38 issue of paryawaran

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;du|df eGg'kbf{ of] klqsfn] o;}u/L lg/Gt/tf kfOlbPjftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf 7"nf] of]ubfg ldNg]5 .

–hos'df/ s'O“s]n, Hofld/]–$, l;Gw'kfNrf]s .;DkfbsHo",g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ w]/} ;+:yfx¿5g\ . k};f sdfpgs} nflu o:tf ;+:yf btf{ x'g] s'/f ;'Gg]

u/]sf] 5' . Osf]–g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt o; klqsfk|lt klg ;'?–;'?df o:t}vfn] ljrf/ p7]sf] lyof] . Ps jif{eGbf klxn]lj/f6gu/ hfFbf klqsf k;ndf kN6fPsf] lyPF o;nfO{ . t/kl5 klqsf k;ndf xf]Og, xfd|f] ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf klg kfPF .d}n] yfxf kfPF, ufpFdf sf]xL klg u|fxs ag]sf 5}gg\ / uflj; klg,t/ klqsf Ps jif{otf lgoldt¿kdf cfpFb}5 . d]/f] e|d o;sf/0flgjf/0f eof] ls of] klqsfn] s'g} /fhgLlts k"jf{u|x af]s]sf] 5}g/ x]bf{ cfFvf nf]Eofpg] l;g]dfsf lx/f] lx/f]Ogsf] kmf]6f] klg 5}g .d w]/} gk9]sf] dfG5] eP klg uflj; sfof{nodf lgoldt k9\5' of]klqsf . leqL 1fgsf s'/f lgs} /x]5g\ .

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af9Lklx/f]sf] sf/0f, /f]syfdsf nflu x'g'kg]{ k|of; /k|ljlwsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ /fd|f ;fdu|L lbPsf] 5, xfdL of]u'g la;{g ;Sb}gf}F . k"0ff{ª\s #^ df uf]kfnk|;fb b'nfnn]n]Vg'ePsf] …af9Lklx/f]n] u/]sf] ljWj+; M /fxt tyf lbuf]Joj:yfkgsf] k|ZgÚ ;do;fk]If dfq xf]Og, To;}cGtu{t5flkPsf w]/} ;fdu|Ln] o:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k lgoGq0f:yfgLo:t/af6} klg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pbfx/0fx¿ lbPsf5g\ . 8fS6/;fÚan] /fxt lxgfldgf u/]sf] ;dfrf/n] eg];dfhdf s:tf gfnfos dflg; klg x' Fbf/x]5g\ eGg]

pTs[i6 k|ltlqmof k7fpgf];\, Ps jif{sf] ;b:otf lgMz'Ns kfpgf];\

b]vfPsf] 5 / ;/sf/ yk gfnfos ag]sf] 5 eg]/ :ki6u/fpF5 . o:tf] x'g' jf:tjd} b'MvbfoL s'/f xf] . o:tf s'/fyfxf kfPkl5 eljiodf o:tf] gxf];\ eg]/ ;/sf/n] ljz]ifJoj:yf u/f];\ eg]/ o;} klqsfdfkm{t\ cfu|x ub{5' .

g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q l;d;f/leq} kb{5h:tf] nfu]sf]5 . kof{j/0fn] l;d;f/h:tf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsfaf/]df lbPsf] hfgsf/L Hofb} pkof]uL 5 . ;/sf/n] xfn;Ddl;d;f/ gLlt NofPsf] 5}gh:tf] nfU5, o;tkm{ klg cfjfhp7fP/ p;sf] sfgdf t]n xfNg'knf{ xf]Og < ljåfg\ n]vs8f= t]hs'df/ >]i7sf] cfbz{ hnr/sf] gfnLa]nL pTs[i6 5,o:tf ;fdu|Lsf] lg/Gt/tf kmnbfoL x'g]5 .

