4 gas turbine cogeneration 24p

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Energies 2009, 2, 202-225; doi:10.3390/en20200202

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energiesISSN 1996-1073www .mdpi. om/!o"#n$%/ene # &ie'

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Energies 2009, 2 203

1. In*# od" *ion

Co&ene#$*ion, o# om ined )e$* $nd powe# p#od" *ion, i' '"i*$ %e +o# ind"'*#i$% "'e#' w)o #e "i#e%$#&e e%e *#i i* $' we%% $' )e$*, *o #ed" e ene#& $nd en i#onmen*$% imp$ *. (o m$ imi eo&ene#$*ion, *)e ' '*em )$' *o e ope#$*ed wi*) on'ide#$*ion e%e *#i i* $nd )e$* dem$nd' $nd *)e

pe#+o#m$n e o+ e "ipmen*. ()e op*im$% ope#$*ion o+ o&ene#$*ion ' '*em' i' in*#i $*e in m$n $'e',)owe e#, d"e *o *)e +o%%owin& #e$'on'. Fi#'*% , $ o&ene#$*ion ' '*em i' $ omp%e o+ m"%*ip%e de i e'w)i ) $#e onne *ed e$ ) o*)e# m"%*ip%e ene#& p$*)' '" ) $' e%e *#i i* , '*e$m, )o* w$*e# $nd)i%%ed w$*e#. Se ond% , *)e pe#+o#m$n e )$#$ *e#i'*i ' o+ e "ipmen* wi%% e )$n&ed e *e#n$%+$ *o#' '" ) $' we$*)e# ondi*ion'. Fo# e $mp%e, *)e o"*p"* $nd *)e e+> ien o+ &$' *"# ine' dependon *)e in%e* $i# *empe#$*"#e. $'*% , *)e op*im$% 'o%"*ion o+ ope#$*ion o+ o&ene#$*ion ' '*em' wi%%$# wi*) *)e #$*io o+ )e$* dem$nd *o e%e *#i i* dem$nd $nd p#i e' o+ &$', oi% $nd e%e *#i i* .

e $"'e o+ *)e'e omp%e i*ie' o+ o&ene#$*ion ' '*em', $ n"m e# o+ #e'e$# )e#' )$ e op*im$% 'o%"-*ion' o+ o&ene#$*ion ' '*em' "'in& m$*)em$*i $% p#o$mmin& o# o*)e# op*imi $*ion *e )ni "e'. Op-*imi $*ion wo# +o "'in& on &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion ' '*em' $#e $' +o%%ow'. o o $m$ et al . G1H

p#e'en*ed op*im$% 'i in& $nd ope#$*ion$% p%$nnin& o+ $ &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion ' '*em "'in& $ om i-n$*ion o+ non-%ine$# p#o$mmin& $nd mi ed-in*e&e# %ine$# p#o$mmin& me*)od'. ()e ')owed *)eminim"m $nn"$% *o*$% o'* $'ed on *)e op*imi $*ion '*#$*e&ie'. A 'imi%$# *e )ni "e w$' "'ed ei-)on& $nd ?eidin& G 2H +o# op*imi in& *)e 'i e o+ o&ene#$*ion p%$n*. A n"me#i $% e $mp%e o+ $ &$'*"# ine o&ene#$*ion ' '*em in $ )o'pi*$% w$' &i en $nd *)e minimi $*ion o+ $nn"$% *o*$% o'* w$'i%%"'*#$*ed. =on&et al' G3H $n$% ed $ om ined oo%in&, )e$*in& $nd powe# p%$n* *)$* on'i'*ed o+ $ &$'

