5 life on earth and life beyond (astronomy)

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LIFE ON EARTH AND LIFE BEYOND roy b. basa, Phd mentor, usls

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This is astronomy that our teacher discuss..

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Page 1: 5 life on earth and life beyond (astronomy)

LIFE ON EARTH AND

LIFE BEYONDroy b. basa, Phd

mentor, usls

Page 2: 5 life on earth and life beyond (astronomy)

Earth is the only place in the universe where we know for certain that life exist.

We are a combination of chemical elements produced inside the fiery cores of massive stars.

The same element that contribute to Earths rocky continents its atmosphere and its oceans.

Earth can find living organisms from the poles to the equator, from the bottom of the sea to several miles in the air, from freezing waters to dry valleys to undersea thermal vents to groundwater thousands of feet below the Earth's surface

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THE ARROW OF TIME

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Some highlights of cosmic history are noted along this arrow of time from the beginning of the universe to the present. Noted along the top of the major phases of cosmic evolution.

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The Seven Major Phases in the History of Universe

GALACTICSTELLARPLANETARYCHEMICAL

BIOLOGICALCULTURALFUTURE

EVOLUTION

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The study of change the vast number of developmental and generative changes that have accumulated during all time and across all space, from big bang to humankind.

The Universe of stars, planets, subatomic particles etc as explained thru conventional physics and astrophysics

COSMIC EVOLUTION

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CLUSTERS GALAXIES• The largest known

structures in the universe, consisting of hundreds of galaxies bound by gravity.

• Galaxy clusters attract each other to produce superclusters of tens to hundreds of clusters

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Hierarchy Material Structures in Universe

1. the evolution of primal energy into elementary particles and atoms

2. the evolution of those atoms into galaxies and stars3. the evolution of stars into heavy elements4. the evolution of those elements into the molecular

building blocks of life5. the evolution of those molecules into life itself 6. the evolution of advanced life forms into intelligence 7. the evolution of intelligent life into a cultured and

technological civilization

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SPIRAL GALAXY

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Spiral galaxy contains hundreds of billions of individual stars held together in a swarm by the pull of gravity.

Spiral galaxies consist of a flat, rotating disk containing stars, gas and dust, and a central concentration of stars known as the bulge.

The spiral has a complex structure, with an inner ring-like set of tightly wound arms surrounded by outer arms that may be split into branches. It has prominent blue star-forming regions in the spiral arms.

SPIRAL GALAXY

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SWIRLING INTERSTELLAR

They fertilize the interstellar medium with heavy element which form later generations of stars,planets,and life.

Swirling interstellar cloud forming a central star and planetary system.

The large ball of interstellar gas and dust that would form our sun constructed and became flattened by rotation.

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SWIRLING INTERSTELLAR

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EMISSION NEBULAE

Emission nebulae are clouds of high temperature gas. The atoms in the cloud are energized by ultraviolet light from a nearby star and emit radiation as they fall back into lower energy states

Patches of gas in deep space.

A cloud of ionized gas emitting light of various colors.

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Supernova Explosion Supernovae are

extremely luminous and cause a burst of radiation that often briefly outshines an entire galaxy, before fading from view over several weeks or months.

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INTERSTELLAR• the interstellar medium (or

ISM) is the matter that exists in the space between the star systems in a galaxy

• The interstellar medium is composed of multiple phases, distinguished by whether matter is ionic, atomic, or molecular, and the temperature and density of the matter.

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CHEMICAL EVOLUTION The notion that complex molecules could have evolved naturally

from simpler ingredient found on the primitive Earth. The first experimental verification of the theory was provided in 1953

by University of Chicago scientists Harold Urey and Stanley Miller Nucleosynthesis, the creation of chemical elements in the universe

either through the Big Bang, or supernovae Abiogenesis , the transition from nonliving elements to living systems Molecular evolution evolution at the scale of molecules Gas evolution reaction, the process of a gas bubbling out (or evolving) from a solution Oxygen evolution, the process of generating molecular oxygen

through chemical reaction

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CHEMICAL EVOLUTION

Chemical Apparatus is designed to synthesize complex biochemical molecules by energetically irradiating a mixture of simple chemical.

