4. shop problems in sheet metal

7/17/2019 4. Shop Problems in Sheet Metal

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SHOP PROBLEMS

IN SHET METAL

OR SCORY SCOOSWITH NOTES ON EQIPMEN ATEIALS

AND SHOP METHODSBy

EUGEE . GAAMt tl EdtEvvll; d

ND ON H H SHOOL S

VNSVILL DIN

1918

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7/79

COPYRIGHT, 98EUGEN . RAHAM


8/79

Shop Probems in Sheet Meta

T TD OF T T T WOK

As an ntoducton to ths lttle colecton of notes and dawngs the authowshes to call the atten to n of H gh Sc hool boys especall y to the f act that th stade has not eceved the attenton t deseves fom the schools In ecent yeasseveal vocatons such as pntng, concete constucton, automoble epa andeectcal wok have found a pace n the schools whle othes seem to be losnggound I t seems to be tue that tades such as bl acksm thng an d mol dngwhch have been n uenced by the ntoducton of new machney whch s m oeo less aut'matc, have become less attactve to boys.

Sheet etal wok as a v ocaton has m any attactve f eatues. t s a l age

an d gowng ndusty epesented both n the buldng tades and n modenautom oble constucton, fu ntue and b oat bul dng and n the constucto nof manufactued atcles The ntoducton of autogenous weldng and elctcwedng has done much to make possble the use of sheet metal n new foms

A well ta ned sheet m etal wokes can daft tJ e ow n pattens B oyswho have been unabe to see any use fo ntesectons and developments nmchancal dawng can qucly see the elaton between ths banch of dawngand the daftng of pattens

The wo kng of metal n sheet fo m s l gh t, n teestng and nstuctve Thema kng of k tchen utensls, such as pans, suga scoops, fu nnels , us pans, can

teens bead boxes and othe atcles s attactve to most boys A lage numbe of hand opeated machnes ae used and the tanng aoded by these machnes valuable. B oys ke wood tunng because they can un the machnesf o themselves. n the same way they become n teested n the m achn es used

to b en d and shape sheet m al and can m a ke a la ge v aety of usef ul p od uctsthan n nealy any othe school shop

Boys who ae nteested n the tade wl\ nd that the wages pad ae bettethan n some othe eated tades and that thee s al ways a dem and fo competent men

The autho hopes to add to ths collecton of dawngs fom tme to tme

an d wll welcome suggeston s an d ct csms. The no tes ae meel y a be outl ne of elaed facts and should be supplemented by outsde eadng and vststo shops whee sheet metal s used.

Cedt s due the Peck, Stow and Wlcox Co, of Southngton, Conn., foth e electoypes used. The lst of eq upmen t s fom the Pex to lne, whchh as been used w th satsf acton by m any schools.

Pag O


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Shop Probems Sheet Metal

ee CeThis metal comes in sheets nearly ure and can be had in many thicnesses

and sizes When used b y the sheet m eta worker i t has ma ny n e qual i ties andcan be drawn, hammered, soldered, and pressed into many shapes I t is tough

and stands worki ng better than m ost metals I t ca n be anne ale d or m ade softby heating an d q uenc hing in water When m ade in to utensis it is usualy ti nn edan d oft en ni ce pated on the o utside of the vesse Pu re cop per is som ewhatcted on by the air and by water and more by acids so that tinning is neces-sary fo r some purposes On accoun t of the cost it is not much used, but i s avery durable roong material Copper is used fo r m any artices whi ch are beat-n into shape by hammering

ee Zinc

This metal has many valuable qualities and is used for roong tops fori tchen c ab inets orname ntal v ases, etc It i s very i ttle acted on by the ai r afterthe rst lm of ox id e fo rm s on the surf ac e I t may be so dered if c are is taento av oi d burni ng throug h th e metal with a copper whic h is too ho t D ilute m uriatic acid is used as a ux in soldering zinc

e Ba

Sheet b rass has ma ny of the qual i ties of co ppe r I t is somewhat harder andrequi res m ore care in bending By an neai ng it ca refully it ma y be wored in tomany shapes B orax ma y b e used s a l ux in sod ering b rass B ecause of theinc reased cost i t is n ot much used except i n some manufactured articles such asautomobile lamp

