SUSTAINABLE PARKING MANAGEMENT STRATEGY FOR TENGKU

J 4p1 PERPUSTAKAANUMP

ll 1111 Iffi III III I Ill I 111111111111 0000072623

JAMILAH BINTI MOHAMAD

AE08082

PROF. MADYA 1R ADNAN BIN ZULKIPLE

A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor on Civil Engineering with Environment

Faculty of Civil Engineering & Earth Resources

University Malaysia Pahang

Semester 11 2011/2012

rPERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSTI MALAYSIA PAHANG

3 VT92n No. Panggllan

Tarikh' S .

2 9 MAR-29-13

ABSTRACT

This study is conducted to study on the efficiency of parking lot management and

to assess the provision of additional parking lots based on Cost - Benefit Analysis at

Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital Kuantan (HTAA). The parking space that have been

provided by HTAA is only 964 parking spaces while HTAA has 2414 employees and

received approximately 2754 visitors per day and during weekend the number keep

increasing. This is 2.5 times overcapacity as compared to the demand by employees

alone. Method that been used is License Plate Survey and the survey was conducted on

one Wednesday and Sunday. The parking lots are divided into 6 zones and for every one

hour, plate numbers of every vehicle was recorded at every 1 hour interval.

Questionnaire had also been distributed to 30 respondents to know their opinion about

the facilities of provided parking at HTAA.

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ABSTRAK

Kajian mi dilakukan untuk mengakaji kecekapan pengurusan tempat letak kereta

dan untuk menilai peruntukan tempat letak kereta tambahan berdasarkan Cost - Benefit

Analysis di Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan Kuantan (HTAA). Hanya 964 tempat

meletak kenderaan yang disediakan oleh HTAA sementara HTAA mempunyai 2414

pekerja clan menerima kira - kira 2754 pengunjung setiap hari dan pada hujung minggu

jumlah mi meningkat. Jumlah parking yang diperlukan mi 2.5 kali ganda melebihi hanya

untuk pekerja HTAA. Kajian mi menggunakan kaedah lessen plat nombor dan ia

dilakukan pada hari Rabu dan Ahad. Tempat meletak kenderaan dibahagikan kepada

enam zon dan nombor plat setiap kenderaan akan direkodkan path borang kajian pada

setiap satu jam. Borang kaji selidik diedarkan kepada 30 orang responden untuk

mengetahui pendapat mereka mengenai kemudahan tempat meletak kenderaan di

HTAA.

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VII'

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE 1

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS viii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURE xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xv

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Study 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Research Objectives 2