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v';L kfg{sf nflu g} xf]nf, cª\u|]hL efiff k|of]u u/]sf]kfOG5 . g]kfndf g]kfnLsf nflu sfd ug]{ xf] eg] ;x/df a:g]g]kfnLsf] dfq enf] ;f]r]/ x'Fb}g / To:tf] sfo{n] b]znfO{ s'g}kmfObf klg x'Fb}g . g]kfnleq g]kfnLsf nflu sfd ug]{n] g]kfnLefiffdf klqsf lgsfn] To;n] ufpFsf dflg;nfO{ 1fg lbg]5 /ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . s]jn /fhgLlts / dgf]/~hgsfklqsf k9]/ s]xL klg ldNb}g . Osf]–g]kfnsf] of] k|of; o;}sf/0fklg ;/fxgLo 5 / of] klqsf lg/Gt/ k9\g kfOof];\ .

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[email protected]://www.econepal.org

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Paryawaran MonthlyVol. 11, No.10, Jan/ Feb 2004

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pkdxfåLk ltAatsf] e"–eful;t h'Wg uP/ ePsf]e"ue{ljb\x¿ atfpFb5g\ . lxdfnosf] clxn]sf] d"n :j¿k

sl/a b'O{ s/f]8 jif{cl3 lgdf{0f ePsf] / o;} ;dob]lvblIf0f Pl;ofsf] xfjfkfgLsf] d"n sf/s dg;'gL jiff{ k|f/DeePsf] dflgG5 . lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fL sfvdf /x]sf]

g]]kfnsf cflbaf;L r]kfª hflt hlQs} ltgsf]af;:yfg r'l/of If]q -r'/] >[ª\vnf_ klg w]/} jif{;Dd

★ g]kfnsf] r'l/of cWoogsf k|d'v cg';Gwfgstf{ 8f= e'h"n] hfkfgsf] rLaf ljZjljBfnoaf6 Osf]nf]hLdf kLPr8L ug'{ePsf]5 . pxfF xfn /f]gf:6df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .

h}ljs ljljwtf

r'l/ofsf] r'/Lk'm/L 8f= lbg]z/fh e'h" ✍✍✍✍✍

If]qLo l;dfgf

lxdfnL If]q

pRr kxf8

dWo kxf8

r'l/of÷lzjflns

t/fO{


r'l/of eg] To:t} Ps s/f]8 jif{cl3 p7]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 .

r'l/of klZrddf OGb; gbLb]lv k"j{df a|Xdk'q;Ddcyf{t\ em08} lxdfnohlQs} nfdf] 5 . o;sf] rf}8fOst}st} km}lnP/ %) lsld;Dd k'u]sf] 5 eg] st}st};fF3'l/P/ %)) ld6/d} ;Lldt b]lvG5 . r'l/ofsf8fF8fx¿sf] ;fnfvfnf prfO !%)) ld6/ elgP tfklgklZrddf hDd"If]qlt/ $))) ld6/;Dd cUnf] / k"j{lt/!))) ld6/eGbf sd /x]sf] e]l6G5 . g]kfnL e"efuleqr'l/of s}nfnLlt/ r'lnP/ !*)) ld6/;Dd k'u]sf] 5 .r'l/ofsf sltko 7fpFdf gbLsf 7"nf–7"nf pkTosfx¿ klg 5g\, h:t}Mlrtjg, /fKtL, aaO{ / e]/L gbLsfpkTosfx¿ .

