47 Hot Topics for Global History

(Info to Know to Beat the Exam)

Goals of this Packet

• TODAY: we’ll go over some brief notes on 47 hot topics

• TOMORROW: YOU read back over the notes and also the multiple choice questions

• WHY? The Regents people are lazier than you….they repeat the questions…..

• Find more like this at http://www.regentsprep.org

1. Vocabulary• traditional society-culture in which

the man works, woman takes care of family, usually in country

•cultural diffusion- spreading of goods and ideas from one culture to another

• isolation-country stays out of contact with outside world (Japan & China did this)

•self-determination-country wants to control its own future

2. Religions

– Religion: Islam– Area of the World: Middle East– Key Beliefs: Five Pillars of Wisdom

Jihad-holy war– Holy Book: Koran

2. Religions

– Religion: Judaism– Area of the World: Middle East (Israel)– Key Beliefs:

monotheisticOld Testament & prophets

– Holy Book: Torah (first 5 books of Old Testament)

2. Religions

– Religion: Christianity– Area of the World: All over--especially

western hemisphere– Key Beliefs: monotheistic

Golden Rule (Do unto others…) Jesus/God

– Holy Book: Bible

2. Religions

– Religion: Buddhism– Area of the World: Started in India, mostly in

Asia– Key Beliefs: Noble Eightfold Path

reincarnationnirvana

– Holy Book: No sacred book

2. Religions

– Religion: Hinduism– Area of the World: India– Key Beliefs: caste system

reincarnationkarma/dharma

moksha– Holy Book: No sacred book; Vedas (prayers)

Upanishads (descriptions of origins of universe)

2. Religions

– Religion: Animism– Area of the World: Tribal religion-Africa &

Latin America– Key Beliefs: All living things have a spirit– Holy Book: No holy book

3. Ancient River Civilizations

•Examples: Tigris/Euphrates (Mesopotamia=Fertile Crescent)

Nile RiverIndus

RiverYellow/Yangtze (Yuang & Chang)

•Why settle on rivers? Fertile soil, transportation, irrigation

4. Ancient Civilizations

• Ancient civilizations used advanced _technology_____ for their times. example: pyramid

5. Hammurabi’s Code

• “Eye for an __eye_____”—written law code of ancient Babylon

6. Golden Ages

• Golden Ages are a time of ___advanced___ learning, a high point of civilization.

7. Ghana/Mali/Songhai

• ancient African kingdoms known for ___trade_____ and having pretty __complex_____ societies.

8. Byzantine Empire

- empire in the Middle East during the 500’s

- emperor Justianian wrote Justinian’s Code, a written legal code

- culturally diffused the cyrillic __alphabet__ and eastern Orthodox Christianity to ___Russia___

9. Crusades

• What were they? Holy wars by the Christians from Europe trying to take back the Holy Land from the Muslims

• Who won? Muslims• What did they cause? Cultural

diffusion--new ideas went back to Europe and brought on Renaissance

10. Catholic Church during Middle Ages

• What was the role of the Catholic Church? Total control of the peoples’ lives--center of their world; provided order & stability

• What could happen to someone who didn’t follow the rules of the Catholic Church?get excommunicated (couldn’t go to heaven or even speak to someone in church)

11. Protestant Reformation

• Who started it? Why? Martin Luther didn’t like what the Catholic Church was doing--selling indulgences and other abuses. He nailed his 95 Theses to the door of a church.

• What were the results? Decline in power of Catholic Church

12. Renaissance

• The Renaissance was a period in Europe where there was a _rebirth_ in learning. It built on the ideas from ancient __Greece__ and __Rome__.

• Humanism-focus on humans

13. Spanish Conquerors

- Spanish conquistadores took over most of Central and _South_____ America.

- They brought the Spanish language, __disease______, and the Catholic Church.

- They defeated native peoples using advanced technology and __weapons__________.

