c th mua c hng thay th t cc ngun khc. Thc t cho thy, xt ti tnh cht thay i thi trang, cc nh cung cp thng gi rt t loi giy ny trong kho d tr. Hn na B n khng h cho Nguyn n bit nhng ngun m Nguyn n c th, vo cui thng 9 nm , mua b sung c hng tng t vi loi c miu t trong hp ng.

V vy, trong trng hp ny s l khng tho ng nu min cho B n tin bi thng thit hi do vi phm hp ng.

V thit hi do mt uy tn:

Xt ti thc t l trong s 127.000 i giy c Nguyn n t mua ca B n, c ti 45.509 i, ngha l khong 38% khng c giao ng quy cch v thi hn quy nh, chng ta c th thy rng Nguyn n kh c th chp nhn s phn trm hng ln nh vy khng c thc hin ng hp ng. Mt khc xt ti tnh cht thi v ca loi hng ho ny, Nguyn n cng ch c th p ng c nhu cu ca khch hng ca mnh trong mt chng mc nht nh bng cch ly hng t nhng ngun khc.

Nu coi rng uy tn thng mi ca mt thng nhn s b nh hng khi h khng th tho mn c phn ln cc n hng k vi khch hng v xem xt ton b cc kha cnh ca v vic ny, c bit l s suy gim v li nhun v s liu kinh doanh ca Nguyn n vi nhng khch hng tng c n t hng vi Nguyn n v loi giy ph n ni trn trong hai nm t 1980 n 1982 so vi nhng nm trc , U ban trng ti thy rng yu cu i bi thng thit hi v uy tn ca Nguyn n l hon ton c cn c. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh l Nguyn n phi c bi thng cho thit hi v uy tn thng mi.

PHN QUYT S 7

TRANH CHP TRONG 3 HP NG MUA BN HNGCc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi Bn

B n: Ngi Mua

Cc vn c cp:

Lut p dng

iu 13(3) v (5) ca Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t (I.C.C)

Cng c Hague 1955 v lut p dng cho bun bn hng ho quc t

Tp qun trong thng mi quc t

Tm tt v vic:

B n k ba hp ng vi Nguyn n mua cng mt loi sn phm theo nhng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Theo hp ng, B n thanh ton 90% gi tr mi hp ng khi nhn c y b chng t gi hng.

Hng c giao theo hp ng th nht v th ba t ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh, tuy nhin cc bn c tranh ci v phm cht hng giao theo hp ng th hai trc khi hng c giao ln tu. Khi tin hnh gim nh l hng ln th hai ti cng n, ngi ta pht hin rng hng khng t quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng. Cui cng sau khi gia cng li hng d bn hn, B n phi bn li l hng trn cho bn th ba vi mt khon l kh ln.

Ly l do l hng giao theo hp ng th hai khng t quy cch phm cht quy nh ti hp ng, B n t chi thanh ton 10% tr gi cn li ca cc hp ng. Nguyn n khi kin trc trng ti i c thanh ton s tin 10% trn. V phn mnh, B n kin li yu cu khon 10% phi c dng thay th vo khon tin l ra Nguyn n phi bi thng cho B n cho khon tin l trc tip, chi ph ti chnh, tht thu li nhun v li sut do l hng th hai c giao khng ng cht lng.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Trong giao dch thng mi, vic hng ho c giao khng ng quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng xy ra kh thng xuyn v iu thng ko theo nhng thit hi khng nh cho ngi mua hng. V mt php l, ngi mua c quyn yu cu ngi bn bi thng cho mnh nhng thit hi pht sinh t vic giao hng khng ng nh quy cch trong hp ng. Tuy nhin, mt vn t ra l liu ngi mua c quyn bo v quyn li chnh ng ca mnh bng cch t khu tr mt phn trn gi tr hp ng hay khng.

Mt vn khc lin quan n iu khon v lut p dng trong hp ng. Cc bn khi k kt hp ng thng rt hay b qua iu khon tng nh khng quan trng ny. Th nhng khi tranh chp pht sinh, iu khon ny li l vn c em ra xem xt trc tin v n c mt nh hng kh ln ti kt qu ca vic gii quyt tranh chp.V lut p dng:

Hp ng c k gia cc bn khng c iu khon v lut p dng. Tuy nhin, theo hp ng ny th lut p dng s c xc nh theo quyt nh ca cc trng ti vin ph hp vi iu 13(3) ca Quy tc trng ti ca Phng Thng mi Quc t (ICC). Theo iu ny, cc trng ti vin s p dng h thng lut thc cht c xc nh theo qui phm lut xung t m h cho l ph hp gii quyt tranh chp.

Hp ng c k kt gia cc bn thuc cc quc tch khc nhau di dng F.O.B nn ri ro c chuyn cho Ngi mua trn lnh th ca Ngi bn. Do nc ca Ngi bn c coi l nc c mi lin h cht ch nht vi hp ng.Quc gia ca Nguyn n v B n u ph chun Cng c Hague ngy 11 thng 6 nm 1955 v Lut p dng cho Mua bn hng ho quc t, iu 3 Cng c ny quy nh lut p dng gii quyt tranh chp pht sinh l lut ca nc ni Ngi Bn c tr s hin ti. Mt khc, xu hng chung khi c xung t v lut p dng th lut ca quc gia ni t tr s ca ngi c ngha v chnh pht sinh t hp ng s c chn. Ngi c quyn trong hp ng mua bn hng ho ny l ngi bn hng.

Cn c vo cc c s trn, U ban trng ti xt thy lut ca nc Nguyn n l lut thch hp nht iu chnh hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n.

Ngoi ra, iu 13 Cng c Hague cng quy nh thm rng "Trong mi trng hp, U ban trng ti phi xem xt ti cc quy nh trong hp ng v nhng tp qun thng mi c lin quan". Vy cn c php l U ban trng ti xt x tranh chp ny s l lut ca nc Nguyn n v cc tp qun thng mi c lin quan ti ni dung tranh chp ca Hp ng.V n kin li ca B n:

Trn c s lut ca nc ca ngi bn v cc tp qun thng mi quc t s dng rng ri trong mua bn hng ho quc t, U ban trng ti cho rng ngun tp qun thng mi tt nht chnh l cc iu khon ca Cng c ca Lin Hp Quc v bun bn hng ho quc t ngy 11 thng 4 nm 1980, sau ny thng c gi tt l "Cng c Vin", cho d c quc gia ca Nguyn n v B n u cha l thnh vin ca Cng c ny. Nu gi thit rng cc bn l thnh vin ca Cng c ny th Cng c s c p dng iu chnh hp ng vi t cch l lut ch khng phi l tp qun thng mi.

Cng c Vin ti thi im c hiu lc i vi 17 nc, hon ton c th phn nh nhng tp qun thng mi c tha nhn rng ri, lin quan ti vn khng ph hp ca hng ho trong bun bn hng ho quc t. iu 38(1) ca Cng c quy nh rng "Ngi Mua c ngha v kim tra hng ho hoc cho kim tra hng ho mt cch nhanh chng". Sau Ngi Mua phi thng bo cho Ngi Bn v vic khng ph hp ca hng ho trong mt thi hn hp l k t khi pht hin ra h hng. Nu khng lm nh vy, Ngi Mua s mt quyn c khiu ni v vic khng ph hp ni trn. iu 39(1) quy nh c th v vn ny nh sau:

"Trong mi trng hp, Ngi Mua s mt quyn c khiu ni v hng giao khng ph hp vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng nu Ngi Mua khng gi thng bo v vic ny cho Ngi Bn trong mt thi hn l hai nm k t ngy hng c giao cho Ngi Mua, tr khi hng ho c bo hnh trong thi gian di hn hai nm."

Trong trng hp ang xt, Nguyn n (Ngi bn) cho kim tra hng ho trong mt thi hn hp l (hng c kim tra thm ch trc khi n cng), B n (Ngi mua) cng gi thng bo v vic h hng trong mt thi gian hp l, ngha l tm ngy k t khi bo co kim tra hng ca chuyn gia gim nh c lp. U ban trng ti thy rng, B n tun th ng nhng yu cu nu trn ca Cng c Vin. V im ny, U ban trng ti khng cn c vo lut ca nc Nguyn n v lut ny quy nh mt thi gian qu ngn cho vic thng bo tn tht ca Ngi mua n Ngi bn, cng bng m xt th qui nh ca lut ny l mt ngoi l so vi tp qun thng mi c tha nhn rng ri.

Trong trng hp ny, vic p dng tp qun thng mi hoc lut quc gia l do U ban trng ti quyt nh. V U ban quyt nh p dng Cng c Vin vi t cch l mt tp qun thng mi.

V phn Ngi Bn, trong mi trng hp, Ngi Bn cng b coi l b mt quyn khiu ni v cc vi phm i vi cc yu cu nu ti iu 38 v 39 Cng c Vin v iu 40 c quy nh rng "Ngi Bn khng th cn c vo iu 38 v 39 nu vic khng ph hp ca hng ho c lin quan ti nhng thc t m Ngi Bn bit hoc khng th khng bit v khng nu ra". Thc t, t tt c nhng chng c v ti liu ca v kin ny, U ban trng ti thy rng Nguyn n bit v khng th khng bit v vic hng giao theo hp ng th hai khng ng vi quy cch phm cht quy nh trong hp ng.