*"# ine, $n $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e# $nd $ )e$* #e o e# oi%e#. ()e ene#& o'* o+ *)e ' '*em w$' minimi ed $ %ine$# p#o$mmin& mode% $nd i* w$' #e e$%ed *)$* *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion$% '*#$*e&ie' depended on*)e %o$d ondi*ion' $' we%% $' on *)e o'* #$*io o+ e%e *#i i* *o &$'. $no%$' et al' G H $pp%ied $ &ene*i$%&o#i*)m AB +o# *)e op*imi $*ion o+ $n ind"'*#i$% o&ene#$*ion ' '*em, $nd e $mined *)e p$#$me*e#'e**in& o+ *)e A on *)e op*imi $*ion #e'"%*'. ()e on %"ded *)$* *)e A w$' '" e''+"% $nd #o "'* in>ndin& *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion o+ $ o&ene#$*ion ' '*em.

A' we%% $' *)e ' '*em op*imi $*ion, *)e pe#+o#m$n e imp#o emen* o+ e "ipmen* #in&' ene#& o'*#ed" *ion ene>*'. I* i' nown *)$* *)e e%e *#i powe# o"*p"* $nd *)e e+> ien o+ &$' *"# ine' de #e$'e$* )i&) $m ien* *empe#$*"#e'. Some *e )ni $% #epo#*' G 5, 6H ')ow *)$* *)e e%e *#i powe# o"*p"* o+ $ &$'

*"# ine %ine$#% de #e$'e' wi*) *)e #i'e o+ *)e $m ien* *empe#$*"#e, $nd i* $#ie' $ o"* 5 *o 10 wi*)$ *empe#$*"#e )$n&e o+ 10 ( C. ()e#e+o#e, oo%in& o+ *)e *"# ine in%e* $i# en)$n e' e%e *#i o"*p"* $nde+> ien . Some '*"die' )$ e e $mined *)e pe#+o#m$n e o+ *)e &$' *"# ine wi*) in%e* $i# oo%in& $'we%% $' *)e e++e * o+ $#io"' oo%in& me*)od' G7, , 9H.

()e oo%in& $n e p#o ided wi*)o"* $ddi*ion$% +"e% on'"mp*ion e $po#$*i e oo%e#' o# w$'*e)e$* d#i en $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e#'. ()e op*im$% ope#$*ion o+ *)e ' '*em wi%% e mo#e omp%e , )owe e#,e'pe i$%% in *)e $'e o+ w$'*e )e$* d#i en $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e#' e $"'e *)e "'$&e o+ *)e w$'*e )e$* +#om*)e &$' *"# ine )$' *o e op*imi ed *$ in& in*o on'ide#$*ion *)e pe#+o#m$n e o+ no* on% *)e &$'*"# ine $nd *)e $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e# "* $%'o '*e$m *"# ine', oi%e#' $nd 'o on. ()e )e$* $nd e%e *#i i*dem$nd' $' we%% $' *)e p#i e' o+ e%e *#i i* $nd +"e%' $%'o inJ"en e *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion.


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Energies 2009, 2 20

()e p"#po'e o+ o"# '*"d i' *o p#o ide #i*e#i$ +o# op*im$% ope#$*ion o+ &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion ' '-*em' in %"din& *"# ine in%e* $i# oo%in&. ()e #i*e#i$ &i e *)e minim"m ene#& o'* o+ *)e o&ene#$*ion' '*em. ()e me*)od i' $'ed on %ine$# p#o$mmin& $nd *)e =")n-(" e# ondi*ion' *o e $mine *)eop*im$% 'o%"*ion, w)i ) $n e $pp%ied *o $ wide #$n&e o+ o&ene#$*ion ' '*em'.

2. ()e C#i*e#i$ +o# *)e Op*im$%Ope#$*ion o+ $' ("# ine Co&ene#$*ion S '*em'

()e #i*e#i$ +o# *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion o+ &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion ' '*em' we#e e $mined +#om *)e=")n-(" e# ondi*ion' o+ $ %ine$# p#o$mmin& mode% G 10H. A 'imp%i>ed &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion' '*em w$' mode%ed $nd *)e #e&ion w)e#e *)e op*im$% 'o%"*ion e i'*ed w$' i%%"'*#$*ed on $ p%$ne o+ *)e$$n&e m"%*ip%ie#'.