ee Auinu.This m etal is c omi ng in to ve ry ge neral use fo r i tchen utensis I t is v ery

durabe and easily kept clean It is not muc h acted on by the air or by wateran d acids, bu t al ka ies have some afe ct on it Since i ts m elting p oint i s m uchl ower than that of c opper an d iron it m ay be melted through on a hot range ifthe vesse boils dry It is very easiy worked and may be pressed and drawnint o v arious shapes Sin ce i t can not be sold ered with m uch success it mu stei ther be weld ed or riveted. Many rticles are cast in to shape. Al umi num rivetssho u d b e used fo r f astening han dl es and other attached parts

Pne Three


13/79


14/79

Shop Probems in Sheet Metal

e Fodg aceIn order to turn a hem or ock on the edge of a piece of sheet metal some

mean s m ust be f ou d of hol din g the metal rml y whie the edge is being turnedOr we may grip t edge and tur n the fol d by m ovin g e piece i tself . The or-

di nary f ol der does the l atter. Oth e machi nes are used alled open throat f ol ders which use the former method.

These machines will also prepae the edge of sheet metal to receive a wireAl fol ders hav e adjustm ents to r gul ate the wi dth of the f ol d an d also thehapness of bnd, so that they may lso be used to prepare the edge of sheets torceive a wi re I t is always necessary to kn ow just how the m achi ne is adjustedbefore attemping to mke a fod r to wire an edge.

Te Goovg acne

After a lock seam has been foded on the folder it should be closed down

wt h a groove d wheel o n the groovin g machine . Ha nd tools are also used f ortis but in al cases where it is possibe to use the machine it is better to do so.The grooving ros are made to t several widths of seam and the proper ollshould be used.

Te Bake.

This machine, commony caled he cornice brake, has a wider range of useful ness than the folder. I t m ay be sed to tu rn hems or f ol ds and also to m akebends at all anges up o nearly 180 degrees, and at any distance from the edge.The brake also has attachments for forming molded shapes to almost any pat-

tern. Lengths up to eigh t f eet ar i n comm on use.In using this machine it is necessary to pan the bends to be made if sev-

eral are to be turne d' in t he same pece Oherwise the pupil will n d i t hard todecide what the order of operations should be.

I t s advisabe to m ark the lo catio n of i nes and bends with pu nch ma rks. Alin e m ay hu be transf erred to te oh er si de of the sheet accuratey

Fo ot evers are provided to hol d the wo rk tem porarily, bu t it is quite imp ortan t that the cam evers should be used to cl am p the work i n pl ace Pupilsshould never attempt to bend heavy metal or wire in this machine

Te Wg ae

After th use of the turning machine the wire is tted to its place and part-l y cloed i n wit h a mallet Then the wirin g m achine is used to tuck i n the edgeof the mta neaty arou nd the wire Some udgmen t is needed to set the machine for dierent sizes of wire

This m achi ne ma y al so be used to wi re the edges of at work. P ain s shoul dbe taken t o keep th e surface of the at wo rk h orizontal o r t o raise theouter edge a little in order to prevent a ridge being formed on the lower side

of the work.Page Five


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Sop robe Seet eta

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l u h w s d upwad a ll ad h s w ghd u t a dpgv s d B pag hs pa ad mag sval vlus h w h dg s ppa d v h w T av d sm th s auls bgs, u slw a s ad pss h /l agas h g u ag A lg th w upwa d d allw dpba aga D h ls agas h a Pa s abds whh h av b u dw ds a d d a a s a hgh abu h hs Svabl ups a b ad hs b wg hp dg a d sl dg a a ha dl Sl w m wh pa

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h s a h s usd ug a dg d s ma dssuh as a bs I ppag vssl s d ubl s ag a bu s s ud a a gh agl h bd d h h sa wdh h dg h b hs l as pa s q u d ul a d as s d ablpa Bs a b ad uh b a ula sha wh a laggaah

I usg h bug ah mmb ha l a aw bu abu -ghh a h wd a b u h bug ah s h hads a h bgs us h pup sh u d avd splg gd m aal u-