Theo qui nh ti Iu 70 B lut t tng dn s mi ca Php, u ban trng ti ch khng chp nhn xt n kin li ca B n cng lc vi n kin ca Nguyn n khi vic xem xt gii quyt n kin li lm cho t tng gii quyt n kin chnh ko di qu lu. Trong trng hp ny, u ban trong ti thy rng vic xem xt gii quyt n kin v n kin li cng lc l hp l.

U ban trng ti chp nhn ng thi cc yu cu ca Nguyn n v n kin li ca B n. Do hai khon tin ny b cho nhau, B n khng phi hon tr cho Nguyn n s tin m Nguyn n yu cu cn Nguyn n cng khng phi bi thng cho B n nhng chi ph m B n phi gnh chu.

PHN QUYT S 8

TRANH CHP V VIC T CHI NHN HNG

TRONG HP NG BN NGUYN LIU

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Mt doanh nghip Nh nc ca mt quc gia ang

pht trin (doanh nghip X)

B n: Cng ty nc ngoi Y

Cc vn c cp:

Vic gii th ca B n trong qu trnh t tng

Bt kh khng

Tnh ton thit hi (theo thng l)

Tm tt v vic:

phn ng li bin php ca chnh ph mt quc gia ang pht trin quc hu ho cc cng ty nc ngoi khai thc cc nguyn liu th trn lnh th quc gia v giao cc ti sn ca cc cng ty ny cho mt doanh nghip nh nc c chc nng chuyn kinh doanh cc sn phm cng loi, cc cng ty nc ngoi ni trn tuyn b rng h s tch thu cc nguyn liu th trong trng hp chng c bn trn th trng th gii.

Sau khi bin php quc hu ho c p dng, doanh nghip nh nc c chc nng khai thc v kinh doanh cc nguyn liu t nhin k kt mt s hp ng mua bn hng ho vi cc bn hng t nhiu quc gia trn th gii. Mt vi trong s cc bn hng ny t chi thc hin ngha v nhn hng ny vi l do l li e do tch thu ca cc cng ty c ti sn b quc hu ho ni trn to nn mt s kin bt kh khng gii phng h khi ngha v nhn hng.

Cn c vo iu khon trng ti trong cc hp ng mua bn hng ho, doanh nghip nh nc kin cc i tc ny ra trc To trng ti ICC i c bi thng cho nhng thit hi phi chu. Cc trng ti vin ca ICC a ra cc phn quyt cho doanh nghip nh nc thng kin sau khi bc b l do bt kh khng m cc B n a ra.

Di y l mt phn quyt ca cc trng ti a ra c th cho mt trong cc B n l cng ty Y. i vi cng ty Y, trc khi c th a ra cc phn quyt, cc trng ti vin phi gii quyt mt kh khn v th tc t tng khng km phn quan trng l vic cng ty Y b gii th.

Thng thng, khi mt php nhn gii th th cng c ngha l php nhn khng cn tn ti trn thc t v do khng phi gnh chu bt c ngha v no trong tng lai. Theo tinh thn nu trn, nu nh mt php nhn l B n trong qu trnh t tng th khi php nhn gii th th h cng khng phi gnh chu bt c ngha v no m trong tng lai do cc phn quyt ca cc c quan ti phn, nu vy th y l B n c th li dng im ny trn trnh trch nhim trong qu trnh t tng. V vy, phn ln php lut quc gia v cc n l ca cc to trng ti ICC u ch ra rng: Trong trng hp B n l mt php nhn tuyn b gii th, th khng c ngha rng h s c gii phng khi ton b ngha v pht sinh t cc hot ng trong qu kh v t cc phn quyt ca c quan ti phn trong tng lai, m thay vo h vn phi duy tr t cch t tng ca mnh cho n khi qu trnh t tng thc s chm dt, i din cho B n trong trng hp ny s l ngi c trch nhim thanh l doanh nghip. Nh vy, vic ph sn hoc gii th mt cng ty khng nh hng trc tip n vic cng ty ny cn t cch php nhn tr thnh b n hoc nguyn n trong mt v kin khi m v kin ny bt u t trc khi vic ph sn hoc gii th xy ra.

Trong quan h thng mi quc t, vic chm tr thc hin ngha v nhn hng ca Bn mua thng s gy ra nhng thit hi khng nh cho Bn bn, v Bn bn s phi chu thm nhng chi ph pht sinh nh: chi ph kho bi, bc d hng, tr li ngn hng... Ngoi ra Bn mua thng ni ra nhng l do c tnh cht "Bt kh khng" nhm n trnh cc trch nhim s pht sinh t vic khng thc hin hoc thc hin chm tr ngha v nhn hng - trong trng hp ny cn i su vo nhng du hiu m mt s kin Bt kh khng cn phi c, l hai du hiu: Khng th d liu trc rng s kin s xy ra trong tng lai v hu qu m n gy ra l khng th trnh c.

Mt vn khc c lin quan l vic tnh ton tng s thit hi phi bi thng trong trng hp khng c mt iu khon no trong Hp ng ang c tranh chp cp ti vic n nh mc thit hi xy ra, gii php ph bin y l da vo nhng phng php tnh ton tr thnh thng l quc t xc nh thit hi hoc nhng phng php c chp nhn trong nhng hp ng tng t.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

V vic B n gii th:

Trc khi cc trng ti vin tin hnh phin hp xt x th B n tuyn b gii th v sau b xo tn khi s ng k kinh doanh, do vy vn y l cc trng ti vin phi xc nh xem liu B n c cn c xem l mt bn trong qu trnh t tng hay khng. Cc trng ti vin a ra phn quyt khng nh a v t tng ca B n vi cc lp lun nh sau:

- Qu trnh t tng trng ti c bt u tin hnh trc khi c s xo tn chnh thc ca cng ty X khi s ng k kinh doanh, do vy a v php l hin ti ca B n khng nh hng g ti hiu lc ca qu trnh t tng ang c tin hnh trc To trng ti ICC; do vy khng c thay i g i vi a v t tng ca cc bn trn thc t.

- B n np Bn Gii trnh bin h ca mnh trc khi chnh thc xo tn khi s ng k kinh doanh, nn Bn gii trnh ny cn c coi l c hiu lc v cn phi xem xt.

- Sau khi xy ra s kin xo tn B n khi s ng k kinh doanh, vn bn cng nhn thm quyn ca trng ti c ngi chu trch nhim thanh l cng ty B n k.

V s kin bt kh khng:

Sau khi khng nh a v t tng ca B n, cc trng ti vin ICC tin hnh xem xt gii quyt nhng ni dung chnh ca v kin. V s kin bt kh khng m B n vin dn, cc trng ti vin bc b v nhng l do sau:

Mt s kin bt kh khng, theo ngha hp, l mt s kin c xc nh bi hai yu t: Khng th lng trc (c ngha l trc khi s kin xy ra khng c bt c l do c bit no cho rng s kin s xy ra) v khng th trnh c (c ngha l s kin lm cho B n hon ton khng th khc phc c c th thc hin hp ng).

Trong trng hp c th ny, hp ng c k kt vo ngy (...) v ti thi im cc rc ri xy ra sau khi c vic quc hu ho ni trn bt u xut hin, do vy s kin bt kh khng c vin dn bi B n khng bao gm yu t khng th thy trc m php lut i hi.

Hn na Nguyn n chng minh thng qua vic trnh trc to nhng hp ng c cp khc ca Nguyn n tng t nh hp ng m Nguyn n k vi B n, trong chng t rng vo cng mt giai on ny, nhng ngi mua khc thc hin ngha v nhn hng ho m h mua nh thng l.

Do vy, B n khng th vin dn rng xy ra mt s kin bt kh khng lm cho B n khng th thc hin hp ng k.

V tnh ton thit hi:

Hp ng khng qui nh c th cch thc tnh thit hi trong trng hp c vi phm hp ng. Ngoi ra, Nguyn n cng khng cung cp nhng chng c chnh xc v tng s thit hi xy ra, m ch nh gi thit hi trn c s nhng phng php nh gi mang tnh ch quan.

Trn c s nhng thng tin c c t nhng ti liu do Nguyn n a ra trng ti cho rng khon tin pht (...) USD cho mt n v hng ho l nguyn liu th khng c cung cp hoc tip nhn l ph hp vi thng l trong nhng trng hp tng t.

Theo cc iu 3 v 8 ca hp ng mua bn hng ho k ngy (...), s lng hng ho giao nhn hng thng l (...) tn cho mt nm hoc (...) tn cho mt thng.

Trn c s t chc v tm quan trng quc t ca Nguyn n (doanh nghip nh nc), u ban trng ti cho rng s l cng bng nu nh gii hn s lng hng ho phi c giao nhn l (...) tn v B n s phi gnh chu mt khon tin pht theo thng l l (...) USD cho mt n v hng ho ca nguyn liu t nhin.

PHN QUYT S 9

TRANH CHP V VIC TNG GI HNG

TRONG HP NG MUA BN THPCc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi mua Ai Cp

B n: Ngi bn Nam T

Cc vn c cp:

Lut p dng cho Hp ng;

Gi hng trn th trng c thay i;

Mua hng thay th;

Tnh ton li sut.

