40 domande su dispositivi elettronici
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJGTlc rcjjfotc `dood `fmcl`d d `dood rdoctgvd rgspfstd pdr oc
prdpcrczgfld coodscmd frcod `do jfrsf `g @gspfsgtgvg Dodttrflgjg`do ^fogtdjlgjf `g Mgoclf `do prfa. Cl`rdc Odflcr`f Ocjcgtc
Mgoclf, mciigf
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
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Gl`gjd
Ztrutturc dodttrflgjc `dg sdmgjfl`uttfrg
. Gooustrcrd jfsc sg gltdl`d pdr sfog`f jrgstcooglf, `crd cojulg dsdmpg `g jdood ulgtcrgd d stgmcrd, cpcrtgrd `co pcssf rdtgjfocrd oc `dlsgt nc ctfmgjc `do sfog`f.
. Gooustrcrd go mf`doof ctfmgjf `g Hfbr, rgjcvcl`f odsprdssgfld `do rciigf md`gf `dood frhgtd.Ttgogzzcrd qudstf rgsuotctf pdr stgmcrd go pcssf ctfmgjf `do jrgstcoof `g Zf`gf.
. Gooustrcrd ocppcrdltd jfltrc``gzgfld trc oc GG odiid `dooc `glcmgjc d oc odiid `g Fbm. Gltrf`urrdgo mf`doof c rgocsscmdltf pdr oc vdofjgtnc `g `drgvc d oc mfhgogtnc.
. @gsjutdrd oc jfl`ujghgogtnc gl ul jfl`uttfrd mdtcoogjf d oc suc `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturc.
. Gooustrcrd od prfprgdtnc `dg sdmgjfl`uttfrg `do GQ iruppf (rdtgjfof, jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc, suc`gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturc, oc ocjulc).
. Ztgmcrd oc jfl`ujghgogtnc `do Zgogjgf/Idrmclgf purf c tdmpdrcturc cmhgdltd (jfmmdltcrd od-sprdssgfld, qucltgffijcrd g tdrmglg)
. Gltrf`urrd go jfljdttf `g `rficltd, gooustrcrd ogludlzc `dg `rficltg suooc jfl`ujghgogtnc `dosdmgjfl`uttfrd c pcrtgrd `co mf`doof c` frhgtcog `g odicmd.
. Ztgmcrd suooc hcsd `do mf`doof `g Hfbr, odldrigc `g odicmd `doododttrfld `do Afsafrf, qucl`fgmmdrsf ldo rdtgjfof `g Zgogjgf.
. Gooustrcrd oc odiid `g czgfld `g mcssc, g jfljdttg `g mciigfrgtcrg d mglfrgtcrg.
. Gooustrcrd oc `gpdl`dlzc `dooc mfhgogtnc `co `rficiigf `g ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd.
. Gooustrcrd oc `gpdl`dlzc `dooc jfl`ujghgogt nc `g ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd `rfictf co vcrgcrd `dooc tdm-pdrcturc `gstgliudl`f trc g rdigmg `g arddzd-fut/jfl`ujghgogtnc dstrglsdjc/ jfl`ujghgogtnc gltrglsdjc.
. Gooustrcrd, pcrtdl`f `coodsdmpgf `dooc `gstrghuzgfld `g ul ics gl ulc jfofllc gsftdrmc, g rgsuotctgafl`cmdltcog `dooc stctgstgjc `g Hfotzmcll (`gstrghuzgfld gl dldrigc, rcppfrtf `dooc jfljdltrczgfldc `ud quftd, `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturc).
Igulzgfldpl
. Gooustrcrd od jcrcttdrgstgjbd rdttgffijcltg `g ulc igulzgfld p-l. Qcoutcrd oc `gdrdlzc `g pftdlzgcodcoodqugoghrgf d igustgffijcrd qucogtctgvcmdltd oddttf `dooc pfocrgzzczgfld suooc dstdlsgfld `dooc zflc`g jcrgjc spczgcod d suooc jc`utc `g pftdlzgcod.
. Prcjjgcrd go prfffiof `g dldrigc pftdlzgcod cg mfrsdttg `g ulc igulzgfld p-l coodqugoghrgf d` glpfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc/glvdrsc d igustgffijcrd od `gpdl`dlzd cttdsd pdr oc dsprdssgfld `dooc jfrrdltd.
. Xgjcvcrd ocl`cmdltf `dttciogctf `g jcmpf dodttrgjf d prfffiof `g pftdlzgcod gl ulc igulzgfld p-l
jfl `rficiig ulgafrmg pfocrgzzctc coodqugoghrgf. @crd od dsprdssgflg dspogjgtd `do jcmpf dodttrgjfmcssgmf d `dooc dstdlsgfld `dooc zflc `g jcrgjc spczgcod.
. Gltrf`urrd oc jfrrdltd `g `gusgfld d rgjcvcrd oc Odiid `g Agje igustgffijcl`f go ocicmd trcjfdjgdltd `g `gusgfld d mfhgogtnc (rdoczgfld `g Dglstdgl).
-. Xgjcvcrd odquczgfld `g jfltglugtnc, `gsjutdl`f od dsprdssgflg `dg tdrmglg `g idldrczgfld/rgjfmhglczgfld.
. Gltdircrd odquczgfld `g jfltglugt nc pdr rgjcvcrd ocl`cmdltf `do prfffiof `g pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrgglgdttctg gl ulc zflc ldutrc cg jcpg `g ulc igulzgfld p-l pfocrgzzctc `grdttcmdltd.
. Xgjcvcrd odsprdssgfld `dooc jfrrdltd tftcod jbd cttrcvdrsc ulc igulzgfld p-l gl pfocrgzzczgfld`grdttc. Prcjjgcrd d igustgffijcrd ocl`cmdltf `dooc `dlsgtnc `g jfrrdltd `g ocjuld d `g dodttrflg.
. Zg jflsg`drg ulc igulzgfld p-l pfocrgzzctc glvdrscmdltd; rgjcvcrd ocl`cmdltf `do prfffiof `gmglfrgtcrg gl ulc `dood zfld ldutrd c`gcjdltg.
. @gsjutdrd oc rgspfstc jcpcjgtgvc `g ulc igulzgfld p-l gl pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc (jcpcjgtnc `g`gusgfld) d gooustrcrd go jfrrgspfl`dltd jgrjugtf pdr pgjjfog sdilcog `do `gf`f.
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
. @gsjutdrd oc rgspfstc jcpcjgtgvc `g ulc igulzgfld p-l gl pfocrgzzczgfld glvdrsc (jcpcjgtnc `gsvuftcmdltf) d gooustrcrd go jfrrgspfl`dltd jgrjugtf pdr pgjjfog sdilcog `do `gf`f.
. Adlfmdlg `ghrdce`fwl `g ulc igulzgfld p-l; gooustrcrd go adlfmdlf `g hrdce`fwl pdr ddttf[dldr, stgmcrld go jcmpf dodttrgjf jrgtgjf suooc hcsd `g ul sdmpogjd mf`doof `g odicmd.
. Adlfmdlg `g hrdce`fwl `g ulc igulzgfld p-l; gooustrcrd go adlfmdlf `g hrdce`fwl pdr gflgzzczgf-ld c` gmpcttf d stgmcrd go jcmpf jrgtgjf suooc hcsd `g ul sdmpogjd mf`doof. @gsjutdrd oc `gpdl`dlzc`do jcmpf jrgtgjf `co `rficiigf.
. Gooustrcrd oc afrmczgfld `dood hcl`d `g ogvdoog dldridtgjg gl ul sfog`f jrgstcooglf jfl pcrtgjfocrdrgadrgmdltf cg sfog`g `diog dodmdltg `do GQ iruppf `dooc tcvfoc pdrgf`gjc.
. Gooustrcrd d oc stctgstgjc `g fjjupczgfld `dg ogvdoog dldridtgjg d gltrf`urrd oc `dffilgzgfld `g ogvdoof`g Adrmg.
. @dffilgrd od `dlsgtnc `g stctg dqugvcodltg gl hcl`c `g jfl`uzgfld d vcodlzc. Gooustrcrld go odicmdjfl oc jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc d` go icp.
. Gooustrcrd ocl`cmdltf `do `gcircmmc c hcl`d gl ulc igulzgfld p-l coodqugoghrgf.
Igulzgfld mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd d strutturc MFZ
. @dffilgrd go pftdlzgcod `g jfltcttf trc `ud mctdrgcog. Gooustrcrd od jfl`gzgflg pdr jug ul jfltcttfmdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrdnd rdttgffijcltd.
. Gooustrcrd ododttrfstctgjc `g ulc strutturc MFZ, g`dltgffijcl`f od jc`utd `g pftdlzgcod gl jfl`g-zgfld `g hcl`c pgcttc.
-. Ztrutturc MFZ; `dffilgrd od jfl`gzgflg `g svuftcmdltf d afrtd glvdrsgfld, rgjcvcrd odsprdssgf-ld `dooc tdlsgfld `g sfiogc, gooustrcrd ododttrfstctgjc `do sgstdmc gl jfl`gzgflg `g svuftcmdltf rgjc-vcl`f oc `dlsgtnc supdrffijgcod `dg pfrtctfrg oghdrg coogltdracjjgc d oc suc `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdlsgfld `gjfltrfoof.
. Prclsgstfrd MFZADP; rgjcvcrd odsprdssgfld `dooc jfrrdltd `g jfl`uzgfld gl zflc fbmgjc, jbgc-rdl`f od cpprfssgmczgflg jbd sg jfmpgflf.
. Prclsgstfrd MFZADP; rgjcvcrd odsprdssgfld `dooc jfrrdltd `g jfl`uzgfld gl scturczgfld, jbgc-rdl`f od cpprfssgmczgflg jbd sg jfmpgflf.
. Prclsgstfrd MFZADP; jbgcrgrd ofrgigld d oc `dffilgzgfld `g jfdjgdltd `g ddttf hf`y. @gsju-tdrld ogmpcttf suooc jcpcjgtnc `g jfrrdltd `do trclsgstfrd.
. Prclsgstfrd MFZADP; `gsjutdrd oc vcrgczgfld `dooc jfrrdltd `g scturczgfld co vcrgcrd `dooc pfoc-rgzzczgfld `g `rcgl. Jbgcrgrld oc ffisgjc d ogmpcttf suood prdstczgflg `do jfmpfldltd.
. Gltrf`urrd oc adlfmdlfofigc `dooc scturczgfld `dooc vdofjgtnc `g `drgvc ldg sdmgjfl`uttfrg. @dffi-lgrd d vcoutcrd ofr`gld `g ircl`dzzc `do jcmpf jrgtgjf. Gooustrcrd oddttf suooc hcsd `g ul mf`doof crgocsscmdltf `dood ircl`dzzd `glcmgjbd `dood pcrtgjdood (qucltgtnc `g mftf d` dldrigc).
. @gsjutdrd oc `gpdl`dlzc `dooc ardqudlzc `g tciogf `do MFZADP `cooc oulibdzzc `g jclcod.
. Gooustrcrd g pcssg `g prfjdssf prgljgpcog `g ul prfjdssf JMFZ.
Cppdl`gjdPrclsgstfrd MFZ; pfocrgzzczgfld `dood rdigflg `gusd d jcrgjc ldo jclcod `g jfl`uzgfld.
Prclsgstfrd MFZ; mfhgogtnc supdrffijgcod d vdofjgtnc `g scturczgfld.
Prclsgstfrd MFZ; mf`doof `g pgjjfof sdilcod.
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Ztrutturc dodttrflgjc `dg sdmgjfl`uttfrg
. Gooustrcrd jfsc sg gltdl`d pdr sfog`f jrgstcooglf, `crd cojulgdsdmpg `g jdood ulgtcrgd d stgmcrd, c pcrtgrd `co pcssf rdtgjfocrdoc `dlsgt nc ctfmgjc `do sfog`f.
G sfog`g jrgstcooglg sg `gdrdlzgclf `cg sfog`g cmfrffi pdr oc `gspfsgzgfld fr`glctc `diog ctfmg. Oc ofrf`gspfsgzgfld prdl`d go lfmd `g rdtgjfof jrgstcooglf d`nd pdrgf`gjf. Dssf pu nf dssdrd rgjfstrugtf c pcr-tgrd `c ulc jdooc ulgtcrgc trcmgtd fppfrtuld trcsoczgflg. Oc pg nu pgjjfoc jdooc gl irc`f `g rgjfstrugrdgo rdtgjfofnd `dttc jdooc prgmgtgvc. Iog cssg `g sgmmdtrgc `dooc jdooc vdliflf `dttg cssg jrgstcoofircffijg.
Oc strutturc `do sf`gf (L c) nd juhgjc c jfrpf jdltrctf (JJJ). ^dr filg jdooc ulgtcrgc jg sflf qugl`g3/2 2 + 3 ctfmg. Oc `dlsgtnc ctfmgjc nd go lumdrf `g ctfmg pdr ulgtnc `g vfoumd. @dttfc go pcssfrdtgjfocrd, jgfnd oc oulibdzzc `do octf `dooc jdooc ulgtcrgc, sg bc jbd oc `dlsgt ncnd pcrg c 8/c:.
. Gooustrcrd go mf`doof ctfmgjf `g Hfbr, rgjcvcl`f odsprdssgf-ld `do rciigf md`gf `dood frhgtd. Ttgogzzcrd qudstf rgsuotctf pdrstgmcrd go pcssf ctfmgjf `do jrgstcoof `g Zf`gf.
Go mf`doof `g Hfbr pcrtd `cg sdiudltg pfstuoctg;
iog dodttrflg ruftclf cttfrlf co lujodf jfl frhgtd jgrjfocrg,
octfmf dmdttd f cssfrhd dldrigc sfof qucl`f iog ctfmg pcssclf `c ulfrhgtc coocotrc,
od frhgtd sflf qucltgzzctd, jgfnd go mfmdltf `dooc qucltgtnc `g mftfnd ul muotgpof gltdrf `g .
Zuoododttrfld cigsjd ulc afrzc `g Jfuofmh dsprdssc `cooc rdoczgfld .
A=E[q8
X8 ()
jflq jcrgjc `doododttrfld pcrg c 3.1 3>37J,[lumdrf `g jcrgjbd ldttd pfsgtgvd gltdrld coofrhgtcprdsc gl qudstgfld. Zg punf cppogjcrd go GG prgljgpgf `dooc `glcmgjc d` dssdl`f ul mftf jgrjfocrdulgafrmd d` dssdl`f od frhgtd qucltgzzctd sg pu nf trfvcrd go rciigf trcmgtd oc rdoczgfld.
A=E[q8
X8 =mc=m
v8
X (mv8X)8 =E[q8mX (l)8 =E[q8mX
X=l8
[X> jflX>=
8
Eq8m >.4C ()
@fvdX> nd jfstcltd d` nd `dttf rciigf `g Hfbr. Cvdl`f go sf`gf ulc jflffiiurczgfld 3s8
8s8
8p1
:s3
bclumdrf qucltgjf pcrg cd` ul sfof ctfmf ldoofrhgtc pg nu dstdrlc d` nd qugl`g cpprfssgmchgod jfmdctfmf g`rfidlfg`d. Go rciigf `do sf`gf scr nc qugl`g dsprdssf `cooc rdoczgfld .
XLc=l8
[X> 0.4C ()
. Gooustrcrd ocppcrdltd jfltrc``gzgfld trc oc GG odiid `dooc `glc-mgjc d oc odiid `g Fbm. Gltrf`urrd go mf`doof c rgocsscmdltf pdroc vdofjgt nc `g `drgvc d oc mfhgogt nc.
G jfl`uttfrg mdtcoogjg sflf jcrcttdrgzzctg `cooc prdsdlzc `g dodttrflg oghdrg jbd sd sfttfpfstg c` uljcmpf dodttrgjf, d qugl`g c` ulc `gdrdlzc `g pftdlzgcod, idldrclf ul mftf fr`glctf `g jcrgjbd d
Qdlld prfpfstf ldo jfmd pdradzgflcmdltf `do jdodhrd mf`doof pocldtcrgf gltrf`fttf `c Xutbdrafr` pfjbg cllgprgmc. Go mf`doof vgdld clcogzzctf gl qudstc mclgdrc pg nu sdmpogjgstgjc `g qucltf of sgc gl rdcot nc.
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
qugl`g jfrrdltd. Oc tdlsgfldnd prfpfrzgflcod cooc afrzc cppogjctc mdltrd oc jfrrdltd rgsuotc prfpfr-zgflcod cooc vdofjgtnc `dood jcrgjbd qugl`g pcrd vg sgc ulcppcrdltd jfltrc``gzgfld trc oc GG odiid `dooc`glcmgjc jbd odic prfpfrzgflcomdltd oc afrzc coocjjdodrczgfld d lfl cooc vdofjgtnc.
