第3册unit8 knowledge and wisdom

8/12/2019 3 Unit8 Knowledge and Wisdom

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Knowledge and Wisdom

Unit 3Unit 8

Knowledge and Wisdom

Unit 8


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Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.

1. Why does the teacher include a painting which isnot on their syllabus?

Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information

She wants to teach her students how to thinkindependently.

The new syllabus will be about what art is, whatmakes it good or bad, and who decides.

2. What is the new syllabus for their art of history class?


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Audiovisual Su pplement Cultural Information


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Betty Warren: What is that?Katherine Watson: You tell me. Carcass by Soutine. 1925.An anonymous student: It is not on the syllabus.Katherine: No, its not. Is it any good? En? Come on, ladies!

There is no wrong answer. There is also no textbooktelling you what to think. Its not that easy, is it?

Betty: All right. No, it is not good. In fact, I wouldnt evencall it art. Its grotesque.

Connie Baker: Is there a rule against being grotesque?Giselle Levy: I think there is something aggressive about it.

And erotic.


From Mona Lisa Smile


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Betty: To you, everything is erotic.

Giselle: And everything is erotic.Katherine: Girls.The anonymous student: Arent there standards? Betty: Of course there are. Otherwise a tacky velvet

painting could be equated to Rembrandt.Connie: My uncle Firdie has two tacky velvet paintings. He

loves those clones.Betty: There are standards, technique, composition, color,

even subjects. So if youre suggesting that rottedside of meat is art, much less good art. Then whatare we going to learn?


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Katherine: Just that. You have outlined our new syllabus,

Betty. Thank you. What is art? What makes it good orbad? And who decides? Next slide, please. Twenty-five years ago, someone thought this was brilliant.

Connie: I can see that.

Betty: Who?Katherine: My mother, I painted it for her birthday. Next

slide. This is my Mum. Is it art?The anonymous student: It is a snapshot.Katherine: If I told you Ansel Adams had taken it, would that

make a difference?


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Betty: Art isnt art until someone says it is.

Katherine: Its art! Betty: The right people.Katherine: Who are they?Giselle: Betty Warren. We are so lucky we have one of them

right here.Betty: Screw you.Katherine: Could you go back to the Soutine please?


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Text Analysis Structural Analysis

For all the things we may learn from the world we areliving in, there are three major categories.

The first category is information, which consists ofsimple facts and direct impressions.The second category is commonly deemed as

knowledge, which is information processed andsystemized.The third category is wisdom, which is the hardest todefine. We are quite clear about its superiority to the

previous two categories, yet for the realm of wisdomthere has never been a sure path. However, in thisexcerpt, Russell has shown us a way to approach wisdom.

Rhetorical Features


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In a very logical order, he gives four features of wisdom,

from which we learn that wisdom is a clever use ofknowledge for noble purposes.

Rhetorical Features


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The text is neatly structured, with the first paragraph

introducing the topic and the other four paragraphselaborating on it. Each of the four paragraphs discussesone factor that contributes to wisdom.

Of these I should put first a sense ofproportion: the capacity to take accountof all the important factors in a problemand to attach to each its due weight.

The topic sentence of Paragraphs 2-5:

Paragraph 2:

Rhetorical Features


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There must be, also, a certain awareness

of the ends of human life.

Paragraph 3:

It is needed in the choice of ends to bepursued and in emancipation frompersonal prejudice.

Paragraph 4:

I think the essence of wisdom isemancipation, as far as possible, from thetyranny of the here and now.

Paragraph 5:

Rhetorical Features


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Factors that constitute wisdom: comprehensiveness mixed with a sense of proportion; a full awareness of the goals of human life; understanding;

impartiality.

Rhetorical Features


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Text Analysis Structural Analysis Rhetorical Features

In this essay, parallelism is employed, apart from

other rhetoric devices. Here is an example: But it is possible to make a continual approach towardsimpartiality, on the one hand, by knowing thingssomewhat remote in time or space, and on the other

hand, by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings. The underlined parts in the quoted sentenceconstitute equivalent syntactic constructions, thus makingthe expression more forceful. Parallelism can also be usedto convey ones ideas more clearly and create a sense oforder and proportion.


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Other examples of parallelism in the essay:

enormously lowering the infant death -rate, not only inEurope and America, but also in Asia and Africa.(Paragraph 2)This has the entirely unintended result of making the food

supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in themost populous parts of the world. (Paragraph 2)Perhaps one could stretch the comprehensiveness thatconstitutes wisdom to include not only intellect but alsofeeling. (Paragraph 3)


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It is by no means uncommon to find men whose

knowledge is wide but whose feelings are narrow.(Paragraph 3)It is not only in public ways, but in private life equally,that wisdom is needed. (Paragraph 4)


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Most people would agree that, although our age far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there has beenno correlativ e increase in wisdom. But agreement ceasesas soon as we attempt to define wisdom and consider

means of promoting it. I want to ask first what wisdom is,and then what can be done to teach it.

