40 issue of paryawaran

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kf]v/f pkdxfgu/kflnsf–!&, kfbL{ .

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;xk|fWofks -cy{zf:q_ lqlj .

kof{j/0fsf] k"0ff{ª\s #* k9\g] df}sf ldNof] . xfdLh:tf b'u{dIf]qdf a:g] dflg;n] klg o:tf] 1fgu'gsf s'/f k9\g kfpFbfv';L nfUof] . lzIffaf6 cf]em]ndf k/]sf] o; If]qdf kof{j/0fdfePsf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ug{ ;ts{ tyfpTk|]/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . t;y{ kof{j/0fnfO{ x/]slhNnfsf ufpF;Dd k'¥ofpg;s] o;n] hgr]tgf a9fpg] s'/fdfxfdLn] ljZjf; u/]sf 5f}F .

–6ª\ss'df/L bfxfn, /f]zgL If]qL,eLd:yfg uflj;–@, l;Gw'nL .

kof{j/0f cToGt pkof]uL nfUof] . ljBfno tyf SofDk;sfljBfyL{nfO{ kf7\o;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf ;d]t pkof]uL x'g]u/Lk|sfzg ug{;s] emg} ;'gdf ;'uGw x'g]lyof] . jftfj/0f;DaGwLhgr]tgf hufpg] kf]:6/ emg} /fd|f] 5 . t/ ;a} kf7sn];'ne tl/sfn] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]u/L ahf/df pknAw eP xfdLn]lgoldt k9\g kfpg] lyof}F . –bLks a/fn

bds gu/kflnsf–!*, emfkf .

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–afns[i0f l3ld/] a'waf/]–$, hok'/, emfkf .

kf7ssf] cf“vfdf

Osf]–g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt kof{j/0f kof{j/0fsf] df3 cª\s ;fyLaf6k|fKt u/]/ klxnf]k6s k9\g] df}sf kfPF, cToGt pkof]uL nfUof] .kf]:6/ klg /fd|} 5, kf]:6/sf yk k|lt ufpFdf k7fOlbP k|sf]kGo"gLs/0fsf nflu yk ;xof]u ldNg]5 .

d u|fdL0f ;'wf/ ;fd'bflos jgpkef]Qmf ;ldltsf] ;lrj klgePsf] gftfn] kof{j/0f lgoldt u|fxs ag]/ k9\g / s]xL;'emfj lbg rfxG5' M

jg / jftfj/0f;DaGwL vf]hd"ns / lzIffk|b ;fdu|L;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ .;fd'bflos jgsf ljifosf ;fdu|L cem} yk ug'{ /fd|f] x'g]5 .kof{j/0f ufpF ljsf; ;ldltsf ;fy} ;fd'bflos jgpkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿nfO{ klg k7fPdf o;sf] dxŒj a9\g]5 /;d"xx? jflif{s u|fxs aGg]5g\ .klqsfsf] cfsf/, cIf/ / ;fdu|L 7Ls eP klg 5kfOsf]:t/ ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . –uf]kfn sf]O/fnf

ao/jg– *, /dfOnf], df]/ª .

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jL/]Gb|gu/ gu/kflnsf–!, g]kfnuGh .

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l;d;f/ ;+/If0f k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkgsf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIfeP klg g]kfndf slt l;d;f/ 5g\ eGg] cflwsfl/s tYofª\scem} kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g . kof{j/0fdf pNn]v ePe}mF g]kfndfl;d;f/sf] ;ª\Vof @$) g} xf] jf xf]Og cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6

kof{j/0f dfl;s ahf/df lgoldt¿kdf k7fpg'sf ;fy} clw/fHosf k|foh;f] ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / ljBfnox¿df x'nfsdfkm{t\k|]l;t ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . ;j{;fwf/0f / ljBfyL{nfO{ ;/n d"Nodf pknAw u/fpg jflif{s u|fxs z'Nsdf ;x'lnot k|bfg ul/Psf]5 . kof{j/0fsf] jflif{s u|fxs ag]/ lgoldt kf7s aGgsf nflu klqsfsf] clGtd k[i7df lbOPsf] kmf/fd e/L tf]lsPsf] z'Ns;+nUg /fvL k7fpg] kf7snfO{ x'nfsdfkm{t\ lgoldt¿kdf klqsf k7fOg]5 .

o;sf ] k ' l i6 x 'g ] ck ]If f ub {5 ' .kof{j/0fn] o; cª\sb]lv /f]rs 1fg lj1fg :tDe yk]/kf7snfO{ lgs} u'g nufPsf] 5 . x/]s cª\sdf ;DalGwtk|sf ]ksf] ;fdu|L;lxt kf ]:6/ k|sflzt u/]/ Pstkm{;j{;fw/0fnfO{ k|sf]k Go"gLs/0fsf If]qdf r]tgzLn agfpg]cleofg yfngL u/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ;/sf/nfO{ ;d]temsemSofpg] sfo{ u/]sf] 5 eGg ;lsG5 . o;df k|sflzt;a} ;fdu|Lsf] :t/ pTs[i6 5 . klqsfn] jftfj/0fLo lzIffsfkIfdf lgjf{x u/]sf] e"ldsf k|z+;gLo dfGg'kb{5 .

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dfl;s

sf=lh=sf= b=g+= @).)$(.)%)

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8f= hgsnfn sdf{rfo{k|f= 8f= /fdk|;fb rf}w/L

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ljz]if ;xof]uLofbj yklnof

ahf/ tyf ljt/0f/fdxl/ bfxfn

sf6'{g÷kf]:6/ lrq/d]z bfxfn

k|sfzsjftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfnsf7df8f}“ dxfgu/kflnsf– #!, wf]lawf/f

kf]= a= g+= !(&@), sf7df8f}+kmf]g M $$$%#@)

k\mofS; M (&&–!–$@^%$%%E-mail: [email protected]://www.econepal.org

d'b|s;"of]{bo 5fkfvfgf, wf]lawf/f, sf7df8f}+kf]= a= g+= @)&$%, kmf]gM $#$(&!

Paryawaran MonthlyVol. 11, No.11, Feb/ Mar 2004

jif{ !!, cª\s !@, r}q @)̂ ) k"0ff{ª\s $)

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■ ;fydf M● tLtf] ;To● kf7ssf] cf“vfdf● cfk\mgf] snd● /f]rs 1fglj1fg

■ o; k|sfzgdf k|sflzt n]v/rgfdfJoQm ljrf/ n]vssf lghL x'g\ .ltgdf k|o'Qm ljrf/n] o; ;+:yfsf]cflwsfl/s b[li6sf]0fsf] k|ltlglwTjub} {g .

■ kof{j/0fdf k|sflzt ;fdu|L ;|f]tpNn]v u/L z}lIfs tyf hgr]tgfclej[l4sf nflu k'gk|{sfzg ug{;lsg]5 .

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k|hftflGqs zf;gJoj:yfdf ;+ljwfgn] hgtfnfO{ ;fj{ef}d dfg]sf] x'G5 . /fHon] cfˆgf sfo{;~rfngsf nflu;+ljwfgn] lglb{i6 u/]cg'¿k gLltlgod agfP/ nfu" ub{5 . sfg'gL /fHosf nflu cfjZos ;t{sf ¿kdf /x]sf]of] k|lqmofdf ;/sf/n] s'g} q'l6 u¥of] eg] To;nfO{ ;RofP/ hgrfxgf tyf /fi6«lxtcg's"n agfpg' h?/L x'G5 .t/, g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df k|hftGqsf] dd{nfO{ a'‰g] / cFufNg] /fhgLlts kl/kf6L cem} al;;s]sf] 5}g . /fHosfgLltlgod nfu" u/]/ d'n'ssf] ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ xfFSg] sfo{df ;+nUg lghfdtL jf cGo ;]jfsfsd{rf/Ln] gLltlgoddf ePsf Jofjxfl/s jf ;}4flGts sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ cf}FNofP/ ;'wf/sf] k|of; ug'{ lsdfy{ck/fw xf]Og . k|zf;lgs If]qsf JolQmn] ;/sf/åf/f NofOPsf sfg'g / gLltut ljifodf /x]sf sdhf]/Ldflys'g} k|sf/sf] l6Kk0fL ug'{ jf cleJolQm lbg'nfO{ c3f]lift k|ltaGw 7fGb5g\ . df}h'bf Joj:yfdf sd{rf/L ;+oGqhgtfsf nflu sfo{ ug]{ lgsfosf ¿kdf eGbf a9L lgod nfb\g] k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf b]vfkg'{ :jod\ /fHosf lglDtkmnbfoL aGg ;Sb}g . df}h'bf gLltlgodsf ;Gbe{df pgLx¿n] s'g} ;sf/fTds 6Lsfl6Kk0fL g} u/] klg ltgsf]]kbLo x}l;ot g} u'Dg;Sg] ;Defjgf /xG5 eg] sd{rf/LtGq cfkm}F bf; dgf]j[lQaf6 u|l;t /x]sf] k|tLt x'G5 . xfd|f]k|hftflGqs zf;gk|0ffnLdf o:tf k|Zgn] gLltlgoddf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/L ;Rofpg] sfo{df k|zf;lgs cg'ejsf]pkof]unfO{ g} lg:t]h agfPsf] 5 .

:yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu g]kfnn] nfu" u/]sf] /fli6«ol;d;f/ gLlt, @)%( sf ;Gbe{df klg o:t} cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . k|:t't l;d;f/ gLltsf w]/} ljifoj:t'pko'Qm jf k|efjsf/L 5}gg\ eGg] x}g, l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu 5'§} sfg'g gePsf] jt{dfgcj:yfdf of] gLltn] l;d;f/ ;+/If0fsf If]qdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg] s'/f ljjfb/lxt geP klg o;sf]k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ clxNo} gsfl/xfNg'kg]{ klg 5}g . o; If]qd} sfd ul//x]sf a'l4hLjL, ljz]if1 / k|ToIf jf k/f]If;/f]sf/ /fVg] :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutflagf nfu" ul/Psf] l;d;f/ gLltleq lgs} sdhf]/L /x]sf] s'/fl;d;f/s} If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf lj1x¿n] cf}FNofPsf 5g\ . t/, cflwsfl/s¿kdf tL sdhf]/L s] x'g\ / s;/L;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fdf pgLx¿ cleJoQm x'g ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . s'g cb[Zo zlQmn] pgLx¿nfO{ To;f] ug{/f]ls/x]sf] 5 <

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k"jL{ g]kfnsf] emfkf ch'{gwf/fl:yt bxLemf]8f ;fd'bflosjgdf bfp/f vf]Hg uPsf rf/hgf :yfgLoaf;L klgslxNo} 3/ kms]{gg\ . kmfu'g * ut] hª\unL xfQLn]ltgLx¿nfO{ df¥of] / nf; ?F3]/} a:of] . xfQLn] 5f]8]/

uPkl5 aNn tLg lbgdf kl/jf/hgn] s'lxPsf] cj:yfsf]nf; NofP/ clGtd ;+:sf/ ug{ kfP .

lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] dWojtL{ If]qsf] a3f]8fdfljut b'O{ dlxgf cjlwdf !@ hgf dflg;nfO{ af3n]vfO;s]sf ] 5 . To; If ]qsf afl;Gbfdf af3sf ]cfqmd0faf6 slxn] dl/g] xf] eg]/ ;w}F q:t /xg'kg]{cj:yf 5 . ut df3 dlxgfdf sf7df8f} Fglhssf]blIf0fsfnLdf Pp6f lrt'jf lx+;|s eP/ dflg;dflycfqmd0f u/L 3fOt] agfpg yfn]kl5 /fli6«o lgs'~hljefudfkm{t\ b/af/af6 l;sf/L lemsfP/} dfg'{k¥of] .:yfgLo afl;Gbfn] dfl/Psf] lrt'jfnfO{ 6f]n6f]ndf3'dfP/ pT;jsf] h:t} /ldtf b]vfP . pQm lrt'jfsf]

jGohGt'sf] /fh

jGohGt'sf] a9\bf] cftª\s Û

– uf]kfnk|;fb b'nfn


cfqmd0fdf k/]sf Pshgfsf] pkrf/ x'g]qmddf ev{/}lgwg ePsf] 5 . b]zsf ljleGg If]qdf af3 / lrt'jfsf]cfqmd0f lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . o;}qmddf tgx'Fsf]dgkfª Onfsfdf af3sf] laulauL a9]sf] 5 eg] s}of}Fv;Lafv|f l;l4O;s]sf 5g\ .

emfkfsf] a'waf/], afx'g8fFuL If]qsf afl;Gbf /fte/ l6g7f]s]/ xfQLsf] uf]7fnf] a:5g\ . xfQLsf] cftª\s emfkf,df]/ª, ;'g;/L / pbok'/sfhª \un 5]p5fp;Ddkm}lnPsf] 5 . otf, zfxLlrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hIf]qdfaf3, u}F8f / xfQLn] t ;w}Fcftª\lst kf5{ g}, h/fof],aFb]nh:tf cGo jGohGt'n]klg afnLgfnL vfP/ b'Mvlbg] ub{5g\ . lgs'~hIf]qcf;kf;df u}+8fn] x/]s jif{@–$ hgf dfG5 ] dfg ' {;fdfGoh:t} eO;s]sf] 5 .of ] b 'O { dlxgf cljwdfx 'nd 'n b ]Vbf xs{g ]:jfefjsf ] u } +8fsf ]cfqmd0fdf k/]/ b'O{hgfsf]Hofg uO;s]sf] 5 . zfxLlrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h /k;f { jGohGt' cf/IfsfjGohGt' af/f x'Fb} ;nf{xLsf ufpF;Dd k:5g\ . klZrdt/fO{sf u}+8f, xfQL kfOg] lgs'~hIf]qsf] cj:yf klg Toltkm/s 5}g . xfQLn] v]tLkftL gi6 ug]{, 3/ eTsfpg],9's'6L kmf]8]/ cGg :jfxf kfg]{ dfq xf]Og, dflg;nfO{ g}cfqmd0f u/]/ dfg]{ x'Fbf o:tf jGohGt' kfOg] If]qsfafl;Gbfn] ;wF} cftª\lst x'g'kl//x]sf] 5 . ufpF–ufpFdfyflkPsf lah'nLsf w/fkdf k/]/ jGohGt' dfl/Fb}5g\ .jGohGt'sf] lx+;fsf] l;sf/ dflg; klg x'Fb}5g\ . of] bf]xf]/f]cftª\ssf] qmd a9\bf] 5 .

lsg lx+;|s aGb}5g\ jGohGt' <s]xL bzscl3;Dd g]kfnsf] b'OltxfOeGbf a9L If]qkmnhª\unn] 9flsPsf] lyof ] . b| "tultdf ePsf] jgkmF8fgLsf sf/0f …g]kfnsf] wg, xl/of] jgÚ phf8 aGgk'Uof] . To;tfsf oqtq b]Vg kfOg] jGohGt' clwsfª\z:yfgaf6 nf]k g} eP, st} nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'u] .

kf ]y |fkf ]y |L dfq af FsL ePsf jgIf ]q ;d'bfonfO{;'lDkPkl5 jg xl/of] b]lvP/ s]xL ;sf/fTds c;/x¿b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . t/, nf]k eO;s]sf jGohGt' km]l/k}bf x'g] s'/} ePg . ar]v'r]sf jGohGt'nfO{ klg k|fs[ltsaf;:yfg / ef]hgsf] cefj 5 .

/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/Ifsf ¿kdf ;+/lIftjgIf]qdf jGohGt'sf] 3gTj a9L x'g' c:jfefljs

xf ]Og . ;+/lIft If ]qdfePsf jGohGt' cfjZoscfx f /s f ] ce fjd fe f } + t f l /P/ u fp F k:g ]ub{5g\ . ;+/lIft If]qdfvf;k|sf/sf jGohGt'sf]d fq j [ l4 x 'g ' ltgsfnflu cfxf/ x 'g ] cGohLjhGt' tyf jg:kltsf]j[l4 gx'g' jf af;:yfgk m / f lsnf ] gx 'g 'h:t fs f/ 0 fn ] j GohGt 'ufpFIf ]qdf k|j]z ug] { /c ftª \ lst agfpg ] ,a fn Lg fn L g f; ug ] { ,dflg;nfO{ 3fOt] agfpg]/ Hofg};d]t lng] 36gfa9]sf] 5 .

xfQLcftª\ssf] sf/0ft/fO{sf ljleGg lhNnfdf xfQLcftª\sn] x/]s ;fnlk/f]Ng] u/]sf] 5 . k"jL{ t/fO{sf emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/Lx'Fb} pbok'/ lhNnf;Dd Psy/L xfQLn] ufpF k;]/ nufPsfafnLgfnL laufg]{, 3/6x/f eTsfpg]] / dflg;dfly g}cfqmd0f u/L dfg]{;Ddsf 36gf x/]s ;fn a9\b} uPsf5g\ . o; If]qdf latG8f dRrfpg] hª\unL xfQLx¿g ]kfnsf hª \undf :yfoL¿kdf eg ] a:b }gg \ .k/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} DofGdf/ x' Fb } ef/tsf] cf;fd,klZrdaª\ufnsf] af6f] eP/ g]kfn cfpg] xfQLsf]ljr/0f:yn k"jL{v08 r'/]If]q x'g] u/]sf] 5 . To;a]nfclxn]h:tf] hª\un ljgf; gePsf]n] xfQLnfO{ dg kg]{hª\unL afF;sf tfdf tyf 3fF;kft o; If]qdf k|z:tkfOGYof] . To;tfsf xfQLsf w]/} e'm08 otf cfpg] ub{y] .clxn] xfQLsf] ;ª\Vof klg 36\b} uPsf] 5 eg] eLdsfoz/L/sf xfQLnfO{ k'Ug] cfxf/sf] cefj a9\bf] 5 .

jGohGt'sf] /fh


g]kfnsf] k"jL{ t/fO{sf] h+unIf]qdf jif]{gL ^)–&) j6fxfQLsf] x'n b]vfkg]{ eP klg o; If]qdf %–^ j6f xfQLdfq jif}{el/ /xg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

hª\unL jGohGt'nfO{ b]zsf] ;Ldf / gbLgfnfn] klg5]Sb}g, g cf]]xf]/bf]xf]/ ug{ glbg] s'g} k|sf/sf] s[lqdcj/f]w g} v8f ul/Psf] 5 . pko'Qm af;:yfg /cfxf/sf] cefjn] 3'dGt]aGg afWo oxf F cfpg ]hª \unL xfQL df };dsfcfwf/df a;fOF ;g]{ ub{5g\ .k|foh;f] kfgL kg{ yfn]kl5ef/tsf] cf;fddf xfQLnfO{cfxf/sf ] cefj x 'G5 /ebf}–c;f]hlt/ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ;Ldfleq k:b5g\ . t/,oxfFsf] hª\undf klg pko'Qm af;:yfg / cfxf/sf] sdLkfPkl5 ufpF k;]/ latG8f dRrfpF5g\ . qmf]]wL :jefjsfhª\unL xfQLn] hª\undf dfG5]nfO{ b]v]kl5 cfqmd0fug]{ u/]sf] ;d]t kfOG5 .

u}“8f, xfQLcftª\ssf cGo If]qlrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hjl/kl/ x'Fb} af/f, k;f{ / ;nf{xL;DdsfufpFx¿df k;]/ zfxL lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf k;f{jGohGt' cf/Ifsf u}F8f / xfQLn] cftª\lst kfg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .t/, xsf{pFbf efUg] :jefjsf] u}F8fsf] ljr/0fIf]q xfQLsf]h:tf] w]/} km/flsnf] x'Fb}g . u}F8f g]kfndf zfxL lrtjg/fli6«o lgs'~h / zfxL alb{of /fli6«o lgs'~hIf]qdf dfqkfOg] x'Fbf o; hGt'n]] o;} If]qj/k/ dfq ljWj+; jf hgwgsf]xflg ug{] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L, zfxL alb{of /fli6«olgs'~h / ;'SnfkmfF6f jGohGt' cf/Ifdf kfOg] xfQLn] klg:jefj}n] To; If]qsf ufpFx¿df a9L b'Mv lbg] ub{5g\ .

xfQLsf] :jefjxfQLsf ] :d/0fzlQmt]lhnf ] x 'G5 . PskN6lx F8 ]sf ] af6f ] slxNo }gla;{g] x'Fbf xfQL k|foh;f]k'/fg} af6f]af6 dfq lxF8\g]ub {5 . t;y{, w ]/ }h;f ]cj:yfdf cfkm\gf] lxF8\g] af6f]df agfOPsf 3/6x/f /nufOPsf afnLgfnL g} xfQLsf] ljWj+;sf] l;sf/ aGg]ub{5g\ .

xfQLn] g'gsf] vf]hL ub{5 . ufpF k;]sf] xfQLn] g'g

ePsf] ;'OFsf] kfof] eg] To;}sf nflu 3/ eTsfpF5 .cfˆgf] nfdf] ;' F8 3/leq l5/fP/ xfQLn] dlb/f -hfF8/S;L_ eP–gePsf] ;d]t a'‰b5 . jf:tjdf xfQLn]dlb/f cf}lw dgk/fpF5 . t;y{, dlb/f ePsf] yfxfkfPkl5 xfQLn] latG8f dRrfP/} eP klg lkpg] ub{5 .dlb/fn] n6\7 ePsf ] xfQL af }nfxfh:t} x 'G5 /

v]taf/Ldf nufOPsf] afnLtyf 3/uf]7 eTsfP/ ljWj+;ug] { dfq xf ]Og, dflg;nfO{;d ]t cfqmd0fsf ] l;sf/agfpg] ub{5 .

k|foh;f] cfˆgf] e'm08sf] g]t[Tjefn ] xfQLn ] g } ub {5 .

of}gcfsfª\Iffn] pGdQ ePsf efn] xfQLdf a9L ;'/f] /emu8fn' k|j[lQ b]vfkb{5 . t;y{, ufpF k;]/ ljWj+; ubf{klg efn] xfQL g} cu'jf aGb5 .

ufpF k;]sf] xfQL v]b\g cfuf]sf] k'N7f]n] nv]6\g], l6g76fpg], zª\v k'mSg], 3G6L ahfpg], xNnf ug]{h:tf sfo{ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . t/, o:tf lqmofsnfkx¿ slxn]sfxLF…gfª\nf] 76fP/ xfQL t;f{pg'Ú dfq x'g] ub{5g\ . o;f]ubf{ xfQL emg\ pQ]lht eP/ yk ljWj+; ug{ pBt x'G5 .