Q= H
C
D `o= H
C
A `
o
q
G=
Z
K `Z=
Z
qlv `Z
nD ulc jfltrc``gzgfld sfof cppcrdltd gl qucltf iog dodttrflg sflf sfttfpfstg c` ul mftf ulgafrmd-mdltd cjjdodrctf mc jfl oc prdsdlzc `g urtg jbd ld mf`gffijclf vdofjgt nc d `grdzgfld `dg pfrtctfrg`dtdrmglcl`f qugl`g ulc vdofjgt nc md`gc `dttc `g `drgvc (`rgat). Gl pcrtgjfocrd sg pu nf cssumdrd jbdoc qucltgtnc `g mftf sg czzdrc gl sdiugtf ciog urtg `fpf ul tdmpf md`gf j.
mv
`rgat=qD
j v
`rgat=
qDj
m
v`rgat=D ()
=qjm
()
m nd oc mcssc djcjd `dooc pcrtgjdooc, dsscnd pcrg cooc mcsscm>`doododttrfld ldo vuftf sfof sd, jfmd`gjd go lfmd, jg sg trfvc ldo vuftf. Ldo jcsf sg clcogzzg go mftf `dood pcrtgjdood gl ul mdzzf mctdrgcoddssd mfstrdrcllf ulc mcssc `gdrdltd `c qudooc `doododttrfld ldo vuftf d` glfotrd oc mcssc `diogdodttrflg scrnc `gvdrsc `c qudooc `dood ocjuld. Oc mcssc `dood pcrtgjdood `gpdl`d sfof `co mdzzf gl jugsflf gmmdrsd d lfl `c ircl`dzzd ffisgjbd cppogjctd jfmd c` dsdmpgf go jcmpf dodttrgjf.
. @gsjutdrd oc jfl`ujghgogt nc gl ul jfl`uttfrd mdtcoogjf d oc suc`gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturc.
Tl jfl`uttfrd mdtcoogjfnd jcrcttdrgzzctf `c dodttrflg oghdrg `g vcicrd d `g idldrcrd ulc jfrrdltd sdsfttfpfstg c` ul jcmpf dodttrgjf. Oc `dlsgtnc `g jfrrdltd rgsuotc prfpfrzgflcod co jcmpf dodttrgjftrcmgtd ul jfdjgdltd`dttf jfl`ujghgogtnc.
K= lqv`rgat=lqD
K= D ()
=lq ()
Coocumdltcrd `dooc tdmpdrcturc `gmglugsjd go tdmpf md`gf trc ul urtf d ocotrf d qugl`g coocumdl-
tcrd `dooc tdmpdrcturc `gmglugsjd oc jfl`ujghgogtnc.
. Gooustrcrd od prfprgdt nc `dg sdmgjfl`uttfrg `do GQ iruppf (rdtgjf-of, jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc, suc `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrctu-rc, oc ocjulc).
G sdmgjfl`uttfrg sflf mctdrgcog jbd prdsdltclf ulc jfl`ujghgogt nc gltdrmd`gc trc mdtcoog d` gsfocltg.C `gdrdlzc `dg mdtcoog od hcl`d lfl sg sfvrcppfliflf trc ofrf d ldo jcsf `do sgogjgf tuttg iog dodt-trflg sflf gmpdilctg ldo afrmcrd odicmg. Zg `dvd qugl`g afrlgrd ul dldrigc pdr oghdrcrog d rdl`drdgo mctdrgcod gl irc`f `g jfl`urrd. Puttcvgc ldo jcsf `dg sdmgjfl`uttfrg ig nc odldrigc tdrmgjcnd jfm-pcrchgod jfl qudooc ldjdsscrgc c rfmpdrd g odicmg. Zdmgjfl`uttfrg jfmpfstg `c ctfmg `g ulc sfoc
spdjgd sflf, c` dsdmpgf, go sgogjgf (Zg) d go idrmclgf (Id). Dssg afrmclf odicmg jfvcodltg ghrg`g `gtgpfsp: d sg `gspfliflf sdjfl`f ulc strutturc tdtrcd`rgjc su hcsd juhgjc jfmd mfstrctf gl ffiiurc .Filg quco vfotc ul odicmd vgdld rfttf d sg oghdrc ul dodttrfld jbd pcssc gl hcl`c `g jfl`uzgfld vg nd
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ZPXTPPTXC DODPPXFLGJC @DG ZDMGJFL@TPPFXG
Agiurc; Oc jdooc ulgtcrgc `do jrgstcoof `g sgogjgf. Filg sadrc nd ul ctfmf. Filg ctfmf bc qucttrfvgjglg jfmd dvg`dlzgctf `ciog ctfmg pg nu sjurg. Iog ctfmg pg nu sjurg jfmpfliflf oc jdooc prgmgtgvctrcttdiigctc. Lftcrd jfmd oc strutturc `do sgogjgf sgc tdtrciflcod.
Agiurc ; (c) Oc rcpprdsdltczgfld hg gmdlsgflcod `dooc strutturc jrgstcooglc `do Zgogjgf. (h) Sucl`f sgrfmpd ul odicmd jfvcodltd, ul dodttrfld sg oghdrc d `gvdltc gl irc`f `g jfl`urrd jfrrdltd dodttrgjc.Sucl`f sg oghdrc jrdc ul vuftf rcpprdsdltctf `co jdrjbgdttf vuftf. (j) Oc ocjulcnd cljbdssc gl irc`f`g mufvdrsg d jfl`urrd jfrrdltd dodttrgjc.
ulc vcjclzc `dttc ocjulc d mf`doogzzctc jfmd ulc pcrtgjdooc `g jcrgjc fppfstc c qudooc `doododttrf-ld. Gl ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd gltrglsdjf oc jfljdltrczgfld `g ocjuldp nd pcrg c qudooc `diog dodttrflg ld`nd `dttc jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjclg d`nd ulc ircl`dzzc jbd vcrgc jfl oc tdmpdrcturc.
lg P:/8 dxp Dicp
8EP
()
. Ztgmcrd oc jfl`ujghgogt nc `do Zgogjgf/Idrmclgf purf c tdmpdrc-turc cmhgdltd (jfmmdltcrd odsprdssgfld, qucltgffijcrd g tdrmglg)
Oc jfl`ujghgogtnc bc jfmpfrtcmdltg gl aulzgfld `dooc tdmpdrcturc mfotf `gvdrsg trc sdmgjfl`uttfrg
d mdtcoog. Sudstf pdrjbd ocumdltf `g tdmpdrcturc jfmpfrtc ulc `gmgluzgfld `do tdmpf md`gf `gjfoogsgfldj mc ldg sdmgjfl`uttfrg vgdld cmpgcmdltd jfmpdlsctf `cooc idldrczgfld `g pfrtctfrgcoocumdltcrd `dooc tdmpdrcturc.
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Ldo jcsf `dg sdmgjfl`uttfrg nd utgod mf`doogzzcrd oc jfrrdltd jfmd `fvutc cg jfltrghutg `gstgltg `gdodttrflg d ocjuld.
K=D= (l+ p)D=q(ll+ pp)D
Ldo jcsf `do sgogjgf c tdmpdrcturc cmhgdltd chhgcmfl=p=lg = 3.04 3>3> jm:l= 304>jm
8/Qs
p= 02>jm8/Qs
Zg= 0.02 3>1 (jm)3 ()Ldo jcsf `do idrmclgf c tdmpdrcturc cmhgdltd chhgcmf
l=p=lg= 8.0 3>3: jm:l= :7>>jm
8/Qs
p= 37>>jm8/Qs
Id= 88.: 3>: (jm)3 ()Od mciigfrg jfljdltrczgflg d mfhgogt nc `do idrmclgf sg spgdiclf c jcusc `dooc suc mciigfrd `dlsgt ncd mglfrddldriy icp.
Dicp,Zg= 3.88dQ Dicp,Id= >.11 dQ ()
. Gltrf`urrd go jfljdttf `g `rficltd, gooustrcrd ogludlzc `dg `rf-icltg suooc jfl`ujghgogt nc `do sdmgjfl`uttfrd c pcrtgrd `co mf`doofc` frhgtcog `g odicmd.
Zg pfssflf glsdrgrd dodmdltg gl ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd gltrglsdjf gl pfsgzgfld sfstgtuzgflcod pdr cotd-rcrld od prfprgdtnc jfl`uttgvd sdlzc pdr nf mf`gffijcrd oc strutturc `do rdtgjfof. Sudstc prfjd`urc nd
`dttc `rficiigf d` go sdmgjfl`uttfrd jfsn jrdctfnd `dttf dstrglsdjf f, pg nu jfmuldmdltd, `rfictf dododmdltf glsdrgtf nd `dttf `rficltd. Zd g `rficltg bcllf ul mciigfr lumdrf `g dodttrflg rgspdttfcoododmdltf `c `rficrd sflf `dttg `flfrg d` go sdmgjfl`uttfrd nd `dttf `rfictf `g tgpf l, gl jcsfjfltrcrgf sflf `dttg cjjdttfrg d` go sdmgjfl`uttfrd nd `dttf `rfictf `g tgpfp.
Oc jfljdltrczgfld `g `rficltg (LC f L@rgspdttgvcmdltd ldo jcsf `g cjjdttfrg f `flfrg) `dvd dssdrdmglfrd `g comdlf trd fr`glg `g ircl`dzzc rgspdttf cooc jfljdltrczgfld `g ctfmg `do sdmgjfl`uttfrdgltrglsdjf pdr lfl cotdrcrd go suf rdtgjfof d` dssdrd mciigfrd `g comdlf trd fr`glg `g ircl`dzzcrgspdttf cooc jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc pdr dssdrd jflsg`drdvfog od mf`gffijbd cppfrtctd cood prfprgdt nc`do sdmgjfl`uttfrd.
Ldo jcsf `g ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd `rfictf `g tgpf l, go `rficiigf gmpogjc ul jflsg`drdvfod cumdltf `do-oc jfljdltrczgfld `g dodttrflg d`nd cpprfssgmchgod cooc jfljdltrczgfld stdssc `g `rficltg gl qucltf ocjfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc `g dodttrflgnd trcsjurchgod. Glfotrd oc jfljdltrczgfld `g ocjulc `gmglugsjd
gl qucltf jfl ul mciigfr lumdrf `g dodttrflg oghdrg nd pg nu prfhchgod jbd dssd vdliclf rgjfmhglctd.^dr qudstf mftgvf gl ul `rficiigf `g tgpf l iog dodttrflg vdliflf `dttg mciigfrgtcrg d od ocjuld mg-lfrgtcrg. Clcofif `gsjfrsf pu nf dssdrd acttf pdr ul `rficiigf `g tgpf p`fvd sflf od ocjuld c` dssdrdg pfrtctfrg mciigfrgtcrg d iog dodttrflg qudoog mglfrgtcrg.
Jfl go `rficiigf sg fttgdld qugl`g ulc `gvdrsc jfljdltrczgfld trc dodttrflg d ocjuld d` ul cumdl-tf idldrcod `dooc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg tftcog. Oc jfl`ujghgogtnc qugl`g cumdltdrnc d` glfo-trd, dssdl`f go jfltrghutf `dg mglfrgtcrg trcsjurchgod, sg pftr nc jflsg`drcrd `gpdl`dltd `cooc sfocjfljdltrczgfld `g mciigfrgtcrg jbd lfl nd cotrf jbd oc jfljdltrczgfld `dg `rficltg.
=q(ll + pp) =
qll=qlL@ `rficiigf `g tgpfl
qpp=qpLC `rficiigf `g tgpfp ()
Jfmd clcofigc hcstg pdlscrd jbd nd pg nu acjgod mf`doogzzcrd go mftf `g ulc hfooc `crgc gl ul ogqug`f jbd lfl go mftf `g
tuttd od pcrtgjdood `cjquc jbd oc jgrjfl`clf.Qdrrnc jbgcrgtf ldooc `fmcl`cjfmd jcojfocrd oc lufvc jfljdltrczgfld `g mglfrgtcrg.Zg punf jflsg`drcrd gl prgmc cpprfssgmczgfld ulc jfmpodtc gflgzzczgfld `dg `rficltg
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
9/54
ZPXTPPTXC DODPPXFLGJC @DG ZDMGJFL@TPPFXG
Agiurc ; Xcpprdsdltczgfld hg gmdlsgflcod `g ulc strutturc jrgstcooglc `g sgogjgf `rfictf. (c)Ocrsdlgjfnd ul `flfrd. (h) Go hfrfnd ul cjjdttfrd.
. Ztgmcrd suooc hcsd `do mf`doof `g Hfbr, odldrigc `g odicmd`doododttrfld `do Afsafrf, qucl`f gmmdrsf ldo rdtgjfof `g Zgogjgf.
@co mf`doof `g Hfbr nd pfssghgod `dtdrmglcrd odldrigc pftdlzgcod d jgldtgjc `g ul ctfmf `g afsafrfgmmdrsf gl ul jrgstcoof `g sgogjgf d oc suc jflsdiudltd dldrigc tftcod.
Dp= E[q 8
X ()
De=3
8mv8
A=E[q 8
X
De=3
8E
[q8
X ()
Dtft=Dp+ De= E[q8
X +
3
8E
[q8
X = 3
8E
[q8
X ()
Go afsafrf bc lumdrf qucltgjf prgljgpcodl= : d punf dssdrd jflsg`drctf jfmd ul ctfmf g`rfidlfg`dd qugl`g[= 3. C pcrtgrd `c qudstd jfl`gzgflg pu nf dssdrd jcojfoctf go suf rciigf ctfmgjf.
X=l8
[X>= 7X>= 0.4C ()
Go rciigf nd pcrciflchgod co pcssf ctfmgjf `do sgogjgf, qugl`g nd rcigfldvfod jflsg`drcrd ododttrfldgmmdrsf gl ul `gdodttrgjf `g jfstcltdZg=r>.
Dtft= 38 E[q8
X = 3
8E[q8 [
l8X>= [8
l8 q8
8X> 3
0Zg
= [8
l8rXy ()
Xy= q8
2>X> 3:.1 dQ ()
Dtft 3:> mdv ()JflXy jbd nd `dttc jfstcltd `g Xy`hdri. Odldrigc tftcod nd qugl`g jflarfltchgod coodldrigc tdrmgjc
c tdmpdrcturc cmhgdltd d qudstf sgilgffijc jbd ig nc c tdmpdrcturc cmhgdltd vg scrcllf lumdrfsgpfrtctfrg oghdrg.
Qd`g `fmcl`c.
C tdmpdrcturcP= :>>E odldrigc tdrmgjc nd pcrg c jgrjc 84, 27mdQ.^dr ulc `dsjrgzgfld pgnu `dttciogctc `do lumdrf `g pfrtctfrg oghdrg gl aulzgfld `dooc tdmpdrcturc vd`drd oc `fmcl`c LFL
MG XGJFX@F
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
10/54
@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; Tl dodttrfld pu nf suhgrd oddttf `doof sjcttdrgli `c pcrtd `g ulf gfld cjjdttfrd (c) d `c ulf`flfrd (h) gl mclgdrc sgmgocrd cljbd sd iog gflg bcllf tgpg fppfstg `g jcrgjc. Of stdssf adlfmdlfvcod pdr od ocjuld cljbd sd lfl mfstrctf gl ffiiurc.
. Gooustrcrd oc odiid `g czgfld `g mcssc, g jfljdttg `g mciigfrgtcrg
d mglfrgtcrg.Gl ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd, c jcusc `doocigtczgfld tdrmgjc, sg pfssflf rfmpdrd `dg odicmg d jrdcrd`dood jfppgd dodttrfld-ocjulc. Zg pu nf qugl`g `dffilgrd ul tcssf `g idldrczgfld I gl aulzgfld `dooctdmpdrcturc.
I(P) =a3(P) ()
Clcoficmdltd sg cvrcllf `dood rgjfmhglczgflg jbd scrcllf gl aulzgfld `dooc tdmpdrcturc d `do-oc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg. Oc `gpdl`dlzc `cooc jfljdltrczgfld `dg pfrtctfrg nd `fvutc co act-tf jbd mciigfrg sflf od jfppgd dodttrfld-ocjulc d mciigfrg sflf od pfssghgogt nc jbd cvvdlic ulc
rgjfmhglczgfld. Zg pu nf qugl`g `dffilgrd ul tcssf `g rgjfmhglczgfldX.
X(l,p,P) =lpa8(P) ()
Coodqugoghrgf tdrmgjf g `ud tcssg sg dqugpcrdrcllf d jflsg`drcl`f jbd ldo jcsf `g ul sdmgjfl`uttfrdgltrglsdjf sg bcl = p = lg sg pu nf rgjcvcrd oc odiid `g czgfld `g mcssc. Dsscnd vcog`c lfl sfof pdr gsdmgjfl`uttfrg gltrglsdjg mc cljbd pdr qudoog `rfictg.
I(P) =X(l,p,P) a3(P) =lpa8(P) lp=a8(P)
a3(P)=a(P) ()
l8g =lp ()
. Gooustrcrd oc `gpdl`dlzc `dooc mfhgogt nc `co `rficiigf `g ulsdmgjfl`uttfrd.