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BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION The fossil record also contains abundant evidence that

many species did not adapt successfully to changing environments and so perished

Biological evolution takes place at the genetic level (the level of DNA molecules). It is the DNA in our cells that direct our bodies how to grow and develop. They are the instruction manuals for our body.

Biological evolution is a change in the genetic characteristics of a population over time. That this happens is a fact. Biological evolution also refers to the common descent of living organisms from shared ancestors

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Cultural evolution The emergence of life and its proliferation into many

different species. Changing environment caused some of the species that

had claimed the land to evolve insect-eating, tree-dwelling creatures by 75 million years ago

Anthropology was developed in the 19th century, and it was an outgrowth of Darwinian evolution. Cultural evolution presumes that over time, cultural change such as the rise of social inequalities or emergence of agriculture occurs as a result of humans adapting to some noncultural stimulus, such as climate change or population growth.

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Cultural Evolution

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MURCHISON METEORITE

It contains relatively large amount of organic material, indicating that chemical evolution of some sort has occurred beyond our own planet.

a bright fireball was observed to separate into three fragments before disappearing.

Leaving a cloud of smoke. About 30 seconds later, a tremor was heard.

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ALTERNATIVE BIOCHEMISTRIES

The environment in the solar system besides Earth is particularly well suited for sustaining life.

Space Craft that have landed on other solar system bodies or have flown by them have detected no evidence for extraterrestrial life.

Scientists generally believe that life on earth originated in the ocean. A liquid medium better promotes the linking of atoms into life’s complex molecules

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• This is a replica of a plaque mounted onboard the Pioneer 10 spacecraft. Key features of the plaque include: a scale drawing of the spacecraft itself, as well as a man and a woman (right center); a schematic diagram of a hydrogen atom undergoing a change in energy (top left); a starburst pattern representing various pulsars and the frequencies of their radio waves usable to estimate when the craft was launched (middle left); and a depiction of the Solar System, showing that the spacecraft left the third planet from the Sun and passed the fifth planet on its way into outer space (bottom). All the drawings have computer (binary) coded markings from which actual sizes, distances, and times can be derived. (Carl Sagan)

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RADIO COMMUNICATION A third technique is much cheaper than either of the two methods

noted above and has many advantages. This method is designed to make contact with extraterrestrials using only electromagnetic radiation, in particular it doesn’t utilize any kind of hardware traveling through space. The technique is economically feasible, can be undertaken with existing equipment, and doesn’t reveal our presence should some extraterrestrials be hostile.

Radio radiation now leaks from Earth into space because of the daily activities of our technological civilization. (a) FM radio and non-cable television transmitters broadcast their energy parallel to Earth’s surface, so they send a great “sheet” of electromagnetic radiation into interstellar space, producing the strongest signal in any given direction when they happen to lie on Earth’s horizon. (b) Because the great majority of transmitters are clustered in the eastern United States and western Europe, a distant observer would detect blasts of radiation from Earth as our planet rotates each day

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WATER HOLE The electromagnetic spectrum, as

viewed from Earth, is a noisy place. Low frequencies are plagued by galactic noise, primarily due to synchrotron radiation

High frequencies are subject to quantum-effect emissions, and the whole continuum experiences a 3 Kelvin background radiation level from the residual radiation of the Big Bang

Natural radiation sources limit our ability to detect artificial emissions.

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TERESTIAL MICROWAVE WINDOW

The water hole is bounded by the natural emission frequency of hydrogen(H)atom(21-cm wavelength)and the hydroxyl(OH)molecules(18-cm wavelength).The top most solid curve sums the natural emission for our galaxy.

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RADIO-TELESCOPE A form of directional

radio antenna used in radio astronomy.

A types of antennas are also used in tracking and collecting data from satellites and

space probes.