446 conceptualmetaphor-2015

Metaphor in Our Thoughts and

Languages

Assist Prof Wichian SunithamConceptual Metaphore lecture series 3.1

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“Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.” ― George Lakoff, Metaphors We Live By

http://www.goodreads.com/author/show/8419.George_Lakoff

http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/34433

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What is the one thing that these statements are referring to?

Look at the words/phrases that are circled, do we use themto describe time?

Can we use these words/phrases to describe money?

You have just wasted my time.

I have been under stress. I need to put aside two days in the week for exercise.

Use your MacBook. It will save you hours to do that report.

I can’t give up easily. I have invested lots of my time on her.

Is that worth your while?

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TIME IS MONEY

Concept

waste save have spend costinvest budget lose afford use

thank (someone) for buy someone time

run out put aside

Conceptual Metaphor

Linguistic expressions

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Conceptual metaphor is....- conventionalized; that is, it exists in the conceptual system of people

- pervasive and rich in everyday language (manifestations of linguistic expressions)

- non-ormamental tool for literary works (not figurative language)

- constructed/understood through conceptual mapping of two conceptual domains

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Conceptual metaphor is conventionalized; that is, it exists in the conceptual system

TIME IS MONEY LIFE IS A JOURNEY

HUMANN IS PLANT ARGUMENT IS WAR

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Conceptual metaphor is pervasive and rich in everyday language


HUMAN IS PLANT ARGUMENT IS WAR

- You're wasting my time.- He's lived on borrowed time.- I don't have enough time.

- Your child got off to a good start.- They both made their way in life.- He needs some directions in life.

- Don't be a couch potato.- She was deflowered by a man she'd just met.- When they arrived Chiang Mai in 1983, they put down roots and built their home.

- Your claim are indefensible.- He attacked every weak point and demolished my argument - His criticism were right on target.- You disagree? OK, shoot!

Linguistic expressions

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Conceptual metaphor is non-ormamental tool for literary works (not figurative language)

- Don't be a couch potato.- She was deflowered by a man she'd just met.- When they arrived Chiang Mai in 1983, they put down roots and built their home.

HUMAN IS PLANT

All the world’s a stage,

And all the men and women merely players;

They have their exits and their entrances; —

As You Like It, William Shakespeare

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Conceptual metaphor is non-ormamental tool for literary works (not figurative language)

HUMAN IS PLANT

I think that I shall never see A poem lovely as a tree; A tree whose hungry mouth is prest Against the earth’s sweet flowing breast; A tree that looks at God all day, And lifts her leafy arms to pray; A tree that may in summer wear A nest of robins in her hair; Upon whose bosom snow has lain; Who intimately lives with rain. Poems are made by fools like me, But only God can make a tree.

Trees, Joyce Kilmer

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Conceptual metaphor is constructed/understood through conceptual mapping of two conceptual domains


HUMAN IS PLANT ARGUMENT IS WAR

money time journey life

plant human war argument

Source domain Target domain

Conceptual mapping of

cognitive domains


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What is being compared to what?

Are there any points of similarity between the two things being compared?

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ฉั�น...คื�อกรวดเม็ ดน�อยซ่�อนสี�เศร�าสีร�อย..หม็องหม็�นใต้�เศษเขี�ยวต้ะใคืร�ในว�งวนประกอบปนสีายน� าเป!นลำ�าธารม็�คืวาม็เหงาเย�ยบเย นเป!นที่�%อย&�ว�นว�นร�บร& �การไหลำผ่�านเสี�ยงกระซ่)บซ่� าซ่� าที่�องต้�านานเลำ�าเหต้*การณ์,ต้�นที่างอย�างคื*�นชิ)นจึ/งร& �ว�าโลำกน� ม็�เขีาเขี�ยวม็�ป1าเปลำ�%ยว ที่*�งหญ้�า ม็�ผ่าห)นม็�หม็&�บ�าน ผ่&�คืน บนพื้� นด)นก�อนธาร)นจึะไหลำไปนคืร