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Sop Probe n Seet eta

ES SE E RE M EAS A AYS

ron is a very omm on m eta t is ound i n man y o untries and espeayin the U nited S tates. The m ins near ake Superior on what is aed the I roRange, and other mines near irmingham, Aaama, produe great quantities

o iron ore. These ores are meted with ime stone, oa and oke in ast urna es whih are a ou t ighty eet high an d twenty eet in diameter i nside Theseurnaes must e kept going night and day The meted iron i s ast in to ingotsaed "pigs, or it ma y e m ade int o stee in a esseme r onverter Wroughtiron is m ade rom ast iro n y rem ov ing impu rities. Cast i ron ontai ns ar o ,suphur, siio n, phosp horus and other eeme nts in v arying prop orti ons Theseim purities m ake the ast iron ritte and weak as omp ared with stee andwrough t ron.

Stee ontai ns eemen ts ike ar o , m anganese, nike, et ., in quite deni teproportion s and y v arying these proportions the manu a turer an produe

stee t or stee eams, rao r ades or wath springs an d a hun dred otherproduts, as he hooses

on ron i s a si very meta w th a density o 86 a metng po in t o 254 deg ree

an d a weigh t per ui oot o 480 s.

I t is du tie and maeae and am ost as sot as aum inum. n the industriespure iron is sedom used. What is aed m id stee is omm ony used in i tspae.

opper

Metai opper has een known rom the eariest times and was proayone o the rst metas in use It is a heav y m eta o a reddish oor with adensity o aout 893 t m ets a t 98 deg rees a nd weghs 552 s pe r uioot I t is rather sot and is very dutie, maeae and exie, yet tough andairy strong. t is a very goo d ondutor o heat and eetriity. Copper is usedor making aoys, or roong, or eeria ondutors and many othr purpses. t an e roed in to sheets, hm ered int o shapes or drawn in to wi re

eaLead has een kn own rom ve ry ary tim es. The Romans used it or water

pipes, as we do now t is a sivery met o density 1 1 3 , whih me ts at 5886deg rees O ne ui oot o ead weighs 7 10 s Whie i t is heavi er than mos tmetas there are som e, suh as g od and pati num , whih a re m uh heavier tis very itte aeted y air or hard water and is used or pipes, or aoys andin m any ki nds o paint. Sheet ead is oten used or ining tans and ead patesare ued in storage atteries

inTin is a siver white m eta harder than ead and quite maeae. I t has a

de nsi ty a ou t 7 :29 an d a me ti ng poi nt o 4 185 deg rees t weighs 458 po un dsper ui oot. Tin is used in the m anuature o aoys and as a oating or

sheet stee to m ake tin pate. ure tin is used as ti noi, ut omp ared withther etas it is not oten used in thi orm

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20/79

Sop Pobe in Seet Met

ZincZi nc is a bl ish white me tal . I t h as a density f 7 . 1 an d a m el ting pi nt f

74. degees. t weighs abt 436 pn ds pe c bi c f t. At sm e tem peat es it is b ittle b t between 2 and 3 deg ees i t ma y be lle d i nt sheets

and is then f geat se as a sheet etal. Since it is cheape than cppe adlighte than lead it is sed f fs, gttes and achitectal naments. Itschief ses ae i n the m an facte f allys an d i n the c ati ng f steel p ipes an dplates his pcess is called galvanizing. he xide f zinc is sed in makinpaints and zinc ds and bas ae sed in batteies.

Auu

Alminm esem bles tin i n appeaance . I t has a density f nly 2.6 a nd istheefe nly abt nethid as heavy as in. One cbic ft weighs 166p n ds I t m el ts at 1 18 .3 degees. I t is dctile and m alleable except at lw and

high tempeates. I t is f ail y h ad and st ng . Sheet an d cast alm i nm aesed f c ki ng tensil s Almi nm wie is sed f cn dcts. Alminmzinc allys ae sed in castings f atmbile pats.

