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4. INTERCEPTION

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4. INTERCEPTION. Evapo - Transpiration ET. Precipitation P. S. Throughfall P T. Stemflow P S. Dripping P D. INPUT = OUTPUT +/-  STORAGE. P = (P T + P S + P D + E) +/-  S. P forest = (P T + P S + P D ). P interception = E +/-  S. P = P forest + P interception. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: 4. INTERCEPTION

4. INTERCEPTION

Page 2: 4. INTERCEPTION

PrecipitationP

Evapo-Transpiration

ET

DrippingPD

StemflowPS

ThroughfallPT

S

Page 3: 4. INTERCEPTION

INPUT = OUTPUT +/- STORAGE

P = (PT + PS + PD + E) +/- S

Pforest = (PT + PS + PD)

Pinterception = E +/- S

P = Pforest + Pinterception

Page 4: 4. INTERCEPTION

ATMOSPHERE

VEGETATION

GROUND

Page 5: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

Rat

e(m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

ATMOSPHERE

VEGETATION

GROUND

Page 6: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

Rat

e(m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

ATMOSPHERE

VEGETATION

GROUND

Page 7: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

Rat

e(m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

ATMOSPHERE

VEGETATION

GROUND

Page 8: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

Rat

e(m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

ATMOSPHERE

VEGETATION

GROUND

Page 9: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

Rat

e(m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

ATMOSPHERE

VEGETATION

GROUND

Page 10: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Abo

ve F

ores

t (m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

(mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Ben

eath

For

est (

mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Page 11: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Abo

ve F

ores

t (m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

(mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Ben

eath

For

est (

mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Page 12: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Abo

ve F

ores

t (m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Inte

rcep

tion

(mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Ben

eath

For

est (

mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

Page 13: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time (Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cum

ulat

ive

Tota

ls o

f Wat

er(m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative InterceptionCumulative Precipitationabove Forest

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Per

cent

age

of C

umul

ativ

eP

reci

pita

tion

abov

e Fo

rest

0

20

40

60

80

100InterceptionBeneath Forest

Page 14: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time (Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cum

ulat

ive

Tota

ls o

f Wat

er(m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative InterceptionCumulative Precipitationabove Forest

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Per

cent

age

of C

umul

ativ

eP

reci

pita

tion

abov

e Fo

rest

0

20

40

60

80

100InterceptionBeneath Forest

Page 15: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ip./E

vap.

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140In

terc

eptio

n R

ate

(mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

IncludeEvaporativeLoss

Page 16: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ip./E

vap.

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140In

terc

eptio

n R

ate

(mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

WithoutET

Page 17: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time vs Prate Time vs Prate Time vs Prate

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ip./E

vap.

Rat

eA

bove

For

est (

mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140In

terc

eptio

n R

ate

(mm

/min

)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Time Since Beginning of Storm(Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Prec

ipita

tion

Rat

eB

enea

th F

ores

t (m

m/m

in)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

WithoutET

Page 18: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time (Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cum

ulat

ive

Tota

ls o

f Wat

er(m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50 Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative EvaporationCumulative Precipitationabove ForestTime vs CumVeg

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Per

cent

age

of C

umul

ativ

eP

reci

pita

tion

abov

e Fo

rest

0

20

40

60

80

100

Interception + EvaporationBeneath Forest (Evap. considered)Interception onlyBeneath Forest (Evap. not considered)

Page 19: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time (Minutes)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Cum

ulat

ive

Tota

ls o

f Wat

er(m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50 Cumulative Precipitationbeneath Forest.Cumulative EvaporationCumulative Precipitationabove ForestTime vs CumVeg

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Per

cent

age

of C

umul

ativ

eP

reci

pita

tion

abov

e Fo

rest

0

20

40

60

80

100

Interception + EvaporationBeneath Forest (Evap. considered)Interception onlyBeneath Forest (Evap. not considered)

Page 20: 4. INTERCEPTION

Precipitation in Storm (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Pre

cipi

tatio

n In

terc

epte

d, a

s %

(% N

ot R

each

ing

the

Gro

und)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Precipitation in Storm (ins)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Precipitation in Storm (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Pre

cipi

tatio

n In

terc

epte

d, a

s %

(% N

ot R

each

ing

the

Gro

und)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Precipitation in Storm (ins)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Observed interceptionCalculated as the mean of the “interceptometer’ readings

