3rd book on ten books of architecture.pptx

8/13/2019 3RD BOOK on ten books of architecture.pptx

1/73

THETHIRD BOOK


2/73

BOOK 3

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER I - ON SYMMETRY: IN TEMPLES AND IN THE

HUMAN BODY CHAPTER II - CLASSIFICATION OF TEMPLES

CHAPTER III - THE PROPORTIONS OF INTERCOLUMNIATIONS AND OF COLUMNS

CHAPTER IV - THE FOUNDATIONS AND SUBSTRUCTURES OF TEMPLES

CHAPTER V - PROPORTIONS OF THE B ASE,C APITALS, AND ENTABLATURE IN THE IONIC ORDER


3/73

Chapter 1: On Symmetry: In

temples and in the human body


4/73

The design of a temple

depends on symmetry.


5/73

PROPORTION

Proportion is a correspondenceamong the measures of the members

of an entire work, and of the whole to

a certain part selected as standard.


6/73


7/73

Human Body is designed by naturethat:

Face is 1/10 of the height

Open hand from wrist to the tip ofmiddle finger is the same

Head from the chin to the crown is an

8th

Length of foot is 1/6 of the body


8/73


9/73

6 FEET=

FULL HEIGHT


10/73


11/73

Chapter II - Classification of

Temples


12/73

There are certain elementary

forms on which the general

aspect of a temple depends.

1. In Antis

2. Prostyle3. Amphirostyle

4. Peripteral

5. Pseudodipteral6. Dipteral

7. Hypaethral


13/73


14/73

In Antis

has antae carried out in front of thewalls which enclose the cella, and in

the middle

between the antae, two columns, andover them the pediment constructed in

the symmetrical proportions to be

described later in this workExample: An example will be found at the Three Fortunes, inthat one of the three which is nearest the Colline gate.


15/73


16/73


17/73

Prostyle

is in all respects like the temple inantis except that at the corners,

opposite the antae, it has two

columns, and that it has architravesnot only in front, as in the case of the

temple in antis, but also one to the

right and one to the left in the wingsExample: Temple of Jove and Faunus in the Island of the Tiber


18/73

Monuments of Selinunte

Temple B


19/73

Amphirostyle

is in all other respects like theprostyle, but has besides, in the rear,

the same arrangement of columns and

pediment.


20/73


21/73


22/73

Peripteral

has six columns in front and six in therear, with eleven on each side

including the corner columns.

columns be so placed as to leave aspace, the width of an

intercolumniation, all round between

the walls and the rows of columns onthe outside, thus forming a walk round

the cella of the templeExample: Temple of Jupiter Stator by Hermodorus in the Porticoof Metellus, and the Marian temple of Honour and Valour

constructed by Mucius, which has no portico in the rear.


23/73


24/73

Temple of Jupiter Stator by Hermodorus in the Portico ofMetellus


25/73


26/73

Pseudodipteral

is so constructed that in front and in therear there are in each case eightcolumns, with fifteen on each side,including the corner columns.

The walls of the cella in front and in therear should be directly over against thefour middle columns. Thus there will be aspace, the width of two

intercolumniations plus the thickness ofthe lower diameter of a column, all roundbetween the walls and the rows ofcolumns on the outside.Example: Temple of Diana by Hermogenes, and that of Apollo

at Alabanda by Mnesthes


27/73

The great octastyle, pseudo-dipteral Temple in the agora of Selinus in

Southern Sicily, with a small inner sanctuary (adytum) at the end of

the cella.


28/73


29/73

Dipteral

also is octastyle in both front and rearporticoes, but it has two rows of

columns all round the temple

Example: Temple of Diana at Ephesus, planned by Chersiphron


30/73


31/73


32/73


33/73

Hypaethral

is decastyle in both front and rearporticoes. In everything else it is the

same as the dipteral, but inside it has

two tiers of columns set out from thewall all round, like the colonnade of a

peristyle. The central part is open to

the sky, without a roof. Folding doorslead to it at each end, in the porticoes

in front and in the rear.

Example: Temple of Jove and Faunus in the Island of the Tiber


34/73


35/73

Trajan’s Kiosk – Hypaethral Temple


36/73

Five classes of temples:

Pycnostyle

◦ an intercolumniation of which

the thickness of a column and

a half can be inserted


37/73

Systyle◦ the thickness of two columns can be

placed in an intercolumniation, and inwhich the plinths of the bases are

equivalent to the distance between two

plinths


38/73

Diastyle◦ can insert the thickness of three

columns in the intercolumniation

◦ Involves the danger that the

architraves may break on account of

the great width of the intervals.