14. Mercantilism

• an economic system in which the mother countries takes _raw_____ materials from the colony and then uses the colony as a market_____ for finished goods

15. Absolutism

- definition:One ruler is in total control of the country

- examples of absolute rulers:– Louis XIV: from France; Sun King Elizabeth I: from England

– Catherine the Great & Peter the Great: Russian, modernized & westernized

16. Scientific Revolution

- definition: time when people started to use __natural_______ laws and the scientific ___method____,instead of traditional teachings to interpret the universe

- examples of scientists: Newton, Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes

17. Limited Monarchy

- type of government in which the monarch (king/queen) has to share the __power__ with the people

- Example: Parliament in England– Magna Carta—limits the power of the King of England

– Bill of Rights—gives people some rights; limits power of King/Queen

18. Enlightenment

- period in European history where philosophers challenged traditional teachings

- use of _reason________- said people deserve the right to __life_____, liberty, _property____

- examples: Locke, Voltaire,Montesquieu

19. French Revolution

- description: Peasants and ordinary people of France were poor, overtaxed, didn’t have any rights, abused by the king. Peasants overthrew the government and tried to kill many nobility during the Reign of _terror________

- Leaders: Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette (king & queen, beheaded) Robespierre (led the Committee of Public Safety)

- effect: spread the ideas of liberty, equality, and _fraternity_ across Europe

20. Karl Marx

- wrote the __communist_____ Manifesto

- hated the abuses/problems of the Industrial Revolution

- believed the workers or “have-nots” (also known as the _proletariat____) would overthrow the owners or “haves” (also known as the __bourgeoisie___)

21. European Imperialism

- definition of imperialism: stronger _country_ takes over weaker country

- Europeans imperialized most of ___Africa_, Southeast_Asia___, and parts of Latin _America_

- The Europeans didn’t care about existing tribes or anything. They just wanted raw __materials_ and markets.

22. Meiji Restoration

• After Matthew Perry opened Japan up for trade with the rest of the world, the Japanese government decided to _modernize_______ and industrialize their country. This was known as the Meiji Restoration

23. Nationalist Leaders

- wanted to free their countries of foreign rule; wanted ____independence_

- wanted their countries to be unified

- examples: Ho Chi Minh, Simon Bolivar, Jomo Kenyatta, Toussaint L’Overture, Kwame Nkrumah, Cavour, Mazzini, Garibaldi

24. Japanese Imperialism

• When Japan began to modernize, they needed natural resources. Being a volcanic island nation (archipelago), they did not have the necessary __raw materials__ and decided to imperialize to get them.

25. World War I

- 4 Main Causes:Militarism_________________Alliance System_________Imperialism____________Nationalism____________

- assassination of Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo (Balkan Mountains) started the war—area was known as the “powderkeg” of Europe

- Central Powers (Triple Alliance) vs. Allies (Triple Entente)

- Treaty of __Versailles_____ ended the war punishing Germany very harshly

26. Russian Revolution

- The people of Russia were not satisfied with the rule of Czar Nicholar II.

- People were starving and they were oppressed without any political rights.

- World War I made the problem worse.

- In 1917, the __Communist__ party (the Bolsheviks) took over.

27. Joseph Stalin

- Stalin ruled with an iron fist in the communist Soviet Union.

- He used his secret _police_, a forced __famine___ in the Ukraine, and the Great Purges to eliminate any and all ___opposition___ to his rule.

- Had 5 Year _Plans_ to catch up industrially to the rest of the world

- collectives=large government farms

28. Command Economy

• People were told what to produce, where to work, etc.. by the ___government_____.

29. Hitler & Mussolini

- Fascist leaders (believed in glorification of the _state__) rose to power in Germany & Italy during the 1930’s

- They promised to get their people out of the economic depression.

30. Cold War

• Time after World War II when the United States and Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) were not fighting each other directly, but helped opposing sides

• battle of communism (U.S.S.R.) vs. capitalism (U.S.A.)