xfQLsf] cfqmd0f / Ifltg]kfn clw/fHod} ;a}eGbf a9L xfQL cftª\lst ufpFljsf; ;ldlt emfkfsf] afx'g8fFuL /x]sf] 5 . To;f] temfkfs} a'waf/], zlgZr/], ch' {gwf/f, zflGtgu/,v'b'gfaf/L, xf]S;], rf/cfnL, bds, w'nfaf/Lnufotdf]/ªsf hª\un5]p5fpsf ;'Gb/k'/, OGb|k'/, a]naf/L,pnf{af/L x'Fb} ;'g;/Lsf dw'jg, k|sfzk'/, a/fxIf]q,dx]Gb|gu/, l;+l3of, 8'd|fxf, ef]qmfxf, klZrd s'zfxf,

nf }sL , O6x/L , k~rsGof ,lji0f'kfb'sf / pbok'/ lhNnfsfxl8of, ufO{3f6, kmQ]k'/ / lqo'ufgu/kflnsf;Ddsf a[xt\ If]qsfdflg; xfQLcftª\ssf ] kL8fef]Ug ljjz x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ .

sf ];L6Kk ' jGohGt' cf/Ifcf;kf;sf] If]qdf af;:yfg / cfxf/sf] vf]hLdf cfOk'u]sfxfQLn] sf];L gbLdf cfxfn v]]Ng dg k/fpF5g\ . t/, ToxfFklg pko'Qm cfxf/sf] cefj xF'bf 5]p5fpsf v]taf/L /u|fdL0fIf]qdf k:5g\ / ls;fgsf pv', s]/f, wfg, ux'F cflb

xfQL s;/L klqmOG5 <hª\unL xfQLnfO{ ;bfOPsf !%–@) xfQLsf] ;xfotfn]5]s]/ w]/} 7"nf] 3]/faGb kfl/G5 . glhs–glhs ub}{ 5]pdfk'u]kl5 a]xf]; kfg]{ cf}iflwsf] l;l/Gh aGb'ssf] ;xfotfn]xflgG5 . a]xf]; ePsf] xfQLnfO{ kmnfdsf ;fª\nf jfn6\7fn] afFlwG5 / vfgkfg sd lbP/ sdhf]/ kf/]kl5cGo xfQLsf] ;xfotfn] ;bfpg] sfd ul/G5 .

xfQLn] dfG5] s;/L df5{ <t;f{pg vf]Hbf xfQL t;{Fb}g . qmf]wL xfQLn]

dfG5]nfO{ b]Vof] eg] nv]6\5 . e]6\of] eg] ;'F8n]RofKk ;dfpF5 / v'§fn] 6]s]/ r'F8fP/ b'O{ 6'qmfkf5{ . cg'xf/df s'Nr]/ lxF8\5 . slxn]sfxLF xfQLcfk"mn] df/]sf] nf;nfO{ @–# lbg ?F3]/ klg a:5 .

jGohGt'sf] /fh


afnL dfq xf]Og, esf/L kmf]/]/ e08f/0f ul/Psf cGg;d]tvfg] / gi6 ug]{ ub{5g\ .

cflwsfl/s tYofª\s geP klg lj;+ @)#$ ;fnb]lvxfn;Dd xfQLsf ]cfqmd0faf6 @) hgfeGbfa9L df lg;sf ] HofguO;s]sf] 5 eg] ;of}F 3fOt]ePsf 5g\ . o; cjlwsf]ef}lts Iflt klg lgs} 7"nf]5 . t/, ljut jif {sft 'ngfdf o; jif {xfQLcftª\saf6 a9L IfltePsf] kfOG5 . xfQLn] o;jif{ dfq rf/hgfsf] HofglnPsf] 5 eg] xfQLnfO{ yflkPsf] ljB'tLo w/fkdf k/]/yk Pshgfsf] Hofg uPsf] 5 . o;} jif{ ljB'tLo w/fkdfk/]/ tLgj6f xfQL klg d/]sf 5g\ . o; jif{ ;nf{xLsf]w'sf]{nL, sd}{of / 9]ª\u|]vf]nf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf $)j6f hª\unL xfQLsf] ayfg k;]/ sl/a $) j6f 3/eTsfPsf] 5 eg] nfvf}Fsf] wgdfn / v]tLafnL gi6u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] klZrdIf]q tyf emfkf, ;'g;/L /pbok'/df hª\unL xfQLaf6 ePsf] Iflt klg oxLcg'kftsf] 5 .

xfQL v]b\g l6g 76fOG5emfkfsf] k"jf]{Q/If]qsf ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf hª\unLxfQLn] ufpF k;]/ a9L b'Mv lbg] ub{5g\ . oL If]qdf xfQLsf]cfjthfjt a9]kl5 /fte/ k6sf k8\sfpg], l6g 76fpg],

zª\v ahfpg] ul/G5 . o;k|rngn] aflx/af6 uPsf]gf }nf ] dfG5 ]nfO { oxf Fsf ]/ f lqhLjg cgf }7f ] nfUg 'c:jfefljs xf]Og . o;nfO{xfQLcftª\saf6 aRg] :yfgLo;ts{tfsf] ¿kdf lng] ul/Psf]5 . o; If]qdf s]/f, ;'kf/L,gl/jnsf au } Frf k |z:tePsfn ] ;fd " lxs¿kdfkfn}kfn]f /flt kfn] a;]/ xfQLxsf{pg] ul/G5 . t/, xfQLsf]

7"nf] x'n ufpF k:of] eg] o;/L xf]xNnf ubf{ emg\ ljWj+;ub{5g\ . To:tf] cj:yfdf dflg;n] Hofg hf]ufpgs} lgldQklg efUg'kg]{ x'G5 .

xfQLcftª\s / lah'nLsf] w/fkxfQLn] ufpFdf cftª\s dRrfpg yfn]kl5 xfQL dfg{ljB'tLo w/fk yfKg] qmd o; jif{ lgs} a9]sf] 5 . o;af6t/fO{sf clwsfª\z u|fdL0fIf]qdf ljB'tLs/0f eO;s]sfn]xfQL tyf jGohGt' emg\ c;'/lIft ag]sf] cg'ej ug{yflnPsf] 5 . xfQLaf6 ;w}F cftª\lst x'g] emfkfsf]

s]xL jif{cl3;Dd t/fO{sf hª\undf k|z:t b]Vg kfOg] b'D;L a9\bf] jgkmF8fgL tyf cGwljZjf;sf sf/0fclxn] b]Vg} d'lZsn 5 . o;sf] cl:tTj klg vt/fdf kl/;s]sf] 5 .

ljz]ifu/L, wfdLemfFqmLn] emf/km'sdf b'D;Lsf] sfF8f k|of]u ug]{ / o;sf cGo cª\u ljleGg sfo{df k|of]ux'g] x'Fbf b'D;Lsf] cj}w l;sf/ x'g] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm hg;ª\Vof j[l4;Fu} jgcltqmd0f a9]kl5af;:yfgsf] cefjn] ubf{ b'D;L x/fpFb} uPsf] 5 . :d/0f /xf];\, b'D;Lsf] sfF8f 3/df /fv] dfq klge"tk|]t efUg] cGwljZjf; / To;af6 ljleGg /f]usf] pkrf/sf nflu 3/]n' cf}iflw agfP/ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]ljZjf; ePsf sf/0f b'D;Lsf] sfF8fsf] lgs} 7"nf] dxŒj /x]sf] kfOG5 .

klxn]–klxn] v]taf/Ldf nufOPsf] afnL vfP/ b'D;Ln] x}/fg} kfg]{ ugf{n] uf]7fn} nfUg'kg]{ b'D;L clxn]kmf§k'm§ dfq b]vfkg]{ ub{5 . k"jL{ g]kfnb]lv klZrd;Dd kfOg] b'D;L nf]k x'Fb} uPkl5 ;f] If]qsf k|foh;f]w]/}nfO{ b'D;L x]g]{ /x/ nfUg yfn]sf] 5 .

ufpF3/df wfdLemfFqmLx¿n] b'D;Lsf] sfF8fsf] 6f]kL tyf dfnf agfP/ nufpg] tyf /f]uLx¿sf] emf/k'msubf{;d]t To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ x'Fbf o;sf] sfF8f lgs} dxFuf] d"Nodf lsga]r;d]t x'g] ub{5 .

Pslt/ jgljgf; / csf]{lt/ o:t} ljleGg k|of]hgsf nflu b'D;Lsf] l;sf/ o;sf] nf]k x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0fdflgPsf] 5 . v'nf l;sf/ / ;/sf/L :jfldTjsf] jgkmF8fgL lgoGq0f x'g] xf] eg] ;/sf/L jgIf]qsf cnfjft/fO{df ljsl;t x'Fb} u/]sf ;fd'bflos jgn] klg b'D;Lsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

b'D;L

b]Vg

klg /

x/} e

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jGohGt'sf] /fh


afx'g8fFuL / cf;kf;sf ufpFdf xfn;Dd lah'nL gk'u]sf]x'Fbf ToxfFsf hgtf klg lah'nLsf] dfu ul//x]sf 5g\ .t/, ToxfFsf hgtfsf o; rfxgfsf] d"ndd{ xfQLnfO{w/fk yfKg' g} /x]sf ] ljleGg dfWoddf k|sflzt;dfrf/af6 k|:6 x'G5 . u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0f ev{/ ePsf];'g;/Ldf @–@ j6f xfQL w/fkdf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . pbok'// ;nf{xLsf xfQLkLl8t ufpFdf klg xfQLnfO{ ljB'tLow/fk yfKg ;'? ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ptf, bfªdf o:t}ljB'tLo w/fkdf k/]/ Pp6f xfQLn] Hofg u'dfPsf] 5 .

u|fdL0f ljB'tLs/0fsf] nIohghLjg ;xh agfp Fb }ljsf;kydf u|fdL0fIf]qnfO{cu|tf lbg' xf] . t/, o;sf]pkof]u lbglbg} nf]k x'gnfu]sf jGohGt'nfO{ w/fkdfkf/]/ dfg{sf nflu x'g' lgs}b'vb\ kIf xf] . jif{el/ vfg]afnLgfnL vfOlbg], gi6 ug]{,3/ / uf ]7 eTsfOlbg ]ePkl5 cfˆgf] ;DklQ arfpg w/fk yfKg'k/]sf] u|fdL0fhgtfsf] u'gf;f] /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; cj:yfdf ;/sf/LkIfaf6 s'g} k|sf/sf] kxn gx'g] xf] eg] jGohGt' dfl/g]qmdn] a9fjf kfpg] cj:yf j[l4 x'Fb} hfG5 . xfQLnfO{w/fkdf kf/]/ dfbf{ jf xfQLnfO{ yfk]sf] w/fkdf k/]/dfG5] g} dbf{;d]t o;tkm{ ;/sf/L rf;f] ga9\g' /bf]ifLnfO{ ;fdfGo hl/jfgf u/]/ 5f8\g'n] jGohGt' emg\vt/fdf kb{}5g\ .

af3sf] a9\bf] cftª\saf3 ePsf lgs'~h5]p5fp dfq xf]Og, cGo hª\unIf]qcf;kf;df obfsbf af3 b]vfkg]{ ub{5 . clw/fHosfs]xL :yfgdf ;fd'bflos jg x's{g yfn]kl5 af3nufotjGohGt'sf] rnv]n klg a9\g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . af3df+;fxf/L jGohGt' ePsf] x'Fbf cfˆgf] cfxf/sf lgldQo;n] d[u, h/fof], v/fof] tyf cGo ;–;fgf jGohGt'cfkmgf] ljr/0fIf]qdf gkfpFbf v;Lafv|f, ;'Fu'/, ufO{e}F;Ltyf cGo 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] l;sf/

agfpF5 . obfsbf hª\undfPSn}b'Sn} 3fF;bfp/fsf nfluuPsf df lg;nfO { ;d ]taf3n] cfˆgf] l;sf/ agfpg]ub{5 . o; cj:yfdf af3g/eIfL klg aGb5 . Psk6sdfG5] df/]/ vfPsf] af3n]w]/}h;f] dflg;nfO{ g} cfˆgf]l;sf/ agfpg kNsg] ub{5 .lrt 'jfsf ] :jefj klg

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o; jif{ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] ;fd'bflos jgIf]qdfv/v8fO vf]lnPkl5sf] b'O{ dlxgfleq !@ hgfnfO{ af3n]vfO;s]sf] 5 . jGohGt'ljb\x¿sf cg';f/ Ps}k6sxhf/f}Fsf] ;ª\Vofdf :yfgLo afl;Gbf hª\undf k:bf cfˆgf];fdfGo ultljlwdf cˆ6]/f ] ePsfn] ToxfFsf af3cfqmfds ePsf x'g;S5g\ . v/v8fO vf]Nbf afSnf] s'lx/f]nfUg] ;do k/]sfn] dfG5]n] af3 gb]Vbf w]/}h;f] dflg;

af3ljz]if1sf] cg'ej8f= sLlt{dfg tfdfª– g]kfnsf klxnf] af3ljz]if1sf] gfd xf] . af3;DaGwL zf]w ubf{sf] pgsf] /dfOnf] cg'ej 5 .pgL lrtjgdf Pp6L al3gLsf] cWoogsf] qmddf lyP . rf/ lbg;Dd tLgj6f xfQLsf] n:s/n] vf]Hbf klg al3gLkm]nf kl/g . kfFrf}F lbg emf8Ldf 8d? b]v]kl5 pgL ¿vdf r9]/ al3gLsf] cjnf]sg ug]{ k|of;df nfu] . xfQL /dfG5]sf] xnrnn] qmf]lwt al3gLn] uh]{/ cfqmd0f u/]kl5 xfQL efu] . pgL ¿vd} cnkq k/] . al3gLn] tfdfªnfO{b]lvg5 / 8d?;Fu uP/ a;L . To;kl5, xfQLx¿ 8/fpFb} pgL r9]sf] ¿vd'lg cfP . pgL xfQLdfly kmfnxfNg]sf]lz; ubf{ub}{ al3gL km]l/ xfQLdly hfOnfuL / xfQL ;'OFs'Rrf 7f]s] . o;kN6 eg] al3gLn] pgnfO{ b]vL / !^lkm6dfly pk|m]/ cfqmd0f u/L . ;ftf]k'Tnf] uPsf tfdfªsf] PG6]gf klxnf] cfqmd0fd} em¥of] . bf];|f] cfqmd0fdfal3gLsf gª\u|f /]l8of] l/l;e/dfly k/]sfn] vf;} s]xL ePg . t];|f]kN6sf] pk|mfOdf al3gLsf] cfqmd0fn] tfdfªsf]lkmn};Dd e]6\of] / pgL cfFlQP/ ;dfPsf] xfFuf 5f]8\g k'u], al3gL;Fu} e'OFdf k5fl/P . t/, v} lsg xf], al3gLn]tfdfªnfO{ s]xL ul/g, ;'?Ss cfˆgf aRrfx¿ ePlt/ uO{ . tfdfª efUg ;s]gg\, ¿vaf6 v:bf pgsf] 9f8 g}efFlRrPsf] /x]5 . la:tf/}, 3;|Fb} clnk/ k'u]kl5 Ps ;xfos, xfQL lnP/ tfdfªnfO{ lng cfP / 8/n] sfFKb} pgnfO{lnP/ uP . To;kl5 tLg dlxgf c:ktfnd} ynfk/] . clxn] 8f= tfdfª cd]l/sfdf knfog ePsf 5g\ .

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o;sf] cfqmd0fdf k/]sf x'g\ . dWojtL{If]q glhssf];fd'bflos jg emf Flub} uPsf]n] of ] If ]q af3sf]af;:yfgsf nflu pko'Qm ePsf] lj1x¿sf] 7DofO 5 .Pp6} If]qdf af3sf] 3gTj a9\bf b'Anf] af3 alnof]af3af6 nv]l6Fb} ;'/lIft :yfgsf] vf]hLdf ufpFglhsk'u]kl5 cfxf/s} nflu dflg;nfO{ ;d]t l;sf/ agfpg]ub{5 . af3sf] ;+Vofdf j[l4 x'Fbf logLx¿sf] ultljlwa9]sf] sf/0faf6 klg dflg; af3sf] l;sf/ aGb5g\ . o;jif{ af3sf] cfqmd0faf6 dfl/g] afx|}hgf df8L pkTosf /lrtjg lgs'~hIf]q klZrdkl§sf ufpFn] dfq k/]sfn] To;If]qsf] af3 g/eIfL ePsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

af3sf] :jefj / cfqmfds x'g]] sf/0faf3n] jgsf] lglZrt 3]/fleq cfˆgf] af;:yfg /ljr/0fIf]q agfPsf] x'G5 . ;ª\Vofa9\b } hf Fbf cfxf/sf ] sdL x' Fb }uPkl5 af3n] gofF af;:yfgsf]vf]hL ug{ yfNb5 . o;} qmddflgs'~h;Fu} hf]l8Psf ;fd'bflosjglt/ af3sf] ljr/0f a9\b} uPsf]5 . gf }nf ] tyf b'Anf ] af3nfO{cfˆgf ] If ]qdf k|j ]z ug{ glbg]af3sf] k|j[lQ x'g] x'Fbf cGoqsf af3nv ] l6 Fb } oxf F cfOk 'u ]sf klgx'g;S5g\ . To; If]qdf ut jif{sf]af9Ln] cfxf/ x'g] ;–;fgf hª\unLjGohGt' aufPsf] x' Fbf vfgfsf]cefjn] dfG5]nfO{ cfqmd0f ug{yfn]sf]] klg x'g;S5 .

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cfkm\gf] a}/L dfq ;lDemg] cj:yfl;h{gf x'G5 . lgs'~hIf]qs} hgtfn]hª\unaf6 3fF;, bfp/f n}hfFbf jfltgsf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ hª\unk:bf t'?Gt} sf/afxL u/L gubhl/jfgf lt/fOg] lgod ePsfn];/sf/n ] cfk " mnfO { zq ' 7fg ]/jGohGt'nfO{ cfkmGt ;Dem]sf] u'gf;f]ug'{ :jfefljs} xf] . …tx nfP/ /fVgg;Sg] oL jGohGt' lsg kfNg'k¥of] <cfk"mn] kfn]sf jGohGt'n] u/]sf]gf]S;fgLsf] Ifltk"lt{ lgs'~hn] lbg'kg]{xf] ls xf]Og < xfd|f] 3/ eTsfPkl5xfdL sxfF a:g] < ;a} cGg vfOxfn]ltgsf jGohGt'n] Û ca xfdLn] s]vfg] < xf]Og, ltgsf jGohGt'n] xfd|f]l5d]sL jf bfh'efOnfO{ vfOlbof],To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ x'G5 <Ú h:tfcfqm f ]z , kL8f / s?0fufyfjGohGt'kLl8tn] kf ]Vg] ub{5g\ .lgs '~h / cf/Ifsf ] lbuf ]Joj:yfkgsf ] sdhf ] / L jfjGohGt'k|sf]k lgoGq0f ug]{ ;+oGqsf]cefjs} sf/0f klg o:tf]] cj:yfoBflk ljBdfg /x]sf] x'g;S5 .

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jghª\un / jGohGt'af6 k[YjLsf ] kl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ng dfq sfod x'Fb}g, o;af6 cd"Noh8La'6L;d]t k|fKt x'g] ub{5 . e"ldsf] ;+/If0f tyfjftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng / ;+/If0fsf nflu jghª\unckl/xfo{ 5 . kxf8L If]qsf] e"ld Joj:yfkgsf nflusl/a ^) k|ltzt If]qkmn jgn] 9flsPsf] x'g'kg] {lj1x¿sf] /fo /x]sf] oxfF :d/0fLo x'g cfpF5 .

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jGohGt'n] lbg] b'MvnfO{ ;fdfGo¿kdf lng'kg]{ x'G5 .cfxf/f gkfPkl5 :jefj}n] jGohGt' 5]p5fpsf ufpFk:5g\ / 3/kfn'jf hgfj/, v]tLkftL gi6 ub{5g\ . df}sfldn] dflg;nfO{ cfˆgf] l;sf/g} agfpFb5g\ .

g]kfnsf] ljb]zL d'b|f cfh{g ug]{ k|d'v ;|f]t ko{6gJoj;fo /x]sf] 5 . oxfF cfpg] *) k|ltzt ko{6slgs'~h jf jGohGt' cf/Ifsf] e|d0fnfO{ k|fyldstflbG5g\ . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ lgs'~hn] ko{6g Joj;fonfO{7"nf] 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . lgs'~hnufot xfd|f k|fs[lts;Dkbfsf] ljgf; x'g] xf] eg] ko{6g Joj;fo 7Kk x'g]cj:yf cfpF5 .