Bertrand Russell

Knowledge and Wisdom(abridged)

Detailed Reading

1


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Detailed Reading

There are, I think, several factors that contribute to

wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion :the capacity to take account of all the important factorsin a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This hasbecome more difficult than it used to be owing to theextent and complexity of the specialized knowledgerequired of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, forexample, that you are engaged in research in scientificmedicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb thewhole of your intellectual energy. You have not time toconsider the effect which your discoveries or inventions

2


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Detailed Reading

may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let

us say), as modern medicine has succeeded, inenormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only inEurope and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This hasthe entirely unintended result of making the food supplyinadequate and lowering the standard of life in the mostpopulous parts of the world. To take an even morespectacular example, which is in everybodys mind at thepresent time: You study the composition of the atom froma disinterested desire for knowledge, and incidentally


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Detailed Reading

place in the hands of powerful lunatics the means of

destroying the human race. In such ways the pursuit ofknowledge may become harmful unless it is combinedwith wisdom; and wisdom in the sense of comprehensivevision is not necessarily present in specialists in thepursuit of knowledge.


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Detailed Reading

Comprehensiveness alone, however, is not enough to

constitute wisdom. There must be, also, a certainawareness of the ends of human life. This may beillustrated by the study of history. Many eminenthistorians have done more harm than good because theyviewed facts through the distorting medium of their ownpassions. Hegel had a philosophy of history which did notsuffer from any lack of comprehensiveness, since itstarted from the earliest times and continued into anindefinite future. But the chief lesson of history which hesought to inculcate was that from the year 400AD

3


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Detailed Reading

down to his own time Germany had been the most

important nation and the standard-bearer of progress inthe world. Perhaps one could stretch thecomprehensiveness that constitutes wisdom to include notonly intellect but also feeling. It is by no meansuncommon to find men whose knowledge is wide butwhose feelings are narrow. Such men lack what I callwisdom.


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Detailed Reading

It is not only in public ways, but in private life

equally, that wisdom is needed. It is needed in the choiceof ends to be pursued and in emancipation from personalprejudice. Even an end which it would be noble topursue if it were attainable may be pursued unwisely if itis inherently impossible of achievement. Many men in pastages devoted their lives to a search for the philosophersstone and the elixir of life . No doubt, if they could havefound them, they would have conferred great benefitsupon mankind, but as it was their lives were wasted.

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Detailed Reading

To descend to less heroic matters, consider the case of

two men, Mr. A and Mr. B, who hate each other and,through mutual hatred, bring each other to destruction.Suppose you go to Mr. A and say, Why do you hate Mr. B?He will no doubt give you an appalling list of Mr. Bs vices , partly true, partly false. And now suppose you go to Mr. B.He will give you an exactly similar list of Mr. As vices withan equal admixture of truth and falsehood. Suppose younow come back to Mr. A and say, You will be surprised tolearn that Mr. B says the same things about you as you sayabout him, and you go to Mr. B and make a similarspeech.


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Detailed Reading

The first effect, no doubt, will be to increase their mutual

hatred, since each will be so horrified by the othersinjustice. But perhaps, if you have sufficient patience andsufficient persuasiveness, you may succeed in convincingeach that the other has only the normal share of humanwickedness, and that their enmity is harmful to both. Ifyou can do this, you will have instilled some fragments ofwisdom.


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Detailed Reading

I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as

far as possible, from the tyranny of the here and now.We cannot help the egoism of our senses. Sight andsound and touch are bound up with our own bodies andcannot be impersonal. Our emotions start similarly fromourselves. An infant feels hunger or discomfort, and isunaffected except by his own physical condition.Gradually with the years, his horizon widens, and, inproportion as his thoughts and feelings become lesspersonal and less concerned with his own physical states,

5


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Detailed Reading

he achieves growing wisdom. This is of course a matter of

degree. No one can view the world with completeimpartiality ; and if anyone could, he would hardly be ableto remain alive. But it is possible to make a continualapproach towards impartiality, on the one hand, byknowing things somewhat remote in time or space, and onthe other hand, by giving to such things their due weightin our feelings. It is this approach towards impartialitythat constitutes growth in wisdom.


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Is there any orthodox definition of wisdom?

No. There is disagreement over what wisdom is.

Detailed Reading


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What does the writer try to illustrate by the examples of

research in medicine and study of the atom respectively?

In the first place, they are examples of the propositionraised at the very beginning of the text: although ourage far surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, therehas been no correlative increase in wisdom. Theproblem, according to the essay, is partly due to thefact that it is now more difficult to acquire a sense ofproportion, or the ability to assign different weights to

various factors respectively, thus achieving balance. Inconsequence, breakthroughs in science are likely tobring about corresponding harms to the human race.