Tldodttrfld pu nf suhgrd `dood vcrgczgflg ldooc `grdzgfld `do suf mftf `fvutd cooc prdsdlzc `g jcrgjbd(pfsgtgvd f ldictgvd) jfmd mfstrctf gl ffiiurc . Oc mfhgogtnc mfstrc ul cl`cmdltf jfstcltd ffilf c`rficiig jfl jfljdltrczgflg `doofr`gld `g 3>34 jm: mdltrd fotrd vcofrg `doofr`gld `g 3>39 jm:prdsdltc ulc `gpdl`dlzc prfpfrzgflcod cooglvdrsf `dooc jfljdltrczgfld `g `rficltg jfmd mfstrctfgl ffiiurc.
Qcod sgc ldo jcsf `g sdmgjfl`uttfrg gltrglsdjg jbd `rfictg.^dr ulc `gmfstrczgfld qucltgtctgvc d pg nu dscustgvc `do prf`fttflp vd`drd oc rgspfstc cooc `fmcl`c.
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
11/54
ZPXTPPTXC DODPPXFLGJC @DG ZDMGJFL@TPPFXG
Agiurc; Oc mfhgogtnc `g dodttrflg d ocjuld c ulc tdmpdrcturcP= :>>E.
. Gooustrcrd oc `gpdl`dlzc `dooc jfl`ujghgogt nc `g ul sdmgjfl-`uttfrd `rfictf co vcrgcrd `dooc tdmpdrcturc `gstgliudl`f trc grdigmg `g arddzd-fut/jfl`ujghgogt nc dstrglsdjc/ jfl`ujghgogt nc gltrgl-sdjc.
Oc jfl`ujghgogtnc nd `dffilgtc jfmd
=q(ll+ pp) ()
Dssc bc `ud acttfrg odictg cooc tdmpdrcturc; oc mfhgogtnc d oc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg.
Mfhgogt nc
Oc mfhgogtncnd gludlzctc `co adlfmdlf `doof sjcttdrgi ig nc gltrf`fttf ldooc `fmcl`c. Jg sflf `udjcusd prgljgpcog `gsjcttdrglildo jcsf `g sdmgjfl`uttfrg `rfictg; oc prdsdlzc `g jcrgjbd ffissd pfsgtgvdd oc prdsdlzc `g vghrczgflg `diog ctfmg `do jrgstcoof. O mfhgogtnc `fvutc ciog gflg, fotrd c prdsdltcrdulc `gpdl`dlzc `cooc jfljdltrczgfld `g `rficltg, prdsdltc cljbd ulc `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturcgl qucltf c tdmpdrcturd pg nu cotd sg bc ulc mciigfrd vdofjgtnc tdrmgjc d` qugl`g ul mglfr tdmpf `ggtdrczgfld trc pfrtctfrg d gflg. Ld jflsdiud jbd jfl ogllcozcmdltf `dooc tdmpdrcturc go adlfmdlf `gsjcttdrgli gltrf`fttf `ciog gflg `gmglugsjd. nD vdrgffijchgod jbd oc `gpdl`dlzc `dooc mfhgogtnc `fvutccooc prdsdlzc `g gflg nd `do tgpf
`fp P
:8
LC + L@()
^dr qucltf rgiucr`c od vghrczgflg `do rdtgjfof, dssd pfssflf dssdrd sjbdmctgzzctd sfttf afrmc `gpcrtgjdood `dttd aflflg. Jfl ul gllcozcmdltf `dooc tdmpdrcturc vg nd ulc mciigfrd vghrczgfld `diogctfmg `do rdtgjfof d` ul jflsdiudltd mciigfrd sjcttdrgli `dg pfrtctfrg. Oc `gpdl`dlzc `dooc mfhgogtnc`fvutc cg aflflgnd `do tgpf
pb P:8 ()
Sucl`f vg nd pg nu `g ulc tgpfofigc `g sjcttdrgli oc mfhgogt nc tftcod nd `dtdrmglctc `cooc sfmmc `diogglvdrsg `dood mfhgogtnc `fvutd cg sglifog adlfmdlg.
3
= 3pb
+ 3`fp
()
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
12/54
@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg
Oc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrgnd `fvutc cooc pdrjdltucod `g `rficltg gflgzzctg d cooc jfljdltrczgfldgltrglsdjc `dg mctdrgcog. Oc jfljdltrczgfld `g `rficltg gflgzzctg jrdsjd jfl oc tdmpdrcturc tdl`dl`fcsgltftgjcmdltd cooc jfljdltrczgfld `g `rficltg d sg pfssflf jflsg`drcrd jfmpodtcmdltd gflgzzctg
ignc c tdmpdrcturc cmhgdltd. Oc jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc `do mctdrgcod jrdsjd glvdjd dspfldlzgco-mdltd jfl oc tdmpdrcturc sdjfl`f oc stctgstgjc `g Hfotzmcll mc prdvcod suooc jfljdltrczgfld `g
`rficltg gflgzzctg sfof c` cotd tdmpdrcturd.
. Gooustrcrd, pcrtdl`f `coodsdmpgf `dooc `gstrghuzgfld `g ul icsgl ulc jfofllc gsftdrmc, g rgsuotctg afl`cmdltcog `dooc stctgstgjc`g Hfotzmcll (`gstrghuzgfld gl dldrigc, rcppfrtf `dooc jfljdltrc-zgfld c `ud quftd, `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturc).
Oc stctgstgjc `g Hfotzmcll `dsjrgvd oc `gstrghuzgfld `diog stctg dldridtgjg `g ul sgstdmc. Oc `gstrg-huzgfld `dg pfrtctfrg `g jcrgjc sg pu nf rgjcvcrd c pcrtgrd `cood dquczgflg `dooc tdrmf`glcmgjc jbdrdifoclf oc `gstrghuzgfld `g pcrtgjdood gl ulc jfofllc gsftdrmc `g ics.
`p= lmi`z odiid `g Ztdvglf`p=EP`l odiid `dg ics g`dcog
()
lmi`z=EP`l miEP
`z=` l
l mi
EP(z8 z3) = ol
l(z8)
l(z3)
l(z8)
l(z3)= dxp
miz8 miz3
EP
= dxp
Dp(z8) Dp(z3)
EP
()
Oc `gdrdlzc `g jfljdltrczgfld `gpdl`d qugl`g `coodldrigc pftdlzgcod, jbd sg fppfld co mftf og-hdrf `diog dodttrflg, d `coodldrigc tdrmgjc, jbd glvdjd acvfrgsjd ulc `gusgfld pg nu fmfidldc. Ofstdssf rgsuotctf pu nf dssdrd fttdlutf ldo jcsf `g jfljdltrczgflg `g pfrtctfrg `g jcrgjc coogltdrlf `g ulsdmgjfl`uttfrd.
l3=l8 dxpq Q83
EP
(c)
p3=p8 dxpq
Q83EP
(h)
Od dquczgflg mfstrclf jbd, ffissctg `ud pultg tcog jbd ocrifmdltf `doodspfldlzgcod rgsuotg pfsgtgvf,go rcppfrtf `dood jfljdltrczgflg `gmglugsjd co jrdsjdrd `dooc tdmpdrcturc.
^dr ulc `gmfstrczgfld `dooc stctgstgjc `g Hfotzmcll cppogjctc cooc jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc vd`drd oc rgspfstc cooc`fmcl`c.
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
13/54
ZPXTPPTXC DODPPXFLGJC @DG ZDMGJFL@TPPFXG
Agiurc ; @gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturc `dooc mfhgogtnc `diog dodttrflg ldo jcsf `g sgogjgf jfl`rficiigf `g tgpfl.
Agiurc; Qcrgczgfld `dooc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg gl ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd `g tgpfl gl aulzgfld`dooc tdmpdrcturc.
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
14/54
@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
-
7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
15/54
Igulzgfldpl
. Gooustrcrd od jcrcttdrgstgjbd rdttgffijcltg `g ulc igulzgfld p-l. Qcoutcrd oc `gdrdlzc `g pftdlzgcod coodqugoghrgf d igustgffijc-rd qucogtctgvcmdltd oddttf `dooc pfocrgzzczgfld suooc dstdlsgfld`dooc zflc `g jcrgjc spczgcod d suooc jc`utc `g pftdlzgcod.
Zg bc ulc igulzgfldplqucl`f gl ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd sflf prdsdltg `gdrdltg tgpfofigd `g `rficiigf.Zd sg suppfld ul hofjjbdttf `g sgogjgf jfl ulc zflc c `rficiigf fmfidldf `g tgpf p d oc rgmcldl-td zflc `rfictc `g tgpf l, c jcusc `g ulc `gvdrsc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg, g mciigfrgtcrg `dooczflcl, iog dodttrflg, `gfl`drcllf ldooc zflcp d, vgjdvdrsc, g mciigfrgtcrg `dooc zflc p, od ocjuld,`gfl`drcllf ldooc zflc l. Dltrcmhg g pfrtctfrg mciigfrgtcrg sg cl`rcllf qugl`g c rgjfmhglcrdjfl g mglfrgtcrg `dooc zflc ldooc qucod `gfl`flf. Sudstf adlfmdlf afrmc ulc rdigfld `dttc `g
zflc svuftctc f zflc `g jcrgjc spczgcod gl qucltf, c jcusc `dooc rgjfmhglczgfld, oc zflc sg cssumdprgvc `g pfrtctfrg oghdrg `g jcrgjc. Oc zflc svuftctc cssumd jcrgjc ldictgvc ffissc ldooc pcrtd p djcrgjc pfsgtgvc ldooc pcrtdl c jcusc `diog ctfmg `rficltg gflgzzctg. Sudstc `gstrghuzgfld `g jcrgjbdldg prdssg `dooc igulzgfld jrdc ulc `gdrdlzc `g pftdlzgcod d` ul jcmpf dodttrgjf jbd sg fppfld c`ulc uotdrgfrd `gusgfld `dg mciigfrgtcrg. Oc tdlsgfld jbd sg vgdld c jrdcrd coodqugoghrgf vgdld `dttctdlsgfld `g hugot gl. Tlc `dsjrgzgfld qucogtctgvc pdr vgc ircffijc `diog cl`cmdltg `g jcrgjc, jcmpfdodttrgjf d tdlsgfldnd `ctc `cooc ffiiurc .
Go pftdlzgcod `ghugot glsg pu nf rgjcvcrd trcmgtd oc stctgstgjc `g Hfotzmcll cppogjctc c` ulc `gstrghu-zgfld lfl ulgafrmd `g jcrgjc. C` dsdmpgf, jflsg`drcl`f iog dodttrflg sg bc
lllp
=L@LC
l8g= dxp
q
Ql QpEP
= dxp
q
QHGEP
QHG=E P
q ol
L@LCl8g ()
^focrgzzcl`f oc igulzgfld dstdrlcmdltd, oc tdlsgfld cppogjctc cg jcpg `do `gf`f sg rgvdrsc sdlzcpdr gtd suooc zflc svuftctc, jgfnd lfl jg scrnc jc`utc `g tdlsgfld cg jcpg `dooc zflc ldutrc d oc jc`utc `gtdlsgfld suooc zflc svuftctcnd pcrg cooc tdlsgfld `ghugot glmdlf oc tdlsgfld cppogjctc `grdttcmdltd.Ldo jcsf oc tdlsgfld sgc cppogjctc gl glvdrsc dssc sg cl`rnc c sfmmcrd cooc tdlsgfld `ghugot gl.
Ldo jcsf `g pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc vg nd ulglgdzgfld `g pfrtctfrg jbd vc c jfmpdlscrd oc rgjfmhglc-zgfld `fvutc cooc `gusgfld. Qg nd ulc `gmgluzgfld `dooc tdlsgfld cg jcpg `dooc zflc svuftctc, ulrdstrgligmdltf `g qudstuotgmc d` ul pcssciigf `g jfrrdltd `cooc zflcpcooc zflcl.
Ldo jcsf `g pfocrgzzczgfld gl glvdrsc vg nd ulglgdzgfld `g ocjuld gl zflc l d `g dodttrflg gl zflc pjbd jfmpfrtc ul coocricmdltf `dooc zflc svuftctc, ul cumdltf `dooc tdlsgfld cg sufg jcpg d` ulc
jfrrdltd mfotf pgjjfoc `cooc zflclvdrsf oc zflcp.
^dr od mftgvczgflg `dttd oc igulzgfld pl aulid `c `gspfsgtgvf rdttgffijcltd. ^dr ulc `gpdl`dlzc pg nujbgcrc `doocl`cmdltf `dooc jfrrdltd vd`drd oc `fmcl`c .
. Prcjjgcrd go prfffiof `g dldrigc pftdlzgcod cg mfrsdttg `g ulcigulzgfld p-l coodqugoghrgf d` gl pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc/glvdrsc digustgffijcrd od `gpdl`dlzd cttdsd pdr oc dsprdssgfld `dooc jfrrdl-td.
Coodqugoghrgf iog dodttrflg jbd `gfl`flf `cooc zflclcooc zflcp vd`flf ulc hcrrgdrc `g dldrigcpftdlzgcod pcrg c qQ
HG. Zdjfl`f oc stctgstgjc `g Hfotzmcll, sfof pcrtd `dg mciigfrgtcrg bc dldrigc
Ldg tdstg `g ogliuc gliodsd sg nd sfogtg gl`gjcroc jfmd`dpodtgfl zfld.Zgnd sfogtg cssumdrd ldooc zflc svuftctc ulc gflgzzczgfld jfmpodtc. @C AFXLGXD OD MFPGQC[GFLG
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
sujgdltd pdr `gfl`drd. Oc jfrrdltd `fvutc cooc `gusgfld `diog dodttrflg Gl,`g nd prfpfrzgflcodciog dodttrflg jbd rgdsjflf c` fotrdpcsscrd oc hcrrgdrc `g dldrigc pftdlzgcod. Clcofif `gsjfrsf sg pu nfacrd pdr od ocjuld.
Gl,`g L@ dxpq QHG Q@EP =L@ dxpq
QHGEP
dxpqQ@EP =l8
gLC dxpqQ
@EP
Gp,`g LC dxpq QHG Q@
EP
=LC dxp
q QHG
EP
dxp
qQ@EP
=
l8gL@
dxp
qQ@EP
()
Iog dodttrflg jbd sg spfstclf `cp c` l d od ocjuld jbd sg spfstclf `cl c p, jgfnd g mglfrgtcrg, sg spf-stdrcllf irczgd co jcmpf dodttrgjf d qugl`g oc jfrrdltd `fvutc co jcmpf dodttrgjf scr nc prfpfrzgflcodcooc jfljdltrczgfld `g mglfrgtcrg.
Gl,`rgat lp=l8gLC
Gp,`rgat
pl=l8g
L@
()
G `ud jfltrghutg `fvutg rgspdttgvcmdltd c `gusgfld d jcmpf dodttrgjf bcllf vdrsg fppfstg d` g ofrfddttg sg jfmpdlsclf coodqugoghrgf. Sudstf sgilgffijc jbd od prfpfrzgflcogt nc dsprdssd `cood rdoczgflgd sflf g`dltgjbd d qugl`g sfmmchgog. Oc jfrrdltd tftcod nd `ctc `cooc sfvrcppfsgzgfld `dg `udjfltrghutg.
Gl=Gl,`g Gl,`rgatl8gLC
dxp
qQ@EP
l
8g
LC=
l8gLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
Gp=Gp,`g Gp,`rgatl8gL@
dxpqQ@
EP
l
8g
L@=
l8gL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3
()
Sugl`g ldo jcsf `g tdlsgfld `grdttc go jfltrghutf `fmglcltd nd `ctf `cooc jfrrdltd `g `g
usgfld djrdsjd co jrdsjdrd `gQ@ dspfldlzgcomdltd. Ldo jcsf `g tdlsgfld gl`grdttc glvdjd go jfltrghutf `dooc`gusgfld tdl`drnc c` clluoocrsg d` go jfltrghutf `fmglcltdnd `ctf `cooc jfrrdltd `g `rgatjbd nd jf-stcltd rgspdttf cooc tdlsgfld cppogjctc. Sudstf jfladrmc oc aulzgfld rdttgffijcltd `dooc igulzgfld pljfmd ignc dspfstf ldooc `fmcl`c.
. Xgjcvcrd ocl`cmdltf `dttciogctf `g jcmpf dodttrgjf d prfffiof`g pftdlzgcod gl ulc igulzgfld p-l jfl `rficiig ulgafrmg pfocrgz-zctc coodqugoghrgf. @crd od dsprdssgflg dspogjgtd `do jcmpf dodttrg-jf mcssgmf d `dooc dstdlsgfld `dooc zflc `g jcrgjc spczgcod.