;/sf/n] hgtfsf] kL/ ;'Gg'kb{5s'g} klg ;+/lIft tyf ;+/If0fljxLg jgsf] klxnf] xsbf/:yfgLo hgtf g} x'G5g\ . pgLx¿n] tL If]qsf] ;+/If0fgul/lbPsf] eP g To:tf If]qn] /fli6«o lgs'~h jfjgohGt' cf/Ifsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g] cj;/ kfpFy], gt jGohGt'n] ;'/lIft af;:yfg g} kfpg] lyP . To;sf/0f,:yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ Pstkm{ o:tf cf/lIft If]qsf] jgjf jGohGt'af6 k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng sfod eO{ u'0f:t/Lojftfj/0fsf] ljsf; x'Fbf pgLx¿nfO{ g} nfe k|fKt x'G5eGg] r]tgf hfu[t u/fpg' cfjZos 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ToxfFsf] cfly{s ultljlwdf k|ToIf ;+nUg u/fpg' klgcfjZos 5 . lgs'~h jf cf/Ifaf6 k|fKt cfly{s nfesf]d'Vo c+z ;f]xL :yfg / ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df vr{ ug]{Joj:yf ul/P :yfgLo txdf ;+/lIft If]q / oxfF /x]sfjGohGt' tyf jg:klt cfˆg} ;DklQ xf] eGg] efjgfsf]ljsf; x'G5 .

g]kfnL ;'/IffsdL{sf] pkl:ylt gx'Fbf kfFry/sf] pQ/L ;LdfjtL{ kmn}Frfsf] ltDa'kf]v/L / tfKn]h'ªsf] sfnLvf]nfIf]qdf kfOg] dxŒjk"0f{ h8La'6L / b'n{e jGohGt' dfl;g]qmd tLj| ultn] a9]sf] 5 . ef/tLo e"–efuaf6 To;If]qdf k|j]z ug]{ t:s/x¿n] lgjf{w¿kdf h8La'6L ;ª\sng u/L g]6f] s6fpg] u/]sf 5g\ eg] v'ndv'nfjGohGt'sf] cj}w l;sf/ u/]/ ;vfk} kfg{ yfn]sf] :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] egfO 5 .

h8La'6L / jGohGt' kof{Kt pknAw x'g] ;f] If]qdf g]kfnL ;'/IffsdL{sf] u:tL lgoldt x'g g;s]s} sf/0ft:s/x¿n] v'nf¿kdf rnv]n ug]{ cj;/ kfO/x]sf 5g\ . hª\un / cf]9f/df cfuf] afn]/ a:g] x'nsfx'n t:s/n] h8La'6Lsf] cj}w cf];f/k;f/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . ef/tLo l;sf/Lx¿ jGohGt'sf] l;sf/ klglgw{Ss;Fu ul//x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿ ufpFn]n] lj/f]w u/]df Hofg lng];Ddsf] wDsL lbG5g\ . oxLsf/0flgxTyf ufpFn] r'k nfu]/ a:g ljjz 5g\ . …;/sf/åf/f ;+/lIft jgsf] x]/rfx ug{ ;/sf/n] g} rf;f] lbFb}g,ef/tLo t:s/n] ax'd"No h8La'6L / b'n{e jGohGt' ;vfk} kf/],Ú :yfgLo 8Dd/ ;'Aaf cfqmf]z JoQm u5{g\ .

s]xL jif{cl3;Dd k|z:t kfOg] efn', s:t'/L d[u, 8fFkm], d'gfn, / lrlnd]h:tf kz'kG5L clxn] Hofb} yf]/};ª\Vofdf dfq b]lvG5g\ . elgG5, t:s/x¿n] o:tf hgfj/nfO{ 7"N7"nf w/fkdf kf/]/ kqmG5g\ / ltgsfax'd"No cª\u ef/ttkm{ n}hfg] ub{5g\ .ef/tLo

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xfQLn] ljz]ifu/L t/fO{sf hª\unglhssf ufpFnfO{ a9Lcftª\lst ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . ctM xfQLn] o;/L vf; If]qdfcftª\lst lsg kfb{5 / ltgLx¿sf] sf]l/8f]/ sxfF kb{5eGg] s'/fsf] Pp6f lj:t[t cWoog ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .xfQLn] ufpF k;]/ lauf/ ug{ yfn]]kl5 yk ljWj+; x'gglbg lgs'~hn] tbf?stf b]vfpFb} cfjZos Joj:yfldnfpg] lhDd]jf/L axg ug'{kb{5 . hª\unL xfQL ufpFk:g] If]qdf ;bfOPsf xfQL /;}lgs kl/rfng ug]{ Joj:yfldnfO { ufpF k:gaf6 /f ]Sg ' 'lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ sfo{ x'g]5 .

af3n] obfsbf b'Mv lbg] ePklg Ps}:yfgdf gf}hgf dfG5]dfg ' { eg ]sf ] ;fdfGo s '/ fxf]Og . o:tf ultljlw a9]kl5lgs'~hn] ToxfFsf] g/eIfL af3kqmg tbf?stf b]vfpg'kg] {xf] . af3s} ;ª\Vof w]/} a9]sf]eP klg pko'Qm af;:yfg /cfxf/sf ] k |aGw ug ] { sfo {yflnxfNg' cfjZos 5 . cf/Ifj f lgs ' ~hdf ePsfjGohGt'sf ultljlwsf] lg/Gt/cWoog x 'g ] Joj:yf ul/PPstkm { o:tf jGohGt 'af6dflg;nfO{ x'g] vt/f sd ug{;lsG5 eg] jGohGt'sf] plrtJoj:yfkg / /]vb]vdf ;d]tpNn]Vo ;xof]u k'Ub5 .

jGohGt'sf lsg t:s/L x'G5 <jGohGt'sf ljleGgcª \ux¿ t:s/LeP/ ; +;f/sfljleGg s'gfdf k'Ug]ub{5g\ . vf;u/L,u}F8fsf] vfu rLg,l;+ufk'/,blIf0fsf]l/of,tfOjfg cflb b]zdft:s/L eP/ hfg]ub{5 . af3sf] x8\8LrLg / rLgs} ltAatIf]qdf t:s/L x'g]ub{5 eg] s:t'/L lagf hfkfg;Dd hfg] ub{5 .

af;:yfgsf] cltqmd0f / ;+/If0fdflg;, jGohGt'nufot ;a} k|sf/sf k|f0fL tyfjg:kltsf] cl:tTj logLx¿sf] cGt;{DaGwaf6 l6s]sf]5 . t/, dfG5]sf] hg;ª\Vof tLj|¿kdf j[l4 x'Fb} hfFbf

dflg;n] jghª\un ljgf; tyfcltqmd0f tLj|¿kdf ug{ yfn] .kmn:j¿k, jGohGt 'sf ]af;:yfg Pjd\ cfxf/sf] cefjx'gyfNof ] . cfxf/fsf nfluhª \unL hGt ' ufp F k:g ] ,afnLgfnL gi6 ug]{, dflg;sfkfNt' hGt' dfg]{ / dflg;nfO{ g}klg dfg{ yfn] . o;/L dfG5] /jGohGt'sf] cGtå{Gå a9\g uof] .la:tf/}, o:tf jGohGt'sf xf8,5fnf, l;ª, v'/, lkQ cflbcª\usf] a]rlavg x'g yfn]kl5rf]/Ll;sf/L km:6fpg yfNof] .jGohGt'sf cfk/flws l;sf/L;ª \ul7t¿kd } nfu ]k l5jGohGt'sf] cl:tTj ;ª\s6dfkb } { uof ] . kmn:j¿kMjGohGt'sf] ;+/If0f clgjfo{cfjZostf aGg k'Uof] . kmntMjGohGt'sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu;/sf/L tj/af6 kxn x'g'kg]{

s~rghª\3fdf b'n{e hLj@ ;o ld6/b]lv %*% ld6/ prfO;Ddkm}lnPsf] s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] :yfkgfePkl5 nf]kf]Gd'v /ftf] kfG8f, r/Laf3,lxpFefn', lxpFlrt'jf, ;fns, hªunL ofstyf cGo w]/} k|sf/sf b'n{e jGohGt' o;If]qdf b]vfkg{ yfn]sf 5g\ . ;of}F k|hfltsfr/fr'?ª\uLsf] ;d]t ;+/If0f eO/x]sf] o;;+/If0f If]qdf @–$ j6f ofs klg b]vfk/]sf5g\ . lxdkft x'Fbf;d]t xKtf}F;Dd lxpFdfk'l/P/ a:g;Sg] of] hª\unL ofs ltAataf6o; If]qdf cfPsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ul/Psf]5 . rLgsf] sf]df]nf]ªdf g]r/ l/he{ /ef/tsf] s~rghª\3f g];gnkfs{ of] ;+/If0fIf ]q; Fu hf ] l8P/ /x ]sf ] x ' Fbf g ]kfnsf ]s~rghª\3f cf/If0f If ]qdf cfxf/ /af;:yfgsf nflu o:tf nf]kf]Gd'v hgfj/cfpg] ;Defjgf k|an /x]sf] 5 . :d/0f/xf];\, o; If]qdf /ftf] kfG8f / r/Laf3o;cl3 g} km]nfkl/;s]sf 5g\ .

jGohGt'sf t:s/L x'g] cª\u

u}F8f vfu, v'/af3 x8\8L, 5fnfs:t'/L lagfefn' lkQlr¿ e'Tnfb'D;L e'F8L, sfF8flrQn l;ª, 5fnf;k{ 5fnf, ljifxfQL bfx|f, 5fnfafx|l;ª\u] l;ª, 5fnf

jGohGt'sf] /fh


dx; '; ul/of ] . o; }qmddfjGohGt'sf ] ;+/If0f ug{ tLgsf]af;:yfg ;'/lIft ug{'kg]{ xF'bf /fli6«olgs'~h / cf/Ifx¿sf] :yfkgfk|f/De ePsf] xf] . g]kfndf xfn;Ddgf}j6f /fli6«o lgs'~h, tLgj6fjGohGt' cf/If, tLgj6f l;sf/cf/If / 5j6f dWojtL{ If]qdfkm{t\nf]kf]Gd'v jGohGt' ;+/If0f ug]{ sfo{eO/x]sf] 5 . t/fO{If]qsf cf/Ifdf Psl;ª\u] u}F8f, af3,xfQL, aFb]n, cgf{, uf}/, rf}sf, x'F8f/, ;fns, 8lNkmg,h/fof], lrQn, clhª\u/, /ftf] d[u, s[i0f;f/, afx|l;ª\u],uf]xL, 3l8ofn, lrt'jf, efn', gLnufO{, do'/, hª\unLs'v'/f, 3f]/n cflb jGohGt' tyf kz'kG5L kfOG5g\ .To;}u/L, kxf8L If]qsf ;+/lIft If]qdf lxpFlrt'jf, xfa|],hª\unL s's'/, lxdfnL yf/, s:t'/L d[u, 9'ª\u]dn;fFk|f],lxdfnL lrQn, gfp/, ytf/, emf/n, AjfF;f], lrt'jf,sfnf] efn', af3, r/Laf3, 8fFkm], d'gfn cflb jGohGt'tyf kG5L kfOG5g\ .

cf/Ifdf /x]sf jGohGt'n] klgcfˆgf ] cl:tTjsf nf luljleGg k|sf/sf cˆ6]/fsf];fdgf ug ' {kl//x ]sf ] 5 .sf];L6Kk'' ' ' ' jGohGt' cf/Ifdf3/]n' e}F;L 5f8f 5fl8gfn]Toxf F dfq kfOg ] cgf {sf ]j+zf0f'ut u'0fsf] ;'/Iff lgs}r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . k;f{jGohGt' cf/Ifdf xfQL, af3,gLnufO { kfOG5g \ . t/,gLnufO{ df;'sf nflu / af35fnf / x8 \8Lsf nf lurf]/Ll;sf/L x'g] 8/ TolQs}/x]sf] 5 eg] cf/Ifsf] blIf0fefudf kfgLsf] cefj x'gfn]oxfFsf jGohGt' ef} +tfl/P/aflx/ lg:sg] / l;sf/ aGg];Defjgf klg clws g} 5 .

;a}eGbf k'/fgf] lrtjg /fli6«olgs'~hn] ljZje/ VofltsdfPsf ] eP klg w ]/ }k|sf/sf jGohGt'sf] 3gTj

a9L ePsfn ] oxf F cfxf/ /af;:yfg ckof{Kt /xg' :jfefljs}xf] . cGo cf/IfeGbf o; lgs'~hdfaf3 / u}F8fsf] a9L g} rf]/Ll;sf/Lx'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . Ps sd{rf/Ln]cfkm\gf] gfd uf]Ko /fVg] ;t{df o;jif{ dfq To; lgs'~hdf !# j6fu}F8f d/]sf / tLdWo] cf7j6f rflxFvfu–t:s/åf/f dfl/Psf] v'nf;f

u/]sf 5g\ . o; jif { dfq u} F8f rf ]/Ll;sf/Lsf ]cleof]udf (( hgf kqmfp k/]sfdf ^% hgf y'gfdf/x]sf], !@ hgf cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf /x]sf / afFsLnfO{cg';Gwfgkl5 l/xf ul/Psf] yfxf ePsf] 5 . o;/L x]bf{,u} F8ft:s/Lsf] cj:yf lgs} eofjx /x]sf] b]lvG5 .lgs'~hn] o:tf 36gf uf]Ko /fVg'sf] p2]Zo t:s/ lu/f]xefUg gkfcf];\, kqm]/ sf/afxL ug{ ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg]/x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg] u}F8fsf]rf]/Ll;sf/L lgs} df}nfPsf] 5 .

z'SnfkmfF6f cf/If / alb{oflgs '~hdf af3, lrQns[i0f;f/, u}F8f, xfQLnufoty'k|} jGohGt' kfOG5g\ . oxfFklg rf]/Ll;sf/Lsf] 8/ t5Fb}5, ef/tLo If]qsf] cf8}df/x]sfn] oxfFsf jGohGt' ef/tknfog x'g] ;Defjgf klgk|r'/ /x]sf] 5 .

kxf8L If]qsf lgs'~h tyfc f/I fd f 7 "n f hg fj/kfOFb}gg\ . bfp/fsf nfluePsf jgk m F 8 fg La f6jGohGt'sf] cfxf/fsf] cefjtyf d fgj Lo u lt lj lwa9 \g fn ] kx f8 L I f ] qs fjGohGt' klg w]/} ;'/lIft/x]sf] dfGg ;lsg] cj:yf5}g . h] xf ];\, k|foM ;a}c f /I f j f lgs ' ~hsfjGohGt' kz'kG5L ;'/lIftePsf ]df 9 'Ss dfGg 'kg ] {cj:yfrflxF 5}g . ✲

g]kfnsf ;+/lIft If ]qdWo] l;sf/ v]Ngsf nflu5'6\ofOPsf] Ps dfq 9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/Ifdf b'n{ejGohGt' xfa|] -/ftf]kfG8f_ sf] cj}w rf]/Ll;sf/L eO/x]sf]5 . ljZj jGohGt' sf]ifn] ;+/lIft jGohGt'sf] ;"rLdf;dfj]z u/]sf] xfa|] cyjf /]8kfG8f cf/Ifdf 3':g] cj}wl;sf/Lx¿n] yfk]sf] kf;f]df k/]sf] km]nfkf/]kl5 o;sf]l;sf/ / rf]/Llgsf;L a9]sf]] /x:o v'Ng cfPsf] xf] .

dfcf]jfbL o'4 / k|Tofqmd0fsf sf/0f u:tLljxLg ag]sf];f] l;sf/ cf/Ifdf k|To]s jif{ dª\l;/ / k'; dlxgfdfdfq sd{rf/Lsf] u:tL v6fOg] u/]sf] 5 . o;k6sv6fOPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] u:tL 6f]nLn] cf/Ifsf] lzjcf]8f/eGg] :yfgdf yfk]sf] kf;f]df d/]sf] xfa|] km]nfkf/]sf]lyof] . u:tL 6f]nLn] ut jif{ klg o:t} cj:yfdf d[txfa|] km]nfkf/]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, o;jif{sf] u:tLdf cf/Ifsf ljleGg 7fpFdf yfk]sf ## j6fcj}w kf;f]x¿;d]t km]nfk/]sf lyP . ut jif{ o:tfcj}w kf;f] %# j6f a/fdb ePsf] v'nf;f ;dfrf/;|f]tn] u/]sf] 5 .

afF;sf kft vfP/ afFRg] xfa|]sf] 5fnf ljnf;L pkef]usf;fdfg agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 . d'VotM 5fnfsf nflurf]/Ll;sf/L / cj}w sf/f]af/ x'g] ljZjd} b'n{e /x]sf]/]8kfG8f ;u/dfyf, dsfn', nfª6fª, s~rghª\3f;+/lIft If]q / 9f]/kf6g l;sf/ cf/If If]qdf kfOG5 .

xfa|] klg ;lsg]ef]

jGohGt'sf] /fh


g]kfnsf ] t/fO { If ]qsf lhNnfdf vfg]kfgLsf nfluufl8Psf clwsfª \z 6 \o 'aj ]naf6 tflgg ] kfgLdfxflgsf/s tŒj cf; ] { lgs kfOg ] u/ ]sf ] 5 . s ]xL;docl3 o'lg;]km g]kfn, /]8qm; ;f];fO6L af/f /vfg]kfgL ljefun] ;+o'Qm¿kdf !$ ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdfu/ ]sf ] cg ';Gwfgaf6 af/ flhNnfsf $ ;o (! 6\o'aj]nsf]kfgLdf cf;]{lgs /x]sf] atfOPsf]5 . lj leGg ufp F ljsf;;ldltsf $,!!@ :yfgsf lghL,;fj{hlgs 6\o'aj]n / Ogf/sf] ]k fgLsf ] gd 'gf ;ª \sng u/Lk/LI f0 f ul/Psf ]df Ogf/sf ]k fgLdf eg ] cf; ] { lgs km ]nfgk/]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5 .

k/fk"j{sfnb]lv ljleGg sfo{dfk|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] eP klg cf;]{lgstŒjnfO{ g cfFvfn] b]Vg ;lsG5, g:jfb tyf uGwaf6 yfxf kfpg;lsG5 . To;}n] kfgLdf o;sf]ld>0f eP–gePsf] yfxf kfpg/f;folgs k/LIf0f g} ug'{kb{5 .

cf;] { lgs tŒj kfgL, vfgf jfcGo dfWodaf6 dfgj z/L/dfk|j]z u/]kl5 :jf:Yodf k|lts"nk|efj kb{5 . o;af6 xTs]nf,kfOtfnf, lk7o'F, 5ftL / z/L/sfcGo efusf 5fnfdf v}/f], abfd], sfnf] /ªsf bfucyjf luvf{ b]lvg yfN5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf :jf:Yos]Gb|tyf c:ktfndf uP/ :jf:YosdL{sf ] ;Nnfxcg';f/pkrf/ u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

t/fO{If]qsf ;txdf sd ufl8Psf clwsfª\z 6\o'aj]nsf]kfgLdf cf;] { lgs e]l6Psf ] t/ w]/ } ufl8Psf l8k–6\o'aj]ndf eg] ge]l6Psf] hfgsf/L klg k|fKt ePsf]5 . ljleGg lhNnfsf @( xhf/ 6\o'aj]nsf] kfgL k/LIf0fubf { ;a}eGbf a9L gjnk/f;L lhNnfdf ufl8Psf6\o'aj]nsf] kfgLdf cf;] {lgs e]l6Psf] 5 . cf;] {lgs;d:ofu|:t t/fO{sf @) lhNnfdWo] klg ;Kt/L, l;/fxf,;nf{xL, /f}tx6, k;f{, gjnk/f;L, slknj:t' / s~rgk'/a9L k|efljt ePsf] kfOPsfn] oL lhNnfsf 6\o'aj]nsf]kfgL k/LIf0f, vfg]kfgL u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ tyf cg'udgzfvfn] o'lg;]kmsf] ;xof]udf k|f/De u/]sf] 5 . tLlhNnfsf sl/a c9fO{ nfv 6\o'aj]nsf] kfgLsf] k/LIf0f

xfn sfo{/t @ ;o %) tflndk|fKt k|fljlwsx¿af6 tLgjif{df ;DkGg ug]{ nIo /x]sf] 5 .

t/fO{sf vfg]kfgL;|f]tdf k|z:t cf;]{lgs km]nfkl//x]sf;dfrf/ gf }nf xf ]Ogg\ \ . af/fsf ] h:t} cf;] { lgssf]

;d:of t/fO{sf k|foh;f] ;a}If ]qsf 6 \o 'aj ]naf6 lgsflng]vfg ]k fgLdf /x ]sf ] ;dfrf/cfO;s]sf 5g\ . t/, o; If]qdfnuftf/ cWoog / cg';Gwfg x'g]u/ ]sf ] 5 / kf Frtf/ ] xf ]6ndf;Dd]ng jf ;]ldgf/sf] cfof]hgfklg x 'g ] u/ ]sf ]n ] oxf F dfq }cf;]{lgssf] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 lseGg] e|d l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .

cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL / :jf:Yocf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL lkpg / vfgfksfpg k|of]u ug'{ gx'g] eP klgefF8f ;kmf ug{, n'uf w'g, g'xfpg/ cGo sfo{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]wf/0ff lj1x¿sf] 5 . cf;]{lgsePsf] kfgL vfP/ la/fdL ePdfdf5fdf;', u]8fu'8L, kmnk"mn,cG8f, b"w / tfhf t/sf/Lh:tfkf]lifnf] vfgf vfg'kb{5 . /f]uLn]w "dkfg, dBkfg ug ' { cemxflgsf/s x'g] tyf o;f] ul/Pdf/f ]un ] a9L ;tfpg ] lj1x¿atfpF5g\ .

e"ldut kfgLdf s]xL g s]xL dfqfdf cf;]{lgs kSs}x'G5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gsf] dfkb08cg';f/ k|ltln6/kfgLdf )=)! ldlnu|fd;Dd cf;] {lgs ePdf ;'/lIftdflgG5 . otf aª\unfb]z / ef/tn] k|ltln6/ kfgLdf)=)% ldlnu|fd;Ddsf] cf;]{lgsnfO{ ;'/lIft dfkb08sfod u/]sf 5g\, t/ g]kfndf clxn];Dd To:tf] s'g}dfkb08 lgwf{/0f gul/Psf] eP klg aª\unfb]z / ef/ts}dfkb08nfO{ ;'/lIft dlgPsf] 5 .

cf;]{lgssf] k|d'v ;|f]t e"ldut k|fs[lts jftfj/0f g}eP klg dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsfsf/0fn] klg hldgd'lgsf] kfgLdf cf;] { lgs a9]sf ]x'g;S5 . /f;folgs dn, sf7 /ª\Uofpg] /ª pTkfbgubf{ k|of]u x'g] /;fog, sL6gf;s cf}iflwsf] k|of]u cflbsf/0fn] e"ld tyf e"ldut kfgL k|b "if0f x 'g ] x ' Fbfcf;] {lgssf] dfqfdf klg j[l4 x'g;Sg] ;Defjgfk|ltlj1x¿sf] Wofgfs[i6 x'g yfn]sf] 5 .

cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL lkpg ljjz t/fO{af;L

kf“rtf/] ;]ldgf/s]xL dlxgfcl3 sf7df8f}Fsf] Ps kfFrtf/]xf]6ndf vfg]kfgLdf km]nfk/]sf] cf;]{lgss}ljifonfO{ lnP/ /f]rs sfo{qmd cfof]hgfePsf] lyof] . g]kfn vfg]kfgL ljefusf];d]t ;xeflutf /x]sf] ;f] sfo{qmddfhg:jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s ePsf sf/0fcf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL glkpg ;Nnfx lbOPsf]lyof] . t/fO{ If]qdf cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgL lkpgljjz s]xL hgtfsf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTju/fOPsf] ;f] sfo{qmddf tL ljkGg hgtfn]cfˆgf] cf;]{lgso'Qm wf/fsf] kfgLsf] ;f6f]Ps lbg dfq eP klg af]tnaGb -ldg/njf6/_ kfgL lkpg kfpg' /f]rs gx'g] s'/}ePg . t/, cfof ]hs, :jf:YosdL { /lhDd]jf/ clwsf/Lx¿n] u|fdL0f If ]qsf;xefuLnfO{ 6\o'aj]nsf] kfgL glkpg ;NnfxlbFbf st} ldg/n jf6/sf] lj1fkg t ul/Psf]xf]Og eGg] ;xefuLaLrd} vf;v'; rn]]sf]b[Zon] emg\ /f]rstf yk]sf] b]lvGYof] .

vfg]kfgL


YjLdf w]/} klxn]b]lv ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g] ls/0fsf] tfk;~ro ug]{ w]/} k|sf/sf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; u/L

pkof]u xF'b} cfPsf 5g\ . 3/ tyf sfof{nodf lah'nLafNg, kfgL tfÌ] kDk rnfpg, vfgf / kmnk"mn ;'sfpg,kfgL ttfpgnufot w]/} If]qdf ;f}o{zlQmsf] pkof]ueO/x]sf] 5 . o;/L ;"o{af6 k|fKt x'g] / ljleÌ If]qdfk|of]u ug{ ;lsg] zlQmnfO{ g} ;f}o{pmhf{ elgG5 .;f}o{pmhf{ slxNo} g;lsg] / lg/Gt/ k|fKt x'g] ePsfn]o;nfO{ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ klg elgG5 . o;sf cltl/Qmof] pmhf{ pkof]u ug]{ k|ljlw b'u{d ufp “x¿df ;d]t ;lhn}h8fg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] of] ljs]Gb|Ls[t gjLs/0fLopmhf{sf ¿kdf klg kl/lrt 5 . hnljB't\sf] ;'ljwfgk'u]sf, ljsf;sf k"jf {wf/;d]t gePsf b'u{d /u|fdL0fIf]qdf of] k|ljlw a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .

