Portland Limestone Blended Cement in

AASHTO M240 and ASTM C595 Presented to NESMEA October 2010

ObjectivesWhy the proposed change?

What would change?

How do we propose to proceed?

What do we know about portland limestone blended

cements?

What additional information is needed?

Reason for Proposal Provide option that can:

Help DOTs and industry meet sustainability

initiatives

Implement proven technology

Reduce GHG emissions by up to 10%

Conserve energy and natural resources

Address legislative and regulatory challenges

Harmonize standards

Concept – Changes to M240/C595 Include provisions for a new portland-limestone

blended cement containing from 5% to 15%

limestone

Have same physical requirements as existing

Type IS, IP, and IT cements

Development Procedure Consider cement standards development objectives

Gather, review, and evaluate information

Identify and address questions

Develop and submit ballot item(s) with supporting

rationale and documentation

Known Use and Performance Experience in Europe and Canada

Proven technology

Fresh and hardened concrete properties

Compatibility with admixtures and SCMs

Historical Use of Limestone in Cements 1965 Heidelberger produces 20% limestone cement in Germany for

specialty applications (Schmidt 1992)

1979 French Cement Standards allows limestone additions.

1983 CSA A5 allows 5% in Type 10 (now GU) cement

1990, 15+/-5% limestone blended cements being used in Germany

1992, in UK, BS 7583 allows up to 20% in Limestone Cement

2000 EN 197-1 allows 5% MAC (Typ. Limestone) in all 27 common

cements, as was commonly practiced in various European cement

standards prior to that.

2000 EN 197-1 creates CEM II/A-L (6-20%) and CEM II/B-L (21-35%)

2006 CSA A3001 allows 5% in other Types than GU

2004 ASTM C 150 allows 5% in Types I-V

2007 AASHTO M85 allows 5% in Types I-V

2008 CSA A3001 includes PLC containing 5%-15% limestone

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

35.4 34.2 33.7 32.1 31.627.5

4.8 5.4 4.2 6.8 5.9

4.5

3.7 2.92.1 2.7

1.2

1.4

5.4 6.25.7

7.06.9

7.4

15.0 18.9 24.624.0

24.5 31.4

16.816.8

14.5 9.6 14.3 12.5

5.65.5 6.5

4.85.1 5.64.0

5.0 59.5 5.4 5.73.2

3.4 1.5 1.9 2.9 1.86.11.7 2.1 1.8 2.1 2.2

Ce

me

nt T

yp

es

in E

uro

pe

(%

)

Others

CEM V - Composite Cement

CEM IV - Pozzolanic

CEM III - Blast furnace slag

CEM II - Portland-composite

CEM II - Portland-limestone

CEM II - Portland-fly ash

CEM II - Portland-pozzolana

CEM II - Portland-slag

CEM I - Portland

PLC had the

largest use

in 2004

Most portland-

composite cements

contain limestone

too!

Cements Used in Europe

CSA A3001-08

Portland

cement

Blended

cement

Portland-

limestone

cement

Application

GU GUb GUL General use

MS MSb *- Moderate sulfate resistant

MH MHb MHL Moderate heat of

hydration

HE HEb HEL High early strength

LH LHb LHL Low heat of hydration

HS HSb *- High sulfate resistant

* CSA does not have provisions for sulfate resistant PLC cements

Concrete Tests

Cements and SCMs

10% to 15% PLC

Slag (15, 25, 30, 50%) and fly ash 25%

Slump, slump retention and air were measured

Strength and durability tests were performed

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Control

Hv

25% Slag

12% LS

Hv

25% Slag

12% LS

Hv

25% Slag

12% LS

Hv

Control 25% Slag

12% LS

Control

Hv

FA 12%

LS Hv

Control FA Mix

12% LS

MPa

1 Day MPa

7 Day MPa

28 Day MPa

Slag Mixes Fly Ash Mixes

Almost no impact of 12% PLC on f’c at any

age with 25% Slag or 20% Fly Ash

Concrete Strengths with Slag or Class C FA

0

20

40

60

80

100

No SCM (0.40)

No SCM (0.45)

35% Slag (0.45)

25% Fly Ash (0.45)

Du

rab

ility

Fac

tor

Supplementary Cementing Materials (w/cm)

Freeze-Thaw Resistance (ASTM C 666)

PC

PLC - 12%

0

200

400

600

No SCM (0.40)

No SCM (0.45)

35% Slag (0.45)

25% Fly Ash (0.45)

Mas

s Lo

ss (

g/m

2)

Supplementary Cement Materials (w/cm)

Scaling Resistance (ASTM C 672)

PC

PLC - 12%

0

1000

2000

3000

No SCM

(0.40)

No SCM

(0.45)

35% Slag

(0.45)

25% Fly Ash

(0.45)

Ch

arg

e P

ass

ed

(C

ou

lom

bs)

Supplementary Cement Materials (w/cm)

Chloride Permeability at 28 days

PC

PLC - 12%

0

1000

2000

3000

No SCM

(0.40)

No SCM

(0.45)

35% Slag

(0.45)

25% Fly Ash

(0.45)

Ch

arg

e P

ass

ed

(C

ou

lom

bs)

Supplementary Cement Materials (w/cm)

Chloride Permeability at 56 days

PC

PLC - 12%

Durability Tests – w/cm = 0.40, 0.45 & SCM

Field Trials – Jan CI, 8 Concretes

Cements = CSA A3001 PC and PLC (12% limestone)

Blended SCM = 33% FA, 67% Slag

Replacement levels =0, 25, 40, 50

Tests

Cast specimens - compressive strength (ASTM C39),

rapid chloride penetration (ASTM C1202), rapid

freeze/thaw (ASTM C666), hardened air void

analysis (ASTM C457), deicer scaling (C672),

Cored - strength (ASTM C42), chloride penetration

(C1202), chloride diffusion (ASTM C1556)

PLC + 50% SCM

PC + 50% SCM

PLC + 25% SCM

PC + 25% SCM

Field Trials – Strength Results

Field Trials – RCPT Results

TRB Paper – Three Case StudiesAll Used C1157 Cement Containing 10% Limestone

40th Avenue, Denver, 2007

Used with 20% Class C FA, Recycled

Aggregate

US HWY 287, Lamar, 2008-2009

Used with 20% Class F FA

I-25, Castle Rock, 2008-2009

Used with 20% Class F FA

2010 Spring TTCC/NCC

Summary Why the proposal?

Option to implement proven technology to obtain desired

performance and improve sustainability of concrete

What would change?

5% to 15% limestone in ASTM C595/M240

Same physical requirements as IP, IS, IT

How to proceed?

Remember standards development objectives

Gather, review, and evaluate information

Identify and address questions

Questions to Address Sulfate exposure

Others?

Portland Limestone Blended Cement in

AASHTO M240 and ASTM C595Presented to AASHTO TS3a August 2010

Thank you!