Tm tt v vic:

Ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1987, cc bn k kt bn hp ng mua bn 80.000 tn thp thanh vi gi trung bnh l 190,00 USD/tn. Hng c giao theo hp ng trong vng ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1987 n ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1988 ti cng Nam T.

Nguyn n c Quyn mua c bit, quyn ny cho php Nguyn n tng s lng hng mua ln n 160.000 tn vi cng gi c v iu kin nh trn v phi tuyn b thc hin quyn chm nht l vo ngy 15 thng 12 nm 1987 v m L/C cho chuyn hng u tin chm nht vo ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1987.

Ngy 26 thng 11 nm 1987, Nguyn n thng bo cho B n rng h s thc hin Quyn mua c bit ny v s m L/C trong khon t 15 n 31 thng 12 nm 1987. Do vic tng gi thp trn th trng th gii, ngy 9 thng 12 nm 1987, B n ngh t chc mt cuc hp vo thng tho lun v mc gi p dng cho s lng hng mua thm. Ti cuc hp ngy 28 thng 12 nm 1987, B n ngh mc gi 215USD/tn cho s lng hng b sung, nhng Nguyn n khng chp nhn v cng quyt gi mc gi tho thun.

Trong vn th ngy 31 thng 12 nm 1987, Nguyn n nhn mnh rng B n vi phm hp ng v nu cho n ngy 6 thng 1 nm 1988 B n vn khng chp thun, th Nguyn n s buc B n phi chu trch nhim cho ton b cc thit hi bt k do vic vi phm hp ng gy ra. Thi hn ny sau c Nguyn n ko di ti ngy 25 thng 1 nm 1988.

Ngy 26 thng 1 nm 1988, Nguyn n mua 80.000 tn thp thanh cng loi ca mt cng ty Rumani vi gi 216 USD/tn. Nguyn n vin c rng chi ph vn chuyn ng bin t Rumani ti Ai Cp thp hn t 2 n 2,5 USD/tn so vi t Nam T ti Ai Cp.

Nguyn n khi kin theo iu khon trng ti trong hp ng, a ra trng ti Phng Thng mi Quc t (ti Paris - Php) i B n bi thng thit hi do chnh lch gi.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Lut p dng:

U ban trng ti quyt nh rng lut Nam T l lut p dng cho hp ng v cc l do sau:

Vn u tin v ng thi cng l vn trung tm cn phi gii quyt trong v vic ny l vic xc nh lut no c p dng xem xt hp ng. Trong trng hp ny, trng ti xc nh rng Cng c Vin ca Lin Hp Quc v hp ng mua bn hng ho quc t (k ngy 11 thng 4 nm 1980) khng th c p dng. Cng c ny c hiu lc Ai Cp, Nam T, cng nh ti Php, nhng theo iu 100(2) ca Cng c ny ch p dng cho nhng hp ng mua bn c k kt sau ngy Cng c c hiu lc (ngy1 thng 1 nm 1988) trong khi hp ng mua bn ang xt li c k vo ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1987.

Vic xc nh lut p dng cn phi c xem xt trn c s cc qui nh ca lut t php quc t.

Theo lut t php quc t ca Ai Cp, nu cc bn trong hp ng mua bn c tr s nhiu nc khc nhau th lut c p dng l lut ca nc ni k kt hp ng, tr khi cc bn c tho thun khc (iu 19 ca Lut dn s 1949).

Theo Lut t php quc t ca Nam T, lut p dng l lut ca nc ni m bn bn c tr s chnh ti thi im m h (hoc bn khc) nhn c ngh cho hng, nu cc bn khng c tho thun v lut p dng.

Php l mt trong cc thnh vin ca Cng c Hague v lut p dng trong mua bn hng ho quc t (ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1955). iu 3(2) ca Cng c ny qui nh nu cc bn khng tho thun khc, hp ng s c iu chnh bi lut ca quc gia ni bn bn c a ch thng tr ti thi im m h nhn c n t hng.

V tr s chnh v a ch thng tr ca Ngi bn ti thi im tranh chp l Nam T v v hp ng mua bn c k Nam T nn theo ton b qui tc p dng v t php quc t, th lut Nam T s l lut p dng.

Tr ngi ca Hp ng:

on 1 v 2 ca iu 133 lut Nam T nm 1978 trch nh sau:

(1) Trong trng hp c nhng bin c xy ra sau khi k kt hp ng m nhng bin c ny lm cho vic thc hin hp ng ca mt trong cc bn gp kh khn hoc mc ch ca hp ng khng th t c v hp ng khng cn p ng c mong mun ca cc bn cng nh vic tip tc gi nguyn hp ng s l khng cng bng th bn gp kh khn trong vic thc hin hp ng hoc khng t c mc ch ca hp ng do c thay i hon cnh (do c bin c) c th yu cu hy b hp ng.

(2) Khng th yu cu hu b hp ng nu bn vin dn bin c (s thay i hon cnh) lng trc c bin c ny ti thi im k kt hp ng hoc c th vt qua hoc khc phc n.

Bn cnh iu 133 ca Lut ngha v, Qui tc s 56 (hin vn ang c hiu lc thi hnh ti Nam T) lit k "cc s kin kinh t, chng hn nh s t bin, v s tng hoc gim mnh v gi c" l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn cn tr vic thc hin hp ng.

V vy, U ban trng ti phi xem xt liu vic gi thp tng t 190 USD ln 215 USD/tn c phi l tng t bin gi hay khng v nu vy, liu B n c tnh n tnh hung ny ti thi im hp ng c k kt khng.

Theo kinh nghim cho thy, gi c hng ho trn th trng th gii, m c bit l thp, lun bin ng. Ti thi im k hp ng, gi thp bt u tng nh v c xu hng tip tc tng trong khong thi gian t khi k kt hp ng n khi thc hin "quyn mua c bit", thm ch c th tng hn na vo cui nm 1988.

Trong trng hp ny, gi thp trn th trng th gii tng t 190 USD ln 215 USD (tc l khong 13,6%). Theo nh gi ca u ban trng ti, vic bn thp theo gi tho thun (gi bn theo quyn mua c bit) thay v gi hin ti trn th trng vi mc "thit" 13,6% hon ton nm trong phm vi ri ro v gi c theo tp qun.

Hn na, vic tng gi cng c th d on c. Mt ngi bn hng bnh thng cn phi d liu c rng gi thp c th tng hn so vi tnh hnh thc t, thm ch mc tng cn c th cao hn nhiu so vi mc tng trong v vic ang xt. Vic xem xt liu B n - ngi bn c hp l khng khi chp thun "quyn mua c bit" vi cng mt mc gi trong thi gian tng i di nh vy khng thuc thm quyn ca U ban trng ti. V mt nguyn tc, B n - ngi bn vn c th khuyn khch ngi mua khi h k hp ng u tin bng cch a l iu khon "quyn mua c bit" m vn bo lu quyn c vin dn iu 133 Lut ngha v nu gi c tip tc tng mnh. Trn thc t, B n khng a ra bo lu ny v v vy khng th vin dn l do tng gi thp t chi "quyn mua c bit" ca Nguyn n.

Mua hng thay th v tnh ton li sut:

B n gi kin ca mnh rng vic mua 80.000 tn thp t mt cng ty Rumania ca Nguyn n khng th coi l vic mua hng thay th, v B n khng c thng bo trc v nh mua hng c th ca Nguyn n, v hn na, v B n cho gi thp l 215 USD/tn v thp hn gi m Nguyn n mua ca cng ty Rumania, thm vo , thp ca B n c cht lng tt hn.

Trc tin, y cn lm r s tc ng qua li v mt php l gia iu 262 v 525 Lut ngha v ca Nam T. iu 262 cho php cc bn ca hp ng quyn i bi thng nhng thit hi xy n vi h pht sinh t vic khng thc hin, thc hin khng ng hoc chm tr cc ngha v ca bn kia. iu 525, cp n vic mua hng thay th, coi vic mua hng thay th l gii php gim thit hi cho mt bn tham gia hp ng nu bn a ra c cc chng c v thit hi m h phi gnh chu.

C hai bn u khng phn i thc t l gi thp trn th trng th gii (cng loi hng giao) tng t nht ti 215 USD/tn ti thi im thc hin quyn mua c bit. Tuy nhin, B n cho rng vi cc biu hin ca s tng gi ny, Nguyn n l ra phi mua thp ca B n, vic Nguyn n trn thc t mua thp t Rumani vi gi cao hn gi B n cho bn l ht sc v l.

Trong bn gii trnh cui cng Nguyn n khng nh rng h thc s mua c gi r hn, h tr 216,50 USD/ tn nhng tit kim c 2 - 2,5 USD/ tn cc ph vn chuyn. Thit hi ca h v vy thp hn so vi s chnh lch gi trn th trng th gii. S lng thit hi ch l s chnh lch gia 190 USD v 214 USD/ tn l 24 USD/tn.

B n cho rng Nguyn n phi tr khon thu nhp khu hng ca Rumani cao hn hng ca Nam T, tuy nhin iu ny hon ton khng lin quan v Nguyn n khng h i bi thng bt k khon thit hi b sung no pht sinh t vic mua hng thay th. Thc mc ca B n lin quan n vic liu thp mua ca cng ty Rumani c cht lng thp hn so vi loi thp m B n cung cp khng cng khng c lin quan g trong v vic ny. i vi Nguyn n th cht lng thp l tng ng.