• U.S. foreign policy: _____containment___: do anything to stop the spread of communism

• examples of Events: Berlin Airlift, Berlin Wall, NATO, Warsaw Pact, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, U2 Incident, Cuban Missile Crisis

31. Gandhi/India

• Gandhi fought to get India’s independence from __Britain____ using nonviolent resistance such as hunger strikes, _____homespun___ cloth, and the Salt March

• After independence, India split into Hindu India and _Muslim__ Pakistan

32. United Nations

• International peacekeeping organization formed after ___World War II_________

• made up of a Security Council and the General Assembly

33. Soviet Union During Cold War

- command economy

- no political _rights_, brutal harsh control

34. Mao Zedong & Chinese Communism

• Communist leader in China following World War II

• Had support of the _peasants_; focused on agriculture

• Used the Great _Leap__ Forward and established large communes

• Cultural _Revolution_____: movement to reteach basic communist ideas using the Little Red Book of Chinese Communism

35. Cambodia

- Pol __Pot____ and the Khmer Rouge killed 2 million people in a mass genocide

- Wanted to establish a communist regime

36. Deng Xiaoping

• Ruler in China after Mao Zedong• Made many economic changes,

allowing some elements of _capitalism__________

• Four Modernizations• Allowed economic change, but

not political freedoms—i.e. Tianenmen Square

37. Collapse of U.S.S.R.

- Communism was not working in the Soviet Union.

- Gorbachev made reforms such as glasnost (__openness____) and perestroika (allowing some capitalist elements)

- Now the U.S.S.R. is the Commonwealth of Independent Nations-15 independent capitalist nations, but they’re very poor

38. Cuba

• Under the leadership of Fidel ___Castro____, Cuba is a Communist country with no economic ties to the United States

• Cuba used to get support from the U.S.S.R. (Soviet Union), but the U.S.S.R. and many other communist countries have since fallen apart

39. Arab-Israeli Conflict

- Jewish (Israelis) and Muslims (Palestinians) are fighting over the land of _Israel/Palestine__, given to Israel after WWII. Both have religious and historical claims to the area.

- Britain fist suggested in 1917 with the Balfour Declaration that the Jews deserve a homeland.

- Peace talks have attempted to negotiate a compromise (Camp David _Accords_, 1979) but no peace yet.

- Israeli troops occupy forcefully Palestinian territories of the Gaza _Strip, West _Bank_, and Golan __Heights._

40. Islamic Fundamentalism

- movement to go back to basic Muslim teachings

- antiwestern, antidemocratic, antimodern

- examples: Iranian Revolution—overthrow of _Shah_ Reza Pahlavi by Ayatollah Khomeini (1979), Taliban Government in Afganistan

41. European Union

- trade agreement between European countries designed to improve their _economies____

- most use the EURO as their currency

42. Green Revolution

• using new ___technology______ to improve crop yields and be able to feed more people using less amounts of land

43. NAFTA

- trade agreement between the U.S., Canada, Mexico; aimed at being able to compete with the European Union and improve _economies___

- many U.S. businesses moving to Mexico for cheap __labor___

44. Latin America 1990s

- Economies are often based on a single __cash_ crop.

- Much drug trafficking; Struggling to industrialize

- Catholic Church is important—“liberation theology” =priests helping the poor

- democracy is replacing _dictatorship____

45. Nelson Mandela

- jailed for 27 years in South _Africa____ for opposing apartheid

- apartheid=law segregating blacks and whites

- elected president in the first open election in 1994

46. Japan’s Favorable Balance of Trade

– Japan _exports___ more than they _import___.

– Japan focuses on technological products for export. (SONY, Mitsubishi)

47. Iraq

• 1990: Iraq invaded Kuwait and U.S. led a United Nations effort to free Kuwait (Persian Gulf War)—At the end, Iraq & Saddam __Hussein__ had to agree to allow U.N. arms inspectors inspect factories—he didn’t do it. International trade sanctions (embargos-don’t buy/sell with them_) have been put in place until that happens

•THE END