;"o{sf] ls/0faf6 k|fKt tfk cyjf zlQmnfO{ ;f]em} lah'nL-ljB'tLo zlQm_ df kl/jt{g u/L lah'nL pTkfbg ul/g]ePsf]n] o;nfO{ ;f}o{ (Solar) lah'nL elgG5 . 3/]n' ;f}o{lah''nLk|0ffnL lah'nLsf cGo ;|f]t gePsf 7fp “df aQLafNg, /]l8of], Sof;]6 ahfpg / 6]lnlehg x]g{ a9L

pkof]udf NofOG5 . ;fwf/0ftof #) b]lv $) jf6Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{k|0ffnLsf] h8fgaf6 Pp6f 3/df & b]lv!) jf6sf tLgj6f aQL afNg / b'O{ 3G6f;Dd ZofdZj]t6]lnlehg x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/, a9L Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{k|0ffnLh8fg u/] Ifdtfcg';f/ a9L aQL afNg / /ª\uLg6]lnlehg x]g{;d]t pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] d'Vopks/0fnfO{ ;f]nf/ Kofg]n cyjf ;f]nf/ df]8\o'nelgG5 . ;f}o{df]8\o'n ;f]nf/ ;]nx¿ (Solar Cells) ldn]/ag]sf] x'G5 . ;f}o{df]8\o'n cw{;'rfns l;lnsg (Silicon)af6 ag]sf] x'G5 . ;f}o{ df]8\o'n agfpg k|of]u x'g] of]cw{;'rfns l;lnsg c¿ s]xL geO{ afn'jfdf kfOg]6Nsg] kbfy{ xf] . ;f}o{ lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ ;f]nf/ Kofgnjf df]8\o'n;lxt cGo ;fdfg klg cfjZos kb{5g\ .;f}o{ lah'nLsf] pTkfbgsf] dfqf ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf]Ifdtfdf e/kb{5 . Ps yfg ;f]nf/ Kofgnaf6 ufp “3/df

;fdfGotof Pp6f 3/df #–$ j6f aQL afNg, /]l8of],Sof;]6 ahfpg, ZofdZj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ cfjZos kg]{lah'nL pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 . o;eGbf a9L Ifdtfdflah'nL pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos k/] PseGbf a9L ;f]nf/Kofgn jf df]8\o'n /fVg'kg]{ x'G5 .

;"o{af6 k|fKt tfknfO{ vfgf ksfpg] sfo{df klg k|of]uug{ ;lsG5 . ;f]nf/ Kofgndf hDdf ePsf] tfknfO{pko'Qm lsl;dn] ljsf; ul/Psf] r'nf] cyjf efF8fx¿dfhf]8]/ lah'nL pTkfbg gu/L ;f]em} vfgf ksfpg] sfo{df;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf w]/} k|sf/sf cfw'lgsr'nf]sf] ljsf; u/L ;kmntfk"j{s k|of]udf NofOPsf5g\ . ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf], ;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf], ;f}o{ ls6\nL,;f}o{8«fo/h:tf pks/0f clxn] u|fdL0f Onfsfdf k|rlnt/x]sf 5g\ . oxfF ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf] / ;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]sf;DaGwdf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

;f}o{ afs;–r'nf]];f}o{r'nf] Ps k|sf/sf] afs;h:t} x'G5 . o;n] ;"o{sf]ls/0fnfO{ tfkzlQmdf kl/jt{g u/]/ afs;leq /flvPsf]efF8fsf] vfBfÌnfO{ ksfpg] sfd ub{5 . of] r'nf]

sf8{af]8{, sfuh, sf7 / kmfOa/ Unf;af6 agfOG5 .;"o{sf] ls/0f l;;fsf] 9sgaf6 afs;leq l5/]kl5 o;nfO{o;leq /flvPsf] sfnf] efF8f] / sfn} ;txn] ;f}o{ls/0f;f];]/ tfkdf kl/jt{g ub{5 . o;/L afs;leqsf] tfkqmd

;f}o{ pmhf{sf ;/n k|ljlw;f}o{pmhf{sf ;/n k|ljlw–;/f]h yklnof

k[k[k[k[k[gjLs/0fLo pmhf{


a9\g yfNb5 . afs;leq pTkÌ x'g] tfk cGoq ;/]/ jfr'xfj6 eP/ hfg glbgsf nflu 7"nf] afs; / ;fgf]afs;sf] aLrdf s'rfns j:t'x¿ sfuh, sf7sf] w"nf]jf skf; /flvPsf] x'G5 . afs;df tfkqmd hlt;Sbf]a9L cfjZos kg]{ x'Fbf afs;df l/km\n]S6/ h8fg ul/Psf]x'G5 . o;/L afs;leq k;]sf] 3fdsf] tfkzlQm a9\b}uPkl5 efF8fdf /flvPsf] vfgf kfSb5 .

k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf;f }o { afs;–r'nf ] 3/sf ] sf };L, 5t, cf Fug jf;'ljwfcg';f/ 3fd nfUg] /flknf] :yfgdf /fVg'kb{5 .vfgf ksfpg'eGbf sl/a ! 3G6fcufl8 g} r'nf]nfO{3fddf /fv]df vfgf kfSg] ;dosf] art x'G5 . vfgfksfpg] ;dodf dfq vfgf ksfpg] efF8f];lxt r'nf]nfO{3fddf /fVbf vfgf kfSg cln a9L ;do nfUb5 .

r'nf]nfO{ 3fddf /fVbf l;;fsf] 9sgdf ;"o{sf] ls/0fkg]{u/L /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . r'nf]sf] l;;fsf] 9sg/fd|/L ;kmf u/]/ vfgf ksfpg] efF8f] afs;leq /fv]/9sg /fd|/L aGb ug'{kb{5 . 9sg km'6\g;Sg] ePsfn]vf]Nbf / aGb ubf{ xf]l;of/ x'g'kb{5 . efF8f] afs;leq/fv]kl5 9sg vf]ln/xg' /fd|f] x'Fb}g .

;f}o{ afs;–r'nf]df 3fdsf] ls/0f l;wf kfg{ ljz]if WofglbO{ o;nfO{ 3fdlt/ kmsf{pg'k5{ . vfgf kfls;s]kl5l;;fsf] 9sg vf]Nbf afkm lgl:s/x]sf] x'G5, To;}n]l;;fsf] 9sg vf]Ng]lalQs} vfgfsf] ef F8f ] aflx/glgsfnL s]xL ;dokl5 dfq lgsfNg' /fd|f] x'G5 . vfgfksfO;s]kl5 r'nf] /fd|/L ;kmf u/]/ ;'/lIft 7fpFdf/fVg'k5{ .

;f}o{ afs;–r'nf]af6 x'g] nfe• 3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf vfgf ksfpg o;nfO{ ;lhn}

k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .• d§Lt]n, Uof;, bfp/f, lah'nLh:tf s'g} lsl;dsf

OGwg cfjZos kb}{g .• w"jfF gcfpg] x'Fbf :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kb}{g .• jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'Fb}g .• of] r'nf] t'ngfTds¿kdf ;kmf / ;'ljwfhgs x'G5 .• vfgf g89\g] ePsfn] vfgfsf] kf}li6s tŒj ;'/lIft

/xG5 .• cGo r'nf]df h:tf] ;f}o{r'nf]df nuftf/ vfgf

rnfO/xg] emGem6 x'Fb}g .• efF8f]nfO{ Psk6s 3fddf /flv;s]kl5sf] art

;dodf c¿ sfd ug{ ;lsG5 .• vfgf ksfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 .• vfgf :jflbnf] x'G5 .• vfgf ksfpFbf £o", t]n yf]/} /fv]/ klg ksfpg ;lsg]

x'Fbf lrNnf] kbfy{af6 :jf:Yodf kg]{ g/fd|f] k|efjGo"g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

• vfgf ksfpg kfgL yf]/} nfUg] x'Fbf kfgLsf] art x'G5 .

;f}o{ afs;–r'nf] agfpg cfjZos kg]{ ;fdu|L MkfFr jf 5hgfsf] kl/jf/sf nflu vfgf ksfpg ;lsg]Pp6f ;f }o { afs;–r 'nf ] agfpg lgDg ;fdfgcfjZostf kb{5 M• sf8{af]8{sf afs; jf b'O{j6f rf]ofn] a'g]sf] sf]qmf]

-Pp6f 7"nf] / Pp6f ;fgf]_• 9sg jf lasf]{df /fVg] l;;f jf Knfl:6s• 6Nsg] ;txsf nflu PNd'lgod SjfOn• s'rfnssf] ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] k/fn, skf; jf

sfuhsf uf]nf jf 6'qmf• l6gsf] ls:tL• ANofsaf]8{ k]G6 -sfnf] /ªdf_• u'Fb, wfuf]• AffF;sf ;–;fgf ef6fsf 6'qmf

;fOh jf cfsf/of] r'nf] ljleGg cfsf/–k|sf/df agfpg ;lsG5 . ;f}o{afs;–r'nf] agfpFbf kl/jf/sf] ;ª\Vof / cfjZostf x]/]/sqf] ;fOhdf agfpg] eg]/ lg0f{o ug'{kb{5 . kfFr jf;fthgfsf] Pp6f kl/jf/sf] nflu ;fdfGotof leqL afs;$^ x %^ x @) -;]ld_ / aflx/L afs; %% x ^^ x @%-;]ld_ ePsf] ;f}o{ afs;–r'nf] agfpg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]cfNd'lgodsf kftfx¿af6 agfOg] o; r'nf]sf] cfsf/5ftfh:tf] x'G5 . ;f}o{5ftfnfO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ 3fdnfu]lt/ kmsf{pg ;lsof];\ eg]/ kmnfd jf sf7sf8G8Lx¿af6 agfOPsf] k|m]ddf 5ftfnfO{ c8ØfP/ otf–ptf 3'dfpg ldNg]u/L h8fg ul/Psf]] x'G5 . 3fdlt/5ftf k/]df r'nf]df vfg]s'/f l56f] kfSg] x'G5 . vfgfksfpg] efF8f]nfO{ ;f}o{5ftfdf /fv]kl5 5ftf tft]/efF8f]df ePsf] vfBfGg kfSb5 . ;f}o{ 5ftfdf vfgfksfpg k|of]u ul/g] efF8f]nfO{ aflx/af6 sfnf] /ª\un]kf]ltPsf] x'g'k5{ . o;/L kf]ltPsf] /ª\un] 5ftfaf6k/fjt{g ePsf] 3fdsf] ls/0f ;f];]/ lnO{ efF8f] l56f]

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{


tfT5 / efF8f]sf] vfg]s'/f kfS5 .

;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]sf] k|of]uljlw5ft]r'nf]df 3fd /fd|/L kg]{ x'g'k5{ . o;nfO{ w]/};do 3fd nfUg] / cfk"mnfO{ pko'Qm x'g] cfFug,3/sf] sf};L, 5t cflb v'nf 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ .;s];Dd 5ftfdf s'g} lsl;dsf] 5fof kg{ lbg' x'Fb}g/ w]/} xfjf rNg] 7fpF klg /fd|f] x'Fb}g .5ftfdf /x]sf] 6Nsg] ;txnfO{ r'nf] a;fpg'cufl8

k'5\g'x'Fb}g .

;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf]sf kmfObfx¿bfp/f, d§Lt]n, Uof;, lah'nL cflbsf] k|of]udf sdLeO{ vr{df art x'G5 .w"jf F / cGo xflgsf/s Uof; glg:sg] x' Fbfjftj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kb}{g / hg:jf:Yo klgv/fa x'Fb}g .;f}o{ 5ft]r'nf] ;kmf / ;'ljwfhgs x'G5 .o; r'nf]df klg ;fwf/0f r'nf]df h:t} 5f]6f] ;dodfvfgf kfSb5 .of] r'nf] klg vfgf e'6\g, tfg{, kfgL ttfpg k|of]uug{ ;lsG5 .hf8f] df};ddf ljz]ifu/L ;x/LIf]qdf kfgL ttfpgof] r'nf] nf]slk|o 5 .of] r'nf]sf] lgdf{0f ug{ 7"nf] nufgL ug'{kb}{g .s'g} klg OGwg k|of]u ug'{ gkg]{ ePsfn] nfut l:y//xG5 .

g/d / ;kmf sk8fn] k'5]/ ;kmf ug{'k5{ .5ftfsf] efF8f] /fVg] 7fpFdf efF8f] c8ØfPkl5efF8f]nfO{ 9sgn] 5f]lklbg'k5{ .5ftfnfO{ 5]pdf ePsf] lsnfdf 5fof k/]sf ]gb]lvg]u/L 3fd nfu]sf] lbzftkm{ kmsf{P/ k"/f 3fdnfu]–gnfu]sf] lgZro ug'{k5{ .;fwf/0f r'nf]df h:t} o; r'nf]df ksfpg] vfgfnfO{;do–;dodf 5ftfnfO{ k5fl8 kmsf{P/ dfqrnfpg'k5{ .x/]s @)–@% ldg]6df 5ftfnfO{ lsnfsf] 5fofgb]lvg]u/L ;"o{sf] ls/0f;Fu ldnfpg'k5{ .vfgf ksfpg] sfd ;lsPkl5 5ftfnfO{ tnlt/kmsf{P/ /fVg'k5{ .5ftfdf /x]sf] 6Nsg] ;txnfO{ s8f, 7f]; kbfy{sf]3if{0faf6 arfpg'k5{ .5ftfnfO{ xfjfx'/L, cl;gfkfgL, wfl/nf] xltof/,9'ª\uf cflbsf] 7Ss/af6 arfpg'k5{ / v;|f] j:t'n]

;]jf tyf lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] :ynx¿Mj}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|,

wf]aLrf}/, kf6g, kmf]g g+= %%@*##%, %%#(@#&

g]kfn ;f}o{ ljB't\ pTkfbg ;ª\3uxgfkf]v/L, gS;fn, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $$#@!)#

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{ s]Gb|afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $@$*@%@

;f]nf/ On]lS6«l;6L sDkgL k|flnkf]=a=g+= @$( afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $@@&*&^,

nf]6; OghL{ k|flnkf]=a=g+= (@!(, ef6e6]gL, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $$!*@)#

;"of]{bo pmhf{ k|flnkf]=a=g+= !)@##, wfkf;L, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $#%#$@)

sf7df8f}+ kfj/ sDkgLkf]=a=g+= @!%##, uf]+ua', sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $#%^##&

kf7\o ;fdu|L M➨ Dofg'cn ckm ?/n 6]Sgf]nf]hL -Ol;df]8af6 k|sflzt_➨ j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt k':tsx¿

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{

b'O{ k|sf/sf :tgwf/L hgfj/n] dfqk'mn kfb{5g\ . xf“; r'Rr] Kn]6; /

Olr8\gf gfdsf oL :tgwf/L hgfj/ci6«]lnofdf kfOG5g\ .


kf“r s/f]8 jif{ h]7f]nfdv'§]

nfdv'§] sL/fx¿sf] cjf{lrg¿k xf] . k[YjLdf o;sf] pTklQ dfG5]eGbf % s/f]8

ji f {k lxn ] g }eO;s]sf ] lyof ] .ljZjdf clxn] 7"nf;fgf ljleGgzf/Ll/s agfj6dfkfOg ] nfdv '§ ]sf@,&)) eGbf a9L

k|hflt kfOG5g\ . xfjfdf Ps}7fpFdf cl8/xg / e'mSofP/efUg of] clt g} l;kfn' x'G5 . To;} x'gfn] bfp 5f]k]//ut r':g yfN5 / dfG5] jf hgfj/n] yfxf kfpgf;fynfdv'§ ] efUg ;kmn x 'G5 . kfgL kbf { jiff {sfyf]kfx¿aLraf6 ;lhn} l5b}{ p8\g;Sg] Ifdtf klg of]nfdv'§]df x'G5 . nfdv'§]n] Ps ;]s]G8df %)) b]lv^)) k6s;Dd cfˆgf] kv]6f km6\km6fpg;S5 .

%))) lsnf]ld6/ g/f]lsO{ p8\g] r/fuf ] N8 ]g ˆnf ]e/gfdsf] r/f %)))lsn f ] l d 6 /; Ddg/f]lsO{sg lg/Gt/p8\g;S5 . o;n]ofqf cjlwe/ gvfgf vfG5, glj>fd g} lnG5 . &% b]lv *) u|fd dfq tf}n x'g] of]r/fn] To:tf] ce"tk"j{ zlQm s;/L k|fKt ub{5 eg]/j}1flgs;d]t cfZro{rlst 5g\ .

s]df, slt kfgL <kfgL dflg;sf nflu w]/} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . kfgL lkpg

gkfpFbf xfd|f ] 3fF6L ;'S5,z/L/ l;lyn aGb5 . t/,xfdLn]] kmnk"mn, ;fukft /cGo vfBkbfy{ ;]jg ubf{k lg 7 "nf ] dfqfdf kfgLvfO/x]sf x'G5f} + . sfFqmf]df(^ k|ltzt, v/a'hfdf (@k|ltzt, b"wdf *& k|ltzt,

/f]rs 1fglj1fg/f]rs 1fglj1fg/f]rs 1fglj1fg/f]rs 1fglj1fg/f]rs 1fglj1fgl;tf zdf{l;tf zdf{l;tf zdf{l;tf zdf{l;tf zdf{

:ofpdf *$ k|ltzt, cfn'df &*k|ltzt / rLhdf $) k|ltztkfgLsf] dfqf x'G5 .

8fOgf];/ s;/L gfl;P <x'g t k[YjLsf hLj clxn] klg nf]k eO/x]sf 5g\ . t/,k[YjLdf /x]sf] 5]kf/f]h:tf] :j¿ksf] eLdsfo 8fOgf];/s/f]8f}F jif{klxn] g} nf]k ePsf] lyof] . of] eLdsfo hLj8fOgf];/ Iff/Lo jif{ (Acid rain) sf sf/0f nf]kePsf] x'g;Sg] cd]l/sL e"ue{ljb\ /f]gfN8 lk|g / a|';km]un]n] hgfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf cg';f/ !@% nfv

s/f]8 lsnf]u|fd tf}n ePsf] pNsf ^% lsnf]ld6/k|lt;]s]G8sf] ultn] k[YjLlt/ nfdf] ;do;Dd x'lQP/Iff/Lo jiff{ u/fpFbf pTkGg tfkn] oxfFsf] jftfj/0fdfgfO6«f]hg cS;fO8 clws a9\g uO{ 8fOgf];/ nf]k ePsf]x'g;S5 . !) xhf/ jif{klxn] Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 x'Fbflg:s]sf ljiffn' Uof;sf sf/0f klg cDnLo jiff{ ePsf]x'g;Sg] pgLx¿sf] /fo 5 .

;"o{ / rGb|df lsg pq} b]lvG5g\;"o{sf] Jof; rGb|dfsf] eGbf nueu $)) u'0ff 7"nf] 5 .

To; }u/L , k [ YjLaf6rGb|dfsf] b"/Lsf] $))u'0f f b "/Ldf ; "o {sf ]cjl:ylt /x]sf] 5 . ;"o{/ rGb|dfsf] cfsf/ /k[YjLaf6 /x]sf] b"/Lsf]cg 'kft ;dfg /x ]sfsf/0f xfdL] ;"o{eGbf $))u'0ff ;fgf] rGb|dfnfO{ klg;"o{hq} b]Vb5f}F .

yfxf kfO/fvf}“


k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf alnof] :tgwf/LxfdLnfO{ nfUg;S5, ;a}eGbf alnof] :tgwf/L hgfj/xfQL xf] . xfQL :ynk|f0fLdWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]rflxF xf] t/jlni7 g} eg] xf]Og . b'O{ km'6 dfq nfdf] c:6«]lnofdfkfOg] Kn]l6k; ljZjdf kfOg] :tgwf/L k|f0fLdWo] ;a}eGbfalnof ] x ' G5 .:tgwf/L ePklg o;n] r/fn]h:t} k"mn kfb{5/ hª \unLxf F;sf ] h:tf ]u ' F8 agfP/a:5 . o;sf ]k 'R5/ df5f vfg] cf ]tsf ] h:tf ] x 'G5 . kfgLdfdf5fh:t} kf}8g;Sg] Kn]l6k;nfO{ k[YjLdf cfˆgf]cl:tTj arfpg ;Ifd ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] / k|f/lDescj:yfsf] :tgwf/L hgfj/ dflgG5 .

;fOsnsf] cflj:sf/jftfj/0f /hg:jf:Yosf nf lu;d ]t nfebfoL;jf/L;fwgsf] dfGotfkfPsf ] ;fOsnsf ]cflj:sf/ :s6NofG8sf

ls/Kofl6«s Dofsldngn] ;g\ !*$@ df ubf{ kmnfd]/8sf kfO8n / rSsfsf] k|of]u u/]sf lyP . k|mfG;df;g\ !*^% df rSsf 3'dfpg Sofª\s hl8t jf]g]:s/gfds ;fOsn aGof] . ;fOsndf qmdzM /a/sf rSsf/ c¿ ;'ljwfo'Qm efu ljsf; ub}{ Oª\UNofG8sf h]D;:6f/n]n] ;g\ !**% df ;fOsnnfO{ cfw'lgs ¿k lbP .clxn] ahf/df cfw'lgs k|ljlwaf6 ljsl;t %) eGbfa9L luo/ ePsf ;fOsn;d]t pknAw 5g\ .

pDn“bf] kfgL lxp“ aGg] 7fp“;fOa]l/of ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld xf] . o;d?e"ldnfO{ cToGt lr;f] / cToGt udL{ x'g] :yfgsf¿kdf lrlgG5 . ljzfn e"If]qdf km}lnPsf] o; d?e"lddfudL{ofddf ^) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]6 tfk x'G5 eg] hf8f]ofddfdfOg; ^) l8u|L;Dd tn emb{5 . o; d?e"ldsf]e;f]{ofg:s klg p:t} cToGt lr;f] :yfg xf], hxfFsf]hldgdf plDn/x]sf] kfgL kf]Vg]lalQs} hd]/ lxpF aGb5 .

d';fsf] j[l4 slt <d';fn] xfd|f] l9s'6Lsf] cGg vfP/ x}/fg kfb{5 . d';fsf]k|fs[lts l;sf/L ;k{, lrn, la/fnf], nf6f]sf];]/f]h:tfhLj gx'g] xf] eg] Pshf]8L d';faf6 pTkfbg ePsf;Gtfg Ps jif{df * ;o *) k'Ub5g\ . To;} b/df;ª \Vof a9 \b fPshf]8L d';faf6 %jif {df ($,)#&s/f]8 d';fsf] x 'na Gb5 . o;/ L;+Vof a9\g kfpg]x f ] eg ] d '; fn ]k[YjLdf s:tf] txNsf dRrfpnf eGg] cg'dfg ug{klg sl7g x'G5 .