ระย)บน� าระย�บร�บพื้ย�บแดดใบไม็�แสีดลำอยเร�%อยม็าเหน�%อยอ�อนเห นยางเลำ�อดลำะลำายสีายเซ่าะซ่อนแลำะน�%นที่�อนศพื้ที่�องลำ�องธารา !ใบไม็�ม็�รอยพื้ร*นกระสี*นศ/กในน� าลำ/กม็�ร�องโลำห)ต้ฉัานเสี�ยงลำ/กลำ�บขี�บฟ้7องร�องพื้ยานแลำะเน)%นนานน�บแต้�น� น....ฉั�นสี*ดที่นฉั�น...คื�อกรวดเม็ ดร�าวแหลำกแลำ�วด�วยคืวาม็เศร�า หม็องหม็�นปรารถนาเป!นธ*ลำ�ธ*รนด�กว�าที่นกลำ� นใจึอย&�ใต้�น� า

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น�%ลำาวที่องจึากห�องไปแลำ�วฤๅ จึ/งถ/งด� อเด�อดม็าเวลำาคื�%า

ไม็�ต้าม็ใจึขี�ดใจึจึ/งเพื้�อพื้�า น�%อดน� าแลำ�วสี)เลำ� ยวม็าก)นต้ม็ ขี*นชิ�างขี*นแผ่น

เราที่*กคืนก เหม็�อนก�อนด)นแคื�ก�อนหน/%ง

เปราะบาง ไร�คื�า ไร�คืวาม็หม็าย

อ�อนแอเหม็�อนโคืลำน ไหลำไปต้าม็ที่างเร�%อยไป

เม็�%อน� าแห�งไป ก แต้กระแหง

ขีองขีว�ญ้จึากก�อนด)น / ธงไชิย แม็คือ)นไต้ย,

เธอต้ายเพื้�%อจึะปลำ*กให�คืนต้�%น เธอต้ายเพื้�%อผ่&�อ�%นน�บหม็�%นแสีน

เธอเป!นด)นก�อนเด�ยวในด)นแดน แต้�จึะหน�กแลำะจึะแน�นเต้ ม็แผ่�นด)น(กระที่*�ม็แบน, เนาวร�ต้น, พื้งษ,ไพื้บ&ลำย,)

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HUMAN IS SOIL / EARTH ใจึห)นเหลำ�อเก)น ไม็�เห นอกเห นใจึเพื้�%อนม็น*ษย,ด�วยก�นบ�างเลำย

(พื้จึนาน*กรม็ Londo)

คื*ณ์ชิอบขี*ดคื*�ยเร�%องแฟ้นเก�าหร�อก):กเก�าขีองเขีา

หว�านพื้�ชิ หว�งผ่ลำ

อย�าพื้ยายาม็เลำย เคื�าคืนห�วแขี ง

จึากด)น สี&�ดาว

ที่�านาบนหลำ�งคืน

HumanSoil

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- clearly seen in the mapping of these two domains, not only in linguistic level, but also in conceptual level (reasoning, thoughts, ideas, principles)

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Conceptual metaphor is clearly seen in the mapping of these two domains, not only in linguistic level, but also in conceptual level (reasoning, thoughts, ideas, principles)

The mapping in linguistic level is illustrated by the use of vocabulary in the source domain to talk about the target domain.

The mapping in conceptual level is illustrated by the mapping of idea/principles/commonly-understood/shared aspects of the source domain onto those in the target domain.

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LOVE IS A JOURNEY

lovejourney

Look how far we’ve come.It’s been a long, bumpy road.We can’t turn back now.We‘re at a crossroads.We may have to go our separate ways.The relationship isn’t going anywhere.We‘re spinning our wheels.Our relationship is off the track.The marriage is on the rocks.We may have to bail out of this relationship

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LOVE IS A JOURNEY

lovejourney

- Travelers- Going to same destinations- The vehicle they use- Impediments in traveling- Crossroads

- Lovers- Trying to reach common life goal- The relationship they have- Difficulties in relationship

- Points at which decisions must be made

Fixed correspondences of this concept create our understanding of metaphor

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TIME IS MONEY

money time

- Valuable commodity - Spent to buy goods- Can be invested to make a profit- Lost if not saved carefully- Can be borrowed

- Precious quantity/amount- Spent working- Can be used in order to benefit person using it- Wasted if not managed wisely- Can be extended

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TIME IS MONEY

money time

You’re wasting my time. This gadget will save you hours. I don’t have the time to give you. How do you spend your time these days? That flat tire cost me an hour. I’ve invested a lot of time in this project. He’s living on borrowed time.

