4. fosforilasi oksidatif.ppt

7/24/2019 4. Fosforilasi oksidatif.ppt

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Electron TransportSystem dan

FosforilasiOksidatif

Jumeri M. Wikarta, Ph.D


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Overview of Cellular Respiration


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Step 1: l!"ol!sis

Glucose + 2ADP 2 pyruvate +2ATP


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Hi ATP!

#i$. 1%&'

Glycolysis

O""urs in the "!tosol lu"ose meta(oli)e* to

+ p!ruvate + -P

/i$h 0-P inhi(itsphosphofru"tokinase

2P#34

/i$h 0-DP stimulatesP#3

Pasteur E"ect:

5n"rease in the rate of"ar(oh!*rate(reak*own that o""urswhen swit"he* fromaero(i" to anaero(i""on*itions


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Step +: Citri" -"i* C!"le


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Mito"hon*ria


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Citri" -"i*C!"le


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Citri" -"i* C!"le

a.k.a. 3re(s C!"le, C- C!"le

O""urs in mito"hon*rialmatri6

P!ruvate rea"ts with Co- toform -"et!l Co-

7-D, #-Dre*u"e* to 7-D/,#-D/+,

7-D/, #-D/+enter theele"tron transport "hain


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8Su#strate level p$osp$orylation

8O%idative p$osp$orylation


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Step ': 9le"tron transport "hain an* o6i*ativephosphor!lation


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Overvie& of t$e ElectronTransport '$ain ( )espiratory

'$ain *


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Electron transport and o%idativep$osp$orylation

Complete o6i*ation of $lu"ose (! mole"ular o6!$en "an (e*es"ri(e* as:

C%/1+O% %O+ %CO+ %/+O o;&+


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'$emiosmotic T$eory8 Electron Transport: 9le"trons "arrie* (! re*u"e* "oen)!mes

are passe* throu$h a "hain of proteins an* "oen)!mes to *rivethe $eneration of a proton $ra*ient a"ross the innermito"hon*rial mem(rane

8 O%idative P$osp$orylation: he proton $ra*ient runs

*ownhill to *rive the s!nthesis of -P

8 Electron transport is coupled &it$ o%idativep$osp$orylation

8 5t all happens in or at the inner mito"hon*rial mem(rane


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O%idative P$osp$orylation

O6i*ative phosphor!lation is the pro"ess (! whi"h theener$! store* in 7-D/ an* #-D/+is use* to pro*u"e -P.

-. O6i*ation step- ele"tron transport "hain

., Phosphor!lation step

NADH + H++ O2 NAD++ H2O12

FADH2 + O

2

1

2FAD + H

2O

ADP + Pi

ATP


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#i$. 1%&'+

/ transport results in anele"tro"hemi"al $ra*ient

Proton motive force:ener$! release* (! @owof /*own its $ra*ient isuse* for -P s!nthesis

ATP synt$ase: /"hannel that "ouplesener$! from /@ow with

-P s!nthesis

O%idativeP$osp$orylati

on


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Fig. 16-9

Summary

lu"ose

-P

A h l


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-D/

a"etal*eh!*e

EtOH

a"eti" a"i*Co-

Aeast ethanolmeta(olism

lu"ose

-P


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9le"tron transport "haininhi(itors an* su(strates

Fig. 16-19

rotenone -ntim!"in -

So*ium a)i*e

lutamate, malate-s"or(ate MPD

/ $i#it d


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#i$. 1%&'+

/n$i#itors

Atractyloside- -DP=-Pantiporter

Oli0omycin--P s!nthase

1ncouplers

DPshuttles /

a"ross innermem(rane, *issipates $ra*ient

'a'l2stimulates o6i*ativephosphor!lation an* -Ppro*u"tion

Atractyloside

oli0omycin

DP

'a2+

/n$i#itors anduncouplers of o%idative

p$osp$orylation


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Electron Transport

/n$i#itors


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1ncouplers Disrupt t$e'ouplin0 of Electron Transport

S f C ll l


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Summar! of Cellular9ner$eti"s