!@ xhf/ jif{ lxp“df k'l/P/ klg lhp“b}xfdLn] ha Zjf;k|Zjf; aGb ub{5f}F, db{5f}F t/ k]ml/k'gh{Gd kfpg ;Sb}gf}F . lxpFdf k'l/Psf] s]xL ;dod}xfdL db{5f}F . t/, AofS6]l/of, kmGhfO{ tyf 9';Ldf To:tf]ce"tk"j{ Ifdtf kfOPsf]5, hf] !@ xhf/ jif{;Ddd[tfj:yfdf /x]/ klgk'ghL{jg kfpg;S5g\ .?;L j }1f lgsx¿n ] ]cG6fl6 {sfsf ] lxp Fdfxhf/fF} ld6/ ulx/fOleqsDtLdf klg !@ xhf/jif{klxn]b]lv hd]sf o:tf ;"IdhLjnfO{ k'ghL{jg lbg;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ .

d'6'sf] rfn slt <dfgjd'6' k|ltldg]6 %@ k6scyjf k|ltlbg ! nfveGbf a9Lk6s wl8\sG5 . k|To]s w8\sg;Fu}d'6'n] &) l;l; /ut z/L/sfg;fx¿df k|jflxt ub{5 . d'6'af6;~rfl/t ePsf] /ut z/L/sfg;f x F 'b } ! nfv @) xhf/dfOnsf] ofqf k"/f u/]/ k]ml/d'6'd} k'Ub5 / ljsf//lxt eP/k'g;{~rfl/t x'G5 .

yfxf kfO/fvf}“


;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgcGtu{t pkef]Qmfaf6} ;+/If0fkfPkl5 xnSs a9]sf] kf]v/fsf] hosf]6 ;fd'bflos jgca lrl8ofvfgf aGg] ePsf] 5 .

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g]kfnsf] ef }uf ]lns tyf w/ftnLo cj:yfcg';f/s[life"ld l;~rt u/fpg ;dofg's"n k|ljlw ljsf; klgx'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df xfn;Dd l;FrfOsfnflu !% k|sf/sf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] kfOG5 .t/, g]kfndf kfFr bzsdf l;FrfOIf]qdf ^^ ca{ nufgLeO;s] klg ck]lIft ;kmntf eg] k|fKt ePsf] 5}g .ljsf; ul/Psf sltko k | ljlw vlr {nf Pjd\

cJofjxfl/s ePsf] x' Fbfltgn ] nf ]slk |otfkfpg;s]sf 5 }gg \ .o;}aLr k|rngdf cfPsfkfgLesf/L / yf]kf l;FrfOk | lj lw cfsfz ] kfgL;ª \sng ug ] { , yf ] / }hne08f/af6 w]/} If]qdfl;FrfO pknAw u/fpg;lsg] tyf sd vlr{nf]ePsfn] ] u |fdL0f If ]qdflgs } nf ]slk |o ePsfb]lvG5g\ .

kfgLesf/L k|ljlwkfgLsf] ;|f]t gePsf :yfgdf hldgdf vfN8f] vg]/jiff{b\sf] kfgL hDdf ug]{ k|ljlwnfO{ kfgLesf/L elgG5 .jiff{b\df k/]sf] kfgLnfO{ hldgdf ljz]if k|sf/sf] vfN8f]lgdf {0f u/ ]/ hDdf ug] { / ;'Vvf df };d cyjfcfjZostfcg';f/sf] ;dodf ;f] kfgLnfO{ v]taf/L jft/sf/L v]tLdf l;FrfO ug{ k|of]u ul/G5 . ul/as[ifsx¿sf nflu ;xof]u sfo{qmd -;k|f];_ åf/f ljsl;to; k|ljlwn] u|fdL0f If]qdf lgs} nf]slk|otf k|fKt u/]sf]5 . kfgLesf/L k|ljlwsf] k|of]u xfn uf]/vf, wflbª,lrtjg,dsjfgk'/,cf]vn9'ª\uf,ndh'ª,Onfd,aemfª tyfafh'/f

l;“rfOsf] cefjdf a~h/ v]t . kmf]6f]M kof{j/0f 8]:s .

l;“rfO


lhNnfdf k/LIf0f eO{ ;kmntf;fy k|of]u eO/x]sf]b]lvPsf] 5 .

n3'l;FrfOsf lgldQ pkof]uL x'g] o; ;kmn k|ljlwsf]Pp6f esf/L lgdf{0f ug{ sl/a %) xhf/ ?k}ofF vr{nfUb5 . jiff{ ePsf] ;dodf jl/kl/af6 au]/ hfg] kfgLhDdf x'g;Sg] / hldgn] ;f]:g g;Sg] lsl;dn]esf/Lsf] lgdf{0f ul/G5 . of] esf/L yf]/} hldg x'g]ls;fgn] ;fd"lxs¿kdf jf w]/} hldg x'g] ls;fgn]JolQmut¿kdf lgdf{0f u/]/ k|of]u ug{;S5g\ . o;/Llgld{t Pp6fesf/Ldf hDdfePsf] kfgLn] sl/a!* b]lv @) /f]kgLv]tLof]Uo e"ldsf]l;FrfO ug{ ;lsG5 .kfgLesf/Ldf;l~rt kfgLsf]k|of]u a]df};dLt/sf/L v]tLdfl;FrfO ug{sfcnfjf ;'Vvfdf};ddf 3/kfn'jf hgfj/nfO{ v'jfpg;d]t k|of]u ug{;lsG5 .

Psk6s agfPkl5 nfdf] ;do;Dd 9'Ss x'g ;lsg] Pp6fkfgLesf/Lsf] k|of]uaf6 s[ifsx¿ % nfv;Dd cfDbfgLug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . o;}sf] k|of]u u/]/ Onfdsf Pss[ifsn] !$ /f]kgL hUufdf csa/] v';f{gL nufP/ckTofl/nf] Pj+ pbfxf/0fLo lsl;dn] &% nfv cfDbfgLu/]sf 5g\ .

vf;u/L l;FrfOsf cGo dfWodaf6 kfgL k'¥ofpgg;lsg], kfgLsf] ;|f]t g} gePsf] v]tLof]Uo le/fnf] jfkfvf] hUufdf pko'Qm dflgPsf] of] n3'l;FrfO k|ljlwnfO{lj:tf/ ug{ ;lsP kj{tLo u|fdL0f If]qsf] cfly{spTyfgdf 6]jf k'Ug]5 . g]kfnsf] b;f} F of]hgfn] ;f]cjlwdf /fv]sf] yk @ nfv x]S6/ s[life"lddf l;FrfO;'ljwf k'¥ofpg] nIok"lt{df ;d]t o; k|ljlwn] pNn]Vo;xof]u ug{;S5 .

yf]kf l;“rfO k|ljlwv]tL ul/Psf] hUufnfO{ k"/f glehfO{sg h/f dfqleHg]u/L la?jfsf] km]bdf kfgL xfn]/ l;FrfO ug]{

k|ljlwnfO{ yf]kf l;FrfO elgG5 . o;/L l;FrfO ubf{kfgLsf] ;fgf] ;|f]t jf yf]/} e08f/af6 w]/} la?jfdfl;FrfO ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf o; k|ljlwn] ls;fgnfO{ lgs}cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 .

yf]kf l;FrfO k|ljlw vf;u/L sfpnL, aGbf, a|f]sfpnL,sfFqmf], s/]nf, vf];f{gLh:tf df};dL jf a]df};dL t/sf/Lv]tLsf nflu pkof]uL x'G5 . o; k|ljlwcGtu{t lxpFbdfnufOg] t/sf/Lsf *) j6f la?jfdf dfq !% ln6/ /;'Vvfofddf #) ln6/ kfgLn] kof{Kt l;FrfO ug{ k'Ub5 .

o; k | lj lwcGtu {ts/];faf/L jf t/sf/Lv]tL ul/Psf] hldgdfPsrf}yfO OGrsf] kfOkla5\ofOG5 . ^) ln6/cyjf pknAwePcg';f/sf] Ifdtfsf]6\ofª\sLdf Tof] kfOknfO{hf]l8G5 . la5\ofOPsf]kfOk x/]s la?jfsf km]bx'Fb} uPsf] x'g'kb{5 eg]

k|To]s la?jfsf] km]bdf kg]{u/L ;fgf] lkgn] Kjfn kl/Psf]x'g'kb{5 . kfOksf] clGtdsf] d'v kfgL glg:sg] u/Lcfuf]n] kf]n]/ jf cGo tl/sfaf6 aGb ul/g'kb{5 . oltk|lqmof k"/f ePkl5 6\ofª\sLsf] wf/f vf]lnlbP l;FrfO;'? x'G5 . o;/L l;FrfO ubf{ 6\ofª\sLdf ePsf] kfgLsf]dfqf / l;hgsf lx;fan] slt af]6la?jfdf l;FrfO k'U5eg]/ klxn] g} lgSof]{n ug'{ eg] cfjZos x'G5 .

o;/L l;FrfO ubf{ af]6–af]6df hfg' gkg]{ / l;FrfOsf]Joj:yf ldnfP/ c¿ sfd ug{ ;lsg] x'Fbf ;dosf] artdfq x'g] xf]Og, emf/kft sd pd|g], df6f] v's'nf] x'g] /nfdf] ;do;Dd lr:ofg /xg]h:tf sf/0fn] of] k|ljlwckgfpFbf pTkfbg a9\g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . kfgLdf3'Ng] dn / ;"Id vfBtŒj;d]t 6\ofª\sLsf] kfgLdf g}3f]/]/ l;FrfO ubf{ la?jfdf k'gM dn xfNg'kg]{ emGem6af6kf/ kfpg] dfq geO{ v]tL ul/Psf la?jfdf To:tftŒjsf] ;dfg'kflts ljt/0f;d]t x'G5 .

l;FrfOsf cGo ;|f]t gePsf jf kfgL cefj ePsf:yfgdf yf]kf l;FrfO k|ljlw kfgL / ;do b'j} art ug]{pkof]uL k|ljlw ePsf] x'Fbf t/sf/L v]tL ug]{ ls;fgaLrof] l;FrfO k|ljlw lgs} nf]slk|o ePsf] 5 . ✪

l;“rfO


d;f/ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf lx;fan] ljZjdfk|fs[lts jftfj/0f ;Gt'ngsf] ljlzi7 k|0ffnL tyf jGohGt'/ jg:kltsf] pQd ;+/If0f:ynsf ¿kdf dflgG5 . :yfg,ef}uf]lns cj:yf / xfjfkfgLsf] ljt/0fcg'¿k l;d;f/n]ljleGg k|sf/sf jg:klt tyf k|f0fLnfO{ cf>o k|bfg u/]sf]x'G5 . l;d;f/n] h}ljs ;|f]t tyf ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f dfqug]{ geO{ dfgjLo rfxgfsf ljljw lqmofsnfk /cfocfh{gsf] cj;/;d]t k|bfg u/]sf] x'G5 . t/,hg;ª\Vof j[l4, s[life"ldsf] lj:tf/, a9\bf] cfly{s nfesfnflu l;d;f/sf] clt bf]xgh:tf dfgjLo cltqmd0fåf/fl;d;f/x¿sf] lg/Gt/ ljgf; klg eO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6l;d;f/df ;+/lIft w]/} k|hfltsf k|f0fL / jg:kltsf]cl:tTj vt/fdf kb}{ uPsf] 5 .

g]kfn If]qkmnsf lx;fan] ;fgf] d'n's eP klg h}ljsljljwtfsf b[li6n] lgs} wgL 5 . 5l/P/ /x]sfl;d;f/sf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] g]kfnnfO{ h}ljsljljwtfsf nflu ;DkGg agfpg yk e"ldsf lgjf{xu/]sf] 5g\ . t/, k|fs[lts kfl/:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf]dxŒjk"0f{ kIfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ l;d;f/ If]qsf]cflwsfl/s tYofª\s g]kfndf cem} klg pknAw 5}g .cgf}krfl/s¿kdf sl/a @$) j6f l;d;f/If]q ePsf]s'/f p7\g] u/]sf] eP klg o;df cflwfl/stf;d]te]l6Fb}g . ;g\ !(&! df /fd;f/ ;lGw nfu" eP/ g]kfnn];g\ !(*& sf] l8;]Da/ !& df cg'df]bg ul/;s]sf] ePklg b]zdf slt :yfgLo, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf

l;d;f/ 5g\ eGg]tkm{ Wofg lbPsf] b]lvFb}g . bfFtgrkfO{sg eGg] xf] eg] cem;Dd klg xr'jfs} e/dfl;d;f/sf s'/f p7fpg] / ;+/If0fsf gfddf pkxf;k"0f{xf]xNnf ug]{ sfd dfq eO/x]sf 5g\ . t/, l;d;f/sf];+/If0f / Joj:yfkg x'Fb} gePsf] eGg] klg xf]Og . o;cjlwdf l;d;f/ ;+/If0fsf nflu x'g'kg]{ of]hgfa4 sfdePsf 5}gg\ h]–hlt sfd eP, ltgn] klg :ki6 ult lng/ k|ltkmnd"ns aGg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ .

l;d;f/sf] ;du| cj:yfnfO{ x]g]{ xf] eg] b]zsf]] s'nIf ]qkmn ! s/f ]8 $& nfv $* xhf/ x ]S6/(HMG/ADB/FINNIDA, 1988) dWo] & nfv $# xhf/ %;o ^# x]S6/ l;d;f/sf ;Defljt If]qsf ¿kdf /x]sf]b]lvG5 . sl/a b; jif{klxn] ePsf] o; cWoogcg';f/e"ldsf] k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo pkof]usf cfwf/df lghL

Joj:yfksLo ;d:ofleq

l;l;l;l;l;

;|f]t If]qkmn -x]S6/df_ k|ltztgbL #,(%,))) %#=)

tfn %,))) )=&

hnfzo !,#*) )=@u|fdL0f tnfp %,!*# )=&

s[life"ld #,@%,))) $#=^

bnbn !@,))) !=^

hDdf &,$#,%^# !))

;|f]t M Rajbanshi and Gurung, 1994 .

l;d;f/sf] ;Defljt If]qkmn

–/fdrGb| Gof}kfg]

k|fs[lts ;Dkbf

g]kfnsf l;d;f/


/ ;fj{hlgs :jfldTjdf /x]sf gbL, tfn, hnfzocflbnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 .

o; cWoogn] klg tTsfn} ;+/If0f ul/xfNg'kg] {l;d;f/sf] klxrfg ug{;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . To;kl5 ePsfcWoog tyf cg';GwfgnfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/]/ gful/snfO{; '; " lrt ug ] { sfo { k lg ul/Psf ] b ] lv Fb }g .;~rf/dfWoddf klg /fhgLlts ljifoj:t'n] g} a9L:yfg kfpgfn] / k|fs[lts ;|f]tJoj:yfkgtkm{ dfgjLoe'msfj k"0f{tM cfs[i6 x'g g;s]sf sf/0f klg o:tf]ePsf] x'g;Sb5 . /fhgLltsdL{sf] t d"nk];f g} s'/fehfP/ s';L{df cf;Lg x'g] k|oTg ug'{ /x]sf]n] o:tf]sfo{df pgLx¿sf] rf;f] al9xfNof] eg] r}tdf kfgLk/]h:t} dfGg'k5{ . o; cj:yfdf ;/sf/n] NofPsf]l;d;f/ gLlt, @)%( cGtu{t /x]/ /fHon] s]–s:tf]sfg'gsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ xf] / To;sf] sfof{Gjog s;/Lx'g] xf] eGg] k|Zgn] ;a} kIfnfO{ emsemSofpg'kg]{ xf] .clxn] klg sltko l;d;f/sf ljz]if1, ;DalGwt If]qdfsfo{ ug] { JolQm, :yfgLo lgsfosf k|ltlglw tyfsfo{stf{nfO{ g} l;d;f/ gLlt s] xf] / o;df s] 5eGg] k |Zgn] ;tfPsf ] kfOG5 . l;d;f/ gLltsf ]k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ /fHo :jo+ nflukl//x]sf] / o;dfk|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0fsf If]qdf sfo{/t cGt/f{li6«o

u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf IUCN n] ;d]t yk of]ubfg lbO/x]sf]yfxf ePsf] 5 . t/, ;DalGwt If]q;Dd l;d;f/ gLltnfu" eO;s]sf] hfgsf/L;d]t k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g .

l;d;f/ s;sf] lhDdf <Pstkm{ l;d;f/ ;+/If0fsf nflu xfn;Dd pNn]Vo /pknlAwd"ns sfd ePsf] 5}g eg] csf]{tkm{ l;d;f/sf]PsLs[t Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt df}g/x]sf] 5 . gLltn] l;d;f/dflysf] clwsf/nfO{ klg5/ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . /fli6«o lgs'~h jf cf/IfIf]qsfl;d;f/sf] :jfldTj lgs'~h;Fu} /xg] / ltgsf] cWoog,;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg klg lgs'~hn] g} ug]{ Joj:yf /x]sf]5 . ;+/lIft If]qaflx/sf /fli6«o jgleq cjl:ytl;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f eg] jgljefucGtu{tsf lhNnf jgsfof{non] ug'{kg]{ cgf}krfl/s Joj:yf b]lvG5 . t/,sltko lhNnfsf lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ g} cfkm\gf]lhNnfsf jgIf]qdf l;d;f/ klg 5g\ eGg] s'/f;Dd yfxf5}g, ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg w]/} k/sf] s'/f x'g\ . cemu|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qsf ;fj{hlgs :ynsf ¿kdf /x]sfl;d;f/dflysf] clwsf/ :jfoQ zf;g P]gdf pNn]vePcg';f/ :yfgLo lgsfosf] /xg'kg]{ xf] t/ ltgsf];+/If0fsf] lhDdf s;sf] xftdf /xG5 eGg] s'/f s;}nfO{

d;f/ dxf;lGw -;g\ !(&!_ sf] ;b:o/fi6«sf]x}l;otn]] l;d;f/;DaGwL Pp6f :ki6 /fli6«o

gLltsf] th'{df ug'{ g]kfnsf] bfloTj xf] . oxL bfloTjk"/f ug] { qmddf l;d;f/ dxf;lGwsf] kIf/fi6«sf]bfo/fleq /x]/ l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug]{nIo;lxt /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)%( cfPsf] 5 . o;gLltn] dxf;lGwsf] d'Vo nIocg'¿k ;du| d'n'ss}l;d;f/x¿sf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]u ug{sf nflulgb]{zs cfwf/sf] ¿kdf sfd ug]{5 . x'g t /fli6«ol;d;f/ gLlt cfpg 'cufj } jg tyf e "; +/If0fdGqfnoåf/f k|sflzt g]kfn h}ljs ljjwtf sfo{gLlt-;g\ @))@_ n] l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]usfnflu Ps :ki6 af6f] v'6\ofO;s]sf] lyof] . t/, /fli6«ol;d;f/ gLltn] s]xL yk alnof d"nx¿ klxNofPsfn]o;af6 /fi6«sf ;d:t l;d;f/ hf]ufpg d2t k'Ug]ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . ;j{k|yd, o; gLltn] g]kfnsf];Gbe{df l;d;f/sf] :ki6 JofVof u/]sf] 5 eg] bf];|f]txdf l;d;f/x¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos, sa'lnotL, lghLh:tfljljw :j¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{;lsg] s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf]5 . cyf{t\, of] gLlt g]kfnsf] jgIf]qsf] ;xeflutfTds

/fli6«o l;d;f/ gLltJoj:yfkgaf6 b]lvPsf] ;sf/fTds kl/0ffdaf6 k|]l/tePsf] b]lvG5 . o;y{, of] gLlt g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cToGt};fGble{s / kl/0ffdd'vL x'g;Sg] b]lvPsf] 5 .

o; /f l i6 «o gL ltnfO { sfof { Gjogdf Nofpg ] /sfof{Gjogsf ljleGg r/0fx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] kl/0ffdåf/fkf7 l;s]/ gLltnfO{ ;d;fdlos kl/jt{g ug' { /sfof{GjognfO{ cem ;zQm agfpg' casf] d'Vo r'gf}tLxf] . k|:t't gLltn] l;d;f/sf] ;Gbe{sf sfg'gL /Joj:yfksLo lhDd]jf/L w]/} lgsfox¿sf] dftxtdfk/]sf] 5 . h:t}, /fli6«o lgs'~hleqsf l;d;f/ :ki6tM/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' cf/If0f ljefusf]dftxtdf, /fli6 «o jgleqsf l;d;f/sf ] lhDdfjgljefucGtu{t, l;FrfO tyf ljB't\ pTkfbgsf nflulgld{t hnfzoåf/f lgld{t l;d;f/x¿sf] lhDdf hn;|f]tdGqfnocGtu{t\, dT:okfng;Fu ;DalGwt hnfzosf]lhDd]jf/L s[lif dGqfnocGtu{t kb{5g\ . g]kfnsf] :jfoQzf;g P]gcGtu{t t lghL / lgs'~h tyf cf/Ifaflx/sf

/f/f/f/f/f

k|fs[lts ;Dkbf


yfxf 5}g . lghL l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f :jfldTjjfnfn] u¥of]eg] u¥of], cGoyf To;sf] eljio s] x'g] xf] eGg;Sg]cj:yf klg 5}g .

l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu l;d;f/gLltdf b]lvPsf cg]sf}F ;d:ofdWo] oL s]xL pbfx/0fdfq x'g\ . l;d;f/ gLltn] l;d;f/ ;+/If0fsf nfluPsLs [t¿kdf ; +/If0f Joj:yfkgsf ] sfo { ug ] {clwsf/;DkGg lgsfosf] ;f]r /fv]sf]] 5}g . :yfgLo:jfoQ zf;g P]gn] lbPsf] clwsf/cg';f/ u|fdL0fIf]qsf;fj{hlgs e"lddf ePsf l;d;f/dflysf] clwsf/:yfgLo lgsfodf g} hfG5 t/ :yfgLo txsf l;d;f/sf];+/If0f ug{ /fli6«o:t/af6 s:tf] of]hgf aGg] xf] < jf:yfgLo lgsfoaf6} To:tf l;d;f/ gi6 u/]/ cGo cfly{sultljlwdf k|of]u x'gaf6 s;/L /f]Sg]h:tf k|Zg lgs}uDeL/ 5g\ . oL s'/fnfO{ x]bf{ ;/sf/n] NofPsf] gLltn]l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgdf låljwf pTkGg ul/lbPsf]5 . l;d;f/nfO{ cem 5/ki6 kfg]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .

hghfu/0f tyf r]tgf clej[l4 Ml;d;f/ s] xf] eGg] ljifodf cfdgful/s cgle1 g}/x]sf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 . l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g]k|fs[lts tyf cfly{s nfe s] x'g\ < s;/L k|fKt eO/x]5

< o;sf] ljgf; eP s]–s:tf] c;/ kb{5 < o;sf] plrt;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgaf6 yk s:tf nfe k|fKt x'g;S5g\eGg] ljifodf k"0f{hgr]tgfsf] cefj /x]sf] 5 . o;af/]hgr]tgf clej[l4sf nflu 7f]; kxnsbdL ug'{ /fHosf]bfloTj x'ghfG5 . ;/sf/n] plrt gLlt, lgodsf] th'{dfug ] { jf ; +/If0 fsf nf lu cfjZostfeGbf a9LzlQm;~rosf] sfo{ ub} {df ;+/If0f ;kmntfk"j {sug{;lsG5 eGg] klg 5}g .