Aoy

An ally is a mi xt e cm bi nati n f tw me m etals t b tai n ce tain desiable p p eties h ese m etals will i n man y cases ni te in a g eat m anydieen t p ptins bt t sec e the ds ied p peties nl y cetain de n item i xtes ae cmmnly sed he advantages tained ae inceases in stengthhadness, tghness elasticity a lwe melting pint t facilitate the p

dctin f snd castings.Sme f the me imptant allys ae as fllws

Bass Made f Cppe and zincAlminm bnze

" " Cppe and alminmGeman Silve

" " Cppe, zinc and nickelManganese bnze " " Cppe zinc, in and manganeseBnze

" Cppe and tinBell metal " " Cppe and tinPhsph bnze

" " Cppe, tin and phsphs

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in and leadPewte " " Tin , antimony, copper andbismuthOnly a few f these allys ae sed by the sheet metal wke Sheet bass

ma y tak e the place f chea pe m ateials f sm e w k. Sf t sl de ma de fti n a nd lead, had sldes made f cp pe an d zinc, ae f geat imptance

Pa ght


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Sop Pobe Seet Met

ODIG FUX

A ux is a materia in any orm, powder, paste or iquid, which heps tomak e the sod er unite m ore easiy with the m etal Most o these u xes h avesome chmica action on the metas but some appear to do ittle but keep the

soder owing easiyA good ux or one kind o meta ma t work we on others. For in

stnce rosin wil not work we on anything but bright tin.A ist o th e m ore comm on y used uxes oows :Rosineither powdered or dissolved n gasoine or turpentine. Used or

new work on tin pate.Znc Chordemade by cutting zinc with muriatic acid or by mixing the com

mercia z n c ch oride with water. U sed gen eray o r a wor kRaw Muriatic Acidaso caed hdrochoric acid, genera diluted with

water, som etimes m xed with the znc ch oride u x. Used o r zi nc, aso orgavanized iron.Commercial sodering pastecontainng varous mixtures. Used or eec

trica work.Boraxin powdered or dissoved orm, used or brass.

REN

Sheet m eta ma be f astene d togeter rm by riveting a nd m an timeswhere strength is necessary both rivets and sod er are used. The size o thrivets used depends both on the thickness o the metal and on the strength e

quiredi n the joint.The tinner usuay sets hs rivets by what is called

"b ind riveting. He

paces the ri vet under the sheet of metal a n d draws i t through by driv i ng a

rivet set" over i t with a h ammer. This p rocess req ui res some p ractice but

ma kes av ery rm joint because the rivet always tstheh ole and may be dra wn

up very ti ghtly. O n some light wo rk the rivet sometimes spr eads out and

stretches them etal aroun d it. For this reason and because i t is easier to place

them accurately, rivets m ay be set in holes alread punched i n the sheets of

meta. This is always donei n heavy work This process is recomm ended fo r be

gin ners and th e holes shoul d be carefull located an d pun che d with a sol i d punch

over a blockof woodon end gra in.

In heading a rivet alight hammer is ued an d ligh t blows which form a headon the rivet slowly are necessary forgood work. Use the rivet set to form asmooth head on the rivet

Tinners rivets, which are usuay coated with tin are sod by the box andae n um bered 8 oz or 10 or 2 o r 14 oz., wh ch means that 1 ,000 rivets o o nesz e weigh a cert an n um ber o ounces. Large r rivets rom 1 b. up to 16 bs are sold , which are rated i n p ounds or per thousan d.

Pag Nn


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Sop Pobem in Seet Metl

HOW TO OLDER

Thee ae o secets about the use of sode which may ot be leaed b yt he b eg ie , b ut the skil of the go od mechaic does o t come witho ut m ay

ho urs of p ractice. T h in king while you are working will shorten the learningof the pocess moe tha aythig ese you ca doOdiay soft solde is a aoy of ti ad ead, usuay about haf ad haf

t me ts at abo ut 350 degees a d u ites easiy with ti , ead, zic, c opp e a dbass, but o t easiy with i o o stee

Thee ae fou ipotat picipes to be emembeed by ay oe who attempts to sode:-

1. The sodeig coppe must be kept cea ad we tied

2 A good sodeig ux must be used, ad oe which is suited to the meta

3 . Th e m etas to be so deed m ust b e cea

4 Th e joit m ust be hea ted above the m e tig p oi t of the so de

Soldeig equies heat Y o u ma y use g as coa o chacoal o a gasoietoch to heat the coppes I f you use gas take cae o t to e t the coppe ge tsm oked up i the yeow pat of the ame Th e b ue ame is ho tte,