2'1' )"e *as )urbine +ogeneration yste !odel

()e &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion ' '*em w$' e p#e''ed $' $ m$*)em$*i $% p#o$mmin& mode%. ()e' '*em on'i'*ed o+ $ &$' *"# ine in %"din& $n in%e* $i# oo%e# $nd $ )e$* #e o e# '*e$m &ene#$*o#4 S B, $ '*e$m *"# ine, $n $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e#, $ oi%e# $nd *)e e%e *#i i* id. Fi&"#e 1 ')ow' *)eene#& Jow o+ *)e ' '*em. E%e *#i i* , p#o e'' '*e$m, $nd oo%in& +o# p#o e'' o# +o# $i#- ondi*ionin& $#e* pi $% dem$nd' in ind"'*# , $nd *)e $n e p#o ided m"%*ip%e '"pp%ie#'. In *)e $n$% 'i', oo%in&dem$nd' o*)e# *)$n +o# in%e* $i# oo%in& we#e no* *$ en in*o $ o"n*, $nd *)e#e+o#e, *)e $ 'o#p*ion)i%%e# wo"%d wo# on% *o p#o ide in%e* $i# oo%in& o+ *)e &$' *"# ine. ()e e%e *#i i* w$' *#e$*ed $' *)ee%e *#i powe# in i%ow$**', $nd *)e '*e$m $nd *)e )i%%ed w$*e# we#e *#e$*ed $' *)e )e$* Jow #$*e' in

i%ow$**' 'o *)$* *)e ene#& $%$n e $n e e p#e''ed in *)e '$me "ni*'.

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2'=' )"e 5$ti al olution >"ere t"e Electric %o>er fro t"e *as )urbine is less t"an t"e +a$acity

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$'e A, w)e#e *)e id e%e *#i i* $nd *)e oi%e# $#e )o'en $* *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion. In *)e mode ,*)e oi%e# $nd *)e '*e$m *"# ine '$*i'+ *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd $nd *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e '*e$mdem$nd. A+*e# *)e $'e C, *)e e%e *#i powe# +#om *)e &$' *"# ine i' po'i*i e $* *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion.

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($ %e 1. ()e om in$*ion o+ '"pp%ie#' $* e$ ) mode.

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o+ ( $nd , $nd i' 'm$%%e# *)$n *)$* $* *)e in*e#'e *ion o+ S( $nd . In $ddi*ion, *)e %ine )$' *o e%o $*ed $ o e *)e %ine AC 'o *)$* *)e +e$'i %e 'o%"*ion #e&ion e i'*'. ()en, *)e +o%%owin& ondi*ion' $n

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p#od" e *)e '$me "$n*i* o+ e%e *#i i* "'in& *)e oi%e# $nd *)e '*e$m *"# ine. E "$*ion 21B indi $*e'*)$* *)e


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#ed" *ion o+ *)e &$' o'* $ e#*$in "$n*i* o+ *)e in%e* $i# oo%in& ')o"%d e 'm$%%e# *)$n *)e oi% o'**o p#o ide *)e '$me "$n*i* o+ oo%in& "'in& *)e oi%e# $nd *)e $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e#. O*)e#wi'e, *)eop*im$% 'o%"*ion doe' no* e i'* e $"'e *)e #ed" *ion o+ *)e &$' o'* i' "n%imi*ed *)e in%e* $i#

oo%in& "'in& *)e $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e# d#i en *)e oi%e#.

Fi&"#e 2. ()e po''i %e $'e' o+ *)e op*im$% 'o%"*ion on *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion I.