Source: R. Horton, 1919. Monthly Weather Review

Page 21: 4. INTERCEPTION
Page 22: 4. INTERCEPTION

Precipitation in Storm (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Pre

cipi

tatio

n In

terc

epte

d, a

s %

(% N

ot R

each

ing

the

Gro

und)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Precipitation in Storm (ins)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Page 23: 4. INTERCEPTION

Precipitation in Storm (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Pre

cipi

tatio

n In

terc

epte

d, a

s %

(% N

ot R

each

ing

the

Gro

und)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Precipitation in Storm (ins)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Initially leaf storage accounts for all precipitation in the storm

Evaporation as a fixed percentage of precipitation accounts for most of the precipitation NOT reaching the ground

Transition during which leaf storage becomes proportionally less important relative to the total precipitation in the storm.

Page 24: 4. INTERCEPTION
Page 25: 4. INTERCEPTION

Precipitation in Storm (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Pre

cipi

tatio

n In

terc

epte

d, a

s %

(% N

ot R

each

ing

the

Gro

und)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Precipitation in Storm (ins)

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Initially leaf storage accounts for all precipitation in the storm

Evaporation as a fixed percentage of precipitation accounts for most of the precipitation NOT reaching the ground

Transition during which leaf storage becomes proportionally less important relative to the total precipitation in the storm.

WEEKLY PRECIPITATION BENEATH VARIOUS LAND USE TYPES

Maine, Winter 1965-66.

Week

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Mea

sure

d P

reci

pita

tion

(mm

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Snowmelt drip

After Schomaker, 1966

Page 26: 4. INTERCEPTION

WEEKLY INTERCEPTION LOSSES As Percentage of Precipitation in Open

Week

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

Inte

rcep

ted

Pre

cipi

tatio

n (%

)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70 Birch

Spruce

Page 27: 4. INTERCEPTION

PRECIPITATION UNDER FOREST COVERAs Function of Precipitation in Open

Precipitation in Pasture, Po (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Pre

cipi

tatio

n be

neat

h Fo

rest

,P

f (m

m)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Birch

Spruce

Pf = -0.063 + 0.906 Po (r2 = 0.993)

Pf = 0.482 + 0.675 Po (r2 = 0.939)

Page 29: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5

Rai

nfal

l (cm

)

0

1

2

3

L = S + K.E.t

S = Leaf storage (e.g. 0.05cm)K = Leaf Area Index (e.g. 0.6)E = Evaporation rate (e.g. 0.1 cm/hr)

Rainfall intensity = 0.5 cm/hr

Cumulative Rainfall

Cumulative Interception (L)

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERCEPTION TERMS

Page 30: 4. INTERCEPTION

Ground

Veg

Page 31: 4. INTERCEPTION

Leaf area index in monocultures and mixtures of Cedrela, Cordia, and Hyeronima from age 1.0 to 3.5 yr at La Selva Biological Station, CostaRica.

From: Menalled, Kelty and Ewell, 1998

Page 32: 4. INTERCEPTION
Page 33: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5

Rai

nfal

l (cm

)

0

1

2

3

Inte

rcep

tion

as %

0

20

40

60

80

100

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERCEPTION TERMS

Interception as % of rainfall

Page 34: 4. INTERCEPTION

K

Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5

Inte

rcep

tion

as %

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.2

0.40.6

0.8

1.21.4

1.61.82.02.22.42.6

2.8

1.0

Model:L = S + K.E.t

Parameters:S = 0.05 cm E = 0.1 cm/hr I = 0.5 cm/hr

K = 0.2 - 2.8 steps of 0.2

EFFECTS OF MODIFYING LEAF INDEXON INTERCEPTION

Page 35: 4. INTERCEPTION

EFFECTS OF MODIFYING EVAPORATIONRATE ON INTERCEPTION

Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5

Inte

rcep

tion

as %

0

20

40

60

80

100Model:L = S + K.E.t

Parameters:S = 0.05 cm K = 0.6 I = 0.5 cm/hr

E = 0.02 - 0.32 cm/hr steps of 0.02 cm/hr

0.1

0.2

0.3

E (cm/hr)