To ty if the coppe is hot eough you may touch it to a ump of sode,01 ho d i t ea you f ace to test the heat Do ot oveheat the coppe o theti wi be bued o

Whe you ae eady to sode a joit, see that the sufaces t we ad aecea Appy the sodeig ux to the joit with a sma bush Do ot spead

the ux ove a wi de suface To uch the hot coppe to the e d of a ba of so dea d the to the joi t See that o y a aow edge of the coppe touches thej oit T y to have the so de ow aog with the coppe Do ot ty to wokf ast as the heat m ust o w ahead of the sode ad this takes time Do ot uback a d f oth ove the j oi t but m ove i oe d iectio Whe the joit is

so deed do o t m ov e it t oo soo but wait fo the so de to set Uecessayso de m ay be wip ed o with a c oth af te heatig a suface, b ut th is sho ul d o tbe a commo pactice

Re-nnng e Cppe

If fo ay easo the coppe eeds a ew coat of ti you must emovethe back suface with a e o gidig wheel Afte you get it smooth heatit eay to the poit whe it beg is to show ed R ub o a sof t bick o abl oc k of salammoi ac to c ea i t a d the put a l i tt e so de o the bock a dwo k the ti i to each of th e f ou sufaces Th is m akes the poi t ook bightad sh y l i ke ew ti ou sodeig copp e m ust be kept i ths coditioto wok wel

Page Ten


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Shp bms Sh M

SHEE MEAL AERN RAN

Sh eet meta pattern drafi ng is ma in y an ap pication of the principes of

deveopments and i n tersections as they are given in the usua courses in Me-

chanical Drawing in high school s . I n addtion the sheet metal worker uses a

g ra t m any shor t cuts, some of which are n ot stri ct y accor di ng to the rues ofprojection Bu t the p upi w ho ays out his pat terns according to ru e wi no t gowrong pr ov i ding he m akes proper a owances fo r seams , f o ds, wiring, etc Si ncemost of the artices made of sheet meta are in the form of cyinders, prisms,cones or pyramids, or part of these soids, it wi be we for the pupi who expects to ay out his own patterns to study the f orms of these so ids and of theii n tersections with each other So far as p ossibe each pupi shou d earn todeveop his pattens on paper and test them out in meta, but in orde to savem ateria the instru ctor shou d check a resu ts with a m aster pattern Sincepatterns made without proper aowances and without xing the size, shape and

ocation of notches are useess, particuar attention must be paid to these detaisRues for these aowancs are given in another paragraph

wc f d Wg.

In an ordinary ock seam three times the width of the seam must be addedto the edges bef ore f o ding Litte attention is paid to the amou nt added onaccount of the thickness of the meta but where heavy meta is used this has tobe considered

The allowance f o r wiring is usually twice the diameter of the wire plustwice the thickness of the meta, but experience in this case is a better guide

than the rule, as i shard oset the machines so hat a exact amout will beturned on the edge of the m ateria

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Beakon Stake

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Holow Mandrel StakeCandemod Stake

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Conductor StkeDoble Seaing Stake

Creasig Stake

Sqare Stake

atcet Sake


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30/79

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St Dow Mach Tu Mah W Mah

Fom Mah


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Shp bms i Sh M

Moores Doube Seamg Mache Corce rake

Grooer Squarg Mache

Fog Mache


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Shp rblms Sh M

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INTRUCTION AND OPERATION

Pa I. et ta Joint d ea

I. Study these diagram s carefully. Learn the names o f the joints andbe abe

to describe each with a sketch .

2. Note that the proportions of these joint! and seams must vary somewhatwith the thickness of the metal . Note also that they may need solder tohod the pieces together.

3 . Why i s a groove seam caled a lock seam? What i s the use of the hem an dthe double hm?


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Sop obms in S M

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l. Ec n Fdg, Gvg d Wg.(First Exercise.)

I. Cut two p ieces of scrap tin Y by 8 inches in size

2 With the foder set for a inch sharp fod both edges of each piece Care-

fuy latten down one edge of each piece with a maet on a at surface3 Hook the other two edges together and groove the seam with the proper

grooving whee on the machine.