lzlIft gful/s klg l;d;f/af/] cgle1 x'g;Sb5g\ .ljBfno tyf dxfljBfnox¿sf z}lIfs ;fdu|Ldfl;d;f/sf] ljifodf st} 5f]OPsf] klg 5}g . o;s}kl/0ffd:j¿k lzlIft gful/snfO{ klg l;d;f/sf]dxŒj / ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostfsf] oy]i6 hfgsf/LgePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

l;d;f/sf] cj:yf, ef}uflns :j¿k, k|sf/ / To;n]rr]{sf] If]qkmn, To; If]qsf ;d'bfosf] ;fdflhs,cfly{s, z}lIfs:t/ tyf ;f+:s[lts Pj+ wfld{s dfGotfsf]klxrfg u/]/ ;'xfpFbf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd to ug'{ cToGtcfjZos 5 . jf:tjdf ;a} l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g]nfesf] k|s[lt / jftfj/0fLo of]ubfg ;dfg xF'b}g . /f/f/fli6«o lgs'~hleq ePsf] l;d;f/ jf lrtjg /fli6«o

l;d;f/nfO{ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt, lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,dxfgu/kflnsf, pkdxfgu/kflnsf / guf/kflnsfx¿sf];DklQsf] ¿kdf klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .

l;d;f/ gLltsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu plNnlvtlgsfo / cGo ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿nfO{ /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt,@)%( sf] 1fg x'g' cfjZos 5 . xfnsf] cj:yfdftTsfn g} ;a} l;d;f/x¿nfO{ Ps} lgsfocGtu{tJoj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf b]lvFb }g . o;}n]gLltadf]lhd ljleGg l;d;f/x¿sf] Joj:yfkg nlrnf]9ª\un] ug{ o;sf nflu cfjZos sfo{ ug'{ h?/L 5 .gbLgfnfsf t'ngfdf k|fs[lts tfn tyf bnbnh:tfl;d;f/x¿sf] cl:tTj g]kfndf a9L vt/fdf /x]sf]x'gfn] logsf] Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ klxnf]k|fyldstf lbg' pko'Qm x'g]5 . clxn] k|fs[lts tyfs[lqd t/ k|frLg tfn jf kf]v/L / bnbnx¿ vf;u/Lk'l/Fb} uP/, k|b"if0f a9]/, hns'DeLh:tf ldrfxf jg:kltsf]j[l4 / ljb]zL k|hfltsf df5fkfng / l;FrfOdf k|of]ueP/ dfl;g] / gi6 x'g ] u/]sf 5g\ . o;afx]s,

gbLgfnfsf k|b"if0f / ;|f]tsf] cg'lrt pkef]u klg ;a}l;d;f/sf ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .

ljZj;+/If0f ;ª\3 (IUCN) n] >L % sf] ;/sf/ / cGolgsfo tyf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿l;t ldn]/ /fli6«o l;d;f/gLltsf] th'{df ug{;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] . xfn;xof]usf] qmddf IUCN n] o; gLltsf] Jofksk|rf/k|;f/ / sfof{Gjogsf] klg kxn ul//x]sf] 5 .IUCN n] o; /fli6«o gLltnfO{ Ps k'l:tsfsf] ¿kdfk|sfzg / k|;f/ ug{ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt'cf/If0f ljefunfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . jg tyfe";+/If0f dGqfno / IUCN n] ;+o'Qm k|of;af6 IUCNn] o; gLltsf] sfof{Gjog u/fpg] d'Vo p2]Zo /fv]//fli6«o sfo{qmd klg th'{df ul/;s]sf] 5 . o;sfcltl/Qm slknj:t' lhNnfdf /x]sf] hª\unL wfgx¿sfnflu k|Voft clhª\u/f tfnsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgug] { kxnsf ] ¿kdf n ' lDagL–slknj:t ' arfpcleofg;Fu IUCN n] ;xsfo{ ub}{5 . ✫

sfof{Gjog M lsg / s;/L < –;dL/ sfsL{, sfo{qmd ;+of]hs, IUCN

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lgs'~hleq ePsf] l;d;f/, ;fd'bflos jgleq ePsfjf cfjf;LoIf]qsf ;fj{hlgs e"lddf /x]sf l;d;f/,t/fO{, r'/], dxfef/t kj{t tyf lxdfnL If]qdf ePsfl;d;f/sf] cj:yf, ltgn] lbg] nfe, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,;f+:s[lts / jftfj/0fLo x}l;ot kSs} klg km/s x'G5 .l;d;f/;DaGwL z}lIfs ;fdu|Lsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ o:tfljifoj:t'tkm{ Wofg k'¥ofpg' cfjZos x'G5 . clzlIft;d'bfonfO{ l;d;f/af/] r]tgzLn agfpg 5'§} sfo{qmdnfu" ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

ljZjl;d;f/;"rL /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t sf];L6Kk' jGohGt'cf/Ifsf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ clxn];Dd lgs} 7"nf]nufgL eO;s]sf] 5 . tyflk, To; If]qsf $@ k|ltzthgtfnfO{ l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0fsf] cfjZostf lsg eGg]ljifodf cem} hfgsf/L 5}g eg] sl/a @! k|ltzt dflg;l;d;f/af6 pTkGg ;d:ofaf6 cflht eO;s]sf 5g\ .of] cj:yf /x];Dd l;d;f/ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{n] d"t{¿klng;Sg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsFb}g .

Joj:yfkg of]hgfdf :yfgLo ;xeflutfM/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo dxŒjsf l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g] ;]jfjf nfenfO{ lbuf]¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ltgsf] kl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f tyf ;Da4{g lgtfGt cfjZos x'G5 .:yfgLo hgtfn] l;d;f/af6 k|fKt ub}{ cfPsf] nfe jfTo;af6 ef]lu/x]sf] b'Mvsf] d"Nofª\sg u/]/ Joj:yfkgof]hgf th'{df ug'{ /fHo tyf o; If]qdf sfo{/t ;+:yfsf]klxnf ] bfloTj x 'G5 . l;d;f/ If ]qdf eO/x ]sfultljlwdf ;'wf/ Nofpg'kg]{ cj:yfdf :yfgLo hgtfsfcfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ /l;d;f/;DaGwL s'g} klg lg0f{o ubf{ :yfgLo hgtfnfO{;xefuL u/fP/ ltgsf] dtsf] sb/ ug'{kg]{ { Joj:yfcGt/f{li6«o hut\df k|rlnt 5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{dfl;d;f/ ;+/If0fsf nflu :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuLu/fpg] k|rng eP klg /fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgscf8Da/sf sf/0f Joj:yfksLo lg0f {odf ltgsfk|ltlglwnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg] k|rng al;;s]sf] kfOFb}g .st} :yfgLo ;xeflutf u/fOof] g} eg] klg ltgn] /fv]sf;'emfjnfO{ lg0ff{os 38Ldf nTofpg] ul/G5 . o:tf]cj:yf cfpg'df /fHo jf /fHoåf/f Joj:yfkgsfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf /fli6«o tyfcGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfnfO{ g} lhDd]jf/ dfGg'kg]{ x'G5 .

lg0f{oIfdtf clej[l4 M:yfgLo hgtf;Fu l;d;f/ ;+/If0fsf nflu cfjZos

k|fljlws 1fg 5}g eGg] dfgl;stf kfNg] ul/Psf] 5 .cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] 1fg ltgLx¿;Fu gx'g;S5, t/cflbsfnb]lv l;d;f/nfO{ cfˆgf] hLjgsf] cleGg cª\uagfpFb} cfPsf :yfgLo jf /}yfg] hghfltsf] :yfgLo1fg / ;Lk cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] t'ngfdf lgs} k|efjsf/Lklg x'g;S5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, :yfgLo hgtf;Fu ePsf];Lk;Fu cfw'lgs k|ljlwnfO{ ;dfof]hg u/]/ ;+/If0f /Joj:yfkg of ]hgf th' {df ug] { / To;sf lgldQpgLx¿nfO{ tflnd tyf lzIff k|bfg ug] { xf] eg]Joj:yfkg of]hgf lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf ltgn] pNn]Voe"ldsf v]Ng;S5g\ .

l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]usf nflu th'{df ul/g]]of]hgf tyf l;d;f/ gLlt ;kmntfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{:yfgLo ;d'bfo, vf;u/L l;d;f/ / To;sf] cfwf/If]qdfa;f]af; ug]{ /}yfg] hghfltsf] Ifdtf clej[l4tkm{klxnf] Wofg hfg'kb{5 . a;fOF;/fOaf6 cfPsf :yfgLoafl;Gbfsf] klg ;Lk clej[l4 ug{ / ltgsf] ;d]t;dfg'kflts ;xeflutfsf nflu r]tgf clej[l4sf]sfo{qmd dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . obfsbf x'g] u/]sf sfo{zfnf,n3'tflnd, ;xeflutfd"ns 5nkmnnfO{ lgoldt¿kdf;~rfng ug]{ kl/kf6Lsf] ljsf; ug{;s] lbuf] pkof]usfnflu :yfgLo afl;Gbfaf6} sfo{of]hgf tof/ x'g;S5 .;w}F /fHo jf aflxl/of JolQm tyf ;+:yfn] Joj:yfkgof]hgf tof/ ug]{ / sfof{Gjogdf klg x:tIf]k ug]{ xf]eg] :yfgLo hgtfn] g slxNo} dfly p7\g] cj;/kfpg]5g\, g of]hgfn] lbuf]¿k g} lng;Sg]5 .

cfocfh{g tflnd tyf nufgL Joj:yfkg Mlg/Gt/ al9/x ]sf ] hg;ª\Vofsf ] ] cfjZostfk " lt {l;d;f/af6 dfq ;Dej x'Fb}g . l;d;f/sf] cltqmd0fu/L v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ePdf To;If]qsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf g} kl/jt{g cfpF5 .l;d;f/sf] ljgf;af6 ;d'bfon] ToxfFaf6 k|fKt ul//x]sf]h}ljs tyf ch}ljs j:t' / ;]jf;d]t u'dfpF5 . o;af6lgd{nLs[t kfgLsf] dfqf 36\5, gbLlsgf/sf] s6fg a9]/klx/f] / af9Lsf] k|sf]k a9\5, h}ljs ;|f]t x|f; x'G5,k|b"if0f j[l4 x'G5, l;d;f/df cfl>t hLj tyf jg:kltsf]ljgf; eO{ ;du| kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLd} vnn k'Ub5 .l;d;f/sf ] ljgf;af6 eofjx cj:yf / efjLb':kl/0ffdsf Bf]ts aGg k'U5g\ .

l;d;f/cf;kf; tyf To;åf/f k|efljt If]qdf a;f]af;ug]{ dflg;nfO{ cfocfh{gsf lglDt j}slNks ;|f]tsf]

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Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu l;d;f/sf]cj:yf, To;af6 k|fKt x'g] df}lb|s tyf jftfj/0fLonfesf] ;d]t ljrf/ u/L s]–s:tf cfocfh{gsf sfo{af6l;d;f/dfly kg]{ rfk Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 eg]/ klxrfgug{'kg]{ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] z}lIfs cj:yf, :yfgLo;Lksf ] k |of ]usf ] cj:yf, /f ]huf/Lsf cj;/sf ];DefJotf, ;DefJo 3/]n' pBf]usf] klxrfg tyf;fd'bflos v]tLk4ltsf] ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df If]qklxrf/ ul/g'kb{5 . o;}sf] cfwf/df kmnbfoL x'g;Sg]If]qdf tflnd lbg] / ;x'lnot Aofhdf nufgL Joj:yful/lbg]tkm{ /fHon] kxn ug'{kb{5 . l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g]k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] pkof]uåf/f :yfkgf x'g;Sg] 3/]n'pBf]usf] ;DefjgfnfO{ lglZrt bfo/fdf /flvg'kb{5 .;a} dflg;n] df5f dfg]{ Joj;fo dfq} u/] eg] df5fsf]pTkfbg 36\g] / ;d:of ylkg] ;Defjgftkm{ klg Wofglbg'kb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, cTolws s[lqd lqmofsnfka9]df l;d;f/ hLljt /x] klg l;d;f/df x'g'kg]{ k|f0fLjf jg:kltsf] cl:tTj vt/fdf kg{ ] / l;d;f/s}hLjGttf gi6 x'g] cj:yf cfpg;S5 .

lghL tyf ;fd'bflos jgsf] ljsf; M:yfgLo afl;Gbfn] l;d;f/If]qaf6 sf7, bfp/f, 3/kfn'jfhgfj/sf nflu 3fF; cflb k|fs[lts j:t' k|fKt ub{5g\ .b}lgs k|of]hgsf o:tf j:t'sf] ljsNk gePdf ltgn] afWoeP/ l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g] j:t'dfly g} cfl>t x'g'kg]{ x'G5 .o;sf nflu lghL e"lddf lghL jg nufpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{/ u|fdL0f If]qdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs e"lddf ;fd'bflos jglj:tf/ ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ jf k|fljlws / cfly{s ;xof]usf]k|aGw ug]{tkm{ Wofg lbg' ;fGble{s x'g]5 .

pmhf{ Joj:yfkg Ml;d;f/j/k/ a;f]af; ug]{ ;d'bfosf] b}lgs pmhf{;|f]tl;d;f/ / ;f] 5]p5fpsf hª\un g} x'g\ . g]kfnsfclwsfª\z hnfwf/If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;n] j}slNkspmhf{sf ¿kdf kfgL3§ tyf n3'hnljB't\sf] pkof]uug{ yfn]sf eP klg t/fO{sf l;d;f/If]qdf o:tf]k|ljlwsf] ;Defjgf Go"g g} 5 . t/, /fli6«o k|;f/0f nfOgk'u]sf :yfgdf /fHon] ljz]if k|fyldstf lbP/ lah'nLljt/0f ul/lbP pmhf {sf ] vkt k|j[lQdf kl/jt{gcfpg;S5 . To;sf cltl/Qm ;f }o {pmhf { tyfafof]Uof;df yk ;x'lnot lbP l;d;f/leq x'g] pmhf{sfnflu jfg:klts ljgf;sf]] rfk 36fpg ;lsG5 .

clwsf/ ;+/If0f tyf Ifltk"lt{ Ml;d;f/ / To;sf] cfwf/If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;sf]hLljsf]kfh{g l;d;f/af6 pknAw x'g] j:t'df g} cfwfl/tx'G5 . To;f] ePs} sf/0f ltgn] l;d;f/sf pTkfbgnfO{clwstd k|of]u ug]{ dfgl;stf agfpg' c:jfefljsx'Fb}g . /fHoåf/f ;+/lIft l;d;f/If]qdf dfgjLo cltqmd0fx'Fbf /fHon] ltgaf6 hl/jfgf lng] sfg'gL Joj:yf /x]sf]5 t/ l;d;f/ / ;f] If]qdf cfl>t hgfj/af6 hgwgsf]Iflt ePdf To;sf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg] sfg'gL Joj:yf cefjn]/fHon] g} cfˆgf gful/ssf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] pk]Ifful//x]sf] cg'ej x'G5 . l;d;f/ jf To;sf] ;+/lIft If]qsf]lj:tf/ ubf{ lbOg] Ifltk"lt{ slxNo} klg ljjfb/lxt kfOPsf]5}g eg] jGohGt'n] ug]{ hgwgsf] Ifltk"lt{ lbg] s'g}k|fjwfg gx'gfn] ;+/If0f sfo{df :yfgLo ;d'bfo pbf;Lgx'g' c:jfefljs b]lvFb}g .

:yfgLo gful/ssf] afFRg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{/fHon] l;d;f/ Ifltk"lt{ sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/lbP ;+/If0f/ Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf j[l4 x'g]s'/fsf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0faf6cfˆgf] lxt x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf cfZj:t kfg{ / ltgsf]dfgjLo clwsf/ ;+/If0f ug{ l;d;f/ gLltn] s'g}pT;fxk|b cjwf/0ffcufl8 ;fg{;s]sf ] 5}g . o;ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s lng' cfjZos 5 .

/fhgLlts tyf ;fdflhs k|lta4tf Mg]kfndf s'g} klg If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ag]sf w]/}h;f]gLlt xf];\ jf /fHon] lgdf{0f u/]sf sfg'g, s'g} klgcfkm}Fdf Tolt cIfd jf ck"0f{ 5}gg\ . oxfF Pstkm{ gLltg} ePg eGg] ul/G5 / csf]{tkm{ gLltsf] sfof{Gjog ePgeg]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf cQf] yfKg] sfd klg ul/G5 . of]cj:yf /fhgLlts / k|zf;lgs If]qdf JofKt /x]sf] 5 .gLltlgdf{0fdf ;+nUg sltko ljåfg\af6 g} o:tf pb\uf/cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflunfu" gLltsf ;DaGwdf klg eljiodf To:tf wf/0ffcfpFb}gg\ eGg ;lsGg . g]kfn /fd;f/ dxf;lGwsf]kIf/fi6« ag]sf] lgs} nfdf] ;dokl5 cfPsf] o; gLltdfsltko Jofjxfl/s jf sfg'gL q'l6 ljBdfg x'g;S5g\ .sltko s'/f yk ug'{kg]{ jf x6fpg'kg]{ klg xf]nfg\, t/xfdLn] o;sf] sfof{Gjog k|f/De u/]kl5 dfq oLljifosf] jf:tljs Jofjxfl/s 1fg k|fKt ug{;S5f}+ .gLltdf pNn]v ePsf /fd|f kIfsf] sfof{Gjog ug{/fhgLlts tyf k|zf;lgs If]q k|lta4 eOlbP o;df

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/x]sf sldsdhf]/LnfO{ x6fpFb} ;'wfg{ ;lsG5 . t/,g]kfnsf] sfo{k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf x]bf{ x/]s gLlt–lgodsf]sfof{Gjog b'/fzok"0f{ x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . s'g} klgljifon] ta dfq :yfloTj k|fKt ub{5, ha sfof{Gjogtyf Joj:yfkgsf nflu /fhgLlts Pj+ k|zf;lgsk|lta4tf cufl8 cfpF5 / s;}sf] JolQmut nfedf k|]l/tx'g] kl/kf6Lsf] cGTo x'G5 .

jt{dfg bfloTj Ml;d;f/ gLltdf h] pNn]v ul/Psf] eP klg jf To;dfs]xL sldsdhf]/L /x]sf eP ;do;fk]If kl/jt{g,kl/dfh{g tyf ;'wf/ ug{ ;lsG5 . ;do, :yfg jfef}uf ]lns cj:yf, l;d;f/sf] :yfgLo, /fli6«o /cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf] klxrfg u/]/, l;d;f/j/k/sfafl;Gbfsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{scj:yfsf] cWoog u/]/, :yfgLo afl;Gbf;Fu /x]sf] ;Lkjf k|ljlwsf] klxrfg u/]/ l;d;f/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu

sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

g]kfndf clxn];Dd /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf cf/If If]qleq/x]sf l;d;f/sf] dfq ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nfluk|fyldstf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . ;+/lIft If]qleq ck|fs[ltsultljlw ;~rfng gx'g] xf] / cltqmd0f lgoGq0f ug]{ xf]eg] l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f cfk}Fm x'G5 . o;sf cltl/QmdWojtL{ If]qsf] 3f]if0ff eO;s]kl5 ;f] of]hgfcg'¿ksfo{ ePdf :yfgLo hgtfsf cfwf/e"t ;d:of ;dfwfgx'g] s'/fnfO{ gsfg{ ;lsFb}g . g]kfnn] jGohGt' ;+/If0f/ cf/lIft If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf blIf0f Pl;ofdf g} /fd|f]gd'gf k|:t't u/]sf] eP klg lrQ a'emfpg] / ylGsg]cj:yf eg] 5}g . jf:tjdf a9\bf] hg;+Vof / ltgsf]cfjZostfk"lt{ ug]{ sfo{ Tolt ;xh / ;/n x'Fb}g .o;sf nflu k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Joj:yfkgdf /fHosf]lgolGqt sfo{qmdsf t'ngfdf hg;xeflutfd"nssfo{qmdsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog cfjZos 5 . ✰

SofG;/sf] cr's cf}iflw kfOg] tfn;f/;, k6]/f, sf}jf/L, wf]lwn, s}df, k/]O{, as'Nnf /nfn;f/h:tf dxŒjk"0f{ r/fsf] af;:yfg tyf a]/f{,s'OofF, dfjf]s, ;]sL{, guvt, x8hf]/, ltnsfgf,jgsg; / yf]yLnufotsf dxŒjk"0f{ jg:klt kfOg]clhu/f tfnnfO{ l;d;f/ ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t ug] {;DefJotf cWoog k|f/De ePsf] 5 . slknj:t'lhNnfsf] klZrd If]qdf kg]{ o; tfndf ltGgfltGgL /t'Daf hftsf] hª\unL wfg;d]t kfOG5g\ .

;b/d'sfd tf}lnxjfaf6 sl/a @% lsnf]ld6/ klZrddfcjl:yt of] tfnsf] jiff{} Fb]lv ;+/If0f x'g g;s]sf]n];+/If0fsf nflu ufpF ljsf; ;ldltaf6 dfu ul/Fb}cfPsf] lyof] . dfgjLo cltqmd0faf6 tfn ;fF3'l/Fb}uPsf] / b'n{e r/f ;f/;sf] rf]/Ll;sf/Ln] To;sf] nf]kx'g] vt/f a9]sf] x'Fbf klg tfnsf] ;+/If0f cfjZosb]lvPsf] atfOG5 .