Detailed Reading


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According to the writer, how are feelings related towisdom?

If one harbours narrow feelings, his research and studycould be harmful to the society. The research could bedone in the interest of a small group; the result of his

study could be biased. So knowledgeable as he is, he isnot a wise man.To implant wisdom, one is required to make efforts torestrain the narrow personal feelings and have a moreextensive passion for human life.Wisdom consists not only of the ability to judge what ismost important but also of a full awareness of thegoals of human life.

Detailed Reading


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Why is wisdom a necessary quality in people and culture?

According to Russell, the vices of the lack of wisdomare obvious and palpable, ranging from disturbance to

public life, including most notably the upset of worldpeace, to unpleasant incidents in private life.Meanwhile, there seems to be an imbalance in thegrowth of knowledge and wisdom, which is very likelyto make things even worse. So, wisdom is necessary forboth personal and cultural developments.

Detailed Reading


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What, according to Russell, is the essence of wisdom? Andhow does that explain the process to attain wisdom?

According to Russell, the essence of wisdom isimpartiality, or emancipation from egoistic or temporalconcerns. It is naturally difficult for man to attainimpartiality, as man is naturally bound up by his ownphysical states from his birth. As he grows, however,his horizon widens, his concerns get beyond from the

limits of time and space, and his feelings become moreimpersonal, thus the growth of impartiality and wisdom.

Detailed Reading

D il d R di


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surpass v.

exceed, be greater thane.g. The student was surpassing himself in

mathematics.

Toms performance surpassed all expectations.

Detailed Reading

D il d R di


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The amount of petrol a car uses is relative to itsspeed.

e.g.

correlative a.

having or showing a relation to sth. elsee.g. Rights, whether moral or legal, can involve

correlative duties.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:correlate ( v .) correlation ( n.)

Comparison:relative (to) a.If sth. is relative to sth. else, it varies accordingto the speed or level of the other thing.

D t il d R di


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Are these documents relative to the discussion?e.g.

Detailed Reading

Comparison:

If sth. is relative to a particular subject, it isconnected with it.

Detailed Reading


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proportion n.

the correct relation in size, degree, etc. between onething and another or between the parts of a whole

e.g. When a teacher decides upon his studentscomprehensive score for a course taken, he has to

consider the proportion of examination to coursework.Your legs are very much in proportion to the rest ofyour body.

I think a certain amount of worry about work is verynatural, but you've got to keep it in proportion.

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading


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Detailed Reading

a sense of proportion

the ability to understand what is important and what isnot

Detailed Reading


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due a.proper, adequate

e.g. They will surely meet with due punishment.

Due care must be taken while one is driving.

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading


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disinterested a.

having no personal involvement or receiving no personaladvantage, and therefore able to judge a situation fairly

e.g. a disinterested observer/judgmenta piece of disinterested advice

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

interest ( v .) interested ( a .) interesting ( a .)

Detailed Reading


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spectacular a.attracting excited notice, gradually unusual

e.g. The party suffered a spectacular loss in the election.

Weve had spectacular success with the product.

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading


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lunatic n.a person who is mad, foolish, or wild

e.g. He drives like a lunatic.

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading


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end n.a goal or desired result

e.g. Do you have a particular end in mind?

He wanted science students to take an interest in the

arts, and to this end he ran literature classes at hishome on Sunday afternoons.

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading


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inculcate v.

fix beliefs or ideas in sb.s mind, especially by repeatingthem often

e.g. Our football coach has worked hard to inculcate ateam spirit in/into the players.

They will try to inculcate you with a respect forculture.

Detailed Reading

Detailed Reading


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emancipation n.

freedom from political, moral, intellectual or socialrestraints offensive to reason or justice

e.g. womens / female emancipation black emancipation

the emancipation of mankindthe emancipation of the serfs

eta ed ead g

Synonym:

freeing, liberation, unyoking

Detailed Reading


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inherently ad.existing as a natural or basic part of sth.

e.g. Theres nothing inherently wrong with his ideas.Mountaineering is inherently dangerous.

Power stations are themselves inherently inefficient.

g

Synonym:

intrinsically, essentially, innately

Detailed Reading


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the philosophers stone and the elixir of life

These are two of the major preoccupations of alchemy.The philosopher's stone could convert all metal into whatwas considered its most refined form, the element gold.The elixir of life would instill perpetual youth.

g

Detailed Reading


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confer on / upon

give or grant (an official title, degree, honour, right oradvantage to someone)

e.g. The minister may have exceeded the powersconferred on him by Parliament.

An honorary doctorate was conferred on him byPeking University.

g

Detailed Reading


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appalling a.horrifying, shocking

e.g. When will this appalling war end?Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions.The plight of the starving refugees is appalling.

Derivation:

appal ( v .) appalled ( a .)