V ngha v phi thng bo ca Nguyn n nh lp lun ca B n, u ban trng ti cho rng vic Nguyn n khng thng bo cho B n bit v vic mua hng thay th khng vi phm iu 525.

T cc lp lun nu trn, trong ti i n kt lun rng trong trng hp ny Nguyn n hon ton c quyn yu cu B n bi thng khon chnh lch gi do phi mua thp ca mt bn th ba thay th cho s thp ng l mua ca B n theo quyn mua c bit. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n ch c th i bi thng khon thit hi thc t m h phi chu. ay, khon thit hi c tnh l mc chnh lch gia gi mua c bit (190 USD/tn) v gi mua thc t m Nguyn n phi tr cho cng ty Nam T (216,5 USD/tn) sau khi tr i khon tin m Nguyn n tit kim c t vic vn chuyn (khong 2,5 USD/tn). Nh vy B n s phi bi thng cho Nguyn n mt khon tin l 80.000 x 24 USD = 1.920.000 USD

V U ban trng ti sau tnh ton khon li sut nh sau:

Theo iu 277 ca Lut ngha v Nam T, li sut c tnh cho bn ch n i vi mt khon thit hi k t ngy m bn n bt u khng thc hin ngha v. B n khng thc hin ngha v th hin ch t chi giao hng theo gi tho thun buc Nguyn n phi mua hng thay th. Vic khng thc hin ca B n bt u t ngy m h phi giao hng nhng khng giao. Theo hp ng mua bn, 80.000 tn thp ca quyn mua c bit phi c giao theo 5 ln giao hng tng phn vi khi lng tng t trong khong thng 1 v thng 5 nm 1988. Do vy B n n qu hn 1/5 ca tng s hng vo ngy 1 thng 2; ngy 1 thng 3; ngy 1 thng 4; ngy 1 thng 5 v ngy 1 thng 6 nm 1988. Li sut c th c tnh theo tng s n qu hn bt u t ngy giao hng ca chuyn hng th ba.

Nh cp trn, mc li sut t khong 6,25 - 8,25%. Khng th d on trc c v li sut s tng nh th no v c khong thi gian chm tr gia vic a ra phn x ca U ban trng ti v vic thc hin t nguyn hoc cng ch thc hin nn phn quyt ca U ban trng ti cng phi n nh mc li sut trong tng lai, v d: cho ti khi B n thc hin t nguyn hoc cng ch thc hin phn quyt. Trn c s xem xt n tr gi tng trng trung bnh, U ban trng ti cho rng mc li sut 7,25% l ph hp.

PHN QUYT S 10

TRANH CHP TRONG HP NG MUA BN TRANG THIT B

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi bn M

B n: Ngi mua n

Cc vn c cp:

Thm quyn

Khc t v b hn ch quyn tham gia t tng trng ti

Phm vi p dng ca iu khon trng ti

Lut thc cht p dng

Tm tt v vic:

Nguyn n l mt cng ty ti New York hot ng trong lnh vc sn xut, bn v thc hin cc dch v i vi mt s loi trang thit b v cc hot ng km theo khc. B n l mt cng ty n hot ng trong lnh vc bn cc sn phm c sn xut bng cc trang thit b ca Nguyn n ti n .

Theo hp ng, Nguyn n tho thun bn v cung cp cho B n thit b v thc hin cc dch v cho mt nh my mi ti n ; Lut ca bang New York s iu chnh quyn v ngha v cc bn. iu khon trng ti qui nh nh sau:

"Bt c tranh chp no pht sinh t hoc lin quan n hp ng ny m cc bn khng c kh nng gii quyt thng qua m phn thng lng th s c gii quyt chung thm theo qui tc trng ti ICC. Nh qui nh trong Qui tc ny, mi bn s chn mt trng ti vin, v To Trng ti ca ICC s chn trng ti vin th ba. T tng trng ti s c thc hin vo thi gian v ti a im do To Trng ti quyt nh. Phn quyt trng ti c th c cho thi hnh ti bt k mt to n c thm quyn no".

Khi tranh chp gia cc bn xy ra, Nguyn n kin B n ra trng ti ICC yu cu B n thanh ton cc khon tin trong c khon tr li sut qu hn m B n cha thanh ton.

B n pht n kin Nguyn n ln to n ti cao Bombay vi mong mun c c tuyn b v vic Nguyn n a tranh chp ra gii quyt ti To n trng ti l vt qu phm vi ca iu khon trng ti.

V phn mnh Nguyn n cho rng vic a v tranh chp ra to n trng ti l tun theo nhng quy nh ti on 3 Lut 1961 ca n v vic cng nhn v thi hnh cc phn quyt trng ti nc ngoi m nhng quy nh tng ng vi iu II (3) ca Cng c New York 1958.

Quyt nh ca To n ti cao Bombay nhn mnh v Nguyn n a v kin ln trng ti ra To n ny nh ch khng xem xt v kin m B n a ra.

Trc u ban trng ti, B n lp lun rng cc trng ti vin thiu thm quyn v yu cu Trng ti gii quyt cc vn sau y:

Liu cc trng ti vin c thm quyn quyt nh phm vi v hiu lc ca tho thun trng ti hoc c quyn xem xt v gii quyt n kin ca Nguyn n hay khng?

Liu Nguyn n c khc t quyn tham gia vo t tng trng ti ca mnh (nu c) hay khng?

Liu Nguyn n c b hn ch tham gia vo t tng trng ti hay khng?

Nu cc trng ti vin c quyn quyt nh v phm vi v hiu lc ca tho thun trng ti v Nguyn n khng t chi cng khng b hn ch tham gia vo t tng trng ti, th quyn khi kin ra trng ti ca Nguyn n c thuc phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti trong hp ng hay khng? Nu ng vy, th l nhng khiu ni no? Nu khng, th l nhng khiu ni no? Nu khng c khiu ni th khng c trnh t gii quyt no c a ra. Nu nhng khiu ni c a ra trng ti xem xt th nhng vn sau cn c xc nh:

Liu Nguyn n c c quyn m rng phm vi thm quyn a ra trng ti hoc b sung thm khiu ni hay khng?

Lut no l lut p dng?

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

V quyn xc nh thm quyn xt x:

B n lp lun rng: cc trng ti vin khng c quyn xc nh phm vi hay hiu lc ca iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng v khng c quyn xem xt, ra quyt nh i vi nhng khiu ni ca Nguyn n. B n cng cho rng trng ti khng th quyt nh vic cc tranh chp lin quan c thuc phm vi iu chnh ca tho thun trng ti hay khng. L do m B n a ra l lm nh vy th cng c ngha l trng ti quyt nh lun hiu lc php l ca iu khon trng ti i vi cc tranh chp lin quan v do , quyt nh lun thm quyn ca chnh mnh.

U ban trng ti cho rng lp lun ny ca B n l hon ton khng th chp nhn c bi trn thc t cc bn u tha nhn rng gia h c tn ti mt hp ng c hiu lc c cha mt iu khon trng ti nn trng ti khng c ngha v xc nh xem y c phi l mt hp ng v hiu hay bt hp php hay khng. Cn vic xc nh xem mt tranh chp c thuc phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti hay khng l mt vn thuc thm quyn gii quyt ca trng ti v iu 8(3) v (4) Qui tc t tng ICC qui nh "mi quyt nh lin quan n thm quyn ca cc trng ti vin s do chnh cc trng ti vin quyt nh". Ni cch khc, cc trng ti vin c "thm quyn v thm quyn" (quyn quyt nh rng mnh c thm quyn gii quyt hay khng)

2. Khc t v b hn ch quyn tham gia t tng trng ti:

B n cho rng Nguyn n khc t quyn ca mnh a v kin ra trng ti v b hn ch tham d t tng trng ti vi l do Nguyn n kin ngn hng bo lnh ca B n ra To n ti cao Calcuta yu cu thanh ton khon li sut nh k m th tc trng ti ny cng ang gii quyt; v trc , Nguyn n kin ti To n ti cao Calcuta i chnh Ngn hng thanh ton khon tin lin quan ti k phiu th nm ca Hp ng.

B n cho rng:

Khng th c hai c quan ti phn cng c thm quyn xt x, ra quyt nh v cng mt vn .

Phn quyt ca To n n khng th b loi b. Do , trng ti s khng c thm quyn na.

Vic Nguyn n khi kin v cng mt vn ti to n n mu thun vi yu cu ca chnh Nguyn n rng cc bn c ngha v gii quyt cc tranh chp bng con ng trng ti v do vy Nguyn n khc t quyn tham gia t tng trng ti ca mnh v trong trng hp ny th Nguyn n b hn ch tham gia vo t tng trng ti.

Trong gii trnh ca mnh Nguyn n cho rng vic a nhng v kin trn ra to n l nhm bo m tnh an ton ca tho thun bo lnh, mt tho thun c lp vi hp ng mua bn ang xt. B n trong cc v kin ny l Ngn hng n , h khng phi l mt bn trong Hp ng mua bn v khng thuc phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng. Nguyn n c mt tho thun bo lnh vi Ngn hng v l c s a v kin ra to n n .

U ban trng ti thy rng lp lun ca Nguyn n l hon ton hp l v i n kt lun cc v kin ti to n n l nhng v kin c lp vi v kin a ra trc trng ti v khng lm nh hng n thm quyn ca cc trng ti vin.