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Simi%$#% , *)e +o%%owin& ondi*ion' $n e de#i ed +o# *)e o*)e# $'e'. ()e ondi*ion &i en $' E .21B

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$nd oi%. E "$*ion 29B i' *)e oppo'i*e $'e o+ E . 26B, w)i ) i' *)e omp$#i'on o+ *)e '*e$m *"# ine$nd id e%e *#i i* . ()e &$' o'* *o p#od" e $ e#*$in "$n*i* o+ e%e *#i i* *)e om in$*ion o+ *)e&$' *"# ine $nd *)e '*e$m *"# ine i' )e$pe# *)$n *)e p"# )$'e o'* o+ *)e '$me "$n*i* o+ e%e *#i i*+#om *)e id. E "$*ion 30B &i e' *)e ondi*ion w)e#e *)e '*e$m *"# ine i' mo#e $d $n*$&eo"' *)$n *)ein%e* $i# oo%in& *)e $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e#. ()e %e+* )$nd 'ide o+ E . 30B #ep#e'en*' $n $ddi*ion$% '*e$m


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12/35

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13/35

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3. Comp$#i'on o+ *)e Op*im$%Ope#$*ion C#i*e#i$ wi*) $ 8e*$i%ed Op*imi $*ion 5e'"%*

(o e $mine *)e $pp%i $ i%i* o+ *)e me*)od e p%$ined in *)e p#e io"' 'e *ion *o $ p#$ *i $% o&ene#-

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='1' An E-a $le of an E-isting Energy +enter of a Factory

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='2' )"e %erfor ance +"aracteristics of t"e E ui$ ent

()e p$#* %o$d )$#$ *e#i'*i ' o+ *)e e "ipmen* we#e %ine$#% $pp#o im$*ed 'o *)$* *)e ' '*em o"%d e mode%ed *)e %ine$# p#o$mmin&. ()e $pp#o im$*ion %ine' we#e de#i ed +#om *)e )$#$ *e#i'*i 'o+ *)e e i'*in& m$ )ine' "'ed in *)e ene#& en*e#.

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='=' )"e Betailed 5$ti iCation of t"e Energy +enter

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16/35

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17/35

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18/35

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19/35

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20/35


Fi&"#e 13. ()e )o"#% $#i$*ion o+ *)e e%e *#i powe# '"pp% $nd dem$nd on $ win*e# d$ .

Fi&"#e 1 . ()e )o"#% $#i$*ion o+ *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ '*e$m '"pp% $nd dem$nd on $win*e# d$ .


21/35


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e $%"$*in& E . 30B o# 32B "'in& *)e $%"e' &i en in ($ %e 2, i* w$' +o"nd *)$* *)e m$p ')own inFi&"#e 3 $B ')o"%d e $pp%ied *o *)i' p%$n* "nde# ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion I. In $ddi*ion, Fi&"#e5 i' $%id

"nde# *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion II e $"'e / ( A C 0 $nd ( 4 ,( 0. ()en, we $n '" '*i*"*e

*)e $%"e' in ($ %e 2 +o# *)e p$#$me*e#' in Fi&"#e' 3 $B $nd 5, $nd e $mine *)e #e%$*i e p#i e' o+ *)e' '*em, w)i ) $#e % e #% & L 3'0 $nd % o #% & L 1'3.

()e $'e' A, C $nd 8 e i'* wi*)in *)e $#e$ o+ 0 '71 . % o #% & . 2' , $nd *)e $'e' C $nd 8 $#e'ep$#$*ed $* % e #% & L 2' in *)e $'e o+ *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion I. ()e#e+o#e, *)e ' '*em +$%%' on *)e$#e$ o+ *)e $'e 8. ()e $'e 8 in %"de' *)e mode' , d $nd +, $nd *)e $pp#op#i$*e mode $n e +o"nd$ o#din& *o *)e #$*io o+ *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e '*e$m dem$nd *o *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd. nde#*)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion II, *)e $'e' A, F $nd e i'* wi*)in *)e $#e$ o+ 0 '79 . % o #% & . ' $nd *)e