:d/0fLo 5, SofG;/ lgsf] x'g] cr's cf}iflwo'Qmjg:klt klg clhu/f tfndf kfOg] :yfgLo afl;GbfatfpF5g\ . tfnsf] ljleGg If]qdf b]lvPsf] dxŒjnfO{b[li6ut u/L …n'lDagL–slknj:t' arfcf}F cleofgÚ n]ljZj ;+/If0f ;ª\3sf] ;xof]udf l;d;f/df ;"rLs[tug]{ nIo;d]t lnP/ cfjZos ;DefJotf cWoogk|f/De ePkl5 :yfgLo afl;Gbf tfnsf] ;+/If0f x'g]dfcfzfjfbL b]lvPsf 5g\ .

j/e08f/f – tfn}tfn aGb}5cGt/f{li6«o l;d;f/df ;"rLs[t aL;xhf/L tfn /x]sf]j/e08f/f jgIf]qnfO{ tfn}tfnsf] jg agfpg] p2]Zon]sl/a !$ x]S6/ If]qkmnsf] csf]{ tfnsf] lgdf{0fsfo{k|f/De ePsf] 5 . jgleqsf ;]lknf] / cf]l;nf] e"ldnfO{5gf]6 u/]/ afFw nufO{ h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f ug]{/ cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6snfO{ cfslif{t ug]{ p2]Zon];f] If]qnfO{ tfn}tfnsf] jgsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{nfluPsf] atfOPsf] 5 . lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf]dWojtL{ If]qdf kg]{ j/e08f/f dWojtL{ ;fd'bflosjgpkef]Qmf ;d"xåf/f lgdf{0f k|f/De ePsf] o; tfnsf]gfd …/fgLtfnÚ /flvPsf] 5 .

nueu & nfv ¿k}ofFsf] nfutdf lgdf{0f ul/g] of]tfnsf nflu kfgLsf ] j }slNks ;|f ]tsf ] ;d]tcfjZostf kg]{5}g . jgleq} k|fs[lts¿kdf lg:sg]kfgLsf] d"naf6 hnfzosf] nflu kfgLsf] k"lt{ x'g]5 .o;/L lgdf{0f ul/g] /fgL tfnsf] l8n -afFw_ sl/a kfFrld6/ cUnf] x'g]5 . :d/0fLo 5, # xhf/ @ ;oIf]qkmndf km}lnPsf] j/e08f/f jgIf]qdf aL;xhf/L,5kGgxhf/L, afO;xhf/Lh:tf y'k|} tfn /x]sf 5g\ .

dxfef/t kj{t z[ª\vnf / zfxL lrtjg /fli6«olgs'~haLrsf] sf]l/8f]/sf ¿kdf /x]sf] j/e08f/jgIf]q Psl;ª\u] u}F8f, af3, lrt'jfh:tf b'n{e jGohGt'tyf r/fr'?ª\uLx¿sf] af;:yfg xf] .

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nL ev{/} ;lsof] . 3fd Kof/f] nfUg] lbg klg uP .ca sf]OnLsf] …s'x's'x'Ú n] j;Gt Ct'cfudgsf]

pb\3f]if ug{ yfln;Sof] . k|r08 udL{ / tftf] xfjfsflbgx¿sf] sNkgfn] dflg;nfO{ cTof; kfg{ yfln;Sof] .o;a]nf ¿vsf kft e'OFdf em/]/ ;f]Q/ aGb}5g\ eg]kfn'jf gofFhLjgsf] ;~rf/ ug{] k|of; ub}{5g\\ . xf]nL;lsPkl5 jiff{ Ct' k|f/De geP;Ddsf] of] jf;GtL df};djf:tjd} xfdLn] rfx]h:tf] ;'vb\ 5}g . ¿vaf6 e'OFdfem/]/ ;'s]sf kft, k/fnh:t} ;'s]/ p/f7nfUbf ag]sf3fF;]d}bfg, w"n]af6f], cfFvfel/ sl;ª\u/ x'Tofpg] tftf]xfjfsf] emf]FSsf / t'jfFnf]n] 9fs]sf] 3'd}{nf] cfsfzn]cf;Gg lbg hLjgsf lglDt lgs} si6s/ aGg]5g\ . of]df};ddf gbL, tfn, s'jf, wf/f cflbsf] kfgLsf] ;|f]t;'Sg] dfq xf]Og, e"ldut kfgLsf] ;tx;d]t tn emg]{ x'Fbfsf7df8f}F pkTosf / w]/}h;f] kxf8L If]qdf vfg]kfgLsf]xfxfsf/ eP/ Ps yf]kf kfgLsf nflu klg t8\lkg'kg]{cj:yf ;w}F cfpg] u/]sf] 5 .

of] ;'Vvf v8]/Lsf] df};d xf] . ;'Vvf v8]/Ldf x'/Latf;ylk Fbf df lg;n ] cfunfuL , ef ]sd/L / /f ]usf ]dxfdf/Lh:tf w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug{'k5{ .g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df v8]/L, ef]sd/L, x'/Latf;, /f]usf]dxfdf/L cflb o;} df};dsf pkh x'g\ . tLj| j]udfrNg] x'/Ln] o;} df};ddf t/fO{ / dWokxf8sf w]/}e"efunfO{ k|To]s jif{ cftª\lst kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . o; jif{klg of] df};dn] ljut jif{x¿s} h:tf] x'/Latf; /cfunfuLsf] ;Defjgf lnP/ ;+3f/ 6]ls;s]sf] 5 .

x'/Latf; s] xf] <lgoldt¿kdf jfo' axg] tyf l;/{/ xfjf rNg] cj:yfjfo'sf ] lgoldt ultzLntf xf ] . t/, x '/Latf;jfo'd08nsf] tNnf] ;txdf jfo'd08nLo sf/0faf6}pTkGg x'g] xfjfsf] tLj| ultsf] axfa xf] . x'/Latf;rNbf jfo'sf] axfa lbzf nuftf/ PstkmL{ x'G5 . o;/Lrn]sf] x'/Latf;n]] cfˆgf] ultsf cfwf/df ;–;fgfj:t'b]lv jhbgbf/ kbfy{nfO{ ;d]t cfk"m;Fu} ;d]6]/p8fP/ n}hfG5 . x'/Latf;n] v]taf/L tyf jghª\unsf¿vsf xfFuf efFRg] jf ¿v} n8fpg], dflg;sf 3/, uf]7,

lah'nL jf 6]lnkmf]gsf vDaf 9fNg], cfuhgL km}nfpg],oftfoft cj?4 ug]{h:tf ljWj+;fTds sfo{ ub{5 .hnjfo'sf] k|fs[lts lqmofsnfkaf6 rNg] x'/Ln] ljZjdfjif]{gL xhf/f}Fsf] Hofg lng] / caf}{F ?k}ofFa/fa/sf] cfly{sIflt ub{5 .

udL{ df};ddf jfo'd08nsf] s'g} :yfgdf tfkqmd a9\bfTo; :yfgsf] xfjf tft]/ xn'sf x'G5 / dflylt/ hfG5 .o; k|lqmofåf/f To; :yfgdf xfjfsf] pkl:ylt 36\5 .To; :yfgdf xfjfsf] kl/k"lt{ ug{ cGo If]qdf /x]sf]lr;f] xfjf ax]/ cfp “5 . of] k|lqmofsf] tLj|tfsf sf/0fxfjfsf] axfasf] ult klg a9\5 . o;/L jfo'd08ndfxfjfsf] ljt/0f ldnfpg] k|fs[lts lqmofsnfkaf6 pTkGgjfo'sf] j]ujfg cj:yfnfO{ x'/Latf; tyf cf “wLa]x/LelgG5 . :yfgLo x'/L, ;fd'lb|s cf “wL / rqmLo cfFwL -rqmjft_ x'/Latf;sf ljleGg ¿k x'g\ . x'/Latf;k|fs[lts lqmofsnfkaf6 l;h{gf x'g] eP klg x'/Latf;cfpg] cj:yfnfO{ ljleGg dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] a9fjflbO/x]sf] x'G5 . jt{dfg ;dodf eO/x]sf ljsf;sfultljlwaf6 pTkGg jftfj/0f k|b"if0f tyf df};dkl/jt{gn] jfo'sf] ultdf kl/jt{g eP/ x'/Latf;sf]k|sf]kdf ;d]t j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .

x'/Latf; cfpg] sf/0f Mk[YjLsf] ;txeGbf aflx/sf] lglZrt If]qnfO{ jfo' jfxfjfn] 9fs]sf] cfsfzsf] of] efunfO{ { jfo'd08nelgG5 . xfjf kbfy{sf] To:tf] cj:yf xf]– h;n] lglZrtcfsf/ / cfotg lnFb}g . jfo'd08ndf pTkGg x'g] rfk,tfk, / zlQmsf sf/0f xfjfsf] 3gTj lgwf{l/t x'g]u5{ .tfkqmd a9\bf jfo'sf] rfk sd x'G5 / of] dflylt/km}lnG5 . xn'ª\uf] j:t'nfO{ yf]/} anzlQmsf] wSsfn] klgultzLn agfpg;S5 . k | To ]s Ps lsnf ] ld6/jfo'd08nsf] dfly hfFbf nueu Ps l8u|L ;]lN;o;tfkqmd 36\b5 / tnaf6 p7]sf] tftf] xfjf dflylt/hfFbf ;]nfpg] qmd klg k|f/De x'G5 .

xfjfsf lqmofsnfksf plNnlvt u'0fx¿n] jfo'd08nlgoldt¿kdf ultzLn eO/x]sf] x'G5 . jfo'd08nsf]

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k|fs[lts k|sf]k


dflyNnf] If]qsf] t'ngfdf tNnf] If]qsf] tfkqmd a9L x'g]x'Fbf jfo'sf] ultzLntf klg tNnf] If]qd} a9L x'G5 .tyflk, k[YjLsf] tNnf] ;txdf ePsf ljleGg dfgjlgld{t;+/rgfnufot kxf8 / jghª\unh:tf k|fs[lts;+/rgfn] jfo'sf] ultzLntfnfO{ lgs} lgoGq0f ug]{ x'Fbfxfjfsf] j]u lgoldt¿kdf tLj| x'g kfpFb}g . o:t},cj/f]wsf sf/0f jf jfo'd08ndf jfo'sf] sd pkl:yltePsf] If]qdf jfo' vlgg] k|lqmofaf6 jfo' axfa jfx'/Latf;sf] lbzf klg km]l/g] ub{5 .

udL{ df};dsf] k|f/De ePkl5 k[YjLsf] afXo;txdfePsf] kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f k|lqmof tLj| x'Fb} hfg] x'gfn]lr:ofg sd x'Fb} hfG5 . o;}sf] kmn:j¿k kfgLsf] d"n;'Sg], gbL, tnfp, kf]v/L, s'jfdf kfgLsf] dfqf 36\g],e"ldut kfgLsf] ;tx tn emg]{ cflb cj:yf l;h{gfx'G5g\ . udL{ a9\b} hfFbf To; :yfgdflysf] xfjf klgxn'sf eP/ dflylt/ p8]/ jfo'sf] 3gTj 36\5 / To;:yfgsf] jfo'sf] kl/k"lt{ k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 ePsf]jfikLs/0faf6 dfq x'g;Sb}g . jfo'sf] cfotg lng]u'0fsf sf/0f csf]{ If]qdf /x]sf] lr;f] xfjf Tof] vfnLjf 3gTj sd ePsf] If]qtkm{ axG5 . o;/L 3gTj sdePsf] :yfgtkm{ lr;f] xfjf x'lQg] ub{5 . Psgf;;Fuxfjf x'lQFbf cufl8sf] xfjfnfO{ k5fl8sf] xfjfn] lg/Gt/wSsf lbG5 / To;sf] ann] jfo'sf] ult ck|Tol;t¿kdfa9\b5 . oxL jfo'n] x'/Latf; jf cfFwLsf] ¿k lnG5 .o;/L jfo' axFbf k|fs[lts tyf dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgfdfuP/ 7f]lSsG5 . To; cj:yfdf ;+/rgfn] jfo'sf] annfO{y]Ug;s] x'/Latf; l;lyn x'G5, jf j]ucg';f/ To;n]lbzf kl/jt{g ub{5 . x'/Latf;n] cfkm\gf] annfO{ y]Ugg;Sg] ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ 9fNg] tyf p8fP/ n}hfg] ub{5,h;af6 hgwgsf] Iflt;d]t x'g k'U5 .

x'/Latf;sf] hf]lvd If]q Mk[YjLdf ljleGg ef}uf]lns cjl:yltdf df};dcg';f/tfkqmd kl/jt{g x'g] ub{5 . e"dWo/]vLo If]qdf tfkqmd;fdfGotof jif} {el/ a9L eP klg udL{ofddf emg\a9\b5 . o;/L e"dWo/]vfcf;kf; If]qdf o; ofddftfkqmd clws x'g] ub{5 . To;}n] xfd|f] If]qdf klg o;}ofddf ;"o{ pQ/fo0f eO{ udL{ a9\bf x'/Latf;sf] k|sf]kklg a9\g] ub{5 .

e"dWo/]vLo If]qcf;kf;sf w]/} efudf x'/Latf; a9Lcfpg] ub{5 . k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] klZrdL If]qdf jif{el/g} x'/L rNb5 . To;}u/L, o;sf] k"jL{ If]qdf d] dlxgfsf]

dWo -j}zfv_ af6 ;'? x'G5 eg] P6nflG6s dxf;fu/ /blIf0f cd]l/sL k|foåLkdf h'g -h]7_ df ;'? eP/;]K6]Da/ -c;f]h_ dlxgf;Dd /xG5 . otf, aª\ufnsf]vf8L tyf c/]laog ;fu/af6 pTkGg x'g] x'/L r}tb]lvc;f/–;fpg;Dd rNb5 . o; If]qdf cfpg] x'/Laf6ef/tsf] cfGw|k|b]z, pl8;f, laxf/, cf;fd, klZrdaª\ufn / aª\unfb]zsf clwsfª\z e"efu a9L k|efljtx'g] ub{5 eg] o;n] g]kfndf klg s]xL dfqfdf ck|ToIfc;/ k'¥ofpF5 . o;k|sf/, e"dWo/]vLo If]qafx]ssf cGoIf]qdf df};d kl/jt{gsf cfwf/df x'/Latf; rNg] x'Fbfhf]lvdsf] klxrfg klg df};dcg';f/ lgwf{l/t x'g] ub{5 .tyflk, o;sf] ljZjJofkL cj:yf x]bf { cfFwLa]x/LcfO/xg] lgDgIf]qnfO{ ljz]if hf]lvdk"0f{ If]qsf ¿kdflnOPsf] kfOG5 M

• klZrdåLkLo ;d"x, d]lS;sf] vf8L, Sof/]laog;fu/ / ToxfFsf cfjf;Lo If]q .

• lkmlnlkG; åLk, rLg;fu/, hfkfgsf åLk;d]tpQ/L k|zfGt dxf;fu/cf;kf; If]q .

• c/a ;fu/ tyf aª\ufnsf] vf8L .• d]lS;sf] tyf dWocd]l/sfsf ] k"jL { k|zfGt

dxf;fu/Lo If]q .• blIf0f lxGb dxf;fu/Lo If]q .• klZrd–blIf0f k|zfGt dxf;fu/ -;'dfcf], lkmhL

tyf c:6«]lnofsf] pQ/L efu .

x'/Latf;df ;d'b|sf] e"ldsf Mjfo'd08ndf x'/Latf;sf] s'g} lsl;dsf] lglZrt k|0ffnL5}g . t/ klg jfo'd08ndf x'g] lgoldt lqmof–k|ltlqmoftyf lqmofsnfkn] x'/Latf;sf] pTklQ x'G5 . k|f/DedfpTkGg ;fdfGo x'/L ;d'b|sf] tftf] kfgLdf 7f]lSsG5 /To;af6 tfk Pj+ zlQm k|fKt ub{5 . o;af6 ;fd'lb|sjfikLs/0f tLj| eO{ x'/Ldf yk lr;f] jfo' ldl;G5 /o;nfO{ k|r08 zlQmsf] jfik OlGhgh:tf] agfpF5 .pi0f;d'b|L;txdf 7f]lSsPkl5 x'/Ln] yk an / zlQmk|fKt ub{5 . o;/L pTkGg x'/LnfO{ jfo'd008nLolqmofsnfkn] kl/kSj agfpF5 / ljgf;sf/L ¿kwf/0fub{5 . t;y{, x'/Latf; / cfFwLa]x/Ln] ;d'b|t6LoIf]qx¿df w]/} ljgf;nLnf dRofpg] ub{5g\ .

x'/Latf;sf k|sf/ Mk[YjLsf ] e";txeGbf xhf/f } F lsnf ] ld6/ dflyaf6cjnf]sg ubf{ jfo'd08nsf] tNnf] ;tx …cwf]d08nÚ dfcfFwLa]x/Lsf] 8/nfUbf] :j¿k b]lvG5 . cfFwLa]x/Ldf

k|fs[lts k|sf]k


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!= :yfgLo x'/L M o;k|sf/sf] x'/L jfo'd08nsf] s'g}vf;If]qsf] tfkqmd a9]/ jfo'sf] pkl:ylt 36\b} hfFbfcsf]{ If]qsf] lr;f] jfo' To;tkm{ x'lQP/ pTkGg x'g]ub{5 . o;/L jfo' x'lQFbf slt If]qdf jfo' el/g'kg]{ xf]eGg] cfwf/df jfo'sf] ult a9\b} hfG5 . 7"nf] If]qdfjfo' el/g'kg]{ eP cufl8sf] ultzLn jfo'nfO{ k5fl8af6axg] jfo'n] wSsf lbFbf o;sf] ult a9]/ x'/Latf;sf]¿k lnG5 / jfo' el/g'kg]{ If]qaflx/sf] axfa lbzfsf]:yfgdf ;d]t k|efj b]vfkb{5 . o;k|sf/sf] x'/Lsf] ult;fdfGotof ## dfOn k|lt3G6feGbf sd x'G5 . o:tf]x'/L cfpFbf sfnf] afbn d8fl/g], lah'nL rDsg], r6\ofªkg]{ tyf kfgLsf l56f b]vfkg]{ ub{5 . g]kfndf cfpg]clwsfª\z x'/Latf; o;} >]0fLdf kb{5g\ .

@= cf“wL M cfFwL x'/Lsf] k|r08 ¿k xf] . o;sf] pTklQklg vf; :yfgdf pTkGg jfo' vfnL ePsf] If]qdf csf]{If]qsf] jfo' el/g] qmdd} x'g] eP klg jfo'sf] j]ucTolws x'G5 . ;fd'lb|s jfo'df o:tf] x'/L ldl;P/jfo'sf] 3gTj a9\g;S5 . lah'nL rDsFb} a]ujfg jfo'axg' o; >]0fLsf] cfFwLsf] k|s[lt xf] . o; cfFwLsf] j]u#( b]lv &# dfOn k|lt3G6f;Dd x'G5 .

#= ;d'b|L cf“wL M ;d'b|L cfFwL ljgf;sf/L / 8/nfUbf]x'G5 . cd]l/sfdf o;nfO{ …lx/]sgÚ elgG5 . o;n]cd]l/sfsf] blIf0fL If]qnfO{ lgs} k|efljt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .;d'b|dflysf] jfo'd08ndf ;fdfGo x'/Lsf] cj:yf pTkGgePkl5 o;n] ;d'b|sf] tftf] kfgLdf 7Ss/ lbFbf tfk /zlQm k|fKt ub{5 . o;af6 kfgLsf] jfikLs/0f a9\gfn]]lr;f] jfkm x'/Ldf ;dflxt ePkl5 o;n] ;d'b|L cfFwLsf]¿kwf/0f ub{5 . o; cfFwLsf] j]u k|lt3G6f &$dfOneGbf a9L x'G5 . o;sf] j]un] ;d'b|df 5fn pTkGgu/]/ t6Lo e"–efutkm{ x'TofpF5 / t6Lo aGb/ufx,a;f]af; If]qnfO{ xflg k'¥ofpF5 . o:tf] cfFwLn] t6LoIf]qsf] ljzfn e"efudf $–% ld6/;Dd ulx/f] hnfzoklg pTkGg ug{;S5 . cd]l/sfsf] 6]S;f; /fHodf *;]K6]Da/, !()) df cfPsf] o:t} ;d'b|L cfFwLaf6 ^ xhf/

dflg;sf] Hofg uPsf] lyof] .

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✭


g]kfnsf] hghLjg vf;u/L s[lif k];fdf cfwfl/t 5 .ls;fgn] afnLgfnL nufpg'sf cnfjf 3/]n' cfjZostfk"lt{ ug{ / cfocfh{gsf nflu cf–cfˆgf 3/df kz'kG5Lklg kfNb5g\ . ;d'lrt 1fgsf] cefjdf k/Dk/futk|ljlw / tf}/tl/sfaf6 kflng] kz'kG5L slxn]sfxLF ;?jf/f]uaf6 ;ª\qmldt x'G5g\ / ;f]Q/ eP/ db{5g\ . o;af6ls;fgn] 7"nf ] cfly{s gf]S;fgL a]xf ]g' {kb{5 . o:tf/f ]uu|:t kz'kG5Lsf ] df;' vf Fbf hg:jf:Yodf kg] {c;/af/] cgle1tfsf sf/0f dg{ nfu]sf kz'kG5LnfO{xtf/–xtf/ sf6]/ vfg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf ufpF3/df cem}klg JofKt /x]sf] 5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, ;x/ahf/df x'g]Jofkfl/s sf6df/sf] Joj:yfkg / sfl6g] hgfj/sf]:jf:Yok/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf gx'gfn] /f]uu|:t hgfj/sf]df;'sf] laqmLljt/0f x'Fb}g eGg;Sg] cj:yf klg 5}g .

ev{/} yfONofG8 tyf s]xL Pl;ofnL d'n'sdf b]vfk/]sf]…a8{km\n'Ú /f]un] ;+;f/e/d} v}nfa}nf dRrfO/x]sf] 5 .cd]l/sf, hfkfg, sf]l/ofnufotsf b]zx¿df y'k|} s'v'/fdf/]/ gi6 ul/P . of] /f]usf ljiff0f' cToGt ;ª\qmfdstyf 3fts k|s[ltsf x'g] x'Fbf cGo kz'kG5L / :tgwf/Lhgfj/ tyf dflg;nfO{ ;d]t cfˆgf] l;sf/ agfpg]s'/f ljz]if1x¿n] atfPsf 5g\ . o; /f]uaf6 s]xL:tgwf/L hgfj/ / hª\unL kG5L ;ª\qmldt ePsf]cfzª\sf ul/ Fb }5 eg] s]xL dflg;n] ;d]t o;sf];ª\qmd0faf6 Hofg u'dfO;s]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L, s]xLdlxgfcl3 rLgdf b]vfk/]sf] ;f;{ /f]un] cGt/f{li6«ogfsfx¿ g} aGb ug'{kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf ePsf] lyof] .7"N7"nf ;x/df Sjf/]G6fOg -lgu/fgL_ nfu" ul/of] . k"/};x/ ;'g;fg klg ag] . xªsª, leotgfd, l;ª\uf–k'/nufot ljZjahf/sf rlr{t d'n's / ;x/x¿sf]cy{tGq o; ;?jf /f]uaf6 k|efljt eof] . of] /f]usf];ª\qmd0f Psk|sf/sf] hª\unL la/fnf]af6 ePsf] kQfnfu]kl5 ltgnfO{ dfg]{ sfd yflnPsf] 5 . o;/L hª\unLla/fnf]sf] k|hflt g} nf]k x'g] cj:yf cfPsf] 5 .

aL;f} F ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ clk|msL afFb/af6 dfG5]df;/]sf] 7flgPsf] P8\; /f]un] clxn] ljZjsf s/f]8f} Fdflg;nfO{ cfˆgf] ljiffQm kGhfdf hsl8;s]sf] 5 .o;sf] pkrf/ kQf nufpg jif] {gL caf{ } F 8n/ vr{eO/x]sf] 5 . tyflk, o;af6 ;ª\qmldt dflg;n] d[To'sf]38L kv{g'sf] s'g} ljsNk 5}g . o;/L ;+;f/df ljleGgk |sf/sf ;ª\qmfds /f ]ux¿ lg/Gt/ b ]vfkb } {5g \ .cy{tGqdf uDeL/ bafa k}bf x'Fb}5 . ;Dk"0f{ hLjhuts}

kz'kG5LnfO{ /f]uaf6 arfpg] k|efjsf/L pkfokbds'df/ /fO{

cl:tTj ;ª\s6fkGg x'Fb}5 .

df;', b"w jf cGo pTkfbgsf nflu clxn] ljZje/j0f {zª\s/ kz'kG5Lsf ] nf ]slk |otf a9\b }5 . / }yfg ]k|hflteGbf a9L pTkfbg lng qm; u/L ljsf; ul/Psfo:tf kz'kG5Ldf /f]usf sL6f0f';Fu n8\g] k|lt/f]wfTdsIfdtf Psbd} Go"g x'G5 . j0f{zª\s/ hftsf kz'af6pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|of]us} sf/0f dflg;sf] klg pTkfbgIfdtf tyf zf/Ll/s zlQm x|f; eO/x]sf] 5 . km]l/jftfj/0fLo ljgf;, k|b "if0f tyf k|lts"n dfgjLolqmofsnfkaf6 gofF hLjf0f'x¿ pTklQ eO/x]sf 5g\ /xfd|f ] cfˆg} c;fjwfgLn] tL hLjf0f'sf] ;ª\qmd0fsf]bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg{ ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 .