1.4 Research Questions 3

1.5 Scope of Work 3

1.6 Expected Outcome 3

2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Parking 6

2.3 Parking Facilities 6

2.3.1 Parking Lot 6

2.3.2 Parking Space 8

2.3.3 Parking Demand 8

2.4 Parking Management 9

2.5 Important of Parking 10

2.6 Parking Effect 10

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Ix

2.7 Parking Problem II

2.8 Types of Parking 14

2.8.1 Public Parking 14

2.8.2 Private Parking 15

2.8.3 Handicapped Parking 15

2.9 Parking Design 16

2.9.1 Parallel Parking 17

2.9.2 Perpendicular Parking 18

2.9.3 Angle Parking 19

2.10 Cost - Benefit Analysis 20

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

3 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction 21

3.2 Outline Methodology 22

3.3 Methodology Details 23

3.3.1 Site Visit 23

3.3.2 Data Collection 23

3.3.2.1 Zoning System 23

3.3.2.2 License Plate Survey 24

3.3.2.3 Distributed Questionnaire 25

3.3.3 Set Parking Scenario Prior to Introduce

New Parking Strategy 25

3.3.4 Proposed New Parking Strategy 25

3.3.5 Calculate CBA with & without Project 25

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x

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 27

4.2 Parking Space Inventory 29

4.3 Parking Accumulation 31

4.4 Occupancy Rate 37

4.5 Parking Duration 39

4.6 Parking Turn - Over 40

4.7 Cost - Benefit Analysis 41

4.8 Analysis of Questionnaire 44

4.8.1 Personal Information 45

4.8.2 Parking Facilities at HTAA 50

4.8.3 Cost - Benefit Analysis 60

4.9 Summary 65

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Introduction 66

5.2 Conclusion 67

5.3 Recommendation 67

5.3.1 Increase the Interval Time 68

5.3.2 Conduct Survey for Two Days on

Weekday and Two Days on Weekend 68

REFERENCES 69

x

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES NO. TiTLE

PAGE

2.1 Parking Issue 13

3.1 Parking Analysis Zones 24

4.1 Parking Zoning 28

4.2 Occupancy Rate (%) for Weekday and Weekend 38

4.3 Turn - over for Weekday 40

4.4 Turn - over for Weekend 40

4.5 CBA without Pollution Saving 42

4.6 Conclusion CBA without Pollution Saving 42

4.7 CBA with Pollution Saving 43

4.8 Conclusion CBA with Pollution Saving 43

4.9 CBA with vs. Without Pollution Saving 44

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xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES NO. TITLE

PAGE

2.1 Statiatic of Population in Malaysia 5

2.2 Parking Lot 7

2.3 Parking Space 8

2.4 Public Parking 14

2.5 Private Parking 15

2.6 Handicapped Parking 16

2.7 Parallel Parking 18

2.8 Perpendicular Parking 19

2.9 Angle Parking 19

3.1 Flow Chart of Study 22

4.1 Parking Distribution 29

4.2 Parking Space Provided for Public by Zone 30

4.3 Parking Accumulation for P1 on Weekday

And Weekend 31

4.4 Parking Accumulation for P2 on Weekday

And Weekend 32

All

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xlii

4•5 Parking Accumulation for P3 on Weekday

And Weekend

4.6 Parking Accumulation for P4 on Weekday

And Weekend

4.7 Parking Accumulation for PS on Weekday

And Weekend

4.8 Parking Accumulation for P6 on Weekday

And Weekend

4.9 Total Accumulation for Weekday and Weekend

4.10 Percentage of Parking Duration

4.111 Gender

4.12 Percentages of Respondents by Age

4.13 Percentages of Respondents by Types of Job

4.14 Percentages of Respondents by Their Monthly

Income

4.15 Percentages of Respondents by Number Vehicle

Their Own

4.16 Percentages of Respondents by How Often Do

You Go to HTAA

4.17 Percentages of Respondents by Main Purpose

To HTAA

4.18 Percentages of Respondents by How Long Will

It Take You at HTAA

4.19 Percentages of Respondents by What Types of

Transportation is Your Choice to Go to HTAA

4.20 Percentages of Respondents by Normally, What

Is Types of Parking be Your Choice

4.21 Percentages of Respondents by It is Difficult to

Find Parking at HTAA

4.22 Percentages of Respondents by What is Your

Evaluation of The Parking Facilities at HTAA

4.23 Percentages of Respondents by Which One do

You Prefer

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34

35

36

37

39

45

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48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

XIII

4.24 Percentages of Respondents by If HTAA Provide

Paid Parking, are You Going to Use It 58

4.25 Percentages of Respondents by Have You Ever Put

Your Car In the Wrong Place When You Come to

HTAA 59

4.26 Percentages of Respondents by Did You/Your

Family Members Have been Involved in Road 60

Accident

4.27 Percentages of Respondents by What Types of 61

Injuries that You/Your Family Members Experience

4.28 Percentages of Respondents by How Much You are 62

Willing to Pay to Prevent the Accident

4.29 Percentages of Respondents by What is Your 63

Evaluation Toward the Important of Time

4.30 Percentages of Respondents by What is the Estimated 64

Price for Each 1 Hour of Work You Do

4.31 Percentages of Respondents by In Your Opinion, is

the Limited Parking Affects the Cleanliness of the 65

Air

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xiv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX NO. TITLE

PAGE

A License Plate Survey Form 72

B Questionnaire 73

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xv

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Study

The parking problem at hospitals is not something new and has been highlighted

many times, yet the situation has not improved much. Vehicles are parked at available

vacant spaces within a hospital compound, and there are internal traffic jams at some

hospitals, while double parking and illegal parking are common.

This study will focus on parking problem at Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital

Kuantan. . Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan is general hospital for Kuantan citizen. This

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hospital located at Jalan Tanah Puteh Kuantan Pahang Darul Makmur and the catchment

area is 40.1 acre. Tengku Ainpuafl Afzan Hospital has 2414 employees and received

approximately 2754 visitor per day and during weekend the number will increase. With

all the number of visitor and employee, the parking space at hospital is not enough for

every vehicle because the provided parking spaces are only 964 spaces for the whole

hospital. From the Star Online (February 2, 2007) there was an issue about parking

problem at there. Until now the problem still not solved and become worst.