r'l/ofsf ] e ":j¿k d"ntM gbLn]aufP/ NofPsf u]u|fg, anf}6] 9'ª\uf /b'd6 df6f]n] ag]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf];+of ]hgnfO{ l;jflns ;d"x klgelgG5 . r ' l/ofsf sltko7fpFx¿af6 cflbsfnsf :tgwf/L-af Fb/, cflbd dfgj, df +;fxf/L,rf }kfof, xfQL cflb_ hLjx¿sfdxŒjk"0f{ hLjfjz]if km]nf k/]sf 5g\ .s ]xL jif {cl3 g ]kfndf e ] l6Psfcflbdfgj /fdflky]s;sf] vKk/ klgr'l/of If]qaf6} pTvgg\ ul/Psf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf kfFr k|d'v ef}uf]lns If]qx¿-t/fO{, r'l/of, dWokxf8, pRrkxf8/ lxdfn_ dWo] ;aeGbf a9L hª\unePsf] If]q r'l/of g} xf] . If]qkmnsflx;fan] r'l/ofn] -If]qkmn M !$,$%)ju{ ls=ld=_ ;aeGbf sd cyf{t\b]zsf] s'n e"efusf] !# k|ltzt dfqcf]u6]sf] 5 . tyflk plNnlvt kfFrIf]qdf r'l/ofsf] ;aeGbf a9L cyf{t\ &^ k|ltzt e"–efudf jghª\unn] 9fs]sf] 5 . t/ w]/}sf nflu r'l/ofvx/] pn{g], klx/f] uO/xg] / v]tLsf nflu sfd gnfUg]kxf8sf ¿kdf kl/lrt /lx/Xof] . s'g} k~rjifL{oof]hgfdf klg Tof] kg{ ;s]g / ckjfbsf ¿kdf s]xLljsf; sfo{qmdafx]s j}1flgs cg';Gwfg klg ToxfFePg . x'g klg r'l/ofdf t/fO{sf] hª\undf h:tf] g

cfsif{s jGohGt' g} kfOG5, g t lxdfndf h:tf]lxdfR5flbt r'r'/fx¿ g} . Ps lsl;dn] r'l/of dfgja:tLsf lglDt pko'Qm :yfg aGg ;s]g . r'l/ofsf] of]a}u'g t/ p;}sf nflu eg] j/bfg ;fljt eof]– dfgjLocltqmd0f gePsf] sf/0f ToxfFsf hª\unx¿ dfl;Pgg\ .h]–h:tf] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf lyof], ToxLcg';f/ ToxfF jg/ jg:klt df}nfO/x] / k|s[lt ;Fu;Fu} ltgdf kl/jt{gklg cfO/x] .

r'l/ofsf] lrGtft/ kl/l:ylt ;w}F p:t} /x]g . ;'?dfdflg;x¿ kxf8sf] sl7g psfnL–cf]/fnL hLjgaf6 qf0f kfpg t/fO{sfd}bfglt/ em/] . t/fO{df hg;ª\Vofj[l4 x'Fb} uPkl5 s]xL kl/jf/ kxf8cyf{t\ r'l/oflt/ kmls{P, s]xL dflykxf8af6 cfpFbfcfpFb } r ' l/ofd }cl8P . klZrd g]kfnlt/ Pp6f s:tf]rng dflkms /x]5 eg] ;aeGbfklxn] cUnf b'u{d kxf8af6 ;'udkxf8 cyf{t\ t/fO{ glhssf] r'/]kxf8lt/ cfpFbf /x]5g\ . kl5, cfˆgf]cfly{s Ifdtfg';f/ qmdzM t/fO{lt/embf{/x]5g\ . dflg;x¿ cf]Ol/Pkl5a:tL / v ]taf/Lsf nflu s]xLhª\unx¿ dfl;g' :jfefljs g} x'g]eof] . dflg;sf sf/0f gfª\uf ePsfr'/]kxf8x¿ cfhef]ln k"j{–klZrd/fhdfu{sf] pQ/tkm{ klZrd g]kfnsf]b ]pv '/ L lt/ 5 \ofª \u } b ] lvG5g \ ,To:t}vfn] gfª\uf] r'/]kxf8 k"j{dfpbok'/lt/ klg b]lvG5 .

xfn}sf jif {df g]kfnL 5fkfx¿n]r'l/ofsf jgx¿ kftlnFb} uPsf] s'/f]

p7fPsf 5g\ . lg;Gb]xM o;n] :yfgLo hg;d'bfosf]lrGtfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . r'l/of If]qsf] ;+/If0faf/] ;+o'Qm/fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdnufot s]xL cGt/f{li6«o;+:yfx¿n] klg rf;f] lnPsf] kfOG5 . hd{g k|fljlws;xof]u ;+:yf -lhl6h]8_ n] t Ps bzscl3b]lv g}pbok'/lt/sf] r'/] If]qsf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+nUg 5, xfn}cfP/ ljZj;+/If0f ;ª\3 -cfOo";LPg_ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] r'/]

x'g klg r'l/ofdft/fO{sf] hª\undfh:tf]g cfsif{s jGohGt' g}

kfOG5 g tlxdfndfh:tf]

lxdfR5flbt r'r'/fx¿g} . Ps lsl;dn] r'l/ofdfjg a:tLsf lglDtpko'Qm :yfg aGg;s]g . r'l/ofsf] of]a}u'g t/ p;}sf nflu

eg] j/bfg ;fljt eof] –dfgjLo cltqmd0f

gePsf] sf/0f ToxfFsfhª\unx¿ dfl;Pgg\ .