39/73

Aeraeostyle

◦ Four or more diameters, requiring a

wooden architrave rather than one of

stone

◦ in appearance these temples are

clumsy-roofed, low, broad, and their

pediments are adorned in the Tuscan

fashion with statues of terra-cotta or gilt

bronze


40/73


41/73

Height of Column compared to

Intercolumniation


42/73

Pycnostyle

• the height should be divided into

ten parts, and one of these used for

the thickness of the column

Araeostyle

• thickness is one eighth part of

their height

Diastyle

• height of a column should bemeasured off into eight and a half

parts, and the thickness of the

column fixed at one of these parts

Eustyle and Systyle

• let the height of a column bedivided, and of that let one part be

set up for the diameter of the

bottom of the shaft


43/73

Chapter IV - The Foundations

and Substructures of Temples


44/73

1. The foundations of these works should be dug out of the

solid ground, if it can be found, and carried down into solidground as far as the magnitude of the work shall seem to

require, and the whole substructure should be as solid as it

can possibly be laid. Above ground, let walls be laid under

the columns, thicker by one half than the columns are to be,

so that the lower may be stronger than the higher. Hence

they are called "stereobates"; for they take the load. And the

projections of the bases should not extend beyond this solid

foundation. The wall-thickness is similarly to be preserved

above ground likewise, and the intervals between these

walls should be vaulted over, or filled with earth rammed

down hard, to keep the walls well apart.


45/73

1. 2.

The Entasis of Columns

1. The entasis as given by Fra Giocondo in the edition of 1511.

2. The entasis from the temple of Mars Ultor in Rome compared with Vignola's

rule for entasis.

“S “


46/73

“Stereobates“ The substructure, foundation, or solid platform upon which a building is erected. In a columnar

building, it includes the stylobate (the uppermost step or platform of the foundation upon which the

columns stand).


47/73

2. If, however, solid ground cannot be found, but the place

proves to be nothing but a heap of loose earth to the verybottom, or a marsh, then it must be dug up and cleared out

and set with piles made of charred alder or olive wood or

oak, and these must be driven down by machinery, very

closely together like bridge-piles, and the intervals between

them filled in with charcoal, and finally the foundations areto be laid on them in the most solid form of construction.

The foundations having been brought up to the level, the

stylobates are next to be put in place.


48/73

3. The columns are then to be distributed over the

stylobates in the manner above described: close together in

the pycnostyle; in the systyle, diastyle, or eustyle, as they

are described and arranged above. In araeostyle temples

one is free to arrange them as far apart as one likes. Still, in

peripterals, the columns should be so placed that there are

twice as many intercolumniations on the sides as there arein front; for thus the length of the work will be twice its

breadth. Those who make the number of columns double,

seem to be in error, because then the length seems to be

one intercolumniation longer than it ought to be.


49/73


50/73

4. The steps in front must be arranged so that there shall

always be an odd number of them; for thus the right foot,

with which one mounts the first step, will also be the first to

reach the level of the temple itself. The rise of such steps

should, I think, be limited to not more than ten nor less than

nine inches; for then the ascent will not be difficult. The

treads of the steps ought to be made not less than a footand a half, and not more than two feet deep. If there are to

be steps running all round the temple, they should be built

of the same size.


51/73

5. But if a podium is to be built on three sides round the

temple, it should be so constructed that its plinths, bases,

dies, coronae, and cymatiumare appropriate to the actual

stylobate which is to be under the bases of the columns.

The level of the stylobate must be increased along the

middle by the scamilli impares; for if it is laid perfectly level,it will look to the eye as though it were hollowed a little. At

the end of the book a figure will be found, with a description

showing how the scamilli may be made to suit this purpose.


52/73


53/73

Chapter 5: The Ionic

Order

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


54/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

ABACUS - The uppermost member of a capital.

ACROTERIA - The figures or ornaments at the

lower angles or apex of a pediment

ARCHITRAVE - A lintel in stone or beam of timber

carried from the top of one column or pier toanother; the lowest member of the entablature.

ASTRAGAL - A small moulding of rounded,convex section.

CORNICE - The upper member of theentablature subdivided into bed-moulding,

corona, and sima.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


55/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

CYMATIUM - A wave moulding of doublecurvature.

DENTIL - Rectangular blocks in the bed-mouldof a cornice

FASCIA - The term given to the planes intowhich the architrave of the Ionic orders is

subdivided, or to a flat projecting band.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


56/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

PEDIMENT - The triangular termination of aridge roof, including the tympanum and the

raking cornice above.

TORUS - A convex moulding of semicircular

profile, larger than an astragal.

SCOTIA / TROCHILUS - A 'shaded' or

concave moulding generally more or less

semicircular (as in Ionic bases), but

sometimes merely a quarter-circle.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


57/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

FILLET - A narrow flat moulding, used also of the

flattened area between the deeper flutes of Ioniccolumns.

FLUTES - The vertical channels employed inthe shaft of columns in the classic styles.

FRIEZE - the middle member of the entablature.