Glucose

P!ruvate

-"et!l Co-

7-D/ #-D/+

9le"tron transport "hain

O+ /+O9ner$! release* use* to pump /"reatin$ an ele"ro"hemi"al $ra*ient

#low of protons *own the $ra*ient fuels -P s!nthase

ADP + Pi ATP

Glycolysis

'itric Acid 'ycle

O%idativeP$osp$orylatio

n

7&eth!lmaleimi*e

9tO/

Su""inate

Malate#-D/+

7-D/

Rotenone-ntim!"in -

So*ium -)i*e

1ncouplersCa+, D7P

Oli$om!"in

-tra"t!losi*e

-s"or(ate MPD

/i$h 0-P

2Pasteur eBe"t4

#i$. 1%&+


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tan ar re uct on


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tan ar re uct onpotentials of t$e ma3or

respiratory electron

carriers,


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See movie
http://etc.exe/http://etc.exe/


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-fter $l!"ol!sis an* C- "!"le, 1? 7-D/an* + #-D/+ are $enerate* from theo6!*ation of one $lu"ose mole"ule.

-/+ 7-D - 7-D/ /

Or

/+ #-D #-D/+

*eh!*ro$enase

*eh!*ro$enase

9le"tron transport, also known as aero9le"tron transport, also known as aero

respiration, is the last sta$e of aero(i"respiration, is the last sta$e of aero(i"meta(olism.meta(olism.


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When there is suE"ient O+ suppl!, 7-D/

an*#-D/+ enter ele"tron transport "hain to(e"ome reo6i*i)e*

Far$e amount of ener$! is re"overe*,whenele"trons are passe* from 7-D/ an*#-D/+

to O+.

his is a""omplishe* (! a series of "arrierprotein in the inner mito"hon*rial

mem(rane .


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Mito"hon*rial 9le"tron ransport

#ol*in$ in the mito"hon*ria innermem(rane provi*es a lar$e surfa"earea.

9le"tron&transport "hain "omponentsare arran$e* in pa"ka$es "alle*

respirator! assem(liesrespirator! assem(lies.


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9le"tron ransport an* O6i*ative9le"tron ransport an* O6i*ative

Phosphor!lation:Phosphor!lation:

5n 9S, ele"trons are transferre* from7-D/an* #-D/+ to O+ step (! step.

5n the mean time, ener$! release* fromele"tron @ow is "ouple* to -P s!nthesis.

/ere, phosphor!lation of -DP is "ouple*with

he o6i*ation of 7-D/ or #-D/+.


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7-D/ / 1=+ O+ 7-D /+

#-D/+ 1=+ O+ #-D /+

-DP Pi -P

-DP Pi -P

The energy released during the electron flowis coupled to ATP synthesis.

-P s!nthase

-P s!nthase


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Composition of the 9le"tronransport Chain

#our lar$e protein "omple6es.

Comple6 5 & 7-D/&Coen)!me G re*u"tase

Comple6 55 & Su""inate&Coen)!me G re*u"tase Comple6 555 & C!to"hrome " re*u"tase

Comple6 5H & C!to"hrome " o6i*ase

Man! of the "omponents are proteins withprostheti" $roups to move ele"trons.


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Electron Transport

8 Four protein comple%es in t$einner mitoc$ondrial mem#rane

8 A lipid solu#le coen4yme (156'o5* and a &ater solu#leprotein (cyt c* s$uttle #et&een

protein comple%es8 Electrons 0enerally fall in

ener0y t$rou0$ t$e c$ain

from comple%es / and // to


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matri6

Comple65

Comple6555

Comple65H

CoG

"!t (

"!t"

"!t"1

2Cu4"!t

a=a'

7-D/ O+

#-D/+

Comple6 55

Fe

S


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'ofactors of t$e electron transportc$ain

8 FeS clusters8 'oen4yme 5 (u#i8uinone*

8 Flavin mononucleotide

8 FAD

8 'ytoc$rome a

8 'ytoc$rome #

8 'ytoc$rome c

8 'uA

8 'u.