h]–h:tf] k|fs[ltscj:yfdf lyof] ToxLcg';f/ ToxfF jg /jg:klt df}nfO/x] /k|s[lt ;Fu;Fu} ltgdfkl/jt{g klg cfO/x] .

h}ljs ljljwtf


>[ª\vnfdf, l:j; ljsf; ;xof]u ;+:yf -P;8L;L_x }6f + } F8flt/sf ] r '/ ]kxf8, / ljZj jGohGt' sf ] i f-8An"8An"Pkm_ klZrd / dWog]kfnsf] t/fO{ hf]8\g] t/fO{cfs{ NofG8:s]k -tfn_ sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ePsf 5g\ .

l/;f]{;]; lxdfnon] ;g\ !((( df klxnf]kN6 g]kfnsf]k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf] r'l/of If]qsf]kl/j[QLo tYofª\s cfwf/ -Osf]nf]lhsn 8f6fa];_ tof/kfg]{ k|:tfjgf cl3;f¥of] . o;/L k|fKt j}1flgs ;"rgf /1fg cGttf]uŒjf To; If]qsf] ;+j4{g / ToxfF cfl>thgtfsf] hLjg ;'wf/lglDt nfebfos x'g] ck]lIft 5 .kfFr r/0fdf k"/f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] pQm k|:tfjgfsf]clek|]/0ff d'Votof lgDg tLg sf/0fdf c8]sf] 5 –

!= k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd Psgf; km}lnPsf] t/fO{sf]hª\un ca vl08t eO;s]sf] 5 .

@= vl08t hª\un / cnlUuP/ /x]sf ;+/lIft If]qx¿e"–b[Zo:t/ -NofG8:s]k n]en_ df ;+/If0flglDtckof{Kt ePsf 5g\ . /,

#= g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf /x]sf ;+/lIft Pjd\ t/fO{ /kxf8sf k|fs[lts af;:yfgx¿nfO{ hf]8\g] Psdfq;]t' r'/] >[ª\vnf ePsf] 5 .

l/;f]{;]; lxdfnoåf/f cl3;fl/Psf] k|:tfjgfsfd"n b'O{j6f p2]Zo 5g\M!= ;g\ !(%), !(&) / !(() bzssf] ;docGt/fndf

r'l/of If]qdf ePsf] e"–pkof]lutfsf] kl/jt{g /dfgj ;ª\3ftsf] d"Nofª\sg ug]{ . /,

@= r'l/of If]qsf] jgsf] cjl:ylt / ToxfF kfOg] hLjljljwtfsf] ;"rgf ;ª\u|x / To;;DaGwL :yfgLohgtfdf /x]sf] 1fgsf] clen]v /fVg] .

cWoog ljlwo; tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf l/;f]{;]; lxdfnon] k"jL{ If]qdfdf#%, dWoIf]qdf *%, dWoklZrd If]qdf #( / ;'b"/klZrdIf]qdf ^# u/L s'n @@@ :yfgx¿af6 jgsf] cjl:ylt /

hLj ljljwtf;DaGwL ljljw :ynut tYofª\s ;ª\sng

u/]sf] 5 . tL :yfgx¿sf] lgSof]{n gS;fdf ef}uf]lnscIff+z / tYofª\s tflnsfsf] /]G8d ;ª\Vofx¿sf

cfwf/df ul/Psf] lyof] eg] :ynut klxrfgsf nflu e"–

pku|xsf] dfWodåf/f ;~rfng x'g] hLkLP; elgg]oGqnfO{ k|of]udf NofOPsf] lyof] .