;ª\qmfds /f]u s;/L ;5{g\ <hLjhGt'sf] z/L/df /f]usf sf/s tŒjx¿ k|j]z u/]kl5z/L/sf] ;"Id cfGtl/s sfo{k|0ffnLn] k|fs[lts¿kdfsfo{ ug{ ;Sb}g . efO/;, AofS6]l/of, 9';L, k|f]6f]hf]jftyf cGo k/hLjLx¿ g} /f]usf k|d'v sf/s tŒjx¿x'g\ . logLx¿ kfgL, cfxf/, xfjf, b}lgs k|of]u x'g]efF8fs' F8f, n'ufkmf6f], b"w, df;', dnd"q / zf/Ll/s;+;u{af6 Pscsf{df ;/]/ lj:tfl/t x'G5g\ . oL /f]uafxshLjf0f' hLjhGt' tyf dflg;sf] z/L/df k|j]z u/L/f]uu|:t agfPkl5 dfq o;sf] cfqmd0f ePsf] rfnkfOG5 . /f]u pTkGg ug]{ o:tf tŒjn] Pp6f uf]7 jfvf]/ ;ª\qmldt u/] klg csf]{ :yfgsf kz'kG5Ldf lj:tf/x'g glbg vf;k|sf/sf]] ;'/Iff pkfo ckgfpg] xf] eg]o;sf] dxfdf/Laf6 Jofj;flos kz'kG5Lkfng w]/ }xb;Dd ;'/lIft x'g;S5 .

uf]7 jf vf]/ agfpg] :yfgsf] rog M• kz'kG5Lsf nflu uf]7 jf vf]/ agfpg] :yfgsf] kfgL

z'4 x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . /f]u ;g]{ d'Vo dfWod kfgLg} ePsf] x' Fbf o;sf] z'4tf hfFr u/L ToxfF /f]upTkGg ug]{ jf ;ª\qmd0f ug]{ hLjf0f' tyf tŒjx¿gePsf] lgSof]{n ug'{kb{5 .

• uf]7 jf vf]/ ljut ;dob]lv kz'kG5L kfng ul/Psf]:yfgaf6 sDtLdf @ lsnf]ld6/ k/ agfpg' pko'Qmx'G5 . uf]7 jf vf]/ kz'kG5Lsf] bfgfldn, rNnf sf9\g]Xofr/L jf zª\sf:kb /f]uL kz'kG5L Sjf/]G6fOgdf/flvg] :yfgaf6 6f9f x'g'kb{5 .

• 3gfa:tL jf Jo:t /fhdfu{df kz'kG5Lsf] Nofpg]–n}hfg] sfo{ eO/xg] x'Fbf /f]usf hLjf0f' tyf tŒjklg cfpg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . t;y{, Jofj;flos

kz'kfng


kz'kG5L kfng /fhdfu{ jf 3gfa:tLeGbf 6f9fPsfGt 7fpFdf ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

uf]7 jf vf]/sf] lgdf{0fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg'kg]{ s'/fx¿ M• aflx/L kz'kG5L jf cgfjZos dflg;sf] cfjthfjt

/f]Sg vf]/ jf uf]7jl/kl/ sDtLdf !) lkm6 6f9faf6tf/af/ ug'{kb{5 .

• kz'kG5Lsf] cfxf/nfO{ nfk/afxLk"j{s e08f/ ubf{ To;df9';L cfpg] tyf cGo k/hLjL b]vfkg{;S5g\ . t;y{,bfgfsf] e08f/ cnUu} / cf]efgf] sf]7fdf ug'{kb{5 .

• tf/af/leq k/]sf] If]qnfO{ ;kmf ug] { tyf h}ljsk|ljlwcg';f/ xf ]rf af ]6 x'g ] t/sf/L v]tL ug{;lsG5 . d';f, 5'r'Gb|f, ;k{, nf]vs]{, sfu, k/]jfh:tfhLjn] /f]usf hLjf0f' cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ tyf cGok|sf/n] xflg k'¥ofpg] x'Fbf o:tf hLj uf]7 jf vf]/cf;kf; cfpg g;Sg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

• d/]sf kz'kG5LnfO{ w]/} ;do;Dd v'nf 7fpFdf /fVbfTo;df ePsf] ;ª\qmd0f cToGt rfF8f] ;b{5 . cGosf/0fn] d/]sf] cj:yfdf klg s'lxP/ /f]usf hLjf0f'pTkGg x'G5g\ . d/]sf kz'kG5LnfO{ uf]7 jf vf]/af6 lgs}k/ ulx/f] vf8n vg]/ k'g'{kb{5 . jfujfgL nufOPsf]eP kmnk"mnsf ¿vsf km]bdf d/]sf hLjnfO{ uf8\bfla?jfn] kf]ifstŒj k|fKt u/L /fd|f] pTkfbg lbG5g\ .

• kz'kG5Lsf] cfxf/ tyf aRrf jf rNnf NofOPsf afs;,af]/f tyf sfuhnfO{ vf]/ jf uf]7eGbf cnUu} vf8nvgL k'g'{kb{5 . o:tf j:t'nfO{ hnfP/ klg gi6 ug{;lsG5 t/ afNbf ljiffn' Uof; jf w"jfFn] jfo'k|b"if0fa9fpg] x'Fbf ;s];Dd gafNg' pko'Qm x'G5 .

• kz'kG5Lsf] dnd"q tyf la:6fnfO{ h}ljs ljiffbLn]pkrf/ u/]/ s[[lifdnsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ubf{ v]tLkftLaf6

/fd|f] pTkfbg lng ;lsG5 tyf a9L ePsf] dn laqmLu/]/ cfly{s nfe;d]t lng ;lsG5 .

h}ljs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u M• df;' / k'mn -cG8f_ sf nflu kz'kG5L kfNbf PskN6 Ps}

pd]/sf rNnf jf aRrfx¿ kfNg'kb{5 . b"w jf uf]7lj:tf/sf nflu kflng] kz'nfO{ cnUu} vf]/ jf uf]7dfkfNg' pko'Qm x'G5 . Ps l5dn kz'kG5L ahf/ k7fPkl5vf]/nfO{ /fd|/L ;kmf u/]/ h}ljs ljiffbL k|of]u u/L sL6f0f'tyf hLjf0f'/lxt ul/Psf] uf]7 jf vf]/df !) lbg;Ddcsf]{ l5dn kz'kG5Lsf aRrf g/fVg' >]o:s/ x'G5 .

• uf]7 jf vf]/kl/;/df r'g 5s{g' tyf cfjthfjt ug]{af6f]df ;d]t pknAw ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 .

• efF8fs'F8f tyf cGo j:t'nfO{ uf]7 jf vf]/leq n}hfFbfk/hLj/lxt agfpg tftf]kfgL jf cGo /;fogdfpkrf/ ug'{kb{5 .

• /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0fsf] cfzª\sf ePsf kz'kG5LnfO{ 5'§}/fv]/ pkrf/ ug'{kb{5 .

• kz ' lrlsT;ssf ] ;Nnfxcg ';f/ kz 'kG5LnfO {EoflS;gx¿ lbg] tyf lgoldt k/LIf0fsf] Joj:yfldnfpg] ug'{kb{5 .

• tLt]kftLsf] emf]n, lgdsf] emf]n tyf jgdf/fsf] emf]nh}ljs ljiffbL agfpg k|of]u x'g] k|d'v jg:klt x'g\ .

o;/L] ;'/IffTds pkfo cjnDag ubf{ w]/ } xb;Ddcfˆgf] uf]7sf kz'kG5LnfO{ /f]usf] ;ª\qmd0faf6 arfpg;lsG5 . of ] ; '/IffTds pkfo vf;u/L s'v '/fsf ]Jofj;flos kfngdf k|efjsf/L x'g] dflgP klg aª\u'/,xfF;, v/fof], afv|fh:tf kz'kG5Lsf] Jofj;flos kfngdf;d]t pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . of] ;fdfGo ;ts{tfsf] ljlweP klg 7"nf] gf]S;fgLaf6 aRg] k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] .

cfo'j]{lbs cf}iflwsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ dflgPsf] ljho;fn g]kfnaf6 nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf 5 . j}1flgs gfd …6]/f]sfk{; df;{lkdÚaf6 lrlgg] ljho;fnsf] vf]6f], af]qmf, kft, 8fF7;d]t cfo'j]{bdf k|frLgsfnb]lv g} k|of]u x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . ;d'b|;txb]lv sl/a!))) ld6/ prfO;Dd kfOg] ljho;fn cTolws r/Lr/g, k'/fgf ¿v /f]uL x'g', hª\un cfunfuL / cj}w s6fg tyfrf]/Llgsf;L g} nf]k x'g'sf k|d'v sf/0f x'g\ . :yfgLo hgtfåf/f 3/]n' cf}iflwsf nflu ¿vsf] af]qmf jf xfFuf sfl6g] x'Fbfljho;fnsf d"n ¿vsf] :jf:Yo v/fa eP/ pTkfbg Ifdtf klg 36]sf] dflgG5 .

xfn} If]qLo jg tflnds]Gb| wgu9Lsf] 6f]nLn] s~rgk'/sf] b}hL If]qdf u/]sf] cjnf]sg e|d0fsf qmddf ;f] If]qsf ljho;fnsfs]xL ¿vdf dfq k"mn k'mn]sf], ¿vsf] 6'Kkf] dg{ yfn]sf], xfFuf / af]qmf sfl6Psf] kfOPsf] lyof] . ljho;fnsf ;DaGwdfcWoog–cg';Gwfg gx'g', pTkfbg Ifdtf j[l4sf pkfo gvf]lhg' tyf o;sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L sfo{ gul/g'n] klgof] dxŒjk"0f{ j[If nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf] 5 .

ljho;fndf w]/} cf}iflwhGo u'0f kfOG5g\ . o;sf] sf7af6 ag]sf efF8fdf /flvPsf] kfgL lgoldt lkpgfn] k]6;DaGwL /f]u,dw'd]x, sdnlkQ cflb lgsf] x'g] ljZjf;n] ubf{ o;sf] sf7sf] 7]sL, lunf;, cDvf]/f, a6'sf agfP/ laqmL ug]]{n] /fd|f] kmfObflnFb} cfPsf 5g\ . o;sf] vf]6f], af]qmf] / slnnf kft klg cfo'j]{lbs pkrf/df k|of]u ul/G5 .

:d/0f /xf];\, >L % ;'/]Gb|sf /fHosfndf ag]sf] d'n'sL P]gn] g]kfnsf] k"j{klZrd t/fO{ tyf r'/]sf] blIf0fL If]qsf ljz]ifu/Ls}nfnL, s~rgk'/, slknj:t', df]/ª, ;'g;/L, emfkfdf kfOg] ljho;fnsf] ¿v sf6\g] jf df:g]nfO{ 7"nf] ;hfo x'g] Joj:yfu/]sf] lyof], t/ jt{dfg ;dodf o; cf}iflwhGo jg:kltsf] ;+/If0fdf vf;} rf;f] lbOPsf] b]lvFb}g .

kz'kfngljho;fn

nf]k x'“b}5


■ jgt:s/nfO{ sd{rf/Lsf] ;fy/fhgLlts kl/l:yltsf] nfe hfnL, km6fxf / t:s/n] g}a9L p7fpg] ub{5g\ . o:tf] k|j[lQdfjgt:s/ dfq xf ]Og, /fi6 «; ]jfdf;+nUg sd{rf/L klg cfly{s k|nf]egdf 8'a]/ jgdf/fsfo{df nfUg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;a} sd{rf/LnfO{ Pp6}8\ofªsf] d'nf 7fGg' pko'Qm x'Fb}g t/ jg;+/If0fsf nfluv6fOPsf s]xL sd{rf/L g} t:s/;Fu ldn]/ d"Nojfgsf7sf ] t:s/Ldf ; +nUgePkl5 To:tf] sfo{ lgoGq0fug{ :yfgLo afl;Gbf hfu?sx'g'nfO{ jg;+/If0fsf If]qdf/fd|f] ;'?jft dfGg ;lsG5 .

dxf ]Q/L lhNnfsf :yfgLoafl;Gbfx¿n] rf]/Lt:s/Ldf;+nUg tLghgf t:s/nfO{cj}w sf7;lxt kqm]/ /fi6«sf];DklQk|lt gful/s rf;f]sf]]pnn]vgLo pbfx/0f k|:t'tu/]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/QmpgLx¿n] t:s/L lgoGq0fsfnflu /flqu:tL klg k|f/Deu/]sf 5g\ . …xl/of] jg,g]kfnsf] wgÚ eGg] zfZjtplQmnfO { a ]jf:tf ub} {sf7t:s/sf lu/f]xsf] cfly{sk|nf]egdf k/]/ jg sd{rf/Ln]g} sf7t:s/Ldf 5'6 lb Fb }hª\un ;vfk u/fpg] cj:yfcfPkl5 jg;+/If0fdfh'd'{/fPsf :yfgLo afl;Gbfn]jg;+/If0f ;ldlt g} u7g u/]//ft lbg u:tL ;'? 5g\ .

lhNnfsf] pQ/k"jL{ If]qdf kg]{/df}nL, lj>fdk'/, j[Gbfjgcflb /]Ghkf]:6af6 cj}w sf7;LdfjtL{ ef/ttkm{ lgsf;Lx ' Fb } cfPsf ] 5 . gful/su:tLn] kqmfp u/]sf ;nf{xLlhNnf /fh3f6sf sf7t:s/ljb'/ /]UdL, kbd v8\sf /k|tfk nfdfnfO{ lhNnf jgsfof{non] klg jg P]gcGtu{td'2f bfo/ ul/;s]sf]] 5 .

tfKn]h'ªdf jgt:s/ k;]kxf8L lhNnf tfKn]h'ªsf a]+;Lv08df kg]{ ljleGg ufpFdft:s/x¿n] b } lgs ;of } F ;fnsf ¿v sf6 ]/ jggª\Uofp Fb }5g \ . k | fKt ;dfrf/cg';f/ tfKn ]h 'ªsflg3'/flbgsf] rf]Kk'/, rfFu]sf] bk{g], k"mnaf/Lsf] 9f8] tyfk}/ ] / ;fgy|fssf] ;fSkmf/fh:tf jgIf]qaf6 b}lgs;oeGbf a9L ;fnsf ¿v rf]/L, s6fgL, lr/fgL /lgsf;L x'g] u/sf] 5 .

jt{dfg /fhgLlts kl/l:yltdf jgkfn] hª\un u:tLdfghfg] / ;j{;fwf/0f gful/s ph'/L ug{ 8/fpg] x'Fbfhl6n /fhgLlts cj:yfsf] nfe lnFb} jgt:s/ o;/Ldf }nfPsf x 'g \ . :d/0f/xf ]; \ , ;/sf/n ] s 'g } klgjgIf]qsf ;fn, l;dn, rfFk / cf]v/sf la?jf tyf¿v sf6\g k|ltaGw nufPsf] eP klg b]zsf ljleGg:yfgdf t:s/x¿n] lgoldt¿kdf o:tf ¿v sf6]/cj}w laqmLljt/0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfk}Fm jgt:s/L /f]Sgc;dy{ eO/x]sf lhNnf jg sfof{nosf sd{rf/L s;}n]ls6fgL u/]/ ph'/L u/] bf]ifLdfly sfg'gL sf/afxL ug{;lhnf] x'g] atfpF5g\ .

:d/0f/xf];\, jg P]g, @)$( tyf jg lgodfjnL, @)%!sf] kl/R5]b !! sf] bkmf %) sf] pkbkmf ! sf] v08 …3Údf k | ltalGwt ¿v sf6 \g ] s;'/bf/nfO { Ps ;o¿k}ofF;Ddsf] lauf] ePdf Ps ;o ¿k}ofF tyf ;f]eGbfdfly % xhf/ ¿k}ofF;Ddsf] lauf] eP, lauf]adf]lhdhl/jfgf jf 5 dlxgf s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf 5 .To:t}, % xhf/eGbf dfly hlt;'s}sf] lauf] eP klg lauf]sf]bf]Aa/ hl/jfgf jf Ps jif{ s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf5 . sf7sf] cj}w sf/f]af/ ubf{ hkmt ePsf] sf7sf] lauf]sfod ubf{ k|ltSo'ljslkm6sf] @ ;o ¿k}ofF sfod x'g]Joj:yf 5 .

P]gdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg /fhgLlts /zflGt;'/Iffsf] sf/0f b]vfO{ sd{rf/Ln] jgu:tL ug{5f8]kl5 jgkmF8fgL tLj| ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . o;tkm{ ;/sf/;r]t geP s]xL jif{d} g]kfnsf] afFsL] hª\unIf]q klg phf8aGg]] ;Defjgf a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

■ jg k:g h'Qf k'msfNg] Ûk "hfcfhf ug{ jf cGo s'g }sfdn] b ]jLb ]jtfsf ] dlGb/dfk:bf h'Qf k'sfNg' /fd|f] k/Dk/f

xf] . t/, jg k:bf klg h'QfrKkn km'sfNg'k5{ eGbfxfdLnfO{ crDd nfUg' c:jfefljs xf]Og . jgdf 3fF;–bfp/f ug{ hfFbf klg h'Qf–rKkn k'msfNg'kg]{ k/Dk/fla/n} kfOG5 . 88]Nw'/f lhNnf b]jn lbJok'/L ufpF ljsf;

;ldltsf af l;Gbf3f F F;bfp/fsf nf lu jgk:bf cfk " mn ] nufPsfh'QfrKkn k'msfn]/ dfqhfg ] cgf }7 f ] rngnfO {k ' :tf } F b ] lv sfod /fVb }cfPsf 5g\ .

…jgb ]jtf a ]tfnsf ]a f;:yfg ePsf ] x ' F b f3f F;bfp/fsf nflu hfFbfh 'QfrKkn k ' msfn ]/hfg'kb{5 . cGoyf a]tfnb ]jtf l/;fP/ ufp FdfljklQ cfpF5,Ú pgLx¿sf]k/Dk/fut dfGotf xf ] .:d/0fLo 5, hª\un uPsf];dodf s 'g } dlxnf/h:jnf ePdf d'vdf 3fF;RofkL k5f l8 gkmsL {eujfg \; Fu dfkm dfUb }3/tkm{ bf}8g'kg]{ rng 5 .of ] k/Dk/f clzlIftgful/s / dlxnfn] dfqxf]Og, lzlIft ju{n] klgTolQs } cg 'z/0f ub } {c fPsf 5g \ . 3f F;–bfp/fsf nf lu ufp Fsfdlxnfn] g} a9L jg k:g'kg]{/ lbgx'F sl/a % lsnf]ld6/jgsf] ofqf ug{ h'QfrKknvf]Ng'kg]{ x' Fbf ltgn] lgs}b'Mv v]Kg'k/]sf ] eP klgk/Dk/fut cGwljZjf;nfO{h:t } sl7g eP klglg/Gt/tf lbO/x]sf 5g\ .

;Gbe{ ;dfrf/;Gbe{ ;dfrf/;Gbe{ ;dfrf/;Gbe{ ;dfrf/;Gbe{ ;dfrf/

ufp“–ufp“af6

–/d]zrGb| ofbj, dxf]Q/L –;"o{ dfb]g, tfKn]h'ª . –;'dg rGb, 88]nw'/f .


;xof]u:j¿k jflif{s ;b:otf z'Ns -ljt/0f z'Ns;d]t_

;:+yfut ;b:otf ?= %))÷–z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf nflu ¿= ?= #))÷–JolQmut ?= !%)÷–ljBfyL{sf nflu ljz]if ;x'lnot ?= &%÷–-ljBfyL{n] jflif{s ;b:otf kmf/fd;fy kl/rokqsf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg ug'{kg]{5_

;xsfo{sf nflu cg'/f]wjftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] gfkmf sdfpg] clek|fogePsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o; ;+:yfn] jftfj/0f lzIff sfo{qmd -jflzsf_ cGtu{t kof{j/0f dfl;ssf]k|sfzg u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfno / ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltx¿;Dd ljt/0f ul//x]sf] tkfO{+x¿nfO{ cjut ePs}s'/f xf] .

o; k|sfzgn] jftfj/0fk|b"if0f, ljleGg k|sf/sf k|sf]k, k|fs[lts ;|f]t, kof{j/0fLo ko{6g, h}ljs ljljwtf,pmhf{h:tf ljljw ljifodf r]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ ;dfhsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu pTk|]/ssf] sfo{ ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf]5 . o; cleofgnfO{ ;kmn / k|ltkmnd'vL agfpg cfk;L ;xof]usf] cfj:ostf kg]{ x'“bf tkfO{+;“u ;xsfo{sfnflu cg'/f]w ub}{5f}“ .

tkfO{“n] o; cleofgdf kof{j/0fsf] jflif{s ;b:o ag]/ jf c¿nfO{ klg ;b:o aGg k|]l/t u/]/, o;df k|sfzgfy{n]v, /rgf tyf cGo ;fdu|L pknAw u/fP/, k|sfzgnfO{ cem lzIffk|b / pkof]uL agfpg ;'emfj ;Nnfx lbP/,z'esfdgf tyf Jofkfl/s tyf Jofj;flos lj1fkg pknAw u/fP/ ;xefuL x'g ;Sg'x'g]5 .

gf]6 M 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ePdf oyfzL3| hfgsf/L lbg'xf]nf .

;b:otf kmf/fd / z'Ns sxf“ k7fpg] <kof{j/0f dfl;ssf nflu

jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfnsf7df8f}“ dxfgu/kflnsf– #!, wf]aLwf/f,kf]:6aS; g+= !(&@), sf7df8f}“, g]kfnkmf]gM $$$%#@), k\mofS;M $@^%$%%

kof{j/0f dfl;su|fxs g+=M___

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40 issue of paryawaran

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