400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL®

Introduction

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL® will help you improve your score onthe TOEFL test. In particular, this book will build your TOEFL vocabularyfor the new Internet-based TOEFL of 2005.

This book is designed for ease of use as a self-study guide. Its chapterswere written for easy completion in one sitting—about 25 minutes. 400Must-Have Words is also highly effective in the TOEFL-prep classroom.

Each chapter begins with a list of 10 target words. These words aredefined and used in sample sentences. Usage tips are given for many words,as are any commonly used parts of speech related to the target word.

Following these definitions, the words are practiced in three exercises.TOEFL Prep I and TOEFL Prep II give straightforward practice in a varietyof easy exercise styles.The last exercise,TOEFL Success, includes a TOEFL-style reading followed by one or two authentic TOEFL-style questions. MostTOEFL Success readings incorporate all 10 target words, and most alsoinclude an additional bonus structure. Each chapter ends with an answer keyso you can check your work.

As an extra feature, this book includes a special front section called “SixQuick Hints for Success on the TOEFL®.” These hints give general test-takingadvice for TOEFL success.

This book was written by ELT professionals who help prepare studentsfor the TOEFL test. Their selection of words for this book was based onextensive experience with the TOEFL test, information about the corpus(body of words) that is used in creating the actual TOEFL test, and TOEFLmaterials published by ETS, the creators of the TOEFL test.

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL® is the best book on the marketto improve your vocabulary for the TOEFL test.

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL®

1. Try to understand a reading or lecture as a whole. Unlike earlierversions of the TOEFL, the new version tests whether you can seehow ideas interact in a longer reading.

2. Take notes. Especially in the listening section, you will need notesto remember what you have heard. Note-taking will also help youconcentrate.You can practice by taking notes of news stories, doc-umentaries, or lectures.

3. Study grammar in context, not by itself. Unlike earlier versionsof the TOEFL, the new version has no grammar section. Yourknowledge of grammar is useful in helping you understand thereadings and lectures, not in answering grammar-specific ques-tions.

4. Practice writing essays that express your opinion on a topic.The writing section of the 2005 TOEFL includes questions ask-ing for your opinion on various daily topics. These are timed.Practice writing under a time limit, shaping your thoughts intoa well-rounded essay.

5. Build up your academic vocabulary.Your ability to comprehendreading passages rests largely on your academic vocabulary. Buildyour vocabulary by reading, making flash cards, and writing sen-tences using new words in context. A strong vocabulary will helpyou not only in your reading comprehension, but also in listening,writing, and speaking.

6. Commit your attention to the test. Some of the topics covered inthe test may not actually interest you. Still, your focused energywill improve your test score. Agree with yourself not to thinkabout other topics during the test. Force yourself to keep your at-tention on the tested material.

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.

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400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL®

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400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL®

LYNN STAFFORD-YILMAZ

LAWRENCE J. ZWIER

MCGRAW-HILL

New York • Chicago • San Francisco • LisbonLondon • Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • New Delhi

San Juan • Seoul • Singapore • Sydney • Toronto

Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-146707-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-144328-2. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps. McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069. TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent. You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited. Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms. THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free. Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom. McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work. Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages. This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise. DOI: 10.1036/0071467076

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This book is dedicated to my late father, Richard J. Zwier,

an intelligent, unselfish man.

And to my dear friend Sepideh Farsai, who developed

a keen command of both the vocabulary and idioms

of English.

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Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xi

Six Quick Hints for Success on the TOEFL® . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

NatureLESSON 1 Food Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3

LESSON 2 Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

LESSON 3 Evolution and Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

LESSON 4 Petroleum Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

ScienceLESSON 5 Time Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23

LESSON 6 Ancient Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27

LESSON 7 Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32

LESSON 8 Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37

Mind and BodyLESSON 9 Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43

LESSON 10 Spirituality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47

LESSON 11 Illness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52

LESSON 12 Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56

LESSON 13 Ghosts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60

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SocietyLESSON 14 Anthropology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

LESSON 15 Social Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72

LESSON 16 Expertise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77

LESSON 17 Military Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81

LESSON 18 War and Conquest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86

LESSON 19 History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90

MoneyLESSON 20 Financial Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .97

LESSON 21 Wealth and Social Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101

LESSON 22 Personal Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

LESSON 23 Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110

LESSON 24 International Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115

Government and JusticeLESSON 25 Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123

LESSON 26 A Reasonable Doubt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128

LESSON 27 The Police . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133

LESSON 28 Investigating Crimes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

LESSON 29 Government Corruption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142

LESSON 30 Crimes at Sea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

LESSON 31 The War on Drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

RelationshipsLESSON 32 Family Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157

LESSON 33 Friendship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162

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LESSON 34 Passion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .166

LESSON 35 Negative Emotions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170

CultureLESSON 36 Social Rebels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177

LESSON 37 Painting and Sculpture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .181

LESSON 38 The Written Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .186

LESSON 39 Entertainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191

LESSON 40 Risky Fashions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195

400 Must-Have Words for the TOEFL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199

Contents ix