Detailed Reading


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vice n.

evil or unprincipled conduct, criminal or immoralbehaviour

e.g. Greed, pride, envy, dishonesty and lust areconsidered to be vices.

The chief of police said that he was committed towiping out vice in the city.


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Detailed Reading


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enmity n.a feeling of hate

e.g. enmity between Protestants and Catholicsfamily feuds and enmities

Synonym:hostility, animosity, opposition, resentment

Detailed Reading


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instill v.

gradually but firmly establish (an idea or attitude,especially a desirable one) in a persons mind

e.g. It is part of a teachers job to instill self -confidenceinto his/her students.

Synonym:

inculcate

Detailed Reading


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fairness, justice, objectivity, neutrality, open-mindedness

impartiality n.

the condition of treating all rivals or disputants equallye.g. The state must ensure the independence andimpartiality of the justice system.His impartiality was highly suspect.

Derivation:partial ( a .), partiality ( n.), partially ( ad .), impartial(a .), impartially ( ad .)

Synonym:

Detailed Reading


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Most people would agree that, although our age far

surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there hasbeen no correlative increase in wisdom.

Paraphrase:

Most people believe that knowledge is not equal towisdom as past history has suggested that theacquisition of knowledge does not necessarily lead tothe increase of wisdom.

Detailed Reading


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Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the

capacity to take account of all the important factors ina problem and to attach to each its due weight.

Explanation:

The whole sentence means that among thecontributing factors of wisdom, I should regard asense of proportion as the top priority. It refers tothe ability to get a comprehensive view of a problem,and at the same time, to know which aspect is moreimportant and which is less.

Detailed Reading


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Many eminent historians have done more harm than

good because they viewed facts through the distortingmedium of their own passions.

Paraphrase:

Viewpoints of many distinguished historians haveproved harmful because their opinions were biasedand distorted by their narrow feelings.

Detailed Reading


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Even an end which it would be noble to pursue if it

were attainable may be pursued unwisely if it isinherently impossible of achievement.

Paraphrase:

It would be unwise to pursue a goal that is bound tofail, although it might be noble to do so.

Detailed Reading


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I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation, as faras possible, from the tyranny of the here and now.

Paraphrase:

I think the essence of wisdom is to get ones horizonsfree from the confinement of time and space.

Detailed Reading


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Class ActivityEach student is asked to quote a wise idea fromancient Chinese classics and share with each otherwhy you think it is enlightening.

Vocabulary Translation Integrated Skills Oral Activities WritingGrammar


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Word Derivation

Phrase Practice

Synonym / Antonym



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1) benefit v . beneficent a . beneficial a . beneficiary n.

I feel that I have benefited greatly from her wisdom.

I am lucky to have such a beneficent aunt.

A stay in the country will be beneficial to his health.

e.g.

Her husband was the chief beneficiary of her will.



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2) desire v. desirable a. desirous a.Ant. undesirable a.

The hotel had everything you could possibly desire .

Reducing class sizes in schools is a desirable aim.

The duke is desirous of meeting you.

e.g.

Houses near industrial sites often do not sell soquickly because they are regarded as undesirable .


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We should leave our descendants a clean world tolive in.

4) descend v. descent n. descending a. descendant n.

The path descended steeply into the valley.

The plane began to make its final descent intothe airport.

Arrange the numbers in descending order.

e.g.



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In view of more and more college graduates leavingcampus every year, it is becoming increasingly difficult to find suitable jobs for everyone.

5) increase v. increasing a. increasingly ad.

The cost of the project has increased dramatically since it began.

Increasing efforts are being made to end thedispute.

e.g.



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6) philosophy n. philosopher n. philosophical a.

Live now, pay later thats many youngpeoples philosophy of life today!

Plato was a Greek philosopher .

He was philosophical about losing the contract.

e.g.



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Theres no need to be unduly pessimistic about thesituation.

7) due a. duly ad.Ant. undue a. unduly ad.

Their first baby is due in January.

He knew he had been wrong, and duly apologized.

Such a high increase will impose an undue burdenon the local tax payer.

e.g.



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8) standard a. standardize v. standardization n.

Most announcers on the BBC speak standard English.

We use standardized parts in any model of carwe make.

Standardization of order forms reducesdelivery time.

e.g.



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4) You must t he fact that they are onlychildren when you consider the case.

3) Having decided on the goals, the business executivesthe particulars.

1) What are the qualifications a websitedesigner?

required of _____________

2) We have never interfere in the internalaffairs of your country.

sought to __________

descended to ______________

put first _________


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require sth. of sb.: regard an action, ability, or

quality as due from (someone) byvirtue of their position

e.g.

Care and diligence were required of him as atrustee.


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descend to: act in a shameful way that is far belowones usual standards

e.g.

I never thought she would descend to stealing.