plNnlvt ;a} @@@ :yfgdf sDtLdf Pp6f 7"nf] -gfk M@% ld × ×@% ld_, b'O{j6f demf}nf -gfk M % ld ×% dL_ / rf/j6f ;fgf -gfk M ! ld × ! ld_ rf}sf];fx¿nufO{ To;leqsf ;Dk"0f{ af]6la?jf, a'6\ofg / kf]y|fx¿sf]gfk, ;ª\Vof, ltgn] cf]u6]sf] If]q -se/]h_ cflbsf]tYofª\s lnOPsf] lyof] . o;sf cltl/Qm ofqfsf a]nfvf;u/L psfnL–cf]/fnLx¿df k|To]s !)) ld6/sf]prfOdf ¿vx¿sf] ;+of]uaf/] tYofª\s ;ª\sng ul/Psf]lyof] . ;fy}, tL :yfgx¿sf] glhs kg]{ ufpF – a:tLdfuO{ ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿l;t 5nkmn u/L cf}iflwd"nf] tyfcGo k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ul/g] la?jfx¿af/]sf] ;"rgfklg ;ª\sng ul/Psf] lyof ] . kz'kG5Lsf xsdfjGohGt'sf kfOnfx¿, b]lvPhlt / cfjfh ;'lgPhltsfr/fx¿sf] tYofª\s /flvPsf] lyof] . s'n %#* dfgj–lbgvlr{Psf] o; cjlwdf jg:klt;DaGwL dfq sDtLdf $$xhf/ tYofª\s a'Fbfx¿ l6lkPsf lyP . e"–pkof]lutfsf]kl/jt{g / jGohGt' tyf kG5Lsf ;"rgfx¿ a]Un} 5g\ .

k|f/lDes glthfoBlk ;ª\sng ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ tYofª\s s]nfpg afFsLg} 5, k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ r'l/ofdf jgIf]q 36]/uPsf] 5 eg] s[lifIf]q lgs} a9]sf] 5 . h:t}M k"jL{g]kfnlt/ ;g\ !(%) sf] bzsdf r'l/ofdf *! k|ltztjgn] 9fs]sf] lyof] h'g ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsdf 36]/ &!k|ltzt / ;g\ !(() sf] bzsdf cem 36]/ %^ k|ltztk'u]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL #% jif{sf] cjlwdf ToxL If]qdf

a9\bf] cltqmd0fdf r'l/ofk"jL{ g]kfnsf] r'l/of If]qdf ljut #% jif{df s[lif If]q!@) k|ltztn] j[l4 eof] eg] jg If]q *! k|ltztaf6

36]/ %^ k|ltztdf em¥of] .-kmf]6f] M n]vs_"_

h}ljs ljljwtf


s[lif If]qdf eg] !@) k|ltzt cyf{t\ bf]Aa/eGbf a9Lcg'kftdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To; If]qdf ¿vx¿sf];ª\Vof k|ltx]S6/ sl/a ^(! ePsf] kfOof] h;dWo] (=*k|ltzt sfl6Psf 7'6f lyP . k"j{sf] oxL kl/l:ylt afFsLr'l/of If]qdf klg x'g] cfzª\sf ul/Psf] 5 .