@coodquczgfld `g Mcxwdoo sg bc
`D(x)
`x =
Zg(x)
Zg()
`fvdZggl`gjc `dlsgtnc `g jcrgjc,p d` l jfljdltrczgfld `g jcrgjbd mfhgog pfsgtgvd d ldictgvd,L+@d`
LC jfljdltrczgfld `g jcrgjbd ffissd (`rficltg gflgzzctg gl sdiugtf cooc rgjfmhglczgfld).Zg suppflic `g cvdrd ulc igulzgfld c irc`glf. Jgfnd sg suppfld jbd coogltdrlf `dooc rdigfld svuf-tctc lfl jg sgclf pfrtctfrg oghdrg d jbd tuttg g `rficltg sgclf gflgzzctg, jbd coodstdrlf `dooc rdigfldsvuftctc oc jcrgjc sgc luooc, jbd go `rficiigf sgc ulgafrmd pdr dltrcmhd od zfld p d` l. Zfttf qudstdjfl`gzgflg oc `dlsgtnc `g jcrgjc ldo sdmgjfl`uttfrd `gvdltc
s(x) =
qLC
xp? x ? >
qL@ >? x ? xl> cotrfvd
()
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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IGTL[GFLD^L
Agiurc ; (c) Igulzgfld c irc`glf5 (h) cpprfssgmczgfld `g svuftcmdltf5 (j) prfffiof `dood jcrgjbdspczgcog5 (`) jcmpf dodttrgjf5 (d) pftdlzgcod dodttrgjf5 (a) `gcircmmc c hcl`d dldridtgjbd.
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Xgsfovdl`f odquczgfld `g Mcxwdoo jfl qudstd cpprfssgmczgflg sg fttgdld
D(x) = (x)
Zg`x=
qLCZg
x + J3 xp x >qL@
Zg x + J8 > x xlJ: cotrfvd
Gmpfldl`f jfmd jfl`gzgflg co jfltfrlf go jcmpf luoof co `g aufrg `dooc rdigfld svuftctc sg rgjcvclfod jfstcltg `g gltdirczgfld.
D(xp) =D(xl) = >
J3= qLCZg
x
J8= qL@Zg
x
J:= >
Zg punf qugl`g sjrgvdrd go jcmpf dodttrgjf oulifx.
D(x) =
qLCZg
(x + xp) xp x >qL@Zg
(x xl) > x xl> cotrfvd
()
Gmpfldl`f oc jfltglugtnc gl x = > sg rgjcvc go odicmd trc od oulibdzzd `dooc rdigfld svuftctc d` g`rficiig.
D(>) =D(>+) qLCZg
xp= qL@Zg
xl
LCxp=L@xl ()
Glfotrd sg lftc cljbd jbd gl zdrf go jcmpf dodttrgjf bc oc mcssgmc gltdlsgt nc. Dssc nd dsprdssc `coocrdoczgfld.
Dmcx=qLC
Zgxp=
qL@Zg
xl ()
Go pftdlzgcod, ldo jcsf ulg`gmdlsgflcod, nd `dffilghgod jfmd ogltdircod `do jcmpf dodttrgjf glvdrtgtf `gsdilf.
Q(x) =
D(x) `x=
J0 x xpqLC
Zgx(
x
8+ xp) + J4 xp x >
qL@Zg
x( x8xl) + J1 > x xl
J9 x xlOd jfl`gzgflg co jfltfrlf sflf go pftdlzgcod `g rgadrgmdltf luoof pdr x xp d oc `gdrdlzc `gpftdlzgcodQHGcg jcpg `dooc igulzgfld
.
Q(xp) = >Q(xl) =QHG
J0= >
J4=qLC8Zg
x8p
J1=QHG qL@8Zg
x8l
J9= >Oc sjdotc `g prdl`drd jfmd pftdlzgcod `g rgadrgmdltf luoof go pftdlzgcod ldooc zflc ldutrc`g tgpf pnd tftcomdltd crhgtrcrgc.
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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IGTL[GFLD^L
Zg punf qugl`g sjrgvdrd go pftdlzgcod oulif x.
Q(x) =
> x xpqLC8Zg
(x + xp)8 xp x >
QHG qL@8Zg(x xl)8 > x xl
QHG x xl
()
Gmpfldl`f oc jfltglugtnc gl x = > sg bc odsprdssgfld `do pftdlzgcod `g hugot gl gl aulzgfld `doodoulibdzzd `dooc zflc svuftctc.
Q(>) =Q(>+) qLC8Zg
x8p=QHG qL@8Zg
x8l
QHG= q
8Zg
LCx
8p+ L@x
8l
@cooc rdoczgfld,dsprgmdl`f tuttf gl aulzgfld `g xl, sg bc
QHG= q
8Zg
L@(L@ + LC)
LCx8l
fppurd, dsprgmdl`f tuttf gl aulzgfld `gxp , sg bc
QHG= q
8Zg
LC(L@ + LC)
L@x8p
Dssd dsprgmflf go pftdlzgcod `ghugot glgl aulzgfld `g ulc sfoc `dood `ud rdigflg svuftctd. Puttcvgcsflf rdoczgflg pfjf usctd.
QHG nd stctf fttdlutf gltdircl`f go jcmpf dodttrgjf oulif go sdmgjfl`uttfrd, qugl`g punf dssdrd vgstfjfmd ocrdc sfttdsc cooc aulzgfld jcmpf dodttrgjf jcmhgctc `g sdilf. @ctf jbd oc aulzgfld jcmpfdodttrgjf bc afrmc trgclifocrdQHGsg punf rgjcvcrd c pcrtgrd `co jcmpf dodttrgjf mcssgmfDmcxd `coococribdzzc `dooc rdigfld svuftctcY dp.
QHG=3
8DmcxY dp ()
@cooc rdoczgfldd `cY dp=xl+ xp sg bc
xl= LC
LC + L@Y dp
xp= L@
LC + L@
Y dp
()
@cooc rdoczgfld d sfstgtugtd ldooc sg fttgdld oc rdoczgfld jbd dsprgmd oc oulibdzzc `doocrdigfld svuftctc gl aulzgfld `do pftdlzgcod `g hugot gl. Tscl`f od afrmuod `g prgmc sg rgjcvc ococribdzzc `dooc zflc svuftctcY.
Y dp=
8Zg
q
L@ + LCL@LC
QHG ()
Ldo jcsf `g ulc igulzgfld ulgoctdrc oc rdoczgfld nd dsprgmghgod jfmd
Y dp=
8ZgqLC
QHG L@ LC
8ZgqL@
QHG LC L@()
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
20/54
@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; Od pcrtgjdood `gfl`flf `c ul pultf c mciigfrd jfljdltrczgfld c` ul pultf c mglfrdjfljdltrczgfld.
^focrgzzczgfld idldrgjc
Ldo jcsf sg sgc gl prdsdlzc `g pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc tuttd od rdoczgflg dspfstd gl qudstc `fmcl`cmcltdliflf oc ofrf vcog`gtnc c pcttf `g jflsg`drcrd jbd oc tdlsgfld cg jcpg `dooc zflc svuftctc lflndQHGmc QHG [email protected] pcrtgjfocrd tuttd od rdoczgflg vdliflf mf`gffijctd jfmd sdiud;
Q(x) =
> x xpqLC8Zg
(x + xp)8 xp x >
QHG Q@ qL@8Zg
(x xl)8 > x xlQHG Q@ x xl
()
QHG Q@=3
8 DmcxY dp ()
Y dp=
8Zg
q
L@ + LCL@LC
(QHG Q@) ()
Y dp=
8ZgqLC
(QHG Q@) L@ LC8ZgqL@
(QHG Q@) LC L@()
. Gltrf`urrd oc jfrrdltd `g `gusgfld d rgjcvcrd oc Odiid `g Agjeigustgffijcl`f go ocicmd trc jfdjgdltd `g `gusgfld d mfhgogt nc
(rdoczgfld `g Dglstdgl).Jfmd ignc dspfstf ldood `fmcl`d prdjd`dltg.,qucl`f jg sflf jfljdltrczgflg lfl ulgafrmg `g pfr-tctfrg sg idldrc ulc jfrrdltd `g `gusgfld `fvutc cg pfrtctfrg jbd pcssclf `c ulc zflc c mciigfrdjfljdltrczgfld c ulc zflc jfl mglfrd jfljdltrczgfld. Go mftf `diog dodttrflg gl cssdlzc `g jcmpfcppogjctfnd `g tgpf hrfwlgclf. Dssdl`f ul mftf jcsucod sg pu nf cssumdrd jbd, gl ul mftf ulg`gmdl-sgflcod oulifx, mdtnc `diog dodttrflg sg mufvdrcllf gl ulc `grdzgfld d mdt nc ldoocotrc.@dttcvtb ocvdofjgt nc md`gc `diog dodttrflg `fvutc cooc sfoc cigtczgfld tdrmgjc d go jcmmglf pdrjfrsf ldo tdmpfmd gf `fpf oc qucod suhgsjd ulc rgjfmhglczgfld , go ussf cttrcvdrsf ulc supdrffijgd pdrpdl`gjfocrdc`x glx= > nd
l=3
8
l(
)vtb
3
8
l()vtb ()
F clcoficmdltd, ldo jcsf `g pfocrgzzczgfld glvdrsc, QHG+ QX.Qd`drd od `fmcl`dd
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IGTL[GFLD^L
Agiurc; Tl cumdltf oulifx`dooc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg prf`ujd ulc jfrrdltd `g `gusgfldoulifx pfsgtgvc ldo jcsf `g dodttrflg (c), mc ulc jfrrdltd `g `gusgfld oulifx ldictgvc ldo jcsf `gocjuld (h).
Zvgouppcl`f gl sdrgd `g Pcyofr oc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg cttfrlf co pultfx= > d` crrdstcl`fsgco prgmf fr`gld sg bc
l() =l(>) `l`x
+ . . .
l() =l(>)+`l
`x + . . .
()
l=3
8
l(>) `l
`x
vtb
l(>)+
`l
`x
vtb
= `l
`xvtb
@l=vtb ()
l= @l `l`x ()Mfotgpogjcl`f go ussf `diog dodttrflg pdr oc jcrgjc sg fttgdld oc `dlsgt nc `g jfrrdltd `g `gusgfld `diogdodttrflg oulifx.
Kl,`g(x) =q@l`l
`x ()
Clcofif `gsjfrsf pu nf dssdrd acttf pdr od ocjuld jbd prdsdltclf jcrcttdrgstgjbd `do mftf g`dltgjbdmc ulc jcrgjc `gdrdltd gl sdilf.
p= @p`p
`x ()
Kp,`g(x) =
q@p
`p
`x
()
G tdrmglg @p d @l prdl`flf go lfmd `g jfdjgdltg `g `gusgfld f `g `gusgvgtnc. ^fssflf dssdrddsprdssg gl aulzgfld `dooc mfhgogt nc trcmgtd od rdoczgflg `g Dglstdgl.
@l=vtb=v8tb
=lm
l
q `cooc `dffilgzgfld `g mfhgogtnc
3
8mlv8tb=
3
8EP v8tb=
E P
mlldo jcsf `g mftf ulg`gmdlsgflcod
@l=E P
q l ()
@ll
= @p
p= E P
q ()
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
22/54
@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc ; Go lumdrf `g pfrtctfrg dltrcltg co sdjfl`f nd uiucod co lumdrf `g pfrtctfrg usjdltg cosdjfl`f pg nu g pfrtctfrg pdrsg pdr oc rgjfmhglczgfld co sdjfl`f.
-. Xgjcvcrd odquczgfld `g jfltglugt nc, `gsjutdl`f od dsprds-sgflg `dg tdrmglg `g idldrczgfld/rgjfmhglczgfld.
Odquczgfld `g jfltglugtnc nd uldquczgfld `gdrdlzgcod jbd rcpprdsdltc oc odiid `g jflsdrvczgfld`dooc jcrgjc qucl`f sflf jfltdmpfrcldcmdltd prdsdltg iog ddttg `g `gusgfld, `g `drgvc, `g idld-rczgfld d `g rgjfmhglczgfld.
Jflsg`drcl`f ul dodmdltf `g vfoumd glffilgtdsgmfC `x, go tcssf tftcod `g gljrdmdltf `diog dodttrflgldo tdmpf pu nf dssdrd sjrgttf jfmd
l
tC `x=K
l(x)C
q K
l(x + `x)C
q + (Il Xl)C `xp
tC `x=
Kp(x)C
q Kp(x + `x)C
q + (Ip Xp)C `x
()
Zvgouppcl`f gl sdrgd `g PcyofrKl(x + `x) d Kp(x + `x) gl xd` crrdstcl`fsg co prgmf fr`gld sg bc
Kl(x + `x) =Kl(x) +
Kl(x)
x `x + . . .
Kp(x + `x) =Kp(x) +Kp(x)
x `x + . . .
()
lt
C `x= Kl(x)Cq Kl(x)Cq Kl(x)qxC `x + (Il Xl)C `x
p
tC `x=
Kp(x)C
q Kp(x)C
q Kp(x)
qx C `x + (Ip Xp)C `x
l
t =
Kl(x)
qx + (Il Xl)
p
t = Kp(x)
qx + (Ip Xp)
()
^dr qucltf rgiucr`c g tdssg `g idldrczgfld d rgjfmhglczgfld sg bc jbd oc rgjfmhglczgfld nd prfpfrzgf-lcod cooc jfljdltrczgfld `g mglfrgtcrg d` glvdrscmdltd prfpfrzgflcod co ofrf tdmpf `g vgtc md`gf.
Ldo jcsf `g `rficiigf `g tgpf pXl=
l
l()
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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IGTL[GFLD^L
Mdltrd oc idldrczgfldnd jfstcltd d coodqugoghrgf go tcssf `g rgjfmhglczgfld diuciogc qudoof `g idld-rczgfld.
Il=l>l
()
Il Xl= l l>l()
@fvdl> nd oc jfljdltrczgfld `g dodttrflg coodqugoghrgf, qugl`g pcrg cl8g/LC. Clcofif `gsjfrsf punf
dssdrd acttf pdr od ocjuld gl zflcl.
. Gltdircrd odquczgfld `g jfltglugt nc pdr rgjcvcrd ocl`cmdltf`do prfffiof `g pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrg glgdttctg gl ulc zflc ldutrc cgjcpg `g ulc igulzgfld p-l pfocrgzzctc `grdttcmdltd.
Go idldrctfrd glgdttc dodttrflg gl zflc l d ocjuld gl zflc p . Pcod glgdzgfld tdl`d c `gmglugrd od-stdlsgfld `dooc zflc svuftctc d oc jc`utc `g tdlsgfld cg sufg jcpg. G pfrtctfrg glgdttctg cttrcvdrsclfoc igulzgfld jfltrghudl`f c` ul cumdltf `dooc jfljdltrczgfld `dg mglfrgtcrg mdltrd go ogvdoof `dgmciigfrgtcrg pu nf jflsg`drcrsg jfstcltd pdr hcssg ogvdoog `g glgdzgfld. Sudstf ddttf `gmglugsjd co-ofltclcl`fsg `cooc igulzgfld pfgjbd sg jrdclf mciigfrg fjjcsgflg `g rgjfmhglczgfld trc mglfrgtcrgd mciigfrgtcrg. Jflsg drcl`f odquczgfld `g jfltglugtnc dsprdssc `cooc rdoczgfld gl jfl`gzgflgstczgflcrgd sg bc jbd g ogvdoog `g jfljdltrczgfld rgmcliflf glvcrgctg ldo tdmpf d qugl`g l/t= >.Glfotrd gl zflc ldutrc go jcmpf dodttrgjf nd luoof d qugl`g pdr iog dodttrflg gl zflc p d od ocjuld glzflclsg pu nf sjrgvdrd
l
t =@l
`8l
`x8+ (Il Xl) = >
p
t =@p
`8p
`x8+ (Ip Xp) = >
()
@l
`8l
`x8 =
l l>l
@p`8p
`x8 =
p p>p
()
Dssdl`fl>d p>glvcrgcltg rgspdttf c`x, sg pfssflf rgsjrgvdrd od dquczgflg prdjd`dltg tdldl`f jfltfjbd `p/`x= `p/`xd `l/`x= `l/`xjfl p = p p> d l= l l>. Glfotrd sg tgdld cljbd jfltf jbd@l=
lOld @p=
pOp , jflOld Op oulibdzzd `g `gusgfld.
`8l
`x8 =
l
O
8
l
(c)
`8p
`x8 =
p
O8p(h)
Oc sfouzgfld `dood dquczgflg `g sdjfl`f irc`fcdhnd `g tgpf dspfldlzgcod.
l(x) =J3 dxp x
Ol
+ J8 dxp
x
Ol
p(x) =J: dxp x
Op
+ J0 dxp
x
Op
()
Jbd nd rgsfovghgod gmpfldl`f `ud jfl`gzgflg co jfltfrlf. Oc prgmc nd go vcofrd cssultf glxp `coocvcrgczgfld `g dodttrflg d qudoof cssultf gl xl `cooc vcrgczgfld `g ocjuld. Oc sdjfl`c suppfld oc
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
vcrgczgfld `g mglfrgtcrg cg jcpg `do `gf`f pcrg c zdrf.
l(xp) =L@ dxpq QHG Q@
EP
=L@ dxp
q QHG
EP
dxp
qQ@EP
=
l8gLC
dxp
qQ@EP
l() =l>=l8gLC
p(xl) =LC dxpq QHG Q@
EP
=LC dxp
q QHG
EP
dxp
qQ@EP
=
l8gL@
dxp
qQ@EP
p() =p>=l8gL@
()
l(xp) =l8gLC
dxpqQ@
EP
l>=
l8gLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
(c)
l() = > (h)
p(xl) =l8g
L@dxp
qQ@
EP
p>=l8g
L@dxp
qQ@
EP
3 (j)p() = > (`)
l(x) =l(xp) dxp
x + xp
Ol
=
l8gLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
dxp
x + xp
Ol
(c)
p(x) =p(xl) dxp(x xl)
Op
=
l8gL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3
dxp
(x xl)Op
(h)
Oclcogsg ffil frc svfotc nd stctc ddttuctc ldoogpftdsg `g Q@ pfsgtgvc. Gl rdcotnc od stdssd dquczgflgvcoiflf cljbd ldo jcsf `g Q@ ldictgvc (igulzgfld pfocrgzzctc gl glvdrsc). Jcmhgc sfof go sgilgffijctf`c cttrghugrd cg tdrmglgpd ljbd lfl gl`gjbdrcllf pg nu ulglgdzgfld `g pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrg mc ulcofrf dstrczgfld.