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put sth. first: regard sth. as more important than any

other thingse.g.

Career women tend to put their work first .



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engage in: take part in sth.

e.g.

The two governments have agreed to engage in a comprehensive dialogue to resolve the

problem.

Some policemen in the city are engaged in

crime.



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bound up with: closely connected or involved

e.g.

The survival of whales is intimately bound upwith the health of the ocean.



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enhance, advance

1. Most people would agree that, although our age far

surpasses all previous ages in knowledge, there hasbeen no correlative increase in wisdom.

Antonym: following, subsequent, succeeding

2. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to definewisdom and consider means of promoting it.

Synonym:

3. To take an even more spectacular example, which is ineverybodys mind at the present time

impressive, sensationalSynonym:



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4. There must be, also, a certain awareness of the ends ofhuman life.

Antonym: unawareness, ignorance, unconsciousness

5. But the chief lesson of history which he sought to

inculcate was that from the year 400AD down to hisown time Germany had been the most important nationand the standard-bearer of progress in the world.

Synonym: instill, indoctrinate


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Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated Skills Oral Activities Writing


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it

there

Conjunctions



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it

You can useit

as the subject of a link verb such asbe. Usually it refers to something that has just beenmentioned. You can also use it as the subject of be to saywhat the time, distance or weather is. You can use it with

a link verb and an adjective to describe an experience.After the adjective, you use an -ing form or a toinfinitive. You can use it with a link verb and an adjectiveto describe the experience of being in a particular place.After the adjective, you use an adjunct of place. You canuse it with an adjective or noun group to comment on a



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whole situation. After the adjective or noun group, you use

a that clause. You can sometimes use a wh clauseinstead of a that clause

For example:

I like your British accent. I think its quite attractive.(something just mentioned)Its seven oclock. (time) It was terribly cold. (weather)

Its nice hearing your voice again. (an experience)Its important to know your own limitations. (an action)



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For example:

It was cozy in the car. (a place)It is lucky that I am going abroad. (a situation)Its funny how people change. (a situation)



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Rewrite the following sentences, beginning with It .

It is no good getting annoyed.

1. Getting annoyed is no good.

It was far from clear where the sound was comingfrom.

2. Where the sound was coming from was far from clear.

It is impossible to make a living from her painting.

3. To make a living from her painting is impossible.



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It is obvious that you already know my secret.

4. That you already know my secret is obvious.

It will be surprising if the two countries dont reachan agreement.

5. If the two countries dont reach an agreement soonwill be surprising.

It is a wonder that losses are not much greater.

6. Losses are not much greater is a wonder.


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1. freezing very hard. ice on the laketomorrow.

2. a garage behind the hotel? Yes, but rather full. I dont think room

for your car.3. going to be a bus strike tomorrow.

all right if a fine day; but if wet,long queues on the underground.

Insert it + be or there + be in the following sentences.

It is ____ There will be _______________

Is there ________it is ____ there is _________

There is _________It will be __________ it is ____ it is ____there will be ______________



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4. foolish to drive fast when foggy.

5. a knock at his door. me. Are you in?Somebody said urgently.6. a revolver lying there. borrowed

from my neighbour.

It is ____ it is ____

There was ___________ It is ____

There was ___________ It was _______



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ConjunctionsA conjunction is a word which links two clauses,

groups, or words. There are two kinds of conjunction:coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.If you are simply linking clauses, you use a coordinatingconjunction. When you are adding a clause in order todevelop some aspect of what you are saying, you use asubordinating conjunction.The coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, nor, or, then,

yet.Some of the most frequent subordinating conjunctions are:although, despite, though, when, as, if, unless, whenever,because, in spite of, whereas, while.



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For example:

Her son lives at home and has a steady job. (coordinatingconjunction)Visit your local dealer or phone for a brochure.(coordinating conjunction)

He had cancer although it was detected at an early stage.(subordinating conjunction)If he had had a gun, he would have killed the man.(subordinating conjunction)



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1. in doubt, most drivers apply the brakes.2. Mary wrote down the address she should forget.3. I will come, you asked me.4. Did you buy your curtains do you make your own?

5. she was eighteen, her mother didnt likeher to stay out late.6. Make sure you get plenty of rest, you dont

fall asleep at work.

Fill in the blanks with appropriate conjunctions.

When ______lest ____

since ______or ___

Although __________

so that ________



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1. (take account of )

We should take full account of the cost of theproject and the difficulties we might encounter.

If you take account of something or take somethinginto account, you consider or remember somethingwhen judging a situation.



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Practice

I hope my teacher will take account of the fact thatI was ill just before the exams when she marks my

paper.

A good architect takes account of the buildingssurroundings.


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Practice

Smoking contributed to his early death.

Soaring land prices contribute to the high cost ofhousing.


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Practice

From the top of Mount Tai, we can enjoy spectacular mountain scenery.