%ine di idin& *)e $'e' F $nd e i'*' $* % e #% & L 3'1. ()en, *)e $'e F wo"%d e 'e%e *ed. ()e op*im$%mode o"%d e +o"nd e $minin& *)e #$*io o+ *)e &$' *"# ine $p$ i* *o *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd$nd *)e #$*io o+ *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e '*e$m dem$nd *o *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd "'in& Fi&"#e 6.()e #e%$*i e e%e *#i i* p#i e i', )owe e#, in *)e i ini* o+ *)e in*e#+$ e e*ween *)e $'e' +o# o*) o+*)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion'. ()e#e+o#e, *)e #e'"%*' imp%ied *)$* *)e e%e *#i powe# '"pp%ie' +#om *)eid $nd +#om *)e '*e$m *"# ine we#e $%mo'* e "i $%en* in *e#m' o+ e%e *#i i* p#od" *ion o'* +o# *)i'

p%$n*.A''"min& *)$* *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd $nd *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e '*e$m dem$nd d"#in& $ d$

$#e p#edi *$ %e, *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion o+ *)e ene#& en*e# $n e +o#e $'*ed omp$#in& *)ee%e *#i powe# dem$nd wi*) *)e m$ im"m $p$ i* o+ *)e &$' *"# ine. In *)e $'e o+ *)e ene#& en*e#,*)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd i' *)e *o*$% o+ *)e e%e *#i powe# o"*p"* o+ *)e '"pp%ie#' i%%"'*#$*ed in Fi&"#e'11 $nd 13 e $"'e *)e dem$nd $nd *)e '"pp% ')o"%d e $%$n ed. ()e m$ im"m $p$ i* o+ *)e &$'*"# ine i' $ o"* 5 100 ? $' ')own in Fi&"#e $B. ()e#e+o#e, i* i' nown *)$* *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion')o"%d e +o"nd "nde# *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion I d"#in& *)e )o"#' 2M6 $nd "nde# *)e ope#$*ion$%ondi*ion II d"#in& *)e #e'* o+ *)e )o"#' on *)e '"mme# d$ . On *)e o*)e# )$nd, *)e ' '*em i' "nde# *)eope#$*ion$% ondi*ion II on% $* *)e )o"#' 10 $nd 1 , $nd i' "nde# *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion I +o# *)e #e'*

o+ *)e )o"#' on *)e win*e# d$ .()en, *)e ope#$*ion mode $* e$ ) )o"# $n e )o'en $ o#din& *o *)e #$*io o+ *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+

*)e '*e$m dem$nd *o *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd &i en in Fi&"#e 10 "nde# *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion o+*)e )o"#. ()e ope#$*ion mode $nd *)e '"pp%ie#' *o e ope#$*ed $* e$ ) )o"# $#e '"mm$#i ed in Fi&"#e15.


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Fi&"#e 15. ()e ope#$*ion mode '"&&e'*ed *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ $* e$ ) )o"# on*)e '"mme# $nd *)e win*e# d$ '.

()e App%i $ i%i* o+ *)e Op*im$% Ope#$*ion C#i*e#i$ *o *)e Ene#& Cen*e#

8"#in& *)e )o"#' 2M6 on *)e win*e# d$ , *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ '"&&e'*ed *)e mode d. ()eope#$*ion )o'en *)e de*$i%ed op*imi $*ion me*)od +o# *)e pe#iod $eed wi*) *)e mode d w)e#e *)e&$' *"# ine '"pp%ied o*) *)e e%e *#i powe# $nd *)e '*e$m $nd *)e oi%e# omp%emen*$#i% '"pp%ied *)e'*e$m. Simi%$#% , *)e de*$i%ed op*imi $*ion #e'"%*' $eed wi*) *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ d"#in& *)e)o"#' 2M6 on *)e '"mme# d$ , w)e#e *)e e%e *#i powe# w$' '"pp%ied *)e om in$*ion o+ *)e &$'*"# ine $nd *)e '*e$m *"# ine $nd *)e '*e$m w$' '"pp%ied *)e )e$* #e o e# +#om *)e &$' *"# inemode +B. In *)e'e $'e', *)e ' '*em o io"'% ope#$*ed "nde# *)e ope#$*ion ondi*ion I e $"'e *)ee%e *#i powe# dem$nd w$' +$# e%ow *)e &$' *"# ine $p$ i* . ()e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ o"%d