4 Fod one edge of this exercise over a second time to make a doube hem(Second Exercise)

I. Cu t two piecs o f gavanized iron I by 8 inches

2 Mark a ine with the scriber inch from the edge of each piece and ayo four points as indicated, marking the points with the prick punch

3 Punch these hoes carefuy using the machine or a soi d punch on the end

of a boc k of wood4. Using 12 oz. tinned rivets fasten these pieces together carefuy Use a

ight riveing hammer and try o form a rounded head on the rivet Finishthe heads with a rivet set

5 Prepare the edges of this exercise for wiring by using the foder set to 36inch with the tabe set for an open fod

6 Cu t two pieces of 14 guage wire eight inches ong Wire these in pacen"


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Choose oe o f these desigs. Cut stock from blac k iro 20 gauge o r thicker ad 3Y by 5Y iches i size.

2 Roud all corers by markig wih chalk ad layig off a radius with dividers Cut ad e to shape.

3 Puch V ich holes for rivets o machie after carefuly ayig them owith steel rule. Bed pieces over a form i the corice brake. Rivet withoe-poud roud head rives.

4 Puch holes for screws Y ich from edge ad faste to doorsep.


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Sop obms in S M

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Cut stock of C tin to dimensions given

2. Mark o allowances for wiring on larger piece cu t corner and wire with 16gauge wire.

3 Run the body through the forming machine with the wired side down4 Lap the ends just inch and hold with pliers while tacking with soder

Finish soldering after showing to the instructor

5. Prepare hande by wiring in the lat and forming in the machne Creaseends in the stake or byusing the turning machine. Solder in pace aftercarefuly tting each end to the body. Remember that no joint should besodered until the surfaces t closely together at all points.


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Shop robms in Sh Ml

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I This scoop is to be mae of IC tin wth back to be snappe boy ansoere as incate The han e is to have wire eges

2 Use pattern to ay out boy of scoop. Cut a piece for the bc on the cir

cuar shear an burr the ege V inch as inicate3 Form the boy to the require shape an snap insie of back. Tac k c are

fuy in pace with soer at severa points , nay soering V inch ap atthe top Soer back on the insie. Be carefu not to overheat the joint atthe ap.

4 Wire the edges of handle. Form to shape in machine using your hans tobendthehandle around theroll. Solderhandle on the back aftercarefullyftting in place.


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Shop Problemsin SheetMetal

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I. Dece on the imensions of the elbow wante Lay out a set o f patternsan string them together with strips of metal Use the stanard metho dgiven to ly out this set. Be sure to a to each pattern the allowances

for seams on all sies where necessary

2 Use the elbow eging roll an the burring machine according to instruc-tions. Slip parts in place and tack with solder See that the elbow is nottwiste beore omleting the solering.

3 Use a similarmethod if an elbowwith threeorve or more parts is wanted.The throat, OH is about one-half the iameter of the pie but may be increased


47/79


48/79

Shop Probems in Shee Mea

BREAD N.,

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t Th s pan s of th e standard co nst ruct o n wth eq ua tap er n g sdes and so dcorners It may be m ade easer t o cont ruct by cutt ng away p art of ea9 h

corne r I n th s case th e pan w n ot b e water t ght b ut w serve v ery welor a bakng tn

2 the sod p an s wanted cut out he patt ern as m arked and form the cor-ers over a hachet st ake. Th en t urn th e sdes and ends over a bock o fhard wood cut just the shape of th e n sde of th e pan Use th hat chetstae and te maet to cose over the aps but watch carefuy to see thatheavy bows are not used and hat each corner s bent exacty on the inesA par of wde nosed pers may be used to hep turn the aps

3. The wrng may b e d one by bend ng the edge of the sheet over th e h at chets ake, an t uckn g t he w re n pce wt h h e m a et and th e w rn g m ach ne.


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50/79

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ShopProblemsin SheetMetal

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Cut one piece of 39 guage galvanized stock thirteen and one-haf inchessquare Cut another piece six inches by eight inches for the ront and one4 % by BY inches for the lid

2 Lay o all these pieces acco rding to the drawing a nd cut to size and shape

3. Fod main pattern to shape and rivet the bottom in place with 12 oz rivetsOnehalf of the rivet holes may be punched before bending to position

4 Rivet the front in place on the dotted line shown in the drawing

5 Form the metal for thehin ges ands lip in a pieceo No . 10 wire to form thehinge.

6. Atach the id after folding the edges at right angles


51/79


52/79

Shp bs in Sht Mt

OUST PAN

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I. Cut stock from 28 guage galvanized iron or from black stove pipe iron. Cutone piece O by 4 inches and one 5 by 5 inches.