t/ cWoogn] ;Dk"0f { lg/fzfdfq xf ]Og, cfzfk|bglthfx¿ klg cuf l8 NofPsf ] 5 . t/fO {sfhª\unx¿af6 x/fpFb} uPsf wg]if k"jL { r'l/ofsf]nfnemf]8f jgdf pl8/x]sf b]lvP eg] k"jL{ r'l/ofs};f]lQmdsf] dfOvf]nf / zflGt8fF8fsf vf]nf5]plt/ ¿v–pmGo" -6«L kmg{_ clg l;ªkm]/] / d}gfr'nLlt/ /fgL yfsn-;fOs; k]lS6gf6f_ sf 3f/Lx¿ g} e]l§P . ¿v–pGo" //fgL yfsn g]kfnsf nflu b'n{evfn] la?jf x'g\ / tLb 'j } ;fOl6;sf ] kl/lzi6df ;"lrt 5g\ . To:t} ,dWog]kfnsf] r'l/ofdfO{ If]qlt/ %)) ld6/sf] sdprfOd} ;Nnfsf jg e]l6P eg] rGb|lgufxk'/b]lv dflyu8fg;L/lt/ ^)) dL6/sf] 6'Kkf]df kxf8sf b'j} le/fnfkfvfdf vo/sf hª\unx¿ kfOof] . ;fdfGotof g]kfndf;Nnf ()) ld6/eGbf dfly / vo/ t/fO{lt/ gbL5]pkfOg] ¿v eg]/ lrlgG5g\ . ;'b"/klZrdsf] r'l/ofkxf8sf] a:tL ;'u/vfn -!#)) ld6/_ sf] jgdf afFem/ ;fn ;Fu;Fu} pld|Psf e]l§P h'g cfkm} Fdf Pp6f

j}1flgs rfvsf] ljifo xf] . r'l/ofsf] v's'nf] df6f]df/d0fLo tfn klg b]Vg kfOof] . df]/ªsf] 6fF8L uflj;dfcjl:yt r'nLkf]v/L -gfk M @ x]S6/, prfO{ ^%) ld_g]kfnsf] l;d;f/ ;"rLdf gofF gfd ylkPsf] 5 .

r'l/of If]qsf clwsfª\z afl;Gbf tL If]qdf kfOg]af]6la?jfsf] pkof]lutf / k|s[ltaf/] ulx/f] 1fg /fVb5g\ .k"j{df /fO{, lnDa", dWodf tdf8=, du/, klZrddf afx'g,If]qL / du/sf] afx'No b]lvP klg 7fpF7fpFsf r]kfª,s5f8]h:tf cNk;ª\Vos hfltsf] a;f]af; b]lvG5 . k'?if–dlxnf, :s'n] s]6fs]6L / 3/ ?ª\g] a'9fa'9L ;a} cfˆgf] 3/jl/kl/ kfOg] cf}iflwhGo la?jfl;t kl/lrt 5g\ . 3fp–rf]6 nfUbf v'a} hftL x'g] l;sf/L nx/f]sf] la?jf gd"gfxfdLnfO{ klxnf]rf]l6 !! jif]{ :s'n] 5fqn] NofOlbPsf] lyof] .s'g} 7fpFdf xfd|f] :yfgLo ufO8 g} lgDgdfWolds ljBfnosfljBfyL{ x'Gy] . To;f] t ghfg]/} xf]nf, 88]Nw'/fsf :s'n]s]6fs]6Lx¿n] kTy/L /f]udf pkrf/ x'g] kfif0fe]bsf km"nx¿af6f]df km\ofNb} lxF8]sf klg b]lvP . o;/L l;6fdf]nsfrSsLx¿n] ?lbnf]sf] /;nfO{ qmdzM lj:yflkt ug{ yfn]sf]gld7f] cg'ej klg r'l/ofn] u/fPsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf nflu b'n{e jg:klt /fgL yfsn -;fOs;k]lS6gf6f_ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] r'/] jgsf] uxgf . -kmf]6f]M n]vs_

r'l/ofsf] cWoogsf oL k|f/lDes glthfn] Pslt/r'l/ofsf] h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 eg]csf{lt/ a9\bf] jgljgf;sf] tYonfO{ klg cl3 t]:of{Psf]5 . r'l/ofsf] …;+/If0fÚ df bft[;+:yfx¿ cfslif{t ePsf]b]lvG5 t/ cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf tL cem klg pbfl;g5g\ . tL ;+:yfx¿ cfˆg} k|fyldstfsf] 3]/f / ljsf;]gf/fdf ?dlNnPsf 5g\ . ;g\ @))@ sf] kj{t jif{n]ljZjsf] Wofg kxf8sf] pkof]lutf / ltgsf] ;+/If0ftkm{{cfslif{t u¥of] . xfn} dfq klg xfdLn] kxf8 lbj;dgfof} + . s] r'l/of kxf8sf] cWoog xfd|f ] ;+/If0fsfo{;"rL x'g ;Sb}g <