p#o ide *)e op*im$% om in$*ion o+ *)e '"pp%ie#' w)en *)e e%e *#i powe# $nd *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e'*e$m +#om *)e '"pp%ie#' we#e +#ee +#om *)e #e'*#i *ion' *)e $p$ i*ie'.

e'ide' *)e )o"#' 2M6, *)e ' '*em w$' "nde# *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion I $* *)e )o"#' 1, 7M2 on *)ewin*e# d$ e ep* *)e )o"#' 10 $nd 1 . ()e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ '"&&e'*ed *)e mode +. A%*)o"&)

*)e mode + w$' e''en*i$%% in $eemen* wi*) *)e de*$i%ed op*imi $*ion #e'"%*', $ di' #ep$n w$'o 'e# ed +o# *)e '*e$m '"pp% . I+ *)e ' '*em +o%%owed *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$, *)e )e$* #e o e#+#om *)e &$' *"# ine ')o"%d e '"+> ien* *o mee* *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e '*e$m dem$nd. ()e oi%e#,)owe e#, '"pp%ied *)e '*e$m in $ddi*ion *o *)e )e$* #e o e# +#om *)e &$' *"# ine in *)e de*$i%edop*imi $*ion #e'"%*'. ()e m$in #e$'on o+ *)e di' #ep$n wo"%d e *)$* *)e ope#$*ion o+ *)e '*e$m*"# ine w$' #e'*#i *ed *)e '*$#*-'*op p$**e#n' &i en in Fi&"#e 9. E en i+ *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$ndde #e$'ed $#o"nd *)e pe$ )o"#', *)e '*e$m *"# ine o"%d no* e ')"* down e $"'e o+ *)e > ed '*$#*-'*op p$**e#n. ()e#e+o#e, *)e e%e *#i powe# +#om *)e &$' *"# ine )$d *o e #ed" ed, w)i ) #e'"%*ed in*)e in'"+> ien o+ *)e )e$* #e o e# +#om *)e &$' *"# ine $nd *)e $" i%i$# '*e$m '"pp% +#om *)e

oi%e#.()e ' '*em w$' "nde# *)e ope#$*ion$% ondi*ion II d"#in& *)e )o"#' 1, 7M2 on *)e '"mme# d$ $nd

$* *)e )o"#' 10 $nd 1 on *)e win*e# d$ . ()e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ '"&&e'*ed *)e mode i +o# *)e'e)o"#', w)e#e *)e '"pp%ie#' we#e *)e &$' *"# ine, *)e in%e* $i# oo%in& wi*) *)e $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e# $nd *)e


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id e%e *#i i* +o# *)e e%e *#i powe#, $nd *)e )e$* #e o e# +#om *)e &$' *"# ine +o# *)e '*e$m. ()ein%e* $i# oo%in& w$', )owe e#, "'ed on% $* *)e )o"#' 10 $nd 1 on *)e '"mme# d$ in *)e de*$i%edop*imi $*ion #e'"%*' e $"'e *)e ope#$*ion o+ *)e in%e* $i# oo%in& depended on w)e*)e# *)e ide%e *#i i* wo"%d e eed *)e powe# on*#$ * $' we%% $' on w)e*)e# *)e o"*doo# $i# *empe#$*"#e w$'

)i&)e# *)$n 15 ( C. ()e'e !"d&emen* we#e no* in %"ded in *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$.In $ddi*ion *o *)$*, *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd w$' m" ) %$#&e# *)$n *)e *o*$% $p$ i* o+ *)e &$'