1.2 Problem Statement

The lack of adequate parking lots in Tengku Ampuan Afzan Hospital is a long

standing issue. Finding the parking space is a test of patience for many motorists due to

lack of parking lots for the public. It has been a concern of local residents, hospital

workers, patients and neighbors businesses. There are only 964 parking lots provided

and most of the parking lots are occupied by the staff leaving only a few parking lots for

the patients and visitors, thus this situation warrant for a sustainable parking

management strategy based on CBA to be developed for the hospital. Visitors need to

drive around the hospital for several times before finding a parking space. It is not only

the visitors who have to struggle to find the parking but it also for the HTAA staff. This

is a big issue for the medical specialist because they need to park their vehicle faster to

attend emergency call. It also becomes serious issue for patient to park their vehicle

while they are warded. The problem becomes worst during weekend because the number

of visitors increase substantially. The parties involved in HTAA managing still cannot

solve the problem because there is no available space to use as parking lots.

1.3 Research Objectives

The objectives of this project are as following:

1.3.1 To conduct study on the efficiency of parking lot management at HTAA.

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1.3.2 To assess the provision of additional parking lots at HTAA based on CBA.

1.4 Research Questions

There are two research questions in this study which are:

1.4.1 Is the parking lot management at HTTA is really not efficient?

1.4.2 How to setup the cost to be incurred against the benefits (particularly the

unquantifiable one) of the project?

1.5 Scope Of Work

This study is conducted at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan Kuantan (HTAA)

and will be limited around HTAA area. HTAA is a boundary area and all the data will

be obtain around this area.. For this study the scope of work is to observe parking

demand, parking flow behaviors and the environmental impact using CBA. Parking

demand need to be observed in order to make comparison for the requirement parking

space that would be need at study area. The environmental impact will be determined

using CBA to propose the new way to solve the parking problem.

1.6 Expected Outcome

The expected outcome is the demand of parking is higher and the parking lots

that have been provided is not enough for visitor and staff of HTAA. After finish this

study I will propose a proposal for sustainable parking management strategy for HTAA for consideration of the relevant authority such as M1K and management of HTAA.

3

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

Parking is an important element in urban transportation and become a serious

problem in large cities around the world. This is due to increasing number of vehicles

and in next 20 years, this problem will be more serious because car ownership Will fl5C

quickly. This situation will lead to parking problem such as illegal parking and also

serious traffic congestion. Figure 2.1 shows the population in Malaysia in 2010.

4

A

J4

I-

1 -

- -

1k :

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1,-I

I'4

r-.

'1 --I p

i 2

Figure 2.1 Statistic of Population in Malaysia (Statistics

Department of Malaysia)

2.2 parking

Vukan R. V. (1999) defined parking as the act of stopping a vehicle and leaving

it unoccupied for more than a brief time. Parking on one or both sides of a road is

commonly permitted; though often with restrictions. Only one vehicle can use a

particular parking space at particular time and it is against the law to park a vehicle in

the middle of highway or road where it will interrupt traffic congestion.

23 Parking Facilities

According to George A. Devlin (1983), the first parking facilities have been

developing in Rome since Julius Kaiser administration. He developed a rule that prohibit

the excessive number of vehicle from entering the city in peak hour in order to reduce

traffic congestion. Parking facilities are constructed in combination with most buildings,

to facilitate the coming and going of the buildings' users by Vukan R. V (1999). Parking

facilities are including parking lots, parking space, parking demand and parking supply.

2.3.1 Parking Lot

According to Edward (1992), parking lot can be define as cleared area that have

more parking spaces and this area are allocated for parking vehicles. Usually parking

lots are paved with asphalt, concrete, gravels at the surfaced with permanent paving

material. Parking lots can be small, with just parking spaces for a few vehicles, very

large with spaces for thousands of vehicles, or any size in between. Small parking lots

are usually near buildings for small businesses or a few apartments, although many other

locations are possible. Larger parking lots can be for larger businesses or those with

many customers, institutions such as schools, churches, offices, or hospitals, museums

or other tourist attractions, rest areas, strip malls, or larger apartment buildings.