g]kfnsf] l;d;f/ ;"rLdf gof“ gfd6f“8L uflj; df]/ª\df /x]sf] r'nLkf]v/L . -kmf]6f]M n]vs_

h}ljs ljljwtf


gf/fo0f–gf/fo0f Û x] k|e" arfpm, P afa' xf], pm7 pm7,;a} aflx/ lxF8 nf}, e'OFrfnf] cfof] . cfdf Û P cfdf ÛcF == cfF nf} g lg s;/L xlNnPsf] < pm== x]/ ¿vsf]6'Kkf]n] e'O{+ 5'g cfF6\of] . n == n == ;fgf] sfG5f]sf] 3/t un{Dd} kf] n8]5 . x/] lzj lzj Û pm == pm x]/ Û;fOFnfbfOsf] 3/ t wh}whf eP/ lrl/P5, n8\5 ls Sofxf] < P]of afaf Û x] O{Zj/ nf} g arfpm sf] 5 aflx/< dnfO{ lems, nf} g afaf d/]F lg . n x]/, 7"nf] sfsfsf]5f]/fn]s t ‰ofnaf6 xfdkmfn]/ v'§} kf] efFr]5 . u}/]sfG5fsf] 5f]/frflxF dflyaf6 cf]n{gnfUbf ln:g' v;]/n8]5, cfFlQP/ a]xf]; ePsf] 5 c/] .Æ

e'OFrfnf] jf e"sDk hfFbf o:t} lsl;dsf lrTsf/ tyfb'Mvsf :j/x¿ ;'lgg] u5{g\ . sf]xL xtfl;P/ a]xf];\x'G5g\, sf]xL 3/n] k'l/P/ d5{g\ eg] slt t 3/af6 efUbfn8]/ jf w]/}hgf Ps}kN6 efUg vf]Hbf k]lnP/ Hofg

u'dfpg k'U5g\ . cflv/, of] e'OFrfnf] xf] s] < lsguO/xG5 af/Daf/ / nfvf}Fsf] wgdfn df6f]df ldnfOlbG5,sltn] Hofg u'dfpF5g\ / cem slt t ckfª\u x'gk'U5g\ .s] o:tf] ljgf;sf/L e'OFrfnf] /f]Sg ;lsGg < o:tfk|nosf/L e'OFrfnf]af6 aRg] s'g} pkfo 5}g t <

kGw| jif{cl3 @)$% ;fn ebf} % ut] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] 7"nf]e"–efudf Pp6f dWodvfn] e'OFrfnf] uPsf] lyof] . pQme'OFrfnf]df &@! hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP, !,$@!hgfnfO{ uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf] lyof] / %,!#! hgf 3fOt]ePsf lyP eg] %,^(@ hgfnfO{ ;fwf/0f rf]6k6s nfu]sf]lyof] . ;f] e'OFrfnf]af6 @!,@$# 3/x¿ Wj:t ePsf lyP/ nueu ^^,))) a;f]af; ug{ gx'g]u/L rls{Psf lyP .To;}u/L !,@)@ ljBfno, !,!%( ;fj{hlgs ejgx¿ ;f]e'OFrfnf]sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf lyP eg] @,!#( 3/kfn'jfhgfj/ d/]sf lyP . To;eGbf * jif{klxn] cyf{t\ @)#&

sl/a @) s/f]8 jif{cl3 ;'? ePsf] ef/tLo pkdxfåLkcyf{t\ OlG8og Kn]6 pQ/tk{m lg/Gt/ ultzLn xF'b} hfg]k|s[of (Plate Tectonics) df sl/a % s/f]8 jif{clwo'/f]l;og Kn]6sf] blIf0fL pkv08 -ltAatLog Kn]6_ ;Fu7Ss/ vfg uof] . tt\kZrft OlG8og Kn]6 jflif{s @)ldlnld6/sf b/n] ltAaltog Kn]6d'lg 3':g hfFbf o;If]qdf adf{b]lv lxGb's'z;Dd sl/a @,%)) ls=ld=nfdf] lxdfno >[Înf aGg uPsf] xf] . oL kxf8x¿ef}ule{s ;dosf] lx;fan] gofF l;lh{t kxf8x¿dflgG5g\ . OlG8og Kn]6 ltAaltog Kn]6d'lg 3':g]k|lqmofdf ;l~rt e"sDkLo ann] dxfe"sDksf] ¿k lng]xF'bf of] If]q e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf kb{5 . ljut!)) jif{leq o; If]qdf uPsf dxfe"sDkx¿ h:t} ;g\!*(& / !(%) sf] cf;fd e"sDk, !()% sf] sfª\u8f