2 Lay o lines as indic ated. Cut notches cli p corners nd cut diagona cutsfor foldin g. Fo d V inch hem on three sides. Run beadin g wheel overcurved ine to start bend.

3 Turn edge for wiring seting fo lder inch Fold corners and prepare wirefor wiring. Bend wire in vise to get sharp bend 1 Y inches from each end.Wire the edge as directed by the instructor and solder the ends in placeusing acid ux.

4. Prepare handle with ock seam and set in pace through cuts marked inbac k as indicated. Hold hande rmly in place and turn aps inward andsolder down. If desired these ap may be covered with a ci rcular piece

of meta soldered down. A narrow olar may aso be sodered around theoutside, where the hande joins the pn. A cap shoud be cut to t the han-dle and soldered in place.


53/79


54/79

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XI Cnn

I. Cut two ide on the circular hear and burr the edge V inch. ut a bandof tin of the deired width and fold both edge and latten down inthe brakewith a inch tri of 24 guage black iron under the edge. With the hollow

chiel cut a emicircle from each end about one inch in diameter2 Form the band into a circle on the former and remove the tri of ironcarefully wth a r of lier. l i one of the ide carefully in lace andack with older. Finih olderng an d ee that a very neat and mooth jobi done.

li econd de in lace and re out with a rod of wood introduced'through te onn e tt it come nto lace nicely before oldering ayou dd the rt ide.

4. Cut thre tri of cra tin V inc wde and fold a double hem in each edge.Bend the to the hae hown and older in lace on the outde a in the

drawing o lder on a crew ca taken from a can or urchaed from a dealer

The ide of thi canten may be added and the outide covered wi th clothor mitation leather dered


55/79


56/79

Shop obs in Sht t

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XI. On n Tn Cup

. Ct three pieces f IC in accrding t the dimensns given

2 rr the edge f the bttm h he brrng attachment n the c rc larshear.

3. Prepare he ends f the lng piece fr a lck seam after careflly ntchingthe crners. Wire the tp edge f this piece ith 4 gage re. Frm in a cylnder

ing carefl nt t spl he fld fr the seam

5 nish the lck seam and slder n the inside6 Brr the bttm edge n the brrng machine and slip n the bttm rn

the edge f the bttm carely ver the edge f the bdy ih a hammeran] fasten ith a settng dn machine If a dble seaming machine sailable i t shld be sed at this p nt. I f n d the best y can h theallet and the stake.

7 . Sder seam n the iside.8 Make the handle as y did the hande fr the sgar sp an sler in

ace ver the seam.


57/79


58/79

I

Shop Problems in Sheet Metal

QUARTMEASUR

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1. Ths masure may be made of 30 guage gavanized iron. It is calculated to

hold 58 cubic inches. The instructions for making it are the same as for

the tin cup, except for the handle.


59/79


60/79

Shop Problemsi Sheet Metal

WATRP J

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I Ct two pieces j ust alike for the body o f the pail. Double seam these to

gether on one edge and form to shape of pail and double seam ain. Solderthe inside of the seams carefully after grooving.2 Wire the top edge with No. 9 wire with the oint i n the wi at one of the

seams.3 Double seam the bottom as in other exercises, and soder inside4. Rivet on two malleabe ears and form a bail out of No. 6 wir and fasten in

paceNo te :-Other sizes of pails may be worked out in the same way Use gavanized

sheets not ighter than the 27 guage for a durable pail.


61/79


62/79

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Shop Problems in Sheet Meta

FUIVNEL

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t . Lay out pats fom pattens o make pattens from sti pape in dawingoom an d submt to you teache fo inspection Notice that the dawnggives the method geneally followed in laying out any funel patten.