Theo quan im ca cc trng ti vin, v kin trc To n n do Nguyn n a ra khng lin quan n cc vn v vic khc t hay b hn ch tham gia t tng trong ti ca Nguyn n.

3. Phm vi iu chnh ca iu khon trng ti:

Tip theo, u ban trng ti phi quyt nh v vic liu n kin ca Nguyn n ra trng ti ny c nm trong phm vi p dng iu khon trng ti trong Hp ng hay khng.

B n cho rng nhng khiu ni ca Nguyn n trong v vic ny ch yu l v cc li sut thng k pht sinh t hoc lin quan n cc k phiu v y l nhng tho thun ring bit v c lp vi tho thun ca Hp ng, do khng thuc iu khon trng ti ca Hp ng.

tr li cu hi ny u ban trng ti phi xem xt xem nhng k phiu ni trn khi c thc hin s c coi l hnh thc thanh ton y hoc thanh ton c iu kin hay khng bi v mt nguyn tc, mt k phiu khng th c coi l hnh thc thanh ton tr khi n l mt b phn ca Hp ng lin quan.

Trn c s xem xt hp ng gia cc bn u ban trng ti thy rng cc bn cha bao gi c nh coi cc k phiu l hnh thc thanh ton ton b cc ngha v tr tin theo hp ng. Tuy nhin hp ng gia cc bn nu r rng cc k phiu l chng c cho cc ngha v thanh ton thc hin theo hp ng. Cc k phiu ny l cc thanh ton c iu kin: chng s hon ton khng c gi tr nu Ngn hng n khng cp php chuyn ngoi t ra nc ngoi. Cn phi coi cc k phiu ny l mt phn khng th tch ri ca hp ng v khng th tn ti c lp vi hp ng. Nh vy, tranh chp lin quan n cc k phiu cng thuc phm vi p dng ca iu khon trng ti.

U ban trng ti cng nhn mnh thm rng ngay c khi cc k phiu ni trn tn ti c lp, tch bit vi hp ng th theo u ban trng ti phm vi p dng iu khon v trng ti cng vn rng bao hm c nhng tranh chp pht sinh gia cc bn t cc k phiu .

Lut p dng:

B n cho rng lut p dng l lut ca n . H bin h rng h thng lut m hp ng v vic thc hin hp ng c mi lin h cht ch v thc t nht chnh l lut n .

Trong trng hp cc bn khng c tho thun hoc khng nu ln mt cch r rng v vn lut p dng, th cc trng ti vin ng rng lun im ca B n c th c gi tr.

Tuy nhin, iu khon v lut p dng trong hp ng quy nh c th rng quyn v ngha v ca cc bn theo hp ng ny s c iu chnh trn mi phng din bi lut ca bang New York MHoHHH. Trong trng hp ny, tho thun v lut p dng c nu r trong hp ng, v do vic la chn lut p dng khng cn phi t ra.

Phn quyt:

Cc trng ti vin a ra quyt nh ca mnh v cc vn trn nh sau:

Trong v tranh chp ny, cc trng ti vin c thm quyn xem xt v quyt nh. Nguyn n khng khc t, cng khng b hn ch quyn tham gia t tng trng ti.

Phm vi khiu ni nm trong iu khon trng ti v lut p dng l lut ca bang New York - Hoa K.

PHN QUYT S 11

TRANH CHP V VIC GIAO HNG CHM

TRONG HP NG GIA CNG GNG TAY

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Bn gia cng Trung Quc

B n: Bn thu gia cng Hng Kng

Cc vn c cp:

Giao hng theo l v giao hng chm

T chi thc hin ngha v cung cp nguyn liu gia cng do bn kia vi phm hp ng

Tm tt v vic:

Ngy 26 thng 2 nm 1988, Nguyn n v B n k mt hp ng gia cng gng tay cao su y t Shenzhen bng cao su nhp khu. iu 1 ca hp ng qui nh B n phi cung cp 500 tn cao su 60% ly tm t nhin loi mt (first class 60% natural centrifugal latex) khng tnh ph trong khong thi gian t thng 3 nm 1988 n thng 1 nm 1989. iu 2 Hp ng qui nh Nguyn n phi chuyn cho B n 30.000.000 gng tay cao su y t ng trong cc thng hng vo khong gia thng 5 nm 1988 v thng 3 nm 1989. Ph gia cng l 29 USD cho mt tn gng tay, tng s l 870.000 USD, bc hng Shanghai. Ph vn chuyn do B n chu, k c ph vn chuyn t nh my n cng Shanghai. Thanh ton bng th tn dng gip lng (back-to-back L/C). Mi ln giao hng Nguyn n pht hnh mt th tn dng v th tn dng ny ch c hiu lc khi B n pht hnh tr li mt th tn dng tr tin ngay (time letter of credit). iu 11 Hp ng qui nh bn vi phm hp ng phi bi thng 20% tng tr gi cc sn phm gia cng hoc 20% tr gi cc sn phm cha c gia cng cng vi cc thit hi v nguyn vt liu hoc thit hi v nhn cng cho bn kia. Khon bi thng s phi tr mt ln.

Sau khi hp ng c k kt, B n cung cp 175,89 tn cao su thnh bn ln trong khong thi gian t thng 2 n thng 5 nm 1988. Sau khi nhn c nguyn vt liu, Nguyn n tin hnh sn xut.

Do B n mun thay i phng thc ng gi v v cc l do khc, Nguyn n hon thi gian giao hng trc khi c s chp thun ca B n. Trong thi gian t thng 7 n ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 Nguyn n chuyn cho B n tng cng l 8.000.000 gng cao su, tnh c 1.000.000 gng chuyn ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 m B n t chi khi s hng ny n Hng Kng v b tr li cho Nguyn n ngy 5 thng 5 nm 1989.

T thng 5 nm 1988, B n ngng cung cp cao su cho Nguyn n v t chi pht hnh th tn dng cho s gng gia cng .

Sau mt thi gian di m phn khng thnh cng, ngy 23 thng 8 nm 1989 Nguyn n khi kin B n ra trng ti vi nhng lp lun nh sau:

L gng cao su th tm do Nguyn n xp ln tu c chuyn n Hng Kng sau khi c i din ca B n Shanghai chp nhn qua in thoi. Do vic B n t chi khng nhn hng Hng Kng v l do hng b giao chm hn so vi ngy giao hng ghi trong th tn dng l khng hp l. Trn thc t, B n t chi nhn s hng ny trnh tn tht v mt hng ny trn th trng ang b mt gi. B n phi chu trch nhim do vi phm hp ng v phi bi thng thit hi cho Nguyn n.

Nguyn n phi chu cc tn tht v kinh t v phi lu kho s gng ny do B n khng nhn hng v khng pht hnh th tn dng.

Sau thng 5 nm 1988 B n n phng ngng cung cp cao su theo hp ng. Do nh my ca Nguyn n phi ngng sn xut, gy thit hi nng n cho Nguyn n.

Ngy 29 thng 7 nm 1988 Nguyn n pht hnh th tn dng chp thun (time letter of credit) vi tr gi 191.880 USD nhng B n ch pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay(back-to-back sight letter of credit) theo tng l hng. Ngy 24 thng 6 v ngy 25 thng 7 nm 1988 B n ch pht hnh hai th tn dng vi tng tr gi 243.920 USD trong c 116.000 USD ph gia cng, cc th tn dng ny cn thiu tng cng l 121.960 USD trong c 58.000 USD ph gia cng. Sau Nguyn n lin tc nhc nh B n m th tn dng nhng B n khng thc hin ngha v theo hp ng v B n cn s dng cc phng thc khng hp thc khc rt 95.940 USD cn li trong th tn dng chp thun ca Nguyn n m khng thng bo g cho Nguyn n. V vy Nguyn n cn phi chu thm nhiu thit hi kinh t khc.

V nhng l do nu trn, Nguyn n yu cu:

B n bi thng cho Nguyn n tin thit hi 306.666 USD, tc 20% khon tin cn li cha tr, ph hp vi hp ng;

B n phi tr 102.950 USD cho 3.550.000 gng gia cng;

B n phi tr li 95.940 USD b rt mt cch bt hp php t th tn dng chp thun ca Nguyn n, cng vi 17.269,20 USD tin li (tnh theo li sut 1,2%/thng).

B n phi hon tr tin cc vn chuyn ni a m Nguyn n tr nhn danh B n: 6.057,6 Rmb + 5.600 Rmb = 11.657 Rmb, tc l 3.142,21 USD (t l qui i: 1USD = 3,71 Rmb); v hon tr li tin ph vn chuyn ng bin v ph lu hng ti cng 40.780 HK$ (5.228USD);

B n phi hon tr cho Nguyn n ph lu kho, cng vi tin li l 1.325,03 Rmb (357,15USD);

Ph lut s 18.800 Rmb (5.067,38 USD) do B n chu;

Ph trng ti do bn thua kin chu.