It was another spectacular dive from Guo Jingjing.



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4. (emancipation from )

Patience and perseverance are required inemancipation from bad habits.

Emancipation is the process of giving people socialor political freedom and rights.



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Practice

Not all people are in favor of female emancipationfrom the domination of fathers and husbands.

Even the press in the West does not realize completeemancipation from state controls.



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5. (instill )

They tried to instill such new ideas into studentsminds.

If you instill into somebody something, you put afeeling, idea or principle gradually into someonesmind, so that it has a strong influence on the waythey think or behave



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Practice

Every parent must instill into their children the need tobe vigilant and sensible in face of danger.

We are trying to instill into our guest a feeling ofcomfort, quality, and safety.



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Dictation

Cloze


Dictation


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Dictation

You will hear a passage read three times. At the first

reading, you should listen carefully for its generalidea. At the second reading, you are required to writedown the exact words you have just heard (withproper punctuation). At the third reading, you shouldcheck what you have written down.


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need science for this / but not science alone. / We shallalso need minds at work from all sorts of brains /outside the fields of science, / most of all the brains ofpoets, of course, / but also those of artists, musicians,philosophers, historians, writers in general.



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We need a revolution in the aims and methods ofacademic inquiry. Instead of giving priority to the searchfor knowledge, academia needs to devote itself to

seeking and promoting wisdom by rational means,wisdom being the capacity to realize what is (1)value in life, for oneself and (2) . A basic taskought to be to help humanity learn how to (3)

a better world.

of ___

Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE wordyou think appropriate.

others _______create _______



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Acquiring scientific knowledge dissociated (4)a more basic concern for (5) , as we do atpresent, is dangerously and damagingly irrational.Natural science has been extraordinarily successful inincreasing knowledge. This has been of great (6)

to humanity. But new knowledge and technologicalknow-how increase our power to act which, (7)wisdom, may cause human suffering and death as wellas human benefit. (8) our modern global

problems have arisen in this way: global warming, thelethal character of modern war and terrorism, vast

from _____wisdom ________

benefit ________

without ________

All ___



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inequalities of wealth and power round the globe, rapidincrease in population, rapid extinction of other species,even the aids epidemic (aids being spread by moderntravel). All these have been (9) possible bymodern science dissociated from the rational pursuit of

wisdom. If we are to (10) in this century thehorrors of the last (11) wars, death camps,dictatorships, poverty, environmental damage weurgently need to learn how to acquire more wisdom,

which in (12) means that our institutions oflearning become devoted to that end.

made ______

avoid ______one ____

turn _____



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Instead of using the adjective valuable as the complementof is, you can sometimes use of and a noun, here value to

describe the same meaning. This is a rather formal use.



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In view of the coordinating conjunction and , we need apronoun to parallel with oneself , which refers to those not

already mentioned.



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Here following to - infinitive , the basic form of a verb isexpected. And it has to be a transitive one, which can

collocate with a better world . A verb which means to buildup is a possible choice.


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Here we need an object for preposition for , which isdirected at the topic of this passage. The same idea is

repeated in the next paragraph, which goes as modernscience dissociated from the rational pursuit of wisdom .



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Here after has been , a complement is needed. Instead ofusing an adjective and a grading adverb, we use of and anoun to comment on the fact mentioned in the lastsentence. The word we need here must have a positivemeaning as the phrase as well as human benefit indicatesin the coming sentence.



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But is used to introduce a clause contrasting with what hasalready been mentioned, a negation is naturally expectedto mean not having the benefit of wisdom.



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Seemingly, this sentence is perfectly complete. In front ofthe possessive determiner our , a pre-determiner is themost probable choice here. The subject of the nextsentence all these can be a hint of this blank.



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Have been and by hint at a passive verb, which at thesame time can be used with possible as object

complement to mean cause to become.



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To - infinitive phrases are used after be to indicate thatsomething is planned to happen. And the context indicates

that we try to prevent the horrors from happening again.



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In view of this century , we need a pronoun referring tothe last century.


Th l i l l d b hi h i f h


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The relative clause led by which , is a consequence of theidea mentioned in the previous sentence. We need a

phrase beginning with in to indicate such a result.



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Giving a Talk

Making a Dialogue

1 Giving a Talk



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1. Giving a TalkTopic: National pride or ethnocentrism?

Viewpoints for reference:The belief that the state is of primary importance.The belief that one state is naturally superior to allother states.A promotion of expansion into new territories, usuallywith the claim that the existing territory is too smallor is not able to physically or economically sustain thenations population. An expression of intense support for ones nation,often characterized by authoritarianism.

2 Making a Dialogue



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A responsibility to apply scientific knowledge for thebenefit of peoples health, the nations, the world,nature or industries.

2. Making a DialogueViewpoints for reference

1) My interests and responsibilities as a scientistA strong curiosity about reality.