Applied also to any horizontal band enriched with

sculpture. In Greek also called zophoros.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


58/73

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


59/73

ON THE IONIC ORDERBOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5

bases finished in proportion that the

thickness with the plinth amounts to half the

thickness of the column and a projection of

one-sixth. The bases will be one and a half

thickness of a column, front and side.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


60/73

ON THE IONIC ORDERBOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5

Table 1: The 'Attic' base

Moduli

1) Lower diameter 1 M

2) Width of the base 1 1/2 M

3) Height of the base 1/2 M

4) Height of the plinth 1/6 M

5) Height of the mouldings 1/3 M

6) Higher torus 1/12 M

7) Trochilus 1/8 M

8) Lower torus 1/8 M

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


61/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER|

Table 2: The 'Ionic' base

Moduli

1) Lower diameter 1 M

2) Width of the base 1 3/8 M

3) Height of the base 1/2 M

4) Height of the plinth 1/6 M

5) Height of the mouldings 1/3 M

6) Torus 1/7 M

7) Trochili 2/21 M

8) Astragal 1/84 M

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


62/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER|

middle columns in front and at the back are to be set up to a perpendicular,

but the other columns are to be set up so that the inside parts which look to the

sanctuary, have their faces perpendicular, but the outside parts so as to

declare their diminution.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


63/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER|

proportions of the Ionic capitals are to be conformed to this symmetries : namely, that in addingthe eighteenth part of the thickest part of the shaft, the abacus may find its length and breadth;the height of the capital with the volutes, half of that.

There must be a set-back from the edge of the abacus inwards on the front of the volutes of aneighteenth part and a half.Then the height of the capital is to be divided into nine and a half parts, and lines are to be letfall down the abacus, at the four corners of the volutes.Then of nine parts and a half, one part and a half are to be left as the thickness of the abacus,and the remaining eight parts are to be allotted to the volutes.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


64/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER|

Then within a vertical line which is let fall at the

extreme corner of the abacus, let fall another line at

a distance of one part and a half. Next let these lines

be so divided that four parts and a half are left

under the abacus. Then that point which divides thefour and a half and the three and a half is the centre

of the eye of the volute: and let there be drawn from

that centre a complete circle with a diameter of one

part out of the eight parts. That will be the

magnitude of the eye. Through the centre let there

be drawn a vertical diameter. Then beginning from

the top under the abacus, let the radius besuccessively diminished by half the diameter of the

eye in describing the quadrants, until it comes into

the quadrant which is under the abacus.


65/73

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


66/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

proportion of the architraves should be as follows:

if the columns are from twelve to fifteen feet, the heightof the architrave should be half the thickness of thecolumn at the bottom

from fifteen to twenty feet let the height of the column

be divided into thirteen parts, and the height of thearchitrave be one part

from twenty to twenty-five feet, let the height be dividedinto twelve parts and a half, and let the architrave beone part of that in height

from twenty-five to thirty let it be divided into twelve parts,and let the height be made of one part.

Thus the height of the architraves are to be determined inaccordance with the height of the columns.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


67/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

The breadth of the architrave at the bottom where itrests upon the capital should equal the diameter ofthe top of the column under the capital: the top of

the architrave should be as wide as the lowerdiameter of the shaft.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


68/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

. The cymatium of the architrave should be made one-seventhof its height and the projection of it the same. The remainder

apart from the cymatium is to be divided into twelve parts ofwhich the lowest fascia is to have three; the second, four; andthe top, five. The frieze also above the architrave is to be afourth less than the architrave; but if figures are to beintroduced, a fourth higher, so that the carvings may beeffective.

BOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


69/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

the dentil is to be made as high as the middle fascia ofthe architrave; its projection as much as its height. Theinterval is to be arranged so that the dentil is half aswide as it is high; The hollow of the interval is two-thirds

of the front of the dentil; the cymatium of this, one-sixthits height. The cornice is to be equal to the middlefascia of the architrave. The projection of the cornicewith the dentil is to be made equal to the height fromthe frieze to the top of the cymatium of the cornice

IONIC ORDERBOOK 3 | CHAPTER 5


70/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

The height of the tympanum which is in the

pediment is to be such, that the whole frontof the cornice from the outside of the

cymatia is to be measured into nine parts;

and of these one is to be set up in the

middle for the summit of the tympanum.

All the features which are to be above the capitals of the

columns, that is to say, architraves, friezes, cornices,

tympana, pediments, acroteria, are to be inclined

towards their front by a twelfth part of their height.



71/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

The flutes of the columns are to be twenty four,hollowed out in such a way that if a set square is

placed into the hollow of a flute and moved roundits ends, it will touch the fillets on the right and left,and the point of the square will touch the curve asit moves round.



72/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

On the mouldings which are above the

cornice on the sides of temples, lions'

heads are to be carved, and arranged

firstly so as to be set over against the topsof the several columns; the others at equal

intervals so as to answer to the middle of

the roof tiling.



73/73

ON THE IONIC ORDER

3rd book on ten books of architecture.pptx

Documents