@gf`f c hcsd jfrtc
Glfotrd ldooclcogsg svfotc sgnd suppfstf jbd od oulibdzzd `g `gusgfld `dg pfrtctfrg afssdrf pg nu oulibd`dood dstdlsgflg `dood zfld ldutrd, jgfnd `dttdo p do l od dstdlsgflg `dood zfld ldutrd rgspdttgvcmdltd`g tgpfpd `g tgpfl, rgsuotco p< Old o l< Op . Jfl go vdrgffijcrsg `g qudstd gpftdsg go `gf`f nd `dttf c hcsdoulic.
Ldo jcsf rgsuotgo p ? Ol do l ? Op go `gf`f sg `grnc c hcsd jfrtc. Gl qudstf jcsf g adlfmdlg `gusgvgcvvdliflf gl ulc rdigfld pcrtgjfocrmdltd rgstrdttc jbd lfl pdrmdttd pg nu cood rdoczgflgcdh`gdssdrd sfouzgflg vcog`d `dood dquczgflgcd h. G prfffiog `dg pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrg pfssflf jfmul-qud dssdrd `dtdrmglctg cssumdl`f jbd iog djjdssg `g pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrg cg jcpg `dooc zflc svuftctc`dtdrmglctg `cood rdoczgflgcd jsgclf cljfrc vcog`d d jbd iog djjdssg `g pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrg sgclluooglf coogltdracjjgc.
l(op) = > (c)p(ol) = > (h)
Glfotrd od oulibdzzd `g `gusgfld sflf tcomdltd ircl`g `c jflsdltgrd `g cpprfssgmcrd od dquczgflgcdh.
`8l
`x8 = > (c)
`8p
`x8 = > (h)
Zfttf tcog gpftdsg, g prfffiog `g glgdzgfld `dg mglfrgtcrg cssumflf ul cl`cmdltf ogldcrd.
l(x) =l
(
xp
)3 + x + xpop
= l8g
LCdxpqQ@
EP 33 +
x + xp
o p (c)
nD cljbd pfssghgod jbd ul octf `dooc igulzgfld rgsuotg c hcsd jfrtc d ocotrf c hcsd oulic.
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IGTL[GFLD^L
p(x) =p(xl)
3 x xlo l
=
l8gL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3
3 x xl
o l
(h)
. Xgjcvcrd odsprdssgfld `dooc jfrrdltd tftcod jbd cttrcvdrsc
ulc igulzgfld p-l gl pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc. Prcjjgcrd d igustgffi-jcrd ocl`cmdltf `dooc `dlsgt nc `g jfrrdltd `g ocjuld d `g dodttrf-lg.
nD pfssghgod, c pcrtgrd `coodsprdssgfld `do prfffiof `g pfrtctfrg trfvctc ldooc , rgjcvcrd odsprdssgfld`dooc jfrrdltd tftcod. Ldo jcsf `g cpprfssgmczgfld `g `gf`f c hcsd oulic sflf vcog`d od rdoczgflg cdh.Jflsg`drcl`f luoof go jfltrghutf `do jcmpf dodttrgjf ldood zfld ldutrd oc jfrrdltd `g dodttrflggl zflcp d oc jfrrdltd `g ocjuld gl zflc lsflf
Kl(x) =q@l`l(x)
`x =
q@ll8g
OlLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
dxp
x + xp
Ol
x ? xp
Kp(x) = q@p `p(x)`x =q@pl8gOpL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3
dxp
x xl
Op
x < xl
()
Pcod `dlsgtnc, c jcusc `dooc rgjfmhglczgfld `dg pfrtctfrg, tdl`d c zdrf mcl mclf jbd jg sg coofltc-lc `cooc zflc svuftctc d rgsuotc cvdrd ul vcofrd mcssgmf gl mf`uof, rgspdttgvcmdltd ldo jcsf `gdodttrflg d ocjuld, pdrx= xp d x=xl.
Kl(xp) =q@ll
8g
OlLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
Kp(xl) =q@pl
8g
OpL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3
()
Jflsg`drcl`f jbd dltrcmhd od jfmpfldltg sflf jflfsjgutd gl ul gltfrlf `gx= > oc jfrrdltd tftcodpu nf dssdrd jcojfoctc jfmd sfmmc `g qudstd `ud jfmpfldltg.
Ktft=Kp+Kl=Kp(xl) +Kl(xp) =q@pl
8g
OpL@+
q@ll8g
OlLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
()
Ksct=
q@pl8g
OpL@+
q@ll8g
OlLC
()
Ktft=Ksct dxpqQ@EP 3 ()
Jflsg`drcl`f jbd oc `dlsgtnc `g jfrrdltdKtft `dvd dssdrd jfstcltd gl tuttf go `gspfsgtgvf d jbd g jfl-trghutg clcogzzctg ffilf c` frc sflf `fvutg cooglgdzgfld `g mglfrgtcrg cppcrd dvg`dltd `cooc ffiiurc jfmd od rgmcldltg jfmpfldltg (qudood `fvutd cg mciigfrgtcrg) pfssclf dssdrd `dtdrmglctd.
Go pcssciigf `cooc `dlsgtnc `g jfrrdltd cooc jfrrdltdnd gmmd`gctf sd sg jflsg`drc Kjfstcltd oulif ocsdzgfld `do `gspfsgtgvf.
G=Gsct
dxp
qQ@EP
3
()
Gsct=Cql8g
@p
OpL@+
@lOlLC
()
Go rgtdldrd jfstcltd go vcofrd `gKl(x) dKp (x) oulif oc zflc svuftctc sg spgdic jfl go acttf jbd cttrcvdrscl`f oc zflc svuftctcdodttrflg d ocjuld lfl suhgsjflf cpprdzzchgog prfjdssg `g rgjfmhglczgfld. Glfotrd od oulibdzzd gl igfjf gl qudstg jcojfog sflfsfogtcmdltd `g comdlf ul pcgf `g fr`glg `g ircl`dzzc supdrgfrg c Y dpd` nd qugl`g odjgtf cpprfssgmcrdxp d xljfl >.
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7/21/2019 40 domande su Dispositivi Elettronici
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; (c) Oc `dlsgtnc `g jfrrdltd tftcod Ktft pu nf dssdrd `dtdrmglctc sfmmcl`f g jfltrghutg `gKl d Kp `fvd dltrcmhd sflf lftd5 (h) od cotrd jfmpfldltg `fvutd cg mciigfrgtcrg pfssflf dssdrd
`dtdrmglctd `g jflsdiudlzc.
@gf`f c hcsd jfrtc
Ldo jcsf `g `gf`f c hcsd jfrtc, `cg prfffiog `dg pfrtctfrg glgdttctg `ctg `cood rdoczgflg c d h ndpfssghgod gl mclgdrc clcofic c qucltf acttf ldo jcsf `g `gf`f c hcsd oulic, rgjcvcrd od `ud `dlsgtnc `gjfrrdltd `g `gusgfld oulif od zfld ldutrd `fvutd cooglgdzgfld `g pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrg.
Kl(x) =kl=q@ll
8g
opLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
(c)
Kp(x) =kp= q@pl
8
golL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3 (h)Gl qudstf jcsf od `dlsgtnc `g jfrrdltd sflf jfstcltg oulif ocssd x d lfl sg fssdrvc ldssulc `gmglu-zgfld mcl mclf jbd jg sg coofltclc `cooc zflc svuftctc. @c qudstf sg dvgljd jbd od dstdlsgflg `doodzfld ldutrd sflf tcomdltd pgjjfod jbd g pfrtctfrg glgdttctg lfl bcllf go tdmpf `g rgjfmhglcrsg.
Oc `dlsgtnc `g jfrrdltd `do `gf`f jbd ugsjd ldo `gf`fnd `ulqud pcrg cooc sfmmc `dg `ud jfltrghutg.
Ktft=Kp+Kl=
q@pl8g
o lL@+
q@ll8g
opLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
()
Ksct=
q@pl8g
o lL@+
q@ll8g
o pLC
()
Sudstf gl rdcotnc lfl nd `do tuttf vdrf d `gpdl`d `c qucltf sgclf vcog`d od cpprfssgmczgflg cd h`dood dquczgflg`gdrdlzgcogcd h.
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IGTL[GFLD^L
Ktft=Ksct
dxp
qQ@EP
3
()
Zg lftg jfmd od rdoczgflg d sgclf g`dltgjbd c mdlf `do tdrmgld Ksct jbd cssumd vcofrg `gvdrsgldood rdoczgflg d c sdjfl`c `dooc tgpfofigc `g `gf`f. Clcoficmdltd, oc jfrrdltd jbd ugsjd glul `gf`f c hcsd jfrtc cvrnc oc stdssc afrmuoczgfld `dooc mdltrd oc rdoczgfld pdr oc jfrrdltd `g
scturczgfld `gdrgrnc `cooc rdoczgfldjcojfoctc pdr go `gf`f c hcsd oulic d scr nc glvdjd pcrg c
Gsct=Cql8g
@p
olL@+
@lopLC
()
. Zg jflsg`drg ulc igulzgfld p-l pfocrgzzctc glvdrscmdltd; rg-jcvcrd ocl`cmdltf `do prfffiof `g mglfrgtcrg gl ulc `dood zfldldutrd c`gcjdltg.
Go idldrctfrd glgdttc dodttrflg gl zflcp d ocjuld gl zflc l. G pfrtctfrg glgdttctg sg rgjfmhglclf jfgmciigfrgtcrg cumdltcl`f odstdlsgfld `dooc zflc svuftctc. Oc jfljdltrczgfld `g mglfrgtcrg `djrdsjddspfldlzgcomdltd cvvgjglcl`fsg cooc zflc svuftctc co jfltrcrgf `g qucltf cvvgdld ldo jcsf `g pfoc-rgzzczgfld `grdttc. @ctf jbd cppogjcrd ulc tdlsgfld glvdrsc nd jfmd cppogjcrd ulc tdlsgfld `grdttcldictgvc(QX= Q@ ), vcoiflf od stdssd afrmuod trfvctd ldooc d ldooc.
. @gsjutdrd oc rgspfstc jcpcjgtgvc `g ulc igulzgfld p-l gl pfoc-rgzzczgfld grdttc (jcpcjgt nc `g `gusgfld) d gooustrcrd go jfrrgspfl-`dltd jgrjugtf pdr pgjjfog sdilcog `do `gf`f.
Oglgdzgfld `g pfrtctfrg jcusc, ldo jcsf `g pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc, ul cjjumuof `g pfrtctfrg mglfrgtcrgcg jcpg `dooc zflc svuftctc. nD pfssghgod rgjcvcrd oc jcrgjc gl glgdttctc gltdircl`f odjjdssf `g pfrtctfrgmglfrgtcrg oulif oc zflc ldutrc. Jflsg`drcl`f ocpprfssgmczgfld `g `gf`f c hcsd oulic (ldo jcsf `g`gf`f c hcsd jfrtc go rcigflcmdltfnd clcofif) sg bc, rgspdttgvcmdltd pdr zflc ldutrc ld zflc ldutrc
p
Sp=q
xl
p(x)`x =
=q
xl
l8gL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3
dxp
(x xl)Op
`x =
=ql8gL@
dxp
qQ@EP
3
Op
Sl=q
xp
l(x)`x =
=q
xp
l8gLC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
dxp
x + xp
Ol
`x=
= q l8g
LC
dxp
qQ@EP
3
Ol
Gl idldrcod|Sp | |Sl|d sdmhrdrdhhd dssdrjg ulc vgfoczgfld `do prgljgpgf `g ldutrcogtnc `dooc jcrgjc.Gl rdcotnc g mciigfrgtcrg sg `gspfliflf gl mf`f `c cvdrd ulc jcrgjc Sp gl zflcp dSl gl zflcl.Oc jcrgjc tftcod jbd `crnc oufif cooc jcpcjgt nc `g `gusgfld scrnc qugl`g oc sfmmc `dg `ud jfltrghutg.
S`g= |Sp | + |Sl| =q l
8g
L@Op+
l8gL@
Ol
dxp
qQ@EP
3
()
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
S>=q l
8g
L@Op+
l8gL@
Ol
()
S`g=S>
dxp
qQ@EP
3
S> dxp
qQ@EP
()
@cooc qucodnd pfssghgod rgjcvcrd oc jcpcjgt nc `g `gusgfld rgjfr`cl`f jbdJ `Q= `S.
J`g=`S`g`Q@
``Q@
S> dxp
qQ@EP
=
qS> dxp
qQ@E P
EP
=qS`g
EP
Oc jcpcjgtnc ` g ` gusgfld, c `gdrdlzc `g qudooc `g svuftcmdltf, dsgstd sfof ldo jcsf `g pfocrgzzczgfld`grdttc. Gl qudstf jcsf glfotrd oc jcpcjgtnc `g svuftcmdltf `gvdltc trcsjurchgod rgspdttf c qudooc`g `gusgfld. Go jgrjugtf pdr pgjjfog sdilcog vgdld fttdlutf jfl ulc rdsgstdlzc d` ulc jcpcjgtnc glpcrcoodof trc ofrf. Oc rdsgstdlzc nd `g vcofrd tcod `c ogldcrgzzcrd oc aulzgfldG Q`do `gf`f ldoogltfrlf`do pultf `g ocvfrf. Oc jcpcjgt nc, ldo jcsf `g pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc cssumdrnc go vcofrd `dooc jcpcjgt nc`g `gusgfld.
. @gsjutdrd oc rgspfstc jcpcjgtgvc `g ulc igulzgfld p-l gl pfoc-rgzzczgfld glvdrsc (jcpcjgt nc `g svuftcmdltf) d gooustrcrd go jfrrg-spfl`dltd jgrjugtf pdr pgjjfog sdilcog `do `gf`f.
Oc igulzgfldpl mfstrc sdmprd ul ddttf jcpcjgtgvf `fvutf cooddttf `diog ctfmg gflgzzctg ldooczflc svuftctc. Oc jcrgjc `diog gflg nd
S`dpo=qL@xl=qLCxp=
8qZgL@LC
L@ + LC(QHG Q@) ()
`c jug sdiud oc jcpcjgtnc `g svuftcmdltf.
J`dpo=`S`dpo`(Q@ )
=
qZg
8(QHG Q@)L@LC
L@ + LC=
ZgY
()
. Adlfmdlg `g hrdce`fwl `g ulc igulzgfld p-l; gooustrcrd go ad-lfmdlf `g hrdce`fwl pdr ddttf [dldr, stgmcrld go jcmpf dodt-trgjf jrgtgjf suooc hcsd `g ul sdmpogjd mf`doof `g odicmd.
Coocumdltcrd `dooc tdlsgfld glvdrsc cppogjctc go jfmpfrtcmdltf `do `gf`f sg `gsjfstc `c qucltfprdvgstf. Glacttg rciigultf ul jdrtf vcofrd `g tdlsgfld glvdrsc `dlfmglctc tdlsgfld `g rftturc f`g hrdce `fwl oc jfrrdltd tdl`d c jrdsjdrd gl mclgdrc spdjuocrd c qucltf cvvgdld gl `grdttc. Pcod
ddttf punf dssdrd `fvutf c `ud jcusd `gvdrsd trc ofrf mc jfl of stdssf rgsuotctf; oddttf [dldr doddttf vcoclic. Go mclgadstcrsg `do prgmf f `do sdjfl`f adlfmdlf nd `fvutc cooc `gvdrsc lcturc`dg `gspfsgtgvg, cojulg prdsdltdrcllf go prgmf mdltrd cotrg go sdjfl`f. nD `c lftcrd jbd mdltrd pdr`gf`g lfrmcog go adlfmdlf `g hrdce `fwl prfvfjc ulddttgvc rftturc `do jfmpfldltd dsgstflf gljfmmdrjgf `gf`g cppfsgtcmdltd jfstrugtg pdr saruttcrd qudstf adlfmdlf, `dttg `gf`g [dldr.