B n gii trnh nh sau:

Th tn dng chp thun do Nguyn n pht hnh ch c hiu lc khi B n pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay, v vy B n c quyn quyt nh c nn tip tc cung cp cao su v pht hnh tn dng gip lng cho gng cao su gia cng ph hp vi vic thc hin hp ng hng thng ca Nguyn n. Nu B n khng cung cp cao su v pht hnh tn dng gip lng th Nguyn n c quyn quyt nh c tip tc gia cng gng cao su, giao hng v pht hnh th tn dng gip lng hay khng. B n cung cp 175,89 tn cao su ph hp vi hp ng, nhng Nguyn n li khng giao hng ng thi hn giao hng qui nh trong hp ng. Nguyn n giao chm tt c l 8.000.000 gng cao su, k c 1.000.000 i trong ln giao hng cui cng, s hng c xp ln tu ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988 m khng c php ca i din ca B n Shanghai, v vt qu thi gian xp hng trong th tn dng. Nguyn n phi t chu trch nhim cho vic B n t chi s hng giao chm. trnh nhng thit hi tip theo cn c vo qu trnh thc hin hp ng trc ca Nguyn n, B n tm ngng cung cp cao su v pht hnh cc th tn dng gip lng chp nhn s gng gia cng .

Do Nguyn n vi phm hp ng, ba container cao su m B n chuyn cho Nguyn n khng c thu hi. Sau khi m phn vi ngn hng, B n rt li 95.940 USD coi nh tin thanh ton cho s cao su ni trn. V Nguyn n nhn s cao su trong ba container hng ny nn B n c quyn i tin cao su.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Nguyn n khng c chng c chng minh cho lp lun rng vic B n t chi hng Hng Kng l khng c cn c v rng y l mt vi phm hp ng. Nguyn n khng chng minh c rng B n chp nhn vic gi l hng th tm vi 1.000.000 gng cao su bc ln tu ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1988. U ban trng ti lu rng cc bn chp thun hon vic gi l hng u tin. Do , thi gian giao hng tip theo cng c sa i v B n khng phn i nhng ln giao hng mun ngoi tr i vi l hng th tm mc d vic Nguyn n giao hng sau khi th tn dng ht hn l vi phm tho thun ca cc bn v thi gian giao hng. V vy, U ban trng ti quyt nh bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi lin quan n l hng th tm.

B n lp lun rng l do khin B n ngng cung cp cao su v pht hnh th tn dng i ng tr tin ngay (opposite sight letter of credit) l trnh nhng tn tht khc do vic giao mun l hng th tm gy ra. Lp lun ny ca B n l khng th chp nhn c.

U ban trng ti cho rng

Vic Nguyn n giao mun l hng th tm khng phi l mt vi phm nghim trng i vi hp ng v do khng gii phng cc bn khi cc quyn v ngha v trong hp ng.

Nu s lng hng gi c tnh theo ngy gi hng trc khi sa i, nh B n ngh, th B n phi giao l cao su mi mun nht l vo cui thng 8 nm 1988. B n khng th coi vic giao hng hi thng 11 l s hon thnh ngha v m l ra phi c hon thnh t thng 8. Do , U ban trng ti quyt nh B n phi tr tin bi thng thit hi l 112.810 USD (tc 29USD/1 tn hng x (30.000.000 - 7.000.000 - 1.000.000 - 2.550.000) x 20%) v bi thng cho 2.550.000 gng cao su gia cng.

Hp ng qui nh th tn dng chp thun do Nguyn n pht hnh ch c hiu lc khi B n pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay. Vic B n n phng rt 95.940 USD cn li, trong c 31.980 USD tin phi tr cho l hng th tm trong thi gian th tn dng do Nguyn n m ang c hiu lc trong khi B n khng pht hnh th tn dng gip lng tr tin ngay tr gi 121.960 USD l khng ng. T thc t l Nguyn n gia cng 3.550.000 gng cao su, trong c 1.000.000 gng giao chm nn Nguyn n phi t mnh chu trch nhim v l hng giao chm ny, B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 73.950 USD cho 2.550.000 gng cn li do B n khng pht hnh th tn dng gip lng thanh ton ngay. V s gng ny khng chuyn cho B n na nn yu cu i 95.940 USD ca Nguyn n khng c chp thun.

Ph hp vi iu khon v vn chuyn ca hp ng, U ban trng ti chp nhn yu cu ca Nguyn n v 8.142,21 USD ph vn chuyn ni a m Nguyn n tr cho B n. Tuy nhin, khon tin 1.884, 09 USD ca l hng th tm gm 1.000.000 gng phi c khu tr v phn thanh ton thc t phi tr l 1.258,12 USD. U ban trng ti bc yu cu ca Nguyn n v 5.228 USD tin cc vn chuyn i v v v tin ph lu kho hng ho cng cho l hng th tm ny.

U ban trng ti chp nhn yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng 357,15 USD tin lu kho v tin li pht sinh m Nguyn n phi tr nhn danh B n.

Ph lut s ca Nguyn n l 18.800 Rmb phi do Nguyn n chu.

Ph trng ti s do c hai bn chu: Nguyn n chu 30%, phn 70% cn li do B n chu.

Phn quyt:

Bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i bi thng thit hi cho l gng cao su th tm do thiu chng c thc t v chng c v php lut;

B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n tin thit hi 112.810 USD v khng tip tc thc hin ngha v theo hp ng ca mnh, v 73.950 USD tin ph gia cng 2.550.000 gng;

Bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i tr 95.940 USD m B n rt li, cng vi tin li 11.512, 8%;

B n phi hon tr 1.258, 12 USD ph vn chuyn ni a cho Nguyn n;

B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n tin lu kho 357,15 USD m Nguyn n tr thay cho B n cng vi tin li;

Ph trng ti s do c hai bn chu: Nguyn n chu 30%, phn 70% cn li do B n chu.

PHN QUYT S 12

TRANH CHP V GIAO HNG THIU

TRONG HP NG MUA BN QUN O TR EM

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi mua Cuba

B n: Ngi bn Trung Quc

Tm tt v vic:

Ngy 25 thng 12 nm 1986, Nguyn n v B n k kt mt hp ng mua bn theo B n phi cung cp 19.500 t qun o tr em si hn hp vi s lng v gi c khc nhau. Tng tr gi hp ng l 404.415 USD, FOB cng Trung Quc, ng vo hp giy, gi hng i vo qu 1 v qu 2 nm 1987. Thng 6 nm 1987 B n giao 900 hp giy cha hng ho theo hp ng. S hng ny c bc ln tu ca Cuba v ri i cng Havana, Cuba.

Theo Nguyn n, khi hng n cng Havana Nguyn n xc nhn rng b ngoi ca s thng giy l khng c vn g nhng c mt s thng c trng lng khng . Nguyn n vn chuyn s hng ni trn vo kho. C quan gim nh s ti xc nhn thiu 606 qun/o trong 19 thng hng c gim nh (trong s 300 thng) so vi NQ 9114, B/L52, ho n SUL 30047 c giao. Kt qu gim nh 61 thng hng theo NQIOO58-4, B/L53, ho n SUL 30048 xc nh thiu 1.845 qun/o.

Nguyn n hy vng s t c mt tho thun thng qua m phn vi B n, nhng B n khng chp nhn m phn. Cn c vo iu 42 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng, Nguyn n cho rng B n phi chu trch nhim cho s hng thiu v yu cu B n bi thng cho cc thit hi v kinh t nh sau:

Khon tin 4.245,01 USD thanh ton cho s hng giao thiu, bao gm: 606 qun/o, tng ng vi 50,5 t theo NQ9114 vi gi 22,29 USD/t, l 1.125,65 USD; 1.854 qun/o, tng ng vi 154,5 t theo NQ10058-4 vi gi 20,19 USD/t, l 3.119,36 USD;

Ph gim nh 180 USD;

Ph trng ti.

Trong vn bn tr li, B n gii trnh nh sau:

Theo cc qui nh ti iu 14 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng, s lng v khi lng ca hng ho c xc nh theo vn n ng bin. Sau khi hng c bc ln tu, B n nhn vn n sch do thuyn trng pht hnh xc nhn hng ho hp l v ph hp vi s lng ghi trong ho n v bn chng nhn s thng hng vi cc chi tit ghi trn vn n. Ngoi ra, t cc ti liu do Nguyn n trnh, 71 thng (30-40% trong tng s 120 thng) thiu v s lng, v hu ht l thiu loi qun o c 36 hoc 48. Nu tnh trng ny nghim trng n mc nh Nguyn n bin lun th chc chn c nhiu thng hng rng hoc b m v nu th th thuyn trng chc chn khng k vn n sch. Hn na, Nguyn n cng xc nhn rng khi c chuyn n, cc thng hng vn hp l, Nguyn n khng trnh c chng nhn gim nh hng ho chng minh hng b thiu v khi lng v trong thng c nhiu th khc khng phi l hng ho. Do cn phi bc yu cu ca Nguyn n lin quan n vic giao thiu hng.

iu 15 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng qui nh: n v khi lng v n v o ca bn gim nh v xc nhn hng ho cung cp ph thuc vo cc ti liu ca bn bn. Xc nhn v s thng hng do B n cung cp chng minh rng s hng c giao ph hp vi cc qui nh ca hp ng v cn phi da vo bn xc nhn ny xc nh s hng giao.

Hp ng c k theo iu kin FOB. Theo cc qui nh trong INCOTERMS, mt khi hng ho c chuyn qua lan can tu ti cng bc hng, mi ri ro v mt mt hoc tn tht i vi hng ho cng c chuyn cho bn mua. V vy, yu cu ca Nguyn n l khng c c s.