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9le"tron ransport Chain


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Mito"hon*ria

outer mem(rane relativel! permea(le

inner mem(rane permea(le onl! tothose thin$s with spe"iI" transporters

5mpermea(le to 7-D/ an* #-D/+

Permea(le to p!ruvate

Compartmentali)ation

3re(s an* K&o6i*ation in matri6

l!"ol!sis in "!tosol


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Outer 9em#rane: Freelypermea#le to small moleculesand ions, 'ontains porins &it$ ;cytosol? of t$e mitoc$ondria, Protein ric$ (@


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9itoc$ondrial transport

T$e inner mem#rane is impermea#le to$ydrop$ilic su#stances. /as spe"ial transport

s!stems for the followin$:1. l!"ol!ti"all! pro*u"e* "!tosoli" 7-D/.

+. Mito"hon*riall! pro*u"e* meta(olites 2O--,a"et!l&Co-4 for "!tosoli" $lu"ose formation an*

fatt! a"i* (ios!nthesis.'. Mito"hon*riall! pro*u"e* -P must $o to "!tosol

where -P&utili)in$ rea"tions take pla"e.

96ample: "!toplasmi" shuttle s!stems transport7-D/ a"ross inner mem(rane.


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5mportant "hara"teristi" of the5mportant "hara"teristi" of the

ele"tron&ele"tron&transport "hain:transport "hain:

9le"tron "arriers are arran$e* in or*erof in"reasin$ ele"tron aEnit!, from lowto hi$h.

his results in the spontaneous @ow ofele"trons from "arrier to "arrier.


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99oo, stan*ar* re*u"tion potentials., stan*ar* re*u"tion potentials.

he more positive the 9o value a mole"ule has,the(etter it serves as an ele"tron a""eptor.

O+ has the hi$hest 9o 2?.


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"!t "

G

Comple6 5

Comple6 55 Comple6 555

Comple6 5H

&?.>

&?.+

?.?

?.+

?.>

?.%

?.Transport? of ADH across inner mitomem#rane


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mem#rane

Glycerol p$osp$ate s$uttle


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y p p

1. Simpler (ut less ener$! eE"ient than the malate&aspartate shuttle.

+. Supplies ele"trons in a manner similar to succinatede$ydro0enase

'. -ppro6. + -P per 7-D/, a(out ?. -P less than themalate&aspartate shuttle.

>. -*vanta$e&irreversi(le so it operates eE"ientl! evenwhen "!toplasmi" 7-D/ is low relative to 7-D.

N. Malate&aspartate shuttle is reversi(le & *riven (!"on"entration $ra*ients.

)eo%idation of 'ytosolic ADH


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)eo%idation of 'ytosolic ADH

8T$e 0lycerol Bp$osp$ate s$utt

"!toplasmi"


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7-D 7-D/ /

! p$l!"erol&'&phosphate

*eh!*ro$enase

Glycerol p$osp$ate


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y p ps$uttle

9alateaspartate s$uttle


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p

+ phases

Phase -

1. C!tosoli" 7-D/ re*u"es O-- to malate 2malate D/4.2, 9alateketo0lutarate carriertransports malate from

"!tosol to mito"hon*rial matri6, e6"han$e* for &3

'. 5n the matri6, 7-D reo6i*i)es malate to make O-- an*!iel* 7-D/.

Phase >. ransaminase "onverts O-- to -sp an* lu to &3.

N. he 0lutamateapartate carriertransports -sp from thematri6 in e6"han$e for lu.

%. ransaminase in "!tosol "onverts lu to -sp.

' -Ps for ever! 7-D/ (ut loses ?.' -P (e"ause ea"h 7-D/enters matri6 with proton 2!iel* +. -P4.

Malate&aspartate shuttle


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Malate aspartate shuttle

F&aspartate

Matri6

&keto$lutarate

F&$lutamate

F&aspartate

&keto$lutarate

F&$lutamate

o6aloa"etate

mito"hon*rial

aspartateaminotransferase

F&malate F&malate

o6aloa"etate

7-D

' -P

7-D

7-D/

/

7-D/ /

l!"ol!sis

mito"hon*rial

malate*eh!*ro$enase

"!toplasmi"

aspartateaminotransferase

"!toplasmi" malate *eh!*ro$enase

8 T$e malate aspartate s$uttle


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8T$e malateaspartate s$uttle

-P S!nthesis an* $lu"ose( li


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meta(olism

'H;2O+ O2+ B Pi+B ADP + B H+

'O2+ B ATP + =2 H2O

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