Oddttf [dldr sg mclgadstc qucl`f, c jcusc `g ul dodvctf jcmpf dodttrgjf, sg rfmpflf cojulgodicmg jfvcodltg idldrcl`f jfppgd dodttrfld-ocjulc gl irc`f `g jfltrghugrd cooc jfl`uzgfld.
Lflfstcltd oc jcrcttdrgstgjc GQsgmgod `dg `gf`g jbd saruttclf g `ud `gvdrsg adlfmdlg, g `gf`g [d-ldr sflf jcrcttdrgzzctg `c ulc pgnu hcssc tdlsgfld `g hrdce `fwl d `c ulc suc `gpdl`dlzc glvdrscjfl oc tdmpdrcturc. Glacttg jfl ogllcozcmdltf `dooc tdmpdrcturcnd pfssghgod rfmpdrd g odicmg afr-ldl`f mdlf dldrigc, go jbd sgilgffijc jbd oc tdlsgfld ldjdsscrgc c rfmpdrd g odicmg `gmglugsjd jflogllcozcmdltf `dooc tdmpdrcturc.
Oddttfnd prdsdltd cljbd ldo jcsf `g pfocrgzzczgfld `grdttc sdhhdld trcsjurchgod.Ldoofr`gld `g 8 3>9 Q/jm.
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29/54
IGTL[GFLD^L
Agiurc; Iog stctg `g dldrigc `gsjrdtc `g ul ctfmf `g sgogjgf (c) sflf sfstgtugtg `cood hcl`d `g dldrigc`g ul jrgstcoof `g sgogjgf.
. Adlfmdlg `g hrdce`fwl `g ulc igulzgfld p-l; gooustrcrd go ad-lfmdlf `g hrdce`fwl pdr gflgzzczgfld c` gmpcttf d stgmcrd gojcmpf jrgtgjf suooc hcsd `g ul sdmpogjd mf`doof. @gsjutdrd oc`gpdl`dlzc `do jcmpf jrgtgjf `co `rficiigf.
Oddttf vcoclic nd `fvutf coodldrigc jgldtgjc dodvctc jbd cjqugstclf g pfrtctfrg c jcusc `do jcmpfdodttrgjf jbdnd sujgdltd, ldo jcsf `g urtg, c rfmpdrd `dg odicmg jfvcodltg idldrcl`f lufvd jfppgddodttrfld-ocjulc. Sudstg dodttrflg, c ofrf vfotc, cjqugstdrcllf uldldrigc jgldtgjc tcod `c rfmpdrdcotrg odicmg d rgpdtdrd go prfjdssf jfl ul ddttf vcoclic.
C `gdrdlzc `dg `gf`g [dldr, qudoog c vcoclic prdsdltclf ulc mciigfrd tdlsgfld `g rftturc d` ulcsuc `gdrdltd `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdmpdrcturc. Glacttg jfl ogllcozcmdltf `dooc tdmpdrcturc sg bccljbd ul mglfr tdmpf gltdrjfrrdltd trc ulc jfoogsgfld d ocotrc, `gmgludl`f qugl`g odldrigc cjqug-stchgod trc ul urtf d` go sujjdssgvf. nD ldjdsscrgf qugl`g, pdr jfmpdlscrd oc `gmgluzgfld `do tdmpftrc `ud jfoogsgflg, ul jcmpf dodttrgjf mciigfrd d qugl`g oc tdlsgfld `g rftturc cumdltc coogllcozcrsg`dooc tdmpdrcturc c `gdrdlzc `g qucltf cvvgdld pdr g `gf`g [dldr.
. Gooustrcrd oc afrmczgfld `dood hcl`d `g ogvdoog dldridtgjg glul sfog`f jrgstcooglf jfl pcrtgjfocrd rgadrgmdltf cg sfog`g `diogdodmdltg `do GQ iruppf `dooc tcvfoc pdrgf`gjc.
Iog dodttrflg `g ul ctfmf fjjupclf ogvdoog `g dldrigc `gsjrdtg jfmd mfstrctf gl ffiiurc . Zd `udctfmg sflf mfotf vgjglg trc ofrf (jfmd ldo jcsf `g mfodjfod f jrgstcoog) filg ogvdoof `g dldrigc vgdld
s`fppgctf gl cjjfr`f jfo prgljgpgf `g dsjousgfld `g ^cuog
jbd prdvd`d jbd filg stctf qucltgjf pu nfdssdrd fjjupctf `c lfl pgnu jbd ul dodttrfld ldo jcsf `g sgstdmg dodttrflgjg jfmd iog ctfmg, od mfodjfodf g jrgstcoog.
Sudstf jcsf punf dssdrd idldrcogzzctf co jcsf `g ul irfssf lumdrf `g ctfmg vgjglg trc ofrf, jfmd ldojcsf `dg jrgstcoog, `fvd g ogvdoog `g dldrigc `gsjrdtc vdliflf rgmpgczzctg jfl hcl`d `g stctg `g dldrigcsdpcrctd trc ofrf `cicp jfmd mfstrctf gl ffiiurc . Zg pu nf pdlscrd cood hcl`d `g dldrigc jfmd c`ul sdmgjfltgluf `g stctg `g dldrigc.
Iog dodttrflg tdl`flf c rgdmpgrd prgmc od hcl`d c` dldrigc pg nu hcssc. Ldo jcsf `dg sdmgjfl`uttfrg,coof zdrf cssfoutf, oc hcl`c jfmpodtcmdltd fjjupctc c` dldrigc pg nu cotc prdl`d go lfmd `g hcl`c`g vcodlzc d odldrigc `do suf ogmgtd supdrgfrd nd sfogtcmdltd gl`gjctc jfl DQ, oc hcl`c vuftc c`dldrigc mdlf dodvctc prdl`d go lfmd `g hcl`c `g jfl`uzgfld d odldrigc `do suf ogmgtd gladrgfrd nd
Ldoofr`gld `g : 3>4 Q/jmQd`drd mdiogf go prgljgpgf `g dsjousgfld `g ^cuog. Gl filg jcsf pdr stctf qucltgjf sg gltdl d qucojfsc `do tgpftuttg g lumdrg
qucltgjg uiucog.
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30/54
@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; @gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc pdr g sdmgjfl`uttfrg (c), iog gsfocltg (h) d g jfl`uttfrg (j).
sfogtcmdltd gl`gjctc jflDJ . Oc `gdrdlzc `g dldrigc trc od `ud hcl`d prdl`d go lfmd `g dldriy icp.
Dicp=DJ DQ ()
Iog dodttrflg gl ulc hcl`c `g dldrigc jfmpodtcmdltd fjjupctc lfl pfssflf mfstrcrd ul vdofjgt ncldttc d qugl`g dssdrd gl irc`f `g jfl`urrd jfsn jfmd cigtcl`f ulc hfttgiogc `cjquc jfmpodtcmdltdpgdlc lfl sg fssdrvc cojul ussf `cjquc. nD cljfr pg nu jbgcrf jbd, cljbd ldo jcsf `g ulc hcl`clfl fjjupctc ldcljbd pcrzgcomdltd, lfl jg punf dssdrd cojul ussf `g dodttrflg. C tdmpdrcturd co`g sfprc `doof zdrf cssfoutf cojulg dodttrflg rgdsjflf c pcsscrd `cooc hcl`c `g vcodlzc c qudooc `gjfl`uzgfld. Gl qudstf mf`f dltrcmhd od hcl`d `gvdltclf sfof pcrzgcomdltd fjjupctd d qugl`g glirc`f `g jfl`urrd.
Hcscl`fsg suo mf`doof c hcl`d `g dldrigc sg pfssflf jfmprdl`drd od `gdrdlzd trc sdmgjfl`uttfrg,gsfocltg d jfl`uttfrg. Jfmd mfstrctf gl ffiiurc, sgc g sdmgjfl`uttfrg jbd iog gsfocltg bcllf ulchcl`c `g jfl`uzgfld d` ulc `g vcodlzc sdpcrctd `c ul dldriy icp. Ldo jcsf `g ul sdmgjfl`uttfrdpdrnf, ignc c tdmpdrcturc cmhgdltd, ul jflsg`drdvfod lumdrf `g dodttrflg rgdsjd c` cvdrd odldrigcldjdsscrgc pdr pcsscrd `cooc hcl`c `g vcodlzc c qudooc `g jfl`uzgfld rdl`dl`f dltrcmhd od hcl`d
gl irc`f `g jfltrghugrd cooc jfl`uzgfld. Ldo jcsf `diog gsfocltg, glvdjd, o dldriy icpnd trfppf cotf pdrpdrmdttdrd, sd lfl c` ul dsgiuf lumdrf `g dodttrflg, `g pcsscrd `cooc hcl`c `g vcodlzc c qudooc `gjfl`uzgfld rdl`dl`f `g acttf iog gsfocltg gljcpcjg `g jfl`urrd jfrrdltd dodttrgjc. Tl jfl`uttfrd gl-vdjd bc ul `gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc pguttfstf `gdrdltd. Dssf bc, cljbd coof zdrf cssfoutf, ulchcl`c pcrzgcomdltd fjjupctc. Sudstc pdjuogcrgt nc rdl`d g jfl`uttfrg gl irc`f `g jfl`urrd jfrrdltdcljbd c hcssgssgmd tdmpdrcturd.
Xdoczgfld trc `gcircmmg c hcl`d, tdlsgfld cppogjctc d jcmpf dodttrgjf
Sucl`f ulc tdlsgfld nd cppogjctc cg jcpg `g ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd, jfmd gl ffiiurc , cotdrc go `gc-ircmmc c hcl`d. ^dr `dffilgzgfld, ulc tdlsgfld pfsgtgvc cumdltc odldrigc pftdlzgcod `dood jcrgjbdpfsgtgvd d `gmglugsjd odldrigc pftdlzgcod `g qudood ldictgvd. Dssdl`f go `gcircmmc c hcl`d ulcrcpprdsdltczgfld `doodldrigc `diog dodttrflg dssg vdrrcllf rcpprdsdltctg jfl dldrigc mglfrd `fvd octdlsgfldnd mciigfrd d c` dldrigc mciigfrd `fvd oc tdlsgfldnd mglfrd. Oc jurvcturc `dg ogvdoogD
Jd`
DQlfl nd cotrf jbd go jcmpf dodttrgjf ldo pultf mdltrd oc `gdrdlzc `g dldrigc trc `ud pultg `gvdrsgoulifx`doof stdssf ogvdoof (DJ fDQ) lflnd cotrf jbd odldrigc pftdlzgcod trc g `ud pultg.
. Gooustrcrd d oc stctgstgjc `g fjjupczgfld `dg ogvdoog dldridtgjg dgltrf`urrd oc `dffilgzgfld `g ogvdoof `g Adrmg.
Oc prfhchgogtnc jbd ul dodttrfld fjjupg f mdlf ul `ctf ogvdoof dldridtgjf nd `dsjrgttc `cooc `gstrghu-zgfld `g Adrmg-@grcj.
a(D) = 3
3+dxp
DDAE P
()Clcoficmdltdnd rgjcvchgod cljbd oc `gstrghuzgfld rgiucr`cltd od ocjuld.
ab(D) = 3 a(D) = 33+dxp
DAD
EP
()
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IGTL[GFLD^L
Agiurc ; @gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc `g ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd sfttf ulc tdlsgfld cppogjctc `g >.9Q.
DAvgdld `dttf ogvdoof `g Adrmg d` nd go vcofrd tcod `c rdl`drd a(DA) = 3/8. Oc prfhchgogt nc jbd ul dodt-trfld chhgc ulc `ctc dldrigcnd `ctf `co lumdrf `g ogvdoog prdsdltg coodldrigc `ctc pdr oc `gstrghuzgfld`g Adrmg-@grcj vcoutctc gl qudoodldrigc.
Gl ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd gltrglsdjfl =p= lg d oc prfhchgogt nc jbd jg sgclf ocjuldnd qugl`g uiucod coocprfhchgogtnc jbd jg sgclf dodttrflg oghdrg. @dffildl`fLJd`LQjfmd od `dlsgtnc dqugvcodltg `g stctg
,ndpfssghgod, diuciogcl`f od prfhchgogt nc jbd jg sgclf ocjuld d dodttrflg oghdrg, trfvcrd go ogvdoof `g Adrmggl ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd gltrglsdjfDg .
LJ3
3+dxp
DJDgEP =LQ3
3+dxp
Dg DQE P ()
Cssumdl`fLJ= LQ,sg rgjcvc jbd go ogvdoof `g Adrmg gltrglsdjf nd pfstf dscttcmdltd c mdtnc trc od
`ud hcl`d `g jfl`uzgfld d vcodlzc.
Dg=DJ+ DQ
8 ()
Ldooc prctgjc sg ocvfrc jfl ogvdoog dldridtgjg mfotf `gvdrsg `c qudoof `g Adrmg. Ldo jcsf `g dldrigd`gstcltg pg nu `g :EP nd rcigfldvfod cpprfssgmcrd oc `gstrghuzgfld `g Adrmg-@grcj.
a(DJ ) dxpDJDA
EP
ab(DQ) = 3 a(DQ) dxpDA DQ
EP ()
^dr jbgcrgffijcrd od `dlsgtnc dqugvcodltg `g stctg vd`drd ocOgmprdjgsgfld jbd sg fttgdld ldo sgogjgf nd mfotf pgjjfoc mc ocpprfssgmczgfld lfl nd vcog`c pdr tuttg g mctdrgcog.
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
l=LJa(DJ ) LJ dxp
DJ DA
EP
p=LQab(DQ) LQ dxpDA DQ
EP
()
Od rdoczgflg d vcoiflf cljbd ldo jcsf `g sdmgjfl`uttfrg `rfictg lfl pdscltdmdltd (LC
LQdL@ LJ).C pcrtgrd `coocsg pu nf rgjcvcrd go ogvdoof `g Adrmg ldo jcsf `g sdmgjfl`uttfrg `rfictg.
L@=LJ dxp
DJ DA
EP
`rficiigf tgpfl
LC=LQ dxpDA DQ
EP
`rficiigf tgpfp
DA=
DJ EPol
LJL@
`rficiigf tgpfl
DQ+ EPol
LQLC
`rficiigf tgpfp
()
@c qudstd rdoczgflg sg `d`ujd jbd ldo jcsf `g ul `rficiigf `g tgpf l go ogvdoof `g Adrmg nd vgjglf ochcl`c `g jfl`uzgfld. Ldo jcsf `g ul `rficiigf `g tgpfp go ogvdoof `g Adrmg nd vgjglf cooc hcl`c `gvcodlzc.
. @dffilgrd od `dlsgt nc `g stctg dqugvcodltg gl hcl`c `g jfl`uzgfldd vcodlzc. Gooustrcrld go odicmd jfl oc jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjcd` go icp.
Oc jfljdltrczgfld `g dodttrflg oghdrg c ulc jdrtc dldrigcD < DAsg fttgdld jfmd
`l=i(D)a(D)`D ()
l=
DJ
i(D)a(D)`D
=
DJ
i(D) 3
3+dxp
DDAEP
`D
DJ
i(D) dxpD DA
EP
`D
=
DJ
i(D) dxpD DJEP dxpDJ
DA
EP`D
= dxpDJ DA
EP
DJ
i(D) dxpD DJ
EP
`D
=LJa(DJ ) LJ dxpDJ DA
EP
@c jug vgdld jbgcrgtf jfsc sgclfLJdLQ. Oc jfljdltrczgfld vgdld glacttg jcojfoctc jfmd qudooc `g ulsgstdmc dqugvcodltd (jgfnd tcod `c afrlgrd iog stdssg rgsuotctg `g jfljdltrczgfld) jfl LJogvdoog dldridtgjgtuttg c` dldrigc DJ , ldooc rdcotnc glacttg g ogvdoog dldridtgjg sflf glffilgtg d spcomctg su glffilgtg ogvdoog`dldrigc. ^dr qudstf mftgvfLJrcpprdsdltc oc `dlsgtnc `g stctg dqugvcodltg gl hcl`c `g jfl`uzgfld.
Ldo jcsf `g `rficiig pdscltg D J DA f D A DQrgsuotdrdhhdrf mglfrg `g :EP d ocpprfssgmczgfld `dooc aulzgfld `gAdrmg-@grcj acttc ldooc rdoczgfldlflnd pg nu vcog`c d qugl`g sg `dvflf uscrd od rdoczgflg d.
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IGTL[GFLD^L
Clcofif jcojfof punf dssdrd dssdrd acttf pdr od ocjuld pdrvdldl`f co rgsuotctf dsprdssf `cooc rdoczgfld.
Jflsg`drcl`f ul sdmgjfl`uttfrd sg pu nf fttdldrd go odicmd trc jfljdltrczgfld dldridtgjc,dldriy icpd `dlsgtnc `g stctg dqugvcodltg.
l8g =lp=LJLQ dxpDJ DA
EP
dxp
DA DQ
EP
=LJLQ dxp
DJ DQ
EP
=LJLQ dxp
Dicp
EP
lg =
LJLQ dxp Dicp
8EP
()
@c jug sg dvgljd jbd oc jfljdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc lfl `gpdl`d `co ogvdoof `g Adrmg (jbd nd `gpdl`dltd`co `rficiigf), mc sfof `cood `dlsgt nc `g stctg dqugvcodltg d` dldriy icpjbd sflf ircl`dzzd tgpgjbd`do mctdrgcod (lfl `gpdl`dltg `co `rficiigf) d `coodldrigc tdrmgjc.