*"# ine $nd *)e '*e$m *"# ine. ()e#e+o#e, o*) *)e '*e$m *"# ine $nd *)e id e%e *#i i* we#e "'ed +o#*)e e%e *#i powe# '"pp% in $ddi*ion *o *)e &$' *"# ine in *)e de*$i%ed op*imi $*ion #e'"%*'. ()i''i*"$*ion i' di++e#en* +#om *)e mode i e $"'e *)e powe# on*#$ * o+ *)e id e%e *#i i* $nd *)e $p$ i*o+ *)e '*e$m *"# ine $#e "n%imi*ed in *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$.

In $ #e$% ' '*em, i* i' "'"$% *)$* *)e $p$ i*ie' o+ *)e '"pp%ie#' )$ e *o e *$ en in*o $ o"n* *o >nd*)e op*im$% ope#$*ion. ()e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ $#e $pp%i $ %e *o *)$* 'i*"$*ion *)e +o%%owin&

m$nn$#. I+ *)e *o*$% $p$ i* o+ *)e '"pp%ie#' )o'en *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ i' 'm$%%e# *)$n *)edem$nd, i* i' o io"' *)$* *)e '"pp%ie#' )o'en )$ e *o e ope#$*ed $* *)e +"%% %o$d. ()en, *)e 'e ond

e'* '"pp%ie#' $n e +o"nd !"d&emen* $'ed on *)e ondi*ion' &i en in E '. 19BM32B. Fo#e $mp%e, &i en *)$* *)e &$' *"# ine $nd *)e '*e$m *"# ine $#e $* *)e +"%% %o$d $nd $n $ddi*ion$% e%e *#i

powe# '"pp%ie# i' #e "i#ed, *)e *e#*i$# e%e *#i powe# '"pp%ie# $n e +o"nd e $%"$*in& E . 27B o#31B, w)i ) omp$#e' *)e id e%e *#i i* $nd *)e in%e* $i# oo%in&. I+ E . 27B i' $%id, *)e id

e%e *#i i* i' *)e )oi e.

. Con %"'ion'

()e '*"d demon'*#$*ed *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ o+ $ &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion ' '*em $'ed on*)e $n$% *i $% 'o%"*ion o+ $ %ine$# p#o$mmin& mode%. ()e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ &i e *)e om i-n$*ion o+ e "ipmen* *o p#o ide e%e *#i i* $nd '*e$m wi*) *)e minim"m ene#& o'* "'in& *)e ene#&

p#i e' $nd *)e pe#+o#m$n e o+ e "ipmen*. I* w$' ')own *)$* *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion o+ *)e ' '*em o"%d e #ep#e'en*ed *)e #e%$*i e p#i e' o+ e%e *#i i* $nd oi% $&$in'* *)e p#i e o+ &$', $' we%% $' *)e #$*io o+*)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e '*e$m dem$nd *o *)e e%e *#i powe# dem$nd.

(o on>#m *)e $pp%i $ i%i* , *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ we#e omp$#ed wi*) *)e #e'"%*' o+ $de*$i%ed op*imi $*ion me*)od +o# $n e i'*in& o&ene#$*ion p%$n*. ()e #e'"%*' ')owed $ &ood $eemen*