Phn quyt ca trng ti:

Theo iu 14 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng, s lng hng do B n giao c xc nh theo vn n ng bin. Trong cc thng hng thuc vn n s 52 v 53, s hng c ghi ln lt l 300 v 600 thng. Mc d trn vn n ng bin c ghi tng trng lng ca hng ho, nhng khng ghi s hng trong tng thng hoc khi lng ca mi thng hng. Theo chng nhn gim nh ca Cc gim nh hng ho Cuba, tt c cc thng hng u hp l. C tng s 2.460 qun/o thiu trong 71 thng.

B n trnh chng nhn v hng ho c ng vo thng khi s hng ny cn trong nh my, nhng hng khng c bc trc tip ln tu sau khi ri nh my m c vn chuyn bng nhiu phng tin, ri cui cng mi c bc ln tu. Do , khng loi tr kh nng vic thiu hng xy ra trc khi s hng ny c bc ln tu. U ban trng ti cho rng iu 42 Cc iu kin chung v giao hng qui nh r quyn ca cc bn c khiu ni v vic thiu hng ho v do B n phi chu trch nhim v vic thiu hng ny.

Phn quyt:

B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n 4.425,01 USD l khon tin tr cho s hng thiu, v 180 USD ph gim nh.

Ph trng ti s do B n chu.PHN QUYT S 13

TRANH CHP V CHT LNG MY NG GI

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Ngi mua Trung Quc

B n: Ngi bn Hng Kng

Cc vn c cp:

Mua hng ti trin lm

Giao thiu hng v bt cn trong vic ng gi hng

Lp t v sa cha my

Tm tt v vic:

Ngy 17 thng 1 nm 1985 Nguyn n v B n k hp ng s 5009 theo B n bn cho Nguyn n mt my ng gi vi gi 80.000 USD. My ny s c chuyn n Wuhan theo hai t giao hng. B phn chnh ca my c bn sau khi c trng by trin lm ti Wuhan v c giao vo thng 2 nm 1985. t giao hng th hai gm cc b phn ph ca my s c tin hnh vo ngy 15 thng 4 nm 1985.

Sau khi hp ng c k kt, Nguyn n pht hnh th tn dng cho ln giao hng u tin tr gi 65.750 USD theo ng hp ng. Nguyn n giao chuyn hng u tin ng thi hn. Ngy 20 thng 3 nm 1985 Cc Gim nh Hng ho Xut nhp khu Hubei, Trung Quc, cp chng nhn gim nh theo thng hng th hon chnh, nhng thiu mt mt gng kim tra vt liu v hai thc nn l nhm. Ngoi ra, hai cun hn nng b han g ton b. Cc b phn khc ca my cng b han g mt s phn. Trong thn my c mt vi git nc. Bn chng nhn gim nh cng cho thy giao thiu mt s b phn ca my. G st v nc trong my l do khng cn thn khi ng thng my sau trin lm.

Cc b phn ph ca my ng gi c B n giao vo thng 10 nm 1985, su thng sau khi hp ng c k kt.

Ngy 28 thng 3 nm 1985, cn c vo chng nhn gim nh ca Cc gim nh hng ho XNK Hubei, Trung Quc, Nguyn n gi vn th cho B n yu cu giao cc b phn cn thiu, i ng cun hn nng v bi thng cc thit hi v kinh t.

Sau B n giao gng kim tra vt liu v gi cc k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n sa cha my trong cc ngy 23 v ngy 25 thng 4 nm 1985. Sau khi lp t xong, do cn thiu mt s b phn nn ch mt phn ca my l c th hot ng c. Do c khim khuyt ti hai b phn l A5 v A6 nn ton b my khng th hot ng bnh thng.

Ngy 8 thng 10 nm 1985, sau khi tt c cc b phn c chuyn n Wuhan, cc bn k mt tho thun theo B n bo m s gi k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n lp t, sa cha my v o to cng nhn. 80% gi bn s c thanh ton cho B n sau khi tr khon tin pht do giao chm v thit hi v kinh t. Tho thun khng c thc hin ng hn do cc bn c bt ng quan im.

Sau khi trao i gia cc bn, Nguyn n tr 7.125 USD, 50% tr gi l hng th hai cho B n ngy 24 thng 2 nm 1986. T ngy 11 n ngy 23 thng 4 nm 1986, cc k s ca B n n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n sa cha ln th hai. Sau cc bn k mt vn bn lin quan n vic sa cha my ln th hai, vn bn ny ghi nhn rng my khng th hot ng c do my in, b phn chn ph thi, cun ng b v nhit trc khi hot ng khng t tiu chun. Sau , Nguyn n thng xuyn lin h vi B n nhng khng nhn c tr li r rng.

Ngy 15 thng 11 nm 1986, Nguyn n khi kin ra trng ti kin B n khng nhng vi phm hp ng do giao hng ln th hai chm, giao hng thiu, my b han g cng nh tr hon trong vic sa cha my lm cho my khng th hot ng c sau hai ln sa cha. Vn nghim trng ny cng vi thc trng ca my khin cho Nguyn n phi chu tn tht ln v kinh t. Do Nguyn n yu cu tr li my v cc b phn ph ca my cho B n v i B n hon tr 72.785 USD v li ngn hng, bi thng cho Nguyn n cc thit hi do ng thu hi quan v thu cng thng hn hp. Ngoi ra Nguyn n i B n phi chu trch nhim do vi phm hp ng v bi thng tt c cc thit hi v cc tn tht kinh t khc m Nguyn n phi gnh chu.

B n gii trnh nh sau:

Yu cu ca Nguyn n tr li my do my c vn nghim trng l khng th chp nhn c. Ln sa my u tin vo thng 4 nm 1985 ch mang tnh s b v cc b phn ph ca my cha c chuyn n. Vo giai on my vn hot ng bnh thng. n ln sa my cui cng vo ngy 25 thng 4 nm 1985, v in p khng n nh m mt b n nhit b chy v gy ra s c cho b phn A5 v A6, do khng th sa my c. B n khng cung cp c cho Nguyn n cc b phn cn thiu do nh my c khng cung cp cc b phn cho B n. Hai cun hn nng khng th chnh n thng bng thch hp, v cc k s ca B n khng quen vi cc khun c thay th. Ngoi ra, nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n t chi khng cho php B n sa my.

Sau khi B n giao l hng th hai theo hp ng vo thng 9 nm 1985, Nguyn n t chi thanh ton tin hng cho B n. Sau khi trao i, cc bn chp thun l B n s tin hnh sa cha vo thng 4 thng 1986 khi Nguyn n thanh ton mt phn tin hng. Vic sa cha ln th hai khng thc hin c ng thi hn l do Nguyn n t chi tr tin hng nn Nguyn n phi chu trch nhim.

B n khng th sa cha my n mc c th hot ng bnh thng. B n ch yu cu u ban trng ti ra mt phn quyt tm thi cho php B n gi cc k s ca mnh n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n trong thi gian nhanh nht c th sa cha my v yu cu nh my hp tc vi mnh trong vic sa cha my.

Theo yu cu ca B n, U ban trng ti ra mt phn quyt tm thi v vic ti sa cha my ng gi, trnh tng thit hi v nh gi cht lng v chc nng ca my. B n phi c n cc k s c nng lc chuyn mn v tham gia kho o to c bit c, cung cp cc b phn cn thit cho nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n hon thnh vic ti sa cha my ng gi trc ngy 15 thng 7 nm 1988 v t tiu chun cht lng ca my xut xng hoc tiu chun khc do cc bn tho thun. Khi vic sa cha hon thnh, cc bn phi trnh mt bn bo co chung v kt qu sa cha. Tuy nhin, B n khng c k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n cng nh khng np bo co cho U ban trng ti.Phn quyt ca trng ti:V cht lng ca my ng gi l i tng ca tranh chp, v bn thn my ny c B n trin lm ti Wuhan v Nguyn n cng mua my ny ti trin lm nn U ban trng ti quyt nh bc yu cu ca Nguyn n i tr li my. Tuy nhin, B n khng ng gi my ng qui cch lm mt s b phn ca my b han g nghim trng. B n cng khng giao cc b phn cn thiu v cng khng thnh cng trong vic sa cha my mc d hai ln c k s n nh my l khch hng ca Nguyn n. My ng gi khng t cc tiu chun ng gi dc phm.

Theo yu cu ca B n, U ban trng ti ban hnh mt phn quyt tm thi yu cu B n ti sa cha my vi cc b phn ph cn thit, nhng B n khng c bt k k s no n nh my sa cha cng nh khng trnh bo co v vic thi hnh phn quyt ca U ban trng ti. U ban trng ti gi vn th cho B n yu cu B n np bo co thi hnh phn quyt. B n khng tr li. iu ny cho thy B n khng h c nh ti sa cha my ph hp vi cc yu cu ng gi dc phm, v vy B n phi chu trch nhim v vic ny.

T cc kin v tnh tit ghi trong bn bo co kt qu sa cha ln hai do c Nguyn n v B n k ngy 23 thng 4 nm 1986 v trn c s xem xt cc thit hi m Nguyn n phi chu, U ban trng ti quyt nh rng vic gim 35% gi my ng gi l hp l.

B n giao l hng th hai chm 6 thng nn b pht 5% tr gi s hng giao chm theo cc qui nh ca hp ng.