อยากม็�เวลำาสี�ก 48 ชิ�%วโม็งต้�อว�น เสี�ยเวลำาผ่ม็เหลำ�อเก)นขีอเวลำาแป!บน/งสี)อย�าเพื้)%งไปกวนแกเลำย ลำ&กคืงต้�องการเวลำาอย&�คืนเด�ยวสี�กพื้�ก

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LIFE IS A JOURNEY

journey life

- Travelers- Going to certain destinations- The vehicle used

- Impediments in traveling- Itineraries or travel Plans- Happy times while Traveling- Filled with things we can experience

- People leading their life- Reaching our purpose in life

- Supports/helps that ensure us reaching our life goal- Hardships encountered in life- Life plans

- Joys, cerebrations, and special moments- Filled with lessons we can learn

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LIFE IS A JOURNEY

journey life

I set out to be a doctor, but I liked English so much that I became an English teacher!

The baby arrived at 6 o’clock this morning! You can’t just go through life with your eyes closed! You have to move on and forget about what has happened.

เขีาไม็�หย*ดจึนกว�าจึะประสีบคืวาม็สี�าเร จึม็องไปขี�างหน�าเร�%อยๆ อย�าม็องกลำ�บม็าผ่ม็ม็�สีองม็�อสีองต้�นเหม็�อนก�น เราจึะไปก�าวไปด�วยก�นออกต้�วแรงไปหน�อย

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HUMAN IS PLANT

plant human

- Having a trunk, braches, leaves, roots, and fruits- Can grow when nurtured well- Can be uprooted and Replanted

- Having plant's life circle

- Having a body, limps, hands, origins, and offsprings- Can grow when brought up Well- Can (be forced to) leave one place and settle in another Place- Following human life's circle

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HUMAN IS PLANT

plant human

She was deflowered by the man she’d just met.You are such a couch potato.They are growing well.She’s in her full bloom.He’s just a young bud.

เธอก เห นเขีาไปหลำ�กไม็�เลำ� อยลำ&กไม็�หลำ�นไม็�ไกลำต้�นหรอก คือยด&ที่�%ฉั�นว�าไว�ลำ�ะก�นที่�าต้�วเป!นอง* �นเปร� ยวไปได�ที่�าต้�วดอก (???) ด�น�กดอกไม็�ร)ม็ที่าง

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ARGUMENT IS WAR

war argument

- Involving two sides fighting each other- Weapons are used to destroy enemies

- Attacking enemies + defending own side

- Involving two parties debating for their side- Strategies are used to make other side's standpoints weak- Going against other side + protecting own positions- Following human life's circle

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ARGUMENT IS WAR

war argument

Your claims are indefensible.He attacked every weak point in my argument.His criticisms were right on target.I demolished his argument.I've never won an argument with him.

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คืวาม็โง�คื�อคืวาย

คืวาย คืวาม็โง�

- Physical attributes with horn associated with animals- Untrained and cannot help in any work- Being forced to work

- Physical attributes looked at as if no volume of brain- Disobedient and impossible to be made a good listener- Going against other side + protecting own positions- Following orders and can’t initiate

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คืวาม็โง�คื�อคืวาย

คืวาย คืวาม็โง�

โง�เหม็�อนคืวายโดนเม็�ยสีวม็เขีาต้�องให�คืนเขีาสีนต้ะพื้ายต้ลำอดไปไถนาเถอะไป<

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What do image schemas do to help with the mapping of the conceptual domains?

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LOVE IS A JOURNEY

lovejourney

Journey starting point

Destinations

Time spent on journey

Love begins when two lovers meet

Common life goal

Time spent together from first meeting , after marriage, and till reaching common life goal together

Source-Path-Goal

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LOVE IS A JOURNEY

lovejourney

At some points during journey you may find problems

A guide makes sure that your problems are solved and that you reach your destinations

At some points being together, you may experience difficulties

Marriage counselors or parents/friends may give you advice to help you reach your life goal together

- Blockage / Restraint / Counterforce- Removal of restraint

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LOVE IS A JOURNEY

lovejourney

Vehicles are needed to ensure you get to your destinations

Relationship between two people to reach thier life goal together

When journey is complete you return to the your starting point

When relationship ends you are back to be single again

- Attraction / End-point focus- Circle

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LOVE IS A JOURNEY

lovejourney

Sometimes the road is very bumpy and you can lose your control of vihecle. You may go off the main road.