e*ween *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ $nd *)e de*$i%ed op*imi $*ion #e'"%*' "nde# *)e ondi*ion w)e#e*)e e%e *#i powe# $nd *)e )e$* Jow #$*e o+ *)e '*e$m +#om *)e '"pp%ie#' we#e +#ee +#om *)e#e'*#i *ion' impo'ed *)e $p$ i*ie'. ()e di' #ep$n e*ween *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ $nd *)ede*$i%ed op*imi $*ion me*)od wo"%d $#i'e i+ *)e ope#$*ion o+ *)e '"pp%ie# w$' domin$*ed *)e > ed'*$#*-'*op p$**e#n $nd *)e $p$ i* o+ *)e '"pp%ie#. I* i' "'"$% *)$* *)e ope#$*ion o+ m"%*ip%e '"pp%ie#'$#e #e'*#i *ed *)ei# $p$ i*ie'. nde# *)$* 'i*"$*ion, *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ $n '"&&e'* *)e'e ond e'* '"pp%ie#' e $%"$*in& *)e ondi*ion' *)$* p#o ide *)e omp$#i'on e*ween *)e $%*e#n$*i e'"pp%ie#'.

()e $d $n*$&e o+ *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ i' *)$* i* +$ i%i*$*e' *)e ope#$*ion o+ *)e ' '*em *o$ )ie e *)e minim"m ene#& o'*. Co&ene#$*ion p%$n* ope#$*o#' $n )oo'e *)e op*im$% om in$*ion o+m$ )ine' *o e ope#$*ed $'ed on $ m$p *)$* ')ow' *)e ope#$*ion $'e'. E en i+ *)e p%$n* i'$"*om$*i $%% ope#$*ed *)e ene#& m$n$&emen* ' '*em, *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion #i*e#i$ wo"%d )e%p*)e ope#$*o#' *o )e *)e op*im$% ope#$*ion $nd *o de*e * $n $ no#m$%i* .


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Nomen %$*"# e

+ : ene#& o'*, en S" ' #ip*' 7 : $$n&i$n AC: $ 'o#p*ion )i%%e# % : p#i e, en : oi%e# t : *ime, ) e: e%e *#i i*

- : e%e *#i powe# o# )e$* Jow #$*e, ? &: &$' 2 : $p$ i* , ? : id e%e *#i i*

#ee ' m o%' (: &$' *"# ine3 : $p$ i* en)$n emen* +$ *o# o: oi% o# e#o'ene

4 : imp#o emen* +$ *o# o+ *)e +"e% on'"mp*ion ': '*e$m 6 : $$n&e m"%*ip%ie# S(: '*e$m *"# ine

/ : '*e$m *o e%e *#i i* #$*io: inp"* *o o"*p"* #$*io

e+e#en e' $nd No*e'

1. o o $m$, .; I*o, =; $*'"mo*o, . Op*im$% 'i in& o+ $ &$' *"# ine o&ene#$*ion p%$n* in on'id-e#$*ion o+ i*' ope#$*ion$% '*#$*e& . D' Eng' *as )urbines %o>er 199 , 11& , 32M3 .

2. ei)on&, ; ?eidin&, . An op*im$% 'i in& me*)od +o# o&ene#$*ion p%$n*'. Energ' ldg' 2006, = ,1 9M195.

3. =on&, T.U.; ?$n&, . .; 4"$n&, T.4. Ene#& op*imi $*ion mode% +o# $ CC4P ' '*em wi*)$ $i%$ %e &$' *"# ine'. A$$l' )"er ' Eng' 2005, 2G, 377M391.

. $no%$', 8.A.; F#$n&opo"%o' C.A.; i$%$m$' (.P.; ('$)$%i' 8.(. Ope#$*ion op*imi $*ion o+ $n in-d"'*#i$% o&ene#$*ion ' '*em $ &ene*i $%&o#i*)m. Energ' +onv' !anage' 1997, = , 1625M1636.

5. #oo ', F.


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J 2009 *)e $"*)o#'; %i en'ee o%e "%$# 8i e#'i* P#e'e# $*ion In*e#n$*ion$%, $'e%,Swi* e#%$nd.()i' $#*i %e i' $n open-$ e'' $#*i %e di'*#i "*ed "nde# *)e *e#m' $nd ondi*ion' o+ *)e C#e$*i eCommon'A**#i "*ion %i en'e )**p:// #e$* i e ommon'.o # &/%i en'e'/ /3.0/B.
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/


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