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Parking lots near businesses, buildings, or institutions are often implicitly

understood or explicitly labeled to be for the use of their respective customers or

visitors, often with special vehicle spaces for the owners and employees. Parking lots

around apartment buildings are often exclusively intended for parking use of their

residents, although sometimes separate spaces may be provided for visitors. Such

parking for businesses, offices, and residences is often free to the customers, patrons, or

residents.

Although many parking lots are rectangular - shaped, there are parking lots of all

sorts of shapes. A parking lot can be in front or back, on the side of the building it

services, or any combination of these, including all around the building, often depending

on local building codes. In a very large parking field, it is easy to get lost or have trouble

finding one's vehicle. Such large parking lots often have various sections marked, for

example by numbers or letters, to help identify the location.

Figure 2.2 Parking Lot

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2.3.2 parking Space

parking space is a location that is designated for parking, either paved or

unpaved. According to C. S Papacostas (2005), parking space is location that is designed

for parking is safe and not obstructs other road user. Parking spaces can be in a parking

garage, in a parking lot or on a city street. It is usually designated by a white-paint-on-tar

rectangle indicated by three lines at the top, left and right of the designated area. The

automobile fits inside the space, either by parallel parking, perpendicular parking or

angled parking. Depending on the location of the parking space, there can be regulations

regarding the time allowed to park and a fee paid to use the parking space. When the

demand for spaces outstrips supply vehicles may overspill park onto the sidewalk, grass

verges and other places which were not designed for the purpose.

Figure 2.3 Parking Space

23.3 Parking Demand

According to C. Jotm Khisty and B. Kent (1984), parking demand can be defmed S an amount of parking that is estimated to be used at a particular time, place, and price.

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parking demand is rely on the types of trip because it is different type of trips have

different types of parking demand. For example, for office building the peak parking

demand is on weekday and it differs with shopping mall which is the parking demand is

on weekend. Parking demand also affected by vehicle ownership, trip mode, duration

(how long the motorist park) ease of finding space, factors such as fuel and road pricing,

and mode split.

However, Edward C. and Stef Proost (2006) define that parking demand is

function of number of journey made using private vehicle. Parking demand was

estimated based on specific land uses.

2.4 Parking Management

According to Parking Management Best Practice (2006), parking management

refers to various policies and programs that result in more efficient use of parking

resources. Parking management includes several specific strategies. When appropriately

apply parking management can significantly reduce the number of parking spaces

required in a particular situation providing a variety of economic, social and

environmental benefit. When all impacts are considered, improved management is often

the best solution to parking problems. There are ten principles in parking management to

help guide planning decision to support parking management, which are:

I. Consumer choice - people should have viable parking and travel options.

2. User information - motorist should have information on their parking and travel

options.

3. Sharing - parking facilities should serve multiple user and destinations.

4. Efficient utilization - parking facilities should be sized and managed so spaces

are frequently occupied.

5. Flexibility - parking plan should accommodate uncertainty and change.

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6. prioritization - the most desirable spaces should be managed to favor higher -

priority uses.

7. pricing - as much as possible, user should pay directly for the parking facilities

they use.

8. Peak management - special effort should be made to deal with peak demand.

9. Quality vs quantity - parking facilities quality should be consider as important as

quantity, including esthetics, security, accessibility and user information.

10. Comprehensive analysis - all significant costs and benefit should be considered

in parking planning.

2.5 Important Of Parking

Parking is an important part of the transportation system. It is an efficient means

of storing vehicles while they aren't in use. Parking can causes little disruption to the

roadways. Parking can affect the attractiveness of destinations as well as transportation

modes. The attractiveness of a destination is reduced if there is a delay or difficulty in

parking. The transportation system must include adequate parking facilities at all places

that attract trips. Basically, parking plays an important role in the efficiency of the

transportation system.

2.6 Parking Effect

Parking is an important urban transportation element. Traffic during parking may

cause congestion including fuel waste, noise annoyance, and air pollution around the

Parking area. Firstly, parking will affect the energy. Petroleum energy use is the most important energy source in this century. It is also a main power source for transportation

used. In 1973, there were energy crisis and most developing countries have adopted an

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energy policy to save on the use of petroleum. As the demand for petroleum needs are

increasing with economic growth and population, the shortage will become more serious

than before unless other new substitute energy resources are found.

