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5/19/2015 3DScanning,3DScanner,ReverseEngineeringandIndustryTechnicalInformation
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Simplyput,3Dscanningisafastandaccuratemethodofputtingphysicalmeasurementsofanobjectontothecomputerinanorganizedmanner,resultinginwhatiscommonlycalled3Dscandata.Typically,the3Dscandataisrepresentedwithascaledigitalmodelora3Dgraphicalrendering.Oncethescandataisonthecomputer,allofthedimensionsofthephysicalobjectcanbetaken,suchaslength,width,height,volume,featuresize,featurelocation,surfacearea,etc.
3Dscandataisoftenusedasabridgebetweenphysicalobjectsandmodernmanufacturing.Thisisachievedbyconvertingthedataintocomputeraideddesign(CAD)models,usingittocompareagainstthe"asdesigned"idealofthepart,orusingitintheseeminglyinfinitenumberofcomputeraidedengineering(CAE)toolsavailable.
Ingeneral,adevicethatcaptures3Dinformationisreferredtoasa3Dscanner.Therearemanydifferentmethodsforcapturingthe3Dmeasurementsofaphysicalpartandthus,manydifferenttypesofscanners:
3DLaserScanningor3DLaserScannerscangenerallybecategorizedintothreemaincategorieslasertriangulation,timeofflightandphaseshift.Theselaserscanningtechniquesaretypicallyusedindependentlybutcanalsobeusedincombinationtocreateamoreversatilescanningsystem.Therearealsonumerousotherlaserscanningtechnologiesthatarehybridsand/orcombinationsofother3Dscanningtechnologiessuchasaccordionfringeinterferometryorconoscopicholography.
Lasertriangulationisaccomplishedbyprojectingalaserlineorpointontoanobjectandthencapturingitsreflectionwithasensorlocatedataknowndistancefromthelaser'ssource.Theresultingreflectionanglecanbeinterpretedtoyield3Dmeasurementsofthepart.Timeofflightlaserscannersemitapulseoflaserlightthatisreflectedoffoftheobjecttobescanned.Theresultingreflectionisdetectedwithasensorandthetimethatelapsesbetweenemissionanddetectionyieldsthedistancetotheobjectsincethespeedofthelaserlightispreciselyknown.Phaseshiftlaserscannersworkbycomparingthephaseshiftinthereflectedlaserlighttoastandardphase,whichisalsocapturedforcomparison.Thisissimilartotimeofflightdetectionexceptthatthephaseofthereflectedlaserlightfurtherrefinesthedistancedetection,similartothevernierscaleonacaliper.
WhiteLightScanning(structuredlightscanning)isusedtodescribeawiderangeof3Dscanningdevices.Thebasictechniqueistoprojectaknownpatternoflight(usuallywhite)andusesensors(typicallyCCDcameras)tocaptureimagesoftheobjectwiththepatternsprojectedonit.Inordertocapture3Dinformation,multiplepatternsand/ormultiplesensorscanbeused.Ifmultiplepatternsareprojected,thesoftwareusesreferencingandthechangeinshapeoftheknownpatterntointerpret3Dmeasurements.Ifmultiplesensorsareusedthesoftwareusestheknownpatternandreferencingbetweenimageanglestodeterminethe3Dmeasurements.
Photogrammetryisatechnologybasedonstandardphotographyandprojectivegeometryandwasoriginallyusedtodigitizelargeobjectssuchasbuildings,oilrigsandwarehouses.Theprinciplebehindphotogrammetryistotakemultipleimagesofobjectsandmanuallyorautomaticallyreferencecommonpointsineachphotograph.Pointscanbeaddedautomaticallyormanuallytocreate3Dmeasurementsofthedesiredelementsofthepart.Photogrammetryisoftenusedwithother3Dscanningtechnologytoprovidefullsurfacemeasurementsofpartsandtoretaintighttolerancesoverlargeareas.
MachineVisionisgenerallyusedtodetecttwodimensionalinformation,suchasbarcodes,tosortpackages.Anoffshootofmachinevisionisstereovision,inwhichapairofsensorsisplacedaknowndistancefromapart,takingtwoimagessimultaneously.Theresultingimagesaremerged,creatingcorrespondencepointsbetweenthem.Theshiftinpositionofthematchingpointsisknownasdisparityandbycalculatingthedisparityofeverypointofthetwoimages,3Dmeasurementsofentirescenescanbebuilt.
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CoordinateMeasuringMachines,morecommonlyreferredtoasCMMs,aremeasuringdevicesthatusemovableprobes.Thepositionoftheprobeistrackedwithaseriesofencodersalongeachaxisofthemachine.Theseencoders,referredtoasdigitalmeasuringtape,cantrackthemovementofthemeasuringprobetowithinnanometerswiththeonlyuncertaintyinthemeasurementbeingtherigidityofthemachineitself.CMMsarealsoknownastouchprobesbecausetheprobemust"touch"theparttoobtainameasurement.CMMscanbefixedmountedorportable,withportableCMMarmsbeingmoreversatilebutsometimeslessaccuratebecausetheyhaveahighertendencytoflexorlosecalibration.CMMscanalsobecombinedwithnoncontactscanningtechnologytocapturefullsurfacedata.
DestructiveSlicingisaprocessinwhichmultiplepicturesofanobjectaretakenfromafixedlocation.Thinslicesoftheobjectareremovedbetweeneachimage.Thedistancetotheobjectispreciselycontrolled,thereforethescaleofeachimageisknown.Afterslicingallthewaythroughtheobject,theimagesarestackedupinthecapturesoftwareresultinginafull3Dmodeloftheobject.
3DCTorMRIscansareobtainedbystackingaseriesofCT(computedtomography)orMRI(MagneticResonanceImaging)scansoneachotherinsoftware.ThisistypicallydonebypreciselycontrollingthestepsinbetweeneachsectionalCTorMRIscan.Theresultantdataisa3Dmodeloftheobjectandcontainsallofitsphysicalmeasurements.Thistechnologywasoriginallydevelopedforthemedicalfield,asyoumayknow,butisnowgrowingintomanufacturingandindustrialapplicationsaswell.
ATheodolitedeviceisatelescopemountedontworotatingaxesandisameasuringtechniquecommoninsurveyingapplications.Theangletoanobjectispreciselytrackedandbytakingangularmeasurementsfrommultiplelocations,thedistancetotheobjectcanbeobtained.Moderntheodolitesarecomputercontrolledtoautomaticallytargetandmeasureobjects.
Trackersareaclassof3Dscanningdevicethatworkbytrackingthepositionofameasuringdevice.Severaltechniquesareusedtotrackthemeasuringdeviceincludinglaser,magneticposition,opticalpositionandacousticposition.Thevariousmethodsalltrackthepositionofthemeasurementdevice,recordingthepositioneachtimeameasurementistakeneitherbytouchingtheobjectorbyusingnoncontactscanningtechnology.
Thislistisnotmeanttobeacomprehensivelistofavailable3Dscanningtechnology,onlyabriefsynopsisofthemoreprevalenttechnologiesinusetoday.Formoredetailedinformationonthevastnumberof3Dscanningtechnologiesavailableseealistatwww.simple3d.com.
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