A desire to understand why the world is as we see it

and how it came to be.

A desire to introduce a new understanding of thenatural world.


2) My interests and responsibilities as a philosopher


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A desire to use logic toward a more comprehensiveunderstanding of intangible aspects of reality thatlack a direct connection to nature, focusing on therealm of thought itself.

An interest in the study of general and fundamentalproblems, such as those connected with existence,knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language.

2) My interests and responsibilities as a philosopher



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A responsibility to instill the nature of the good life

and the importance of understanding and knowledgein order to pursue it; the explication of the conceptof justice, and its relation to various politicalsystems.


Essay Writing: How to Write a Process Essay


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Essay Writing: How to Write a Process Essay

Purpose: To describe a definite process through a seriesof steps or stagesThe structure of a process essay:

Introduction: the basic aim of the process;

Body: a guide to how to carry out the whole procedure;Conclusion: the result of the process.


Sample: A Process Essay


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Giving Blood Every hospital needs large supplies of blood for

transfusions. It is given by donors. Before giving blood, the donor is given tests to

determine his blood type and to make sure he is notsuffering from certain diseases. Only when this has beendone can his blood be taken.

First he lies down with his arm on a pillow. Nextthe nurse puts the cuff of the sphygmomanometer aroundhis upper arm, and inflates it to compress the veins.

p y


At this stage she cleans his skin with ether and inserts the


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gneedle into a vein. As she does this, blood begins to flow

into a plastic bag. Meanwhile the donor opens and closeshis hand to increase the flow.

As soon as the required amount of blood is taken,the nurse removes the sphygmomanometer and withdraws

the needle. Finally , she puts a dressing on the donors arm.The blood is immediately labeled and refrigerated.


S l A l i


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Paragraph raises an issue and briefly mentions the sourceof blood in hospitals.Paragraphs - introduce the process of blood donation.Procedural indicators are in red.

Sample Analysis


2. Practice


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2. Practice

Write a process essay on the given topic: How to make afruit salad .

Fruit salad is a healthy and tasty treat that can

serve as an appetizer, snack or dessert. It is easy andquick to prepare. Here is our step-by-step procedure toenable you to make a fruit salad at home.

To make the fruit salad, begin by gathering a

variety of different fruits. All fruits taste good in a salad,however if you are using fruits with a tough skin, ensure

Sample


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Text II Memorable Quotes


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Lead-in Questions

Text

Questions for Discussion



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Do you know any big names widely recognized as a genius?Whats his or her story of becoming a genius?

Text II

How to Become a Man of Genius

Memorable Quotes


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If there are among my readers any young men orwomen who aspire to become leaders of thought in theirgeneration, I hope they will avoid certain errors into whichI fell in youth for want of good advice. When I wished to

form an opinion upon a subject, I used to study it, weighthe arguments on different sides, and attempt to reach abalanced conclusion. I have since discovered that this isnot the way to do things. A man of genius knows it all

without the need of study; his opinions are pontifical and depend for their persuasiveness upon literary style

Bertrand Russell

1

Text II

rather than argument It is necessary to be one-sided

Memorable Quotes


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rather than argument. It is necessary to be one sided,since this facilitates the vehemence that is considered a

proof of strength. It is essential to appeal to prejudicesand passions of which men have begun to feel ashamedand to do this in the name of some new ineffable ethic. Itis well to decry the slow and pettifogging minds which

require evidence in order to reach conclusions. Aboveall, whatever is most ancient should be dished up as thevery latest thing.

Text II

There is no novelty in this recipe for genius; it was

Memorable Quotes

2


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There is no novelty in this recipe for genius; it waspractised by Carlyle in the time of our grandfathers, and

by Nietzsche in the time of our fathers, and it has beenpractised in our own time by D. H. Lawrence. Lawrenceis considered by his disciples to have enunciated all sortsof new wisdom about the relations of men and women; in

actual fact he has gone back to advocating the dominationof the male which one associates with the cave dwellers. Woman exists, in his philosophy, only as something soft andfat to rest the hero when he returns from his labors.

2


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it is himself that you are denouncing, he will consider that

you are guilty of ill-bred peevishness. Carlyle remarked:The population of England is twenty million, mostly fools.

Everybody who read this considered himself one of the

exceptions, and therefore enjoyed the remark. You must

not denounce well-defined classes, such as persons with

more than a certain income, inhabitants of a certain area,

or believers in some definite creed; for if you do this,

some readers will know that your invective is directed

Text II

against them. You must denounce persons whose

Memorable Quotes


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against them. You must denounce persons whoseemotions are atrophied, persons to whom only plodding

study can reveal the truth, for we all know that these areother people, and we shall therefore view with sympathyyour powerful diagnosis of the evils of the age.

Ignore fact and reason, live entirely in the world of

your own fantastic and myth-producing passions; do thiswhole-heartedly and with conviction, and you will becomeone of the prophets of your age.