Page 36: 4. INTERCEPTION

Time (hours)0 1 2 3 4 5

Inte

rcep

tion

as %

0

20

40

60

80

100

Model:L = S + K.E.t

Parameters:K = 0.6 I = 0.5 cm/hr E = 0.1 cm/hr

S = 0.02 - 0.13 cm steps of 0.01 cm

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.10

S (cm)

EFFECTS OF MODIFYING REGRESSION INTERCEPT(STORAGE CAPACITY) ON INTERCEPTION

Page 37: 4. INTERCEPTION

Interception Under Woodlands

Rainfall (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Inte

rcep

tion

(mm

)

0

5

10

15

20

25

Maple Shrub WillowHemlock and Pine

a b nOrchards 0.04 0.18 1Ash woods 0.02 0.18 1Beech woods 0.04 0.18 1Oak woods 0.05 0.18 1Maple woods 0.04 0.18 1Willow shrubs 0.02 0.40 1Hemlock and pine woods

0.05 0.20 0.5

Interception Under Woodlandsas percentage

Rainfall (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50

Inte

rcep

tion

as %

of R

ainf

all

0

20

40

60

80

100

(inches)

Source: Gray, 1970, Principles of Hydrology

Page 38: 4. INTERCEPTION

a bSmall crops 0.02h 0.15hMeadow grass 0.005h 0.08hForage crops 0.01h 0.10hSmall grains 0.005h 0.05hCorn 0.005h 0.005

h

Interception by Growing Corn Plants

Rainfall (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60In

terc

eptio

n (m

m)

0

2

4

6

8

600mm

1200mm

1800mm

2400mm

3600mm

4200mm

Height of CornPlant

Precipitation (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Per

cent

age

Inte

rcep

ted

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Height of CornPlant

Interception by Growing Cabbage Plants

Rainfall (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Inte

rcep

tion

(mm

)

0

2

4

6

8

30mm60mm

120mm

180mm

240mm

360mm

420mmHeight of CabbagePlant

Precipitation (mm)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Per

cent

age

Inte

rcep

ted

0

10

20

30

40

60mm120mm180mm240mm360mm420mm

Height of CabbagePlant

Source: Gray, 1970, Principles of Hydrology

Page 39: 4. INTERCEPTION

Storm Precipitation (mm)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Thro

ughf

all/S

tem

flow

(mm

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

ThroughfallDeciduous

ThroughfallConiferous

Stemflow

Water partitioning between the canopy andthe surface in individual storms.

Collated by Dunne and Leopold (1978) from a variety of,dominantly temperate, studies.

Page 40: 4. INTERCEPTION

FITTED REGRESSION RELATIONSHIPSWESTERN AMAZONIA

Gross Precipitation (mm)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Thro

ughf

all (

mm

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sedimentary Plain High Terrace

Low TerraceFlood Plain

all explain 99% of variance

after Tobón Marin et al., 2000.

Page 41: 4. INTERCEPTION

Sedimentary Plain

Thro

ughf

all a

s %

of G

ross

Pre

cipi

tatio

n

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

High Terrace

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Low Terrace

Thro

ughf

all a

s %

of G

ross

Pre

cipi

tatio

n

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Flood Plain

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

< 55 -20

20 - 4040 - 80

> 80 < 55 -20

20 - 4040 - 80

> 80

< 55 -20

20 - 4040 - 80

> 80 < 55 -20

20 - 4040 - 80

> 80

Classes of Gross Daily Precipitation (mm)Source: Tobon Marin et al., 2000

Page 42: 4. INTERCEPTION

STEMFLOW AND PRECIPITATIONWestern Amazonia

Gross Precipitation (mm)0 20 40 60 80 100

Ste

mflo

w (m

m)

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Sedimentary Plain (0.92)High Terrace (0.94)Low Terrace (0.95)Flood Plain (0.91)

after Tobón Marin et al., 2000.