. Gooustrcrd ocl`cmdltf `do `gcircmmc c hcl`d gl ulc igul-zgfld p-l coodqugoghrgf.
^dr `dtdrmglcrd go `gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc pdr ulc igulzgfld pl coodqugoghrgf sg glgzg jfotrcjjgcrd go ogvdoof `g Adrmg. Zg rgjfr`g jbd coodqugoghrgf go ogvdoof `g Adrmg nd ulgjf d jfstcltd pdr tuttfgo `gspfsgtgvf d qugl`g sg `gsdildr nc jfl ulc ogldc frgzzfltcod d scr nc go rgadrgmdltf prdsf pdr trcjjgcrdtuttg iog cotrg ogvdoog.
Od zfld ldutrd lfl sflf cdttd `cg prfjdssg `cg prfjdssg `g rgjfmhglczgfld d` go ofrf `gcircmmcc hcl`dnd of stdssf `g qudoof `g sdmgjfl`uttfrg (`g tgpf p fl c sdjfl`c `do jcsf) coodqugoghrgf. Od`gstclzdDJ DAdDA DQsflf rgjcvchgog `cood rdoczgflg.
Ldooc rdigfld `g svuftcmdltf, c jcusc `dg prfjdssg `g rgjfmhglczgfld c sdiugtf `g qudoog `gusgvgjbd rdl`flf od jfljdltrczgflg `g pfrtctfrg prfssgmd c zdrf, go ogvdoof `g Adrmg lfl scrnc gl vgjglclzcld `gDQ ld `gDJ . G ogvdoog DJ dDQ`g zflc ldutrc p d zflc ldutrc l sg rcjjfr`drcllf trcmgtd ulcogldc jurvc.
Lfl sg vufo gltdl`drd jbd lfl sgclf prdsdltg ccttf prfjdssg `g rgjfmhglczgfld, jbd glvdjd sfl prdsdltg d hgocljgctg `c
qudoog `g idldrczgfld, mc jbd, c `gdrdlzc `dooc zflc svuftctc, lfl j nd ulc rgjfmhglczgfld c sdiugtf `g ulc `gusgfld `gpfrtctfrg d jbd, qugl`g, lfl vg nd ulc mf`gffijc `dooc jfljdltrczgfld `g pfrtctfrg glgzgcod `gdrdlzc `g qucltf cvvgdld ldooczflc svuftctc.
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
^dr mdiogf jfmprdl`drd oc afrmc `dooc ogldc jurvc sg lftg jbd oc `gdrdlzc `g dldrigc trc go ogvdoofDJmgsurctf ldooc zflc ldutrc `g tgpf l d qudooc mgsurctc ldooc zflc p nd pcrg c qQHG(clcofif `gsjfrsfpdr go ogvdoofDQ). Oc afrmc `do rcjjfr`f scrnc qugl`g clcofic cooc afrmc `do pftdlzgcod oulif oc zflcsvuftctc dsprdssf `cooc rdoczgfldrgjcvctc ldooc `fmcl`c, jgfnd go rcjjfr`fnd `g tgpf quc`rctgjf.
Xgjfr`cl`f jbd go jfmpfrtcmdltf `diog dodttrflg gl ul `gcircmmc c hcl`dnd jfmd qudoof `g pcoogldjbd jc`flf pdr ddttf `dooc afrzc `g ircvgt nc d jbd qudoof `dood ocjuldnd clcofif co jfmpfrtcmdltf`g hfood `crgc gl ul ogqug`f, nd acjgomdltd vgsghgod oc jfl`gzgfld `g dqugoghrgf. Glacttg iog dodttrflgtdl`flf c jc`drd `co octfp c qudoofl pdr ddttf `dooc tdlsgfld QHG d idldrclf ulc jfrrdltd `g`drgvc, vgjdvdrsc tdl`flf cljbd c `gfl`drd `c l c pc jcusc `dooc `gvdrsc jfljdltrczgfld idldrcl`fulc jfrrdltd `g `gusgfld. Coodqugoghrgf g `ud jfltrghutg sg jfmpdlsclf. Clcofif `gsjfrsf pu nfdssdrd acttf pdr od ocjuld.
Qd`drd oc `fmcl`cd` glsdrgrd go jfmpfrtcmdltf `do `gcircmmc c hcl`d sfttf oddttf `g tdlsgfld cppogjctc.
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Igulzgfld mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd d struttu-
rc MFZ. @dffilgrd go pftdlzgcod `g jfltcttf trc `ud mctdrgcog. Gooustrc-rd od jfl gzgflg pdr jug ul jfltcttf mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd ndrdttgffijcltd.
^ftdlzgcod `g Adrmg
Go pftdlzgcod `g Adrmg mgsurc oc `gdrdlzc `g pftdlzgcod jbd sg vgdld c jrdcrd uldl`f ul sdmgjfl-`uttfrd `rfictf jfl go rgspdttgvf sdmgjfl`uttfrd gltrglsdjf. Ldoof spdjgffijf gl`gjc oc `gdrdlzc `gpftdlzgcod trc go sdmgjfl`uttfrd purf d qudoof `rfictf. C pcrtgrd `cood rdoczgflgc d hnd pfssghgod
rgjcvcrd oc tdlsgfld jflsg`drcl`f oc rdigfld 8 `rfictc d oc rdigfld 3 gltrglsdjc.
A= EP
q ol
l
lg
=
E P
q ol
p
lg
()
Ldo jcsf `g ulc igulzgfldplgo pftdlzgcod `g jfltcttf jbd sg vgdld c jrdcrd trc oc igulzgfldld qudoocp nd pcrg cooc `gdrdlzc trc g pftdlzgcog `g Adrmg `dood `ud rdigflg.
QHG= A,l A,p
=
EP
q ol
L@lg
E P
q ol
LClg
=
E P
q ol
L@LC
lg
()
Jbd nd ul mf`f `gvdrsf `g pdrvdlgrd lufvcmdltd cooc rdoczgfld 66 ignc trfvctc gl prdjd`dlzc. Cpcrtgrd `cood jfljdltrczgflg dldridtgjbd gl aulzgfld `do ogvdoof `g Adrmg dsprdssd `cooc rdoczgfld
nd pfssghgod sjrgvdrd
l
lg=
LJ dxpDJDAEP
LJ dxp
DJDgEP
p
lg=
LQ dxp DADQE P
LQ dxp
Dg DQE P
Gltrf`ujdl`f tcog dsprdssgflg ldooc rdoczgfld sg rgjcvc go odicmd trc go pftdlzgcod `g Adrmg d` googvdoof `g Adrmg.
A=D gDA
q ()
Ddttf aftfdodttrgjf d aulzgfld ocvfrf
Oddttf aftfdodttrgjf rgiucr`c ocssfrhgmdltf `g dldrigc oumglfsc `c pcrtd `diog dodttrflg `g ulmdtcoof d afrlgsjd oc rdoczgfld trc oc qucltgtnc `g dldrigc cssfrhgtc d oc ardqudlzc gljg`dltd . Glpcrtgjfocrd, cssfrhdl`f uldldrigc sujgdltd `co acsjgf `g oujd gljg`dltd, cojulg dodttrflg vdliflfdspuosg `co mdtcoof. Mgsurcl`f odldrigc `diog dodttrflg dspuosg Dm sg lftc jbd dssg sflf mglfrg`doodldrigc gljg`dltdb `g ul tdrmgldqm.
Dm=b qm ()
Go tdrmgld m nd `gmdlsgflcomdltd ul pftdlzgcod d`nd ulc jfstcltd prfprgc `do mdtcoof. Oc qucl-tgtncqm nd `dttc aulzgfld ocvfrf d rcpprdsdltc odldrigc mglgmc ldjdsscrgc pdr dstrcrrd ul dodttrfld.
Qdlld spdrgmdltctf `c Dglstdgl d `gmfstrnf jbgcrcmdltd oc lcturc `gsjrdtc `dooc oujd tdfrgzzctc `c ^ocle. drcpprfafl`gmdltg vd`drdbttp;//www.wgegpd`gc.gt
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; @gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc `g ulc igulzgfld mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd. Ocotdzzc `doochcrrgdrc `g pftdlzgcod `gpdl`d `cg mctdrgcog jfglvfotg ldooc igulzgfld. (c) Oc hcrrgdrc `g pftdlzgcodqH,l sg fppfld co mftf `diog dodttrflg `co mdtcoof co l-Zg. (h) Oc hcrrgdrc `g pftdlzgcodqH,p sgfppfld co mftf `dood ocjuld `co mdtcoof co p-Zg.
@co pultf `g vgstc `dg `gcircmmg c hcl`d dssc rcpprdsdltc oc `gdrdlzc `g dldrigc trc go ogvdoofdldridtgjf `do vuftfDvcjd` go ogvdoof `g AdrmgDA
.
qm=Dvcj DA ()
Clgt nc dodttrflgjc
Cljbd pdr g sdmgjfl`uttfrgnd pfssghgod `dffilgrd ulc aulzgfld ocvfrfqsjbd rcpprdsdltc oc `gdrdl-zc trcDvcjd DA. Puttcvgc ldg sdmgjfl`uttfrg dssc `gpdl`drnc `co `rficiigf gl qucltfDA lflnd ulcjfstcltd `do sdmgjfl`uttfrd mc vcrgc jfo `rficiigf. Glfotrd qs lfl rcpprdsdltc odldrigc mglgmcpdr dstrcrrd ul dodttrfld gl qucltf ldg sdmgjfl`uttfrg, c `gdrdlzc `dg mdtcoog, lfl jg sflf dodttrflgoghdrg c` dldrigcDA.
Oc ircl`dzzc jbd gl`gjc odldrigc ldjdsscrgc c` dstrcrrd ul dodttrfld oghdrf cvdltd dldrigc jgldtgjcluooc (jgfnd c` dldrigc DJ ) nd `dttc clgtnc dodttrflgjc d` gl`gjctc jfl qs. Dssc nd ulc ircl`dzzcjcrcttdrgstgjc `do sdmgjfl`uttfrd d lfl vcrgc jfo `rficiigf.
qs=Dvcj DJ ()Xgjfr`cl`f jbdDJ Dg= Dicp/8 d jbdA= (DgDA)/qsg bc
qs=qs+Dicp
8 + qA ()
GLZDXGXD @GCIXCMMG C HCL@D, @DZJXG[GFLD @DOOC IGTL[GFLD MDPCOOF ZDMGJFL-@TPPFXD, JFL@G[GFLG ^DX OD STCOG OC IGTL[GFLD MDPCOOF ZDMGJFL@TPPFXDnD XDP-
PGAGJCLPDLdg mdtcoog, lfl dssdl`f prdsdltg ocjuld, dssf rcpprdsdltc odldrigc md`gc `diog dodttrflg oghdrg d` nd coogltdrlf `doochcl`c `g jfl`uzgfld.
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IGTL[GFLD MDPCOOF-ZDMGJFL@TPPFXD D ZPXTPPTXC MFZ
Agiurc ; @gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc `g ulc igulzgfld mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd. Zpgdiczgf-ld `dooc jcrcttdrgstgjc rdttgffijcltd `dg `gf`g Zjbfttey. Oc ardjjgc ldo pd`gjd `dood jfrrdltg gl`gjc oc`grdzgfld `do ussf `g jfrrdltd.
. Gooustrcrd ododttrfstctgjc `g ulc strutturc MFZ, g`dltgffijcl`fod jc`utd `g pftdlzgcod gl jfl`gzgfld `g hcl`c pgcttc.
Go jfl`dlsctfrd MFZ nd rdcogzzctf glsdrdl`f ulf strctf `g gsfocltd (sfogtcmdltd ul fssg`f) trc ulmctdrgcod sdmgjfl`uttfrd `dttf suhstrctf f hf`yd` gl`gjctf jfl H d ul mctdrgcod jfl`uttfrd `dttfictdd` gl`gjctf jfl I.
Tl jfl`dlsctfrd MFZ jfl ul suhstrctf p vgdld `dttf c jclcod l f dqugvcodltdmdltd jfl`dlsc-tfrd lMFZ. Tl jfl`dlsctfrd MFZ jfl ul suhstrctf l vgdld `dttf c jclcod p f dqugvcodltdmdltdjfl`dlsctfrd pMFZ.
Of spdssfrd `doofssg`f vgdld gl`gjctf jfltfx, oc ocribdzzc `do `gspfsgtgvf jfl Od ocotdzzc jflY.
^ftdlzgcod `g hcl`c pgcttc f ct hcl`
Jfrtfjgrjugtcl`f g `ud tdrmglcog `do `gspfsgtgvf sg glldsjc ul prfjdssf `g `gusgfld jbd `dtdrmglcod jc`utd `g pftdlzgcod mfstrctd gl AGITXCd ldo `gcircmmc c hcl`d gl ffiiurc .
AGITXC
Oc igulzgfld mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd mfstrc ul pftdlzgcod msldictgvf ldo jcsf `g p-Zg d pfsgtgvfldo jcsf `g l-Zg (sd jflsg`drctf jfl go vdrsf `g AGITXC ) c jcusc `dooc rdigfld `g svuftcmdltfjbd sg vgdld c jrdcrd. Dssdl`f go jfoodicmdltf mdtcoogjf dqugpftdlzgcod d lfl pftdl`f sjfrrdrdjfrrdltd c jcusc `doofssg`f, go pftdlzgcod Qfx cg jcpg `doofssg`f `dvd dssdrd pcrg cms. Ldo jc-sf `g suhstrctf p-Zg vdrrcllf qugl`g gl`fttd jcrgjbd pfsgtgvd coogltdracjjgc suhstrctf-fssg`f (octf
suhstrctf) d jcrgjbd ldictgvd coogltdracjjgc mdtcoof-fssg`f (octf mdtcoof).
Dssdl`f ulc igulzgfld mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd, oc rdigfld `g svuftcmdltfnd gltdrcmdltd jflffilctc ldo sdmgjfl`uttfrd.
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; Ztrutturc `g ul jfl`dlsctfrd MFZ
Agiurc ; (c) Jcpcjgtfrd MFZ d (h) go suf `gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc qucl`f lfl vg nd ulctdlsgfld cppogjctc.
Ldo jcsf sg vfiogc clluoocrd od jcrgjbd prdsdltg coogltdracjjgc suhstrctf-fssg`f sg `dvd cppogjcrd ulpftdlzgcod dstdrlf ms jfmd mfstrctf gl AGITXC d ldo `gcircmmc c hcl`d gl ffiiurc . Glqudstf jcsf sg bcQfx=ms ms= >.
AGITXCLdood strutturd rdcog go pftdlzgcod `g jfltcttf ms lfl nd oc sfoc jcusc c idldrcrd ul cjjumuof `gjcrgjc coogltdracjjgc suhstrctf-fssg`f (octf suhstrctf). Glacttg spdssf, `urcltd g prfjdssg `g ocvfrc-zgfld, rgmcliflf gltrcppfoctd `dood jcrgjbd `g `dlsgt nc supdrffijgcodSfx coogltdrlf `doofssg`f. Dssdgl`ujflf ulc jcrgjc `g `dlsgtnc Sfxcoogltdracjjgc suhstrctf-fssg`f (octf suhstrctf). Go jfl`dlsctfrdMFZ, `co pultf `g vgstc dodttrgjf, gl qudstf jcsf nd dqugvcodltd c` ul jfl`dlsctfrd c acjjd pgcld dpcrcoodod jfl ulc jcpcjgtnc `gpdl`dltd `co `gdodttrgjf gltdrjflldssf trc g `ud pgcttg. Ldo jcsf gl jugoc jcrgjc `g `dlsgt nc supdrffijgcodS fx sgc gltrcppfoctc coogltdracjjgc fssg`f-suhstrctf (octf fssg`f) go`gcircmmc c hcl`d vgdld mf`gffijctf jfmd mfstrctf gl ffiiurcd oc jcpcjgtnc pdr ulgtnc `g supdrffijgdmfstrctc coofssg`fnd dsprdssc `cooc rdoczgfld.
Jfx=fxtfx
()
Ocppogjczgfld g ulc tdlsgfldQ = Sfx/Jfxgl ciigultc cooc tdlsgfldmsgl`ujd, oc jcrgjc `g `dl-sgtnc supdrffijgcodSfx coogltdracjjgc mdtcoof-fssg`f (octf mdtcoof) d oc jcrgjc `g `dlsgtnc supdrffijgcod
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IGTL[GFLD MDPCOOF-ZDMGJFL@TPPFXD D ZPXTPPTXC MFZ
Agiurc; @gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc `g ul sgstdmc MFZ cooc jfl`gzgfld `gct hcl`.
Agiurc; GLZDXGXD JC^PGFL!!