Khon tin 7.125 USD m Nguyn n cha tr cho B n c khu tr vo khon tin m B n phi bi thng cho Nguyn n. V khon tin ny ng l phi tr khi B n sa c my n mc cn thit v khi ht thi hn bo hnh, nn khng c tnh li cho khon tin ny.

Phn quyt:

U ban trng ti quyt nh nh sau:

Gi ca my ng gi theo Hp ng s 5009 k kt gia Nguyn n v B n phi c gim xung 35%, tc l 28.000USD (80.000 USD x 35%) gii quyt cc ngha v theo hp ng gia cc bn. B n phi hon tr khon tin ny cho Nguyn n cng vi tin li tnh t ngy 4 thng 4 nm 1986 n ngy thanh ton thc t vi li sut l 8%/nm.

B n phi tr mt khon tin pht l 4.000USD do giao chm l hng th hai.

Khon tin 7.125USD Nguyn n cha thanh ton cho B n s c khu tr vo khon tin B n phi tr cho Nguyn n.

Bc cc yu cu khc ca Nguyn n.

Ph trng ti s do c hai bn chu. Nguyn n chu 20% v B n chu 80% ph trng ti.

PHN QUYT S 14

TRANH CHP V TIN TM NG

TRONG HP NG LM PHIM

Cc bn:

Nguyn n: Mt cng ty Hng Kng - Macao

B n: Mt c quan vn ho ngh thut Trung Quc

Cc vn c cp:

Hp ng v hiu do ch th khng c thm quyn v nng lc k kt

Ngha v thng bo v gim thiu thit hi

Tm tt v vic:

Nguyn n (Bn A) v B n (Bn B) k mt hp ng sn xut phim ta Hai Deng Fa Shi ngy 13 thng 4 nm 1985. Phn hp ng lin quan n phng thc hp tc gia hai bn quy nh Bn A chu mi chi ph cho vic lm phim vi tng d ton khong 800.000USD. Bn A chu trch nhim cung cp cc thit b quay phim, xe thng ch o c v mi mt o din v mt th chp nh t Hng Kng v Macao. Bn B chu trch nhim vit kch bn, thu o din, din vin v on phc v lm phim, thu a im, xin cp cc loi giy php v hon thnh mi th tc cn thit v nhng cng vic hng ngy khc.

Hp ng cng quy nh sau khi k kt hp ng, Bn A phi chuyn 120.000 USD (bao gm c 50.000 USD tin tm ng phi chuyn ngay trong ngy k kt hp ng). Bn B phi xin c cc giy php cn thit ca Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan v Phng tuyn truyn tnh Henan v phi thc hin tt c cc th tc c c bo lnh ca Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh ti Zheng Zhou trong vng 15 ngy. Sau khi cc th tc ny hon thnh, bn A phi chuyn ngay khon tin 70.000USD cn li vo ti khon ca bn B. Trong vng nm ngy k t khi khi quay (d tnh l vo thng 5 nm 1985), bn A phi chuyn 180.000USD vo ti khon ca bn B. Phn u t cn li s c thanh ton thnh nhiu ln bo m cho cc chi ph lm phim.

Ngy 13 thng 4 nm 1985, ngy k kt hp ng, Nguyn n chuyn cho B n 50.000 USD tin tm ng thng qua Ngn hng Macao Nantong. Ngy 3 thng 5 nm 1985, B n k mt vn bn vi mt cng ty sn xut phim Guangzhou cng sn xut phim Hai Deng Fa Shi.

Ngy 8 thng 5 nm 1985, Nguyn n nhn c t B n vn bn tr li cho php cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao c vn chuyn cc thit b lm phim do Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan cp ngy 26 thng 4 nm 1985, mt Bn hng dn chp thun bo co ca C quan vn ho v ngh thut v Cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao do Phng tuyn truyn tnh Henan cp v Bo lnh khng hu ngang cho Hp ng s ZT 535406 do Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh ti Zheng Zhou cp. Tuy nhin, ngy cp bo lnh li l ngy 10 thng 6 nm 1985.

Ngy 31 thng 7 nm 1985 B n gi vn th cho Nguyn n gic Nguyn n chuyn cho mnh phn 70.000USD cn li trong khon u t u tin 120.000USD v ni rng nu Nguyn n khng chuyn tin trong vng 10 ngy th coi nh vi phm hp ng. Nguyn n khng tr li vic ny bng vn bn.

Ngy 4 thng 10 nm 1985 Nguyn n v mt cng ty sn xut phim k mt bn d tho vi tn gi Cc sa i i vi hp ng sn xut phim mu mn nh rng Hai Deng Fa Shi-D n hp tc gia cng ty Hng Kng - Ma Cao v C quan Vn ho v Ngh thut. Bn d tho ny ghi r:

Hp ng k bi cc bn l v hiu v thay vo b phim c thc hin gia Nguyn n v cng ty sn xut phim;

Cng ty sn xut phim chu trch nhim xin tt c cc giy php v ph chun v thc hin tt c cc th tc cn thit v np bo co cho B Tuyn truyn;

Khon tm ng 50.000 USD c chuyn cho B n s c chuyn li cho cng ty sn xut phim, v.v...

Bn d tho cng qui nh d tho s c chnh thc k kt khi xin c tt c cc giy php v thng qua tt c cc th tc cn thit. Bn d tho s t ng chm dt nu khng xin c tt c cc giy php v ph chun cn thit trong thi hn hai thng. V cng ty sn xut phim khng xin c tt c cc giy php v ph chun cn thit nn sau bn d tho t ng chm dt.

Ngy 7 thng 8, ngy 8 thng 9, ngy 27 thng 9 v ngy 2 thng 12 nm 1987 Nguyn n gi vn th cho B n i hon tr 50.000USD. B n khng tr khon tin tm ng ny. Do Nguyn n kin ra U ban trng ti.

Nguyn n l lun nh sau:

Vic khng thc hin c hp ng l do B n khng xin c cc giy php v ph chun cn thit. Bn hng dn m B n cung cp cho Nguyn n c cp trc thi im k kt hp ng. y r rng l mt s gi mo. Vn bn tr li ca Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan ch cho php cng ty a cc thit b nh lin quan vo Trung Quc ch khng phi l giy php cho d n lin doanh lm phim. Cc giy php v ph chun khng ph hp vi cc qui nh ca hp ng.

Hp ng v hiu v B n phi chu trch nhim v vic ny v cc nguyn nhn sau y: B n l mt doanh nghip thuc s hu tp th v, theo cc lut v qui nh ca nc Cng ho nhn dn Trung Hoa v ca B Pht thanh, Truyn hnh v in nh, B n khng phi l ch th c nng lc k kt hp ng vi i tc nc ngoi cho cc d n lin kt lm phim. Vic lin kt lm phim vi Nguyn n vt qu thm quyn ca B n, v vy hp ng k kt gia cc bn lin quan n d n lin doanh lm phim Hai Deng Fa Shi l bt hp php v v hiu.

V hp ng v hiu nn B n phi hon tr cho Nguyn n 50.000USD tin t cc v, v U ban K hoch v Hi ng Vn ho ca Thnh ph Kaifeng bo lnh cho B n (theo ngoi t v nhn dn t) nn h phi chu trch nhim chung v ring r.

Do , Nguyn n yu cu U ban trng ti ra phn quyt rng:

Hp ng k kt gia Nguyn n v B n l v hiu;

B n phi hon tr cho Nguyn n 50.000USD tin tm ng cng vi tin li tnh t ngy tm ng n ngy np n khi kin.

Ph trng ti, ph lut s v nhng thit hi khc v kinh t s do B n chu.

B n gii trnh nh sau:

Hp ng ny c hiu lc v trch nhim i vi vic khng thc hin hp ng gn lin vi vic vi phm hp ng ca Nguyn n. Hp ng ny l mt tho thun bng vn bn gia cc bn t c thng qua thng lng v p ng tt c cc yu cu ca cc lut lin quan. Vo thi im k kt hp ng, c rt nhiu hp ng lin kt hp tc gia Trung Quc vi nc ngoi v khng c qui nh thng nht v vn ny. Hp ng qui nh mt cch r rng rng B n s c coi l hon thnh cc ngha v ca mnh nu B n xin c cc giy php ca Chnh quyn nhn dn tnh Henan, Phng Tuyn truyn tnh Henan v bo lnh ca Ngn hng Trung Quc Chi nhnh Zheng Zhou. B n c c cc giy t ny v nhanh chng chuyn cho Nguyn n. Theo hp ng, Nguyn n ng l phi tip tc chuyn tin. Tuy nhin, Nguyn n khng ch lin tc tr hon vic chuyn tin m cn k mt vn bn d tho vi cng ty sn xut phim sa i hp ng gia Nguyn n v B n m khng c s chp thun ca B n. Hnh vi ny l mt s vi phm hp ng.

Thm ch nu hp ng v hiu th trch nhim vn thuc v Nguyn n. V hp ng c k bi c hai bn nn suy ra l nu hp ng v hiu th c hai bn cng c li. Thng 10 thng 1985 khi Nguyn n k d tho vi cng ty sn xut phim, r rng Nguyn n bit l hp ng v hiu nhng khng thng bo g cho B n. Tuy nhin, cho n thi im th B n s dng ht s tin tm ng 50.000USD vo cc hot ng v nh, ngoi ra B n phi c