Parking will also affect environment. Increasing number of vehicles on roads in

Malaysia will caused air pollution. When the decision maker (parker) has not parked by

the time he reaches his destination then he will continues driving beyond it will he finds

the first parking place thereafter (Mitsushi Tamald,1982). Smoke from vehicle exhaust

of car can contribute to the air pollution.

Besides that, parking also affect mode of choice. According to Surber (1984), he

say that individuals that having an automobile available will probably choice access

their destination by automobile if parking is available and located at the destination and

also if the cost of parking is reasonable. Usually inexpensive or in plentiful parking is

incentive for using private parking automobiles.

Parking also affects the vitality of communities, commercial centers, transit

system, airport as well as the efficiency of traffic in town. Example, in certain European

cities it is estimated that 40% of the total of work is consumed in searching for parking

(Krohn, 1985).

2.7 Parking Problem

Parking problem will occur when the decision maker (parker) has not parked by

the time he reaches his destination then he will continues driving beyond it until he finds

the first parking place thereafter. Once he parks at some place, he must walk to his

destination (Mitsuslil Tamaki, 1982).

From time to time, problem regarding to this issue are getting worst especially in

urban areas. This is because urban areas give more working opportunity rather than

Village. Nowadays, the ability to afford a car is a common this proportional to previous.

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According to Mohd Noor Awang (2003), parking problem occur because of the

growth of both urban function and the number of population who own and used motor

vehicles as their daily activities has increased the demand for vehicle parking spaces.

These growth together with the increase in density of developments such as residential,

industrial and commercial land used, limited land spaces and insufficient proposed car

parking area compares to higher private vehicles.

Basically, parking problem occur when parking demand are higher than parking

supply. Every single vehicle that enters the city will end the journey on a parking space.

When there are not enough parking spaces, user will have no choice but to park their

vehicles anywhere else. This situation will interfere traffic congestion and sometimes

might blocked others user and causing other serious accidents.

In city center, the attraction of large shopping malls and the increased use of cars

in the city center have lead to parking issues especially at shopping malls' car parks.

Parking problem arise from the moment before visitors enter the car park until after they

leave the car park. These situations are due to various behavior and desires of both

shopping mall operators and visitors. These issues ranges from user behavior, space

utilization, variable and peak demand, engineering design and planning, pricing and

parking charges, revenue collection, traffic management, security and safety to

environmental and regulatory issues.

This lacking of awareness creates future problem to the user or people who are

using this facility for business purpose, environment and the greatest impact will hit the

local council. Parking system that is not planned well and not in order will keep the

Situation getting worst.

Numerous strategies were suggested to overcome or at least to lower down the

number of parking problem for example sharing vehicle to the work place and using

Public transportation (e.g. commuter, LRT and etc). Some of these strategies have been

carried out but the outcome is not as fulfilling as expected. There is still no change in

Current situation. According to urban land institute (1983), to achieve better utilization

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of parking lot, it is preferred to develop land uses with complementary parking use

requirements.

Base on Nelson (March. 2001), there are some issue regarding to these problems

(Table 2.1). From TDM Study interviews, the community and the stakeholder interviews

revealed the following tensions regarding to the parking:

Table 2.1 Parking Issue (Nelson, March 2001)

Lack of parking encourages people to vs Lack of parking encourages people to

find alternatives to driving, thereby go elsewhere to shop, eat and be

reducing cars and improving livability entertained and thus negatively

impacts economic vitality.

Increasing parking supply and the vs Additional parking will ease existing

number of cars on the road. congestion caused by car searching for

parking spaces.

Decreasing parking supply will vs There are many other factors requiring

decrease the number of cars on the people to drive. Decreasing parking

road. supply alone will not decrease traffic.

Increasing parking supply will make it vs Additional parking may ease short-

easier to find parking in the Study term parking shortages. In the long-

Area. term increased parking supply will

encourage more people to drive,

resulting in similar imbalances in

supply and demand.

Parking supply should be increased to vs Practical barriers to increasing parking

make access to the Study Area easier. exist, such as lack of money and land,

and increasing other transportation

options is more effective.

Commuter parking is needed to attract vs Adequate parking for visitors is

and retain Study Area employees, required to maintain healthy business

districts in the Study Area.

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