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Sfxcoogltdracjjgc fssg`f-sdmgjfl`uttfrd (octf sdmgjfl`uttfrd). Sudstuotgmc jcrgjc jfmpdlsdr nc ocjcrgjc gl`fttc `cooc jcrgjc gltrcppfoctc ldoofssg`f.
Oc tdlsgfld jbd clluooc oc jcrgjc prdsdltd coogltdracjjgc fssg`f-suhstrctf (octf suhstrctf), jbd ic-rcltgsjd oc ldutrcogtnc `do sdmgjfl`uttfrd,nd `dttc tdlsgfld f pftdlzgcod `g hcl`c pgcttc f `g ct hcl`.Pcod `gjgturc cppcrd dvg`dltd fssdrvcl`f go `gcircmmc c hcl`d gl ffiiurc . Go pftdlzgcod `g hcl`cpgcttcnd dsprdssf `cooc rdoczgfld.
QAH=
ms ldo jcsf lfl jg sgc jcrgjc gltrcppfoctc ldoofssg`f
ms SfxJfx
ldo jcsf `g jcrgjc gltrcppfoctc coogltdracjjgc fssg`f-suhstrctf (octf fssg`f)
()
-. Ztrutturc MFZ; `dffilgrd od jfl`gzgflg `g svuftcmdltf d afr-td glvdrsgfld, rgjcvcrd odsprdssgfld `dooc tdlsgfld `g sfiogc, goou-strcrd ododttrfstctgjc `do sgstdmc gl jfl`gzgflg `g svuftcmdltf rg-
jcvcl`f oc `dlsgt nc supdrffijgcod `dg pfrtctfrg oghdrg coogltdracjjgcd oc suc `gpdl`dlzc `cooc tdlsgfld `g jfltrfoof.
Gl hcsd cooc `gdrdlzc trc tdlsgfld cppogjctc d tdlsgfld `g ct hcl` d` cood sud jflsdiudlzd suopftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd sg pfssflf `gstgliudrd prgljgpcomdltd trd rdigflg `g aulzgflcmdltf `dojfl`dlsctfrd MFZ; cjjumuoczgfld, svuftcmdltf d` glvdrsgfld. Oc rdigfld `g aulzgflcmdltf glglvdrsgfld nd su``gvgsghgod c suc vfotc gl rdigfld `g `dhfod f afrtd glvdrsgfld. Ldo sdiugtf vdrrcllfclcogzzctd gl `dttciogf od trd rdigflg `g aulzgflcmdltf pdr ul jfl`dlsctfrd lMFZ d pfg mfstrctdod `gdrdlzd ldo jcsf `g ul jfl`dlsctfrd pMFZ. ^dr sdmpogjgt nc `g dspfsgzgfld lfl sg jflsg`drcl`fdvdltucog jcrgjbd gltrcppfoctd ldoofssg`f.
Aulzgflcmdltf gl cjjumuoczgfld
Cppogjcl`f ulc tdlsgfld QIH ? QAH, lfl sjfrrdl`f jfrrdltd c jcusc `dooc prdsdlzc `doofssg`f,oc igulzgfld mdtcoof-sdmgjfl`uttfrd mcltdrrnc oc stdssc pfocrgzzczgfld d od ulgjbd jfmpfldltg cpftdr vcrgcrd sflf Qfx d s. Oc tdlsgfld cppogjctc, mglfrd `dooc tdlsgfld `gct hcl`, gl`ujd ulcjjumuof `g jcrgjc cg jcpg `doofssg`f, ldictgvc coogltdracjjgc mdtcoof-fssg f (octf mdtcoof) d pfsgtgvccoogltdracjjgc fssg`f-suhstrctf (octf suhstrctf). ^dr qudstf mftgvfQfx d s rgsuotdrcllf dltrcmhdldictgvd.
Ocjjumuof `g jcrgjc coogltdracjjgc fssg`f-suhstrctf (octf suhstrctf)nd `ctf `c ul cjjumuof `g ocjuldd oc ofrf jfljdltrczgfld gl aulzgfld `do pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd nd rgjcvchgod trcmgtd oc rdoczgfldhd` dsprdssc `cooc.
ps=LC dxpq s
EP
()
@cooc rdoczgfld sg gltugsjd, `ctf go odicmd dspfldlzgcod jbd odic oc jfljdltrczgfld `g ocjuldcoogltdracjjgcps d go pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd s, jbd pdr vcrgczgflg mfotf pgjjfod `g s sg bcllfirfssd vcrgczgflg `g ps. Glacttg s cssumd vcofrg, ldo jcsf `g aulzgflcmdltf gl glvdrsgfld, gltfrlfcooc jdltglcgc `g mQ (ldictgvd). ^dr qudstf mftgvf s nd `c rgtdldrsg trcsjurchgod gl jflarfltf c Qfxdoc tdlsgfld cppogjctcnd sjrgvghgod gl afrmc cpprfssgmctc trcmgtd oc rdoczgfld .
QIH=QAH + Qfx ()
Oc jcrgjc cjjumuoctc coogltdracjjgc fssg`f-suhstrctf (octf suhstrctf) nd dsprgmghgod trcmgtd oc rdoc-zgfld.Go sdilf ldictgvfnd `fvutf cooc jflvdlzgfld jfl jug vgdld cssultc Qfxpfsgtgvc.
Scjj= QfxJfx ()
Gl qudstc rdigfld go jfmpfrtcmdltf `do jfl`dlsctfrd MFZ nd clcofif c qudoof `g ul lfrmcod jfl-`dlsctfrd c acjjd pgcld d pcrcoodod.
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IGTL[GFLD MDPCOOF-ZDMGJFL@TPPFXD D ZPXTPPTXC MFZ
Agiurc; Tl jcpcjgtfrd lMFZ pfocrgzzctf gl cjjumuoczgfld. (c) Pgpfofigd `g jcrgjbd prdsdltg. (h)@gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc.
Aulzgflcmdltf gl svuftcmdltf
^dr tdlsgflg cppogjctdQIH< QAHsg bc ul cjjumuof `g jcrgjc cg jcpg `doofssg`f, pfsgtgvc coogltdracj-jgc mdtcoof-fssg`f (octf mdtcoof) d ldictgvc ldo suhstrctf. ^dr qudstf mftgvfQfx d s rgsuotdrcllfdltrcmhd pfsgtgvd.
Oc jcrgjc ldictgvc ldo suhstrctf nd `fvutc c` ul coofltclcmdltf `dood ocjuld jbd jcusc ulc rdigfld`g svuftcmdltf f `dpodtgfl. Zuppfldl`f ulc gflgzzczgfld jfmpodtc oulif tuttc odstdlsgfld `doocrdigfld svuftctc `g dstdlsgfld Y dp, go pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd s, jgfnd go pftdlzgcod cg jcpg `doocrdigfld svuftctc,nd dsprgmghgod trcmgtd oc rdoczgfld.Dsscnd clcofic c qudooc jbd odic go pftdlzgcod`ghugot gld odstdlsgfld `dooc rdigfld svuftctc ldo jcsf `g ulc igulzgfld ulgoctdrc.
s=qLCY
8`dp
8Zg()
Oc `dlsgtnc `g jcrgjc pdr ulgtnc `g supdrffijgdnd dsprdssc `cooc rdoczgfld.
S`dp= qLCY dp=
qLC8Zgs ()
Oc rdoczgfld jbd odic oc tdlsgfld cppogjctc d odstdlsgfld `dooc rdigfld svuftctc nd `ctc `cooc
QIH=QAH +qLCY dp
8 +
qLCY dpJ fx
()
Aulzgflcmdltf gl glvdrsgfld
Cumdltcl`f uotdrgfrmdltd oc tdlsgfldQIH sg bc ul cumdltf `doodstdlsgfld `dooc rdigfld svuftc-tc. Jfltdmpfrcldcmdltd sg fssdrvc cljbd ul cjjumuof `g dodttrflg gl prfssgmgtnc `doogltdracjjgcfssg`f-suhstrctf (octf suhstrctf) trcsjurchgod ldo jcsf `g aulzgflcmdltf gl svuftcmdltf. Oc jfljdl-trczgfld `g dodttrflg coogltdracjjgc gl aulzgfld `do pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd nd rgjcvchgod `cooccd`dsprdssf `cooc.
ls=l8gLC
dxp
q
sEP
()
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; Tl jcpcjgtfrd lMFZ pfocrgzzctf gl svuftcmdltf. (c) Pgpfofigd `g jcrgjbd prdsdltg. (h)@gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc jfl od ardjjd jbd gl`gjclf go vdrsf pfsgtgvf `dooc tdlsgfld cppogjctc d`dooc tdlsgfld cg jcpg `doofssg`f.
Sucl`f oc jfljdltrczgfld `g dodttrflg coogltdracjjgc rciigulid vcofrg supdrgfrg c qudoog `dooc jfl-jdltrczgfld gltrglsdjc `do suhstrctf, go mctdrgcod pu nf dssdrd jflsg`drctf `rfictf `g tgpf l.
ls=lgl8gLC
dxp
q
sEP
=lg
s=E P
q olLC
lg
=A ()
Zg bc qugl`g jbd pdr s < A go jfl`dlsctfrd MFZ ocvfrc gl rdigmd `g glvdrsgfld. Puttcvgc, pdrvcofrg `g s`g pfjf supdrgfrg c A oc jcrgjc `fvutc cooc jfljdltrczgfld `g dodttrflg coogltdracjjgc jfl`dlsgtnc supdrffijgcodSglv nd cljfrc trcsjurchgod rgspdttf cooc jcrgjc `fvutc cooc zflc svuftctc nd qugl`gpfssghgod cpprfssgmcrd oc rdoczgfld jbd odic oc tdlsgfld cppogjctc jfl go pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgdtrcmgtd oc rdoczgfld`fvd sgnd jflsg`drctc oc `dlsgtnc supdrffijgcod `g jcrgjcSglvtrcsjurchgod.
QIH=QAH + s+
qLC8Zgs
Jfx()
Od `ud `dlsgtnc `g jcrgjc prdsdltg ldo suhstrctf, S`dp d Sglv, sg cssumflf jflarfltchgog qucl`f oc
jfljdltrczgfld `g dodttrflg gl supdrffijgd, ls, diuciogc oc jfljdltrczgfld `g `rficltg `do suhstrctf,LC.
ls=LCl8gLC
dxp
q
sEP
=LC s=
E P
q ol
L8C
l8g
s= 8EP
q ol
LClg
= 8A ()
Ldo jcsf gl jug >? s ? Asg pcroc `g `dhfod glvdrsgfld mdltrd, ldo jcsf gl jug s
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IGTL[GFLD MDPCOOF-ZDMGJFL@TPPFXD D ZPXTPPTXC MFZ
Agiurc ; Tl jcpcjgtfrd lMFZ pfocrgzzctf gl glvdrsgfld. (c) Pgpfofigd `g jcrgjbd prdsdltg. (h)@gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc jfl oc ardjjgc jbd gl`gjc go vdrsf pfsgtgvf `dooc tdlsgfld cppogjctc.
Ldo jcsf `g afrtd glvdrsgfld, oc tdlsgfld cppogjctc gl aulzgfld `do pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd s 8And `ctc `cooc rdoczgfld.
QIH=QAH + 8A+
qLC8Zg8A
J fx S
glv
Jfx()
Pdlsgfld `g sfiogc f tbrdsbfo`
Zg `dffilgsjd tdlsgfld `g sfiogc f tbrdsbfo`oc tdlsgfld cppogjctc ldjdsscrgc cooc afrmczgfld `do jclcod.Zfttf od gpftdsg sdmpogffijctgvd `g rgtdldrd sjfstcltd d pcrg c 8Agl jcsf `g aulzgflcmdltf gl rdigmd`g afrtd glvdrsgfld d `g rgtdldrd oc `dlsgt nc `g jcrgjcSglvlfl luooc sfof gl jcsf `g aulzgflcmdltf glrdigmd `g afrtd glvdrsgfld, sg rgjcvc `cooc oc `dlsgtnc supdrffijgcod `g jcrgjc `g jclcod gl aulzgfld`g tdlsgfld cppogjctc d pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd d` nd dsprdssc `cooc.
Sglv= JfxQIH
QAH + 8A+
qLC8Zg8AJfx
()
Oc rdoczgfldbc sdlsf ffisgjf sfof ldo jcsf `g Sglvldictgvc. Zg bc qugl`g jbd oc tdlsgfld mglgmccppogjchgod pdr oc afrmczgfld `do jclcod, gl`gjctc jfl QPB> nd `ctc `cooc rdoczgfld
QPB>=QAH + 8A+
qLC8Zg8AJfx
()
Jfl`dlsctfrd pMFZ
^dr go jfl`dlsctfrd pMFZ vcoiflf iog stdssg rcigflcmdltg acttg pdr go jfl`dlsctfrd lMFZ cvdl`focjjfrtdzzc `g tdldr jfltf `dooc jfmpodmdltcrgdt nc `do `gspfsgtgvf. Od rdigflg `g aulzgflcmdltfvdliflf `dffilgtd gl hcsd co pftdlzgcod `g Adrmg jbd, ldo jcsf `g suhstrctf `g tgpf l, nd ulc ircl`dzzcldictgvc.
Go aulzgflcmdltf gl rdigmd `g cjjumuoczgfld sg bc pdr tdlsgflg cppogjctd QIH< QAH d jfrrgspfl`dc` ul cjjumuof `g dodttrflg coogltdracjjgc fssg`f-suhstrctf (octf suhstrctf) `c jug sg bcllf s dQfx pfsgtgvd cljbd sd go pftdlzgcod `g supdrffijgd rgsuotc trcsjurchgod rgspdttf cooc tdlsgfld cg jcpg`doofssg`f.
@C JFLPGLTCXD
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
Agiurc; @gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc `dooc jfl`gzgfld `g tbrdsbfo`. Dssc nd rciigultc qucl`fls=LCf, dqugvcodltdmdltd cssumdl`fLJ=LQ,C=Hfs= 8A. @c lftcrd jbd ul pftdlzgcod `gsupdrffijgd pfsgtgvf jfrrgspfl`d c` ulc jurvcturc vdrsf go hcssf `dooc hcl`c.
Agiurc ; Pdlsgfld `g sfiogc tdfrgjc vs. jfljdltrczgfld `g `rficltg `do suhstrctf uscl`f oc rdoczgfld.
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IGTL[GFLD MDPCOOF-ZDMGJFL@TPPFXD D ZPXTPPTXC MFZ
Agiurc ; @gcircmmc c hcl`d `g dldrigc `dg `ud prgljgpcog tgpg `g jcpcjgtfrg MFZ. Lfl nd stctcjflsg`drctc odvdltucod jcrgjc gltrcppfoctc ldoofssg`f.
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@GZ^FZGPGQG DODPPXFLGJG
. Prclsgstfrd MFZADP; rgjcvcrd odsprdssgfld `dooc jfrrdltd `gjfl`uzgfld gl zflc fbmgjc, jbgcrdl`f od cpprfssgmczgflg jbd sgjfmpgflf.
Zg cssumc tuttc oc rgspfstc rgadrgtc c` ul trclsgstfrd lMFZ, clcofibg rcigflcmdltg jbd pfrtclf crgsuotctg odiidrmdltd `gvdrsg vcoiflf pdr go pMFZ. Od jfl`gzgflg pdr ocvfrcrd gl rdigfld `g trgf`f ffbmgjc sflf jbdQIZ< Qtb, Q@Z< Qtb jbd cssgjurclf oc afrmczgfld `do jclcod. Cssumgcmf gosfurjdjfrtfjgrjugtctf jfl gohf`y(QZH= >) pdr sdmpogjgtnc, gl jcsf jfltrcrgf scrcllf prdsdltd oddttfhf`yjbd vdrrnc mf`doogzzctf gl sdiugtf.
Oc jcrgjc ldo jclcod ldo jclcod nd
Sj(y) = J fxUQI Qtb Qj(y)] jfl
Qj(>) =QZQj(O) =Q@
()
Oc jfljdltrczgfld `g dodttrflg ldo jclcod scrnc idldrgjcmdltd aulzgfld `gx d y `ctf jbd oulifzsgsuppfld jfstcltd d` gltdircl`foc oulif x sg fttgdld
Sj(y) =x=xj(y)
x=xj(>)
ql(x, y) `x ()
nD pfssghgod qugl`g rgjcvcrd oc jfrrdltd.
G@= Y
x=xj(y)
x=xj(>)
Ky (x, y)`x
= lY
x=xj(y)
x=xj(>)
ql(x, y) `x
Qj(y)
y
= lY Sj(y)Qj(y)
y
= lY
O
Qj(O)
Qj(>)
Sj `Qj(y)
= lY
O
Qj(O)
Qj(>)
JfxUQI Qtb Qj(y)] `Qj(y)
=lY
OJfx(QI Qtb) Q@Z
Q8@
Q8Z8
=l
Y
OJfx
(QI Qtb) Q@Z
Q@Z(Q@+ QZ )
8
G@=lJfx
Y
O
QIZ Qtb
Q@Z8
Q@