28 December 1932

4

Text II

Ab t th th d th t t Thi t t d

Memorable Quotes


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About the author and the text: This essay was targetedat D.H. Lawrence, English novelist, poet, and essayist,whose work is characterized by its condemnation ofindustrial society and by its frank exploration of sexualrelationships. His major works include Sons and Lovers (1913), The Rainbow (1915), Women in Love (1920),and Lady Chatterleys Lover (1928). Russell oncethought they had a great deal in common and hadplanned to collaborate with him on a book but laterrealized that each typified what the other mostdespised.

tifi l (P g h 1) g



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pontifical (Paragraph 1): pompous, never wrong

It is essential to appeal to prejudices and passions of



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pp p j pwhich men have begun to feel ashamed and to do this in

the name of some new ineffable ethic. (Paragraph 1): In Russells view, Lawrence and his followers appealed toprejudice and passion for support, which is totallyirrational.

Text II

pettifogging (Paragraph 1): paying too much attention to

Memorable Quotes


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pettifogging (Paragraph 1): paying too much attention tounimportant, boring details

Text II

Above all whatever is most ancient should be dished up

Memorable Quotes


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Above all, whatever is most ancient should be dished upas the very latest thing. (Paragraph 1): Russell in thissentence mocks Lawrence and his followers literaryexploration of the sexual relationship between men andwomen, which was thought to be primitive by Russell.


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He scours the world for what is ancient and dark and loves

the traces of Aztec cruelty in Mexico. (Paragraph 2): Thissentence refers to Lawrences trip to some wildcountries like Australia, Mexico, and New Zealand duringthe post-war period. The Aztec were the American Indian

people dominant in Mexico before the Spanish conquest ofthe 16th century.

Text II

I h i di d th t thi i t th t d

Memorable Quotes


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I have since discovered that this is not the way to dothings (Paragraph 1): Things that happen in this world arecontrary to his belief, and that is what he denouncesironically.



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Lawrence is considered by his disciples to have enunciated

all sorts of new wisdom about the relations of men andwomen; in actual fact he has gone back to advocating thedomination of the male which one associates with thecave dwellers. (Paragraph 2): In fact, thats one of the

many things concerning which Russell disagreed withLawrence. Russell proposed a decent Christian sexualethic which he believed is quite difficult in the modernworld due to various primitive forces. Nevertheless, he

maintained, in Our Sexual Ethics in 1936, that it wouldbe well if men and women could remember, in sexual

Text II

relations, in marriage, and in divorce, to practise the

Memorable Quotes


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, g , , pordinary virtues of tolerance, kindness, truthfulness, and

justice. Those who, by conventional standards, aresexually virtuous, too often consider themselves therebyabsolved from behaving like decent human beings.

Text II

You must denounce persons whose emotions are atrophied

Memorable Quotes


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You must denounce persons whose emotions are atrophied,persons to whom only plodding study can reveal the truth,for we all know that these are other people, and we shalltherefore view with sympathy your powerful diagnosis ofthe evils of the age. (Paragraph 3): Ironically, Russell isdenouncing the master minds, as they were believed tobe, who loved to denounce people. They are men ofgenius partly because they knew the art of denunciation.They knew who can be denounced and who else must notbe denounced. Equally apparently, Russell is denouncingthose people who believed that it is the other fellow who

Text II

i b i d d d hi lf i l i h h

Memorable Quotes


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is being denounced and not himself, implying that such

people are callous and stupid. Therefore, thedenunciation was aimed at the right targets and wasjustified in some sense.

1. How do you interpret the statement, It is necessary



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The sentence means one should be biased so as to bepassionate, and passion is a proof of his strength.

Russell here mocks this belief of Lawrences implicitly.

to be one-sided, since this facilitates the vehemence

that is considered a proof of strength (paragraph 1)?

2 In the second paragraph Russell seems to warn the



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2. In the second paragraph, Russell seems to warn theyouth against something. What is the warning?

In the second paragraph, Russell warns the youthagainst Lawrences influence that saw women aspassive and physical, and that encouraged men tobehave in a primitive and dominant way.

3 What is Russells opinion about some peoples



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3. What is Russells opinion about some peoplestechnique of criticism?

Refer to Paragraph 3. Russell despises those writersthat were slippery, those that did not specify their

targets clearly.


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The good life is one inspired by love and guided by

knowledge. Bertrand Russell

Text II

A question for discussion

Memorable Quotes


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qWhat is the nature of a good life?

Ab B d R ll



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About Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell (1872 1970),was a British philosopher, logician,mathematician, historian, and social critic.

In 1950, Russell was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature,in recognition of his varied and significant writings inwhich he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom ofthought.

Notation (type here)


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( yp )

第3册unit8 knowledge and wisdom

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