2. Fold two staight edges of body in opposite directions and fom o shapewith you hands ove a funnel stake Goove the seam wth a hand gooveand solde isde

3 Turn the edge fo wirn g o the turning machine. Fom the wie and fastenit n placewith a mallet. Finish wirig on themachine.

4. The spout may be made with a ap seam o with a lock seam In eithe caseit should beIeatly soldered n place outside of the body of the funnel.

5. Fom the ig to shape wth pliers ad hamme, and solde clip n lacejust unde the wire ove the seam.


63/79


64/79

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Plae XVI. Gaoine Funne.

Folow instructions for smal funnel except for op. ns tead of wirng thsedge make a band of meta one edge of whch is wired in the at

Form his band into a ring which is Y nch less in dameter an the di-

ameer of the un nished funnel Solde he loc seam.Burr an edge on the band and with he elbow edging rols turn a V shapedgroove on he insde edge of he funnel and double seam. I should notbe necessary o solder his joi n A second ban d may be made to slp in sidehis funnel to hold a piece of chamois sin in place, if desred


65/79


66/79

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Shop robms in Sht t

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I hs ay be use as a easue an unne cobne o as coon oee

2 Cu he our peces o sock as ece n he rawn

3. Fo he boy an soe he se sea on he nse We he op e ean bur he boo ee o eceve he boo

4 oub e sea he boo n place S oe nse

S. un a he on he cuve ee o he hoo wh he bn achne anaen wh ae

6 For he ho o o shape an soer he a p sea u rn a roo ve n he e eswhch ae o on he op ee o e easue wh he sa ne Soer he hoo n pace bennn a he back an n he jo careuy

7 Soer he h ane an he spou n pace h e hn e shou over he

sea


67/79


68/79

Sho Prblems Shee Meal

rlSHING TACKLE BOX

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1 Cut sock for sdes and ends n one pece, 41 by 26 916 inches Lay o fbend careul h y squae Cu noch n lowe edge and at cones.urn : % nch hm at he op edge. Turn a loose hem in boom edge androll a ead ust beo he hem n he upper dge This bead wll stfen thebo:< and seve as a op for he ld

2 Form a cash box joint n the ends and bend sdes and ends to mee Fthis ont neaty and solde insde

3 Make the op like a pan wh coners folded over and fastened down on houtside and wth a wired edge

4 Cut two pieces of in for the hinges and afe bendng them aound hewre slp hrough slts cut n the bo u above he bead and solde down onon the insde.

S Degn a clasp for the box and faten in place.


69/79


70/79

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1. This box requires quite a arge amout o materia ad shoud ot be attempted b pup is who are areess t sho ud be made o good ti p ateheavier tha tht used or most exerises. Whe ished it m a e eameed

ad ie i shed or use2. Cut the six pieeso stokas dimesioed Aow or joitsa a orers

theamountmarked. Also al lowforw iring the edge of the cove.

3. Tur a edges marked A" a right ages settig the oder at 3-16 ihTur a edges marked B a the wa over with the same settig, but doot atte dow. Tur a doue hem at the top

4. Fasten the front and back and ends together y double seaming. t winot be necessary to solder.

5 Set the bottom in place and double seam over a square sta ke.

6. The top is a simpe pa with a wired edge whih ma be higed i pae iseveral ways. It should not ft too tightly

7 Hades ma be sodered i pae o the eds ad a asp ma be desigedandusedtoholdthe l id inplace.


71/79


72/79

Shop Problems in Sheet Meta

HEXA GONL V S

ae XX Hexagna Vae.

his vase may be made o tin plate galvanzed iron or zinc. Te patternsould frst be worked out on paper and tested or accurac

2 Cut sx pieces rom the stand ard p attern Cut a template rom scrap ma-

terial whc as an angle o 120 degrees3 Begn bending the strips near te middle, using the corn ce brake with

curved wooden orms to secure the proper curvature.

4 When all the p arts have bee bent as nearly the correct form a s p ossible,begin sol dern g them togeer, usi ng te tempate to test te interior an gs.Tack the pars at imp or tan t intersections frst and see tat t e va se does n o tget twisted i n b ulding it u p . Great care soul be taken to see that testrips are carefully tted together before solderng. Al the soldering canbe done from the inside

s. A bottom and a falsebottom can b soldered in place when the vase s com-

pleted.


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