Sometimes your relationship is not as beautiful as planned, and you can lose control of love.. You can temporarily stay away from relationship

You may go on your own way when your travel companion does not want to go with you.

You may divorce your partner because he or she does not want to reach life goal with you.

- Link / Equilibrium / Center-periphery- spliting

Metaphorical concepts:

Universality, Culture-

boundedness, or Poets' Creativity?


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Because I could not stop for Death

Because I could not stop for Death – He kindly stopped for me – The Carriage held but just Ourselves – And Immortality.

We slowly drove – He knew no haste And I had put awayMy labor and my leisure too,For his Civility –

We passed the School, where Children stroveAt Recess – in the Ring – We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain – We passed the Setting Sun –

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journey life

arrival birth

plants human

departure death

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journey life

LIFE IS A JOURNEY

I don't know where I am heading. My life has no direction at the momentI set out to be a doctor, but I became an English teacher.After graduation, I was at a crossroads and didn't know which way to go.You can't just go through life with your eyes closed!Move on and forget about what's happened.His life took on an unexpected direction after he met her.Her parents don't understand her at all. They're over the hill.

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arrival birth

BIRTH IS ARRIVAL

The baby is on the way. I'm going to be a father.When your little bundle of heaven arrives, things will be a little hectic. (thefreedictionary.com)The baby's just arrived? It is a baby boy or a baby girl?Where is the hospital delivery room?

LIFE IS BEING PRESENT HERE

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plants human HUMAN IS PLANT

Don't be a couch potato.She was deflowered by a man she'd just met.When they arrived Chiang Mai in 1983, they put down roots and built their home.He's such a young bud.

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departure death HUMAN IS PLANT

He's gone. / He's left us./He's no longer with us./He's passed on.He's been taken from us.He's gone to the Great Beyond.He's among the dear departed.The doctor could bring him back.He's at Death's door.

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ฉั�น คื�อกรวดเม็ ดร�าว แหลกแล�วด�วยคืวาม็เศร�าหม็องหม็�น

ปรารถนาเป�นธุ�ล�ทุ�รน ด�กว�าทุนกล��นใ จอย!�ใ ต้�น#�าHUMAN IS SOIL

ใจึห)นเหลำ�อเก)น ไม็�เห นอกเห นใจึเพื้�%อนม็น*ษย,ด�วยก�นบ�างเลำย

(พื้จึนาน*กรม็ Londo)

คื*ณ์ชิอบขี*ดคื*�ยเร�%องแฟ้นเก�าหร�อก):กเก�าขีองเขีา

หว�านพื้�ชิ หว�งผ่ลำ

อย�าพื้ยายาม็เลำย เคื�าคืนห�วแขี ง

จึากด)น สี&�ดาว

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- clearly seen in the mapping of these two domains, not only in linguistic level, but also in conceptual level (reasoning, thoughts, ideas, principles)

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Conceptual metaphor is....


- not literature authors' creativity, but a concept common to or shared by everyone

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arrival birthBIRTH IS ARRIVAL

The baby is on the way. I'm going to be a father.When your little bundle of heaven arrives, things will be a little hectic. (thefreedictionary.com)The baby's just arrived? It is a baby boy or a baby girl?Where is the hospital delivery room?

LIFE IS BEING PRESENT HERE

ที่ารกอย&�ระหว�างที่าง (ขีณ์ะเด กก�าลำ�งจึะคืลำอด) ที่ารกเพื้)%งม็าถ/ง (เม็�%อเด กคืลำอดแลำ�ว)

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departure death HUMAN IS PLANT

He's gone. / He's left us./He's no longer with us./He's passed on.He's been taken from us.He's gone to the Great Beyond.He's among the dear departed.The doctor could bring him back.He's at Death's door.เขีาไปสีบายแลำ�วพื้�อเคื�าไม็�อย&�ก�บเราแลำ�วนะลำ&กเขีาจึากไปอย�างไม็�ม็�ว�นกลำ�บหม็อชิ�วยชิ�ว)ต้ให�เขีากลำ�บม็าอย&�ก�บคืรอบคืร�วได�สี�าเร จึ

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Conceptual metaphor is....


- not literature authors' creativity, but a concept common to or shared by everyone

- sometimes universal (shared by more than one culture or speech community) and culturally specific (known only by people in one culture)

446 conceptualmetaphor-2015

Education