e"sDk / !(#$ sf] laxf/–g]kfn e"sDk o;sfpbfx/0fx¿ DfflgG5g\ . lxdfnL >[Înfdf ljutdf uPsfcGo e"sDkx¿sf] vf]hL u/L To:tf e"sDkx¿ k'g/fj[lQx'g] ;do, :yfg / e"sDksf] dfg cflbsf] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf cfFs8fx¿n] e"sDkLok|sf]ksf]] ;xL d"Nofª\sg u/L o; If]qdf e"sDksf]c;/af6 x'g;Sg] dfgjLo ;|f]t–;fwg Pj+ lhpwgsf]IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .

7"nf tyf demf}nf e"sDkx¿ ef}ule{s b/f/x¿sf]lqmofzLntfaf6 pTkGg x'g] x'Fbf lxdfnL If]qdf e"sDkpTkGg ug{ ;Ifd o:tf lqmofzLn b/f/x¿sf] klxrfgug'{ cTofjZos 5 . o:tf b/f/x¿sf] lqmofzLntfsf]k'g/fj[lQ;d]t ljleGg tl/sf ckgfO{ d"Nofª\sgug'{kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof hlt 7""nf] e"sDksf] dfg eof],

e'O“rfnf]af6 s:tf 3/ ;'/lIft x'G5g\ <ljho pkfWofo

g]kffndf P]ltxfl;s tyfg]kffndf P]ltxfl;s tyfg]kffndf P]ltxfl;s tyfg]kffndf P]ltxfl;s tyfg]kffndf P]ltxfl;s tyfk"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoogk"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoogk"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoogk"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoogk"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoog

;f]dgfy ;fksf]6f, dfwj/fh kf08]/fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|, vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, n}grf}/, sf7df8f}+ .

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


;fndf klZrd g]kfndf uPsf] e'OFrfnf]sf sf/0f !)#hgfsf] hofg uPsf], #(! hgf 3fOt] ePsf / @%,)*^3/ eTs]sf lyP . ljqmd ;Djt\ !(() sf] df3 @ ut];f]daf/ g]kfnsf] dWoefu tyf laxf/df Ps eoª\s/ljWj+;fTds e'OFrfnf] uPsf] lyof] . h;df nueu *,%!(hgfn] Hofg u'dfpg'sf ;fy} nfvf}F kl/jf/ 3/af/ljxLgePsf lyP . To; e'OFrfnf]n] *),*(# 3/ kftfndfwl;Psf lyP eg] !@^,#%% 3/ a:g gldNg]u/L Ifltu|:tx'gk'u]sf lyP .

;j{k|yd e'OFrfnf] s] xf] / s;/L hfG5, To;sf] ljifodfs]xL rrf{ ug'{ plrt xf]nf . kf}/fl0fs ls+jblGtcg';f/ljzfn s5'jfsf] 9f8dfly plePsf rf/ eLdsfo xfQLn]k[YjLnfO{ af]ls/fv]sf 5g\ . tL xfQLnfO{ af]ls/fVg]s5'jf jf k[YjLnfO{ cfˆgf] 9f8df c8\ofpg] rf/xfQLdWo] s;}n] s'g} klg sf/0fn] clnslt klg xnrnu/] eg] k[YjL xlNnG5, kmn:j¿k e'OFrfnf] hfG5 . ptf,j}1flgsx¿sf] syg eg] a]Un} 5 . k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdfljBdfg clt pRrtfkqmdsf sf/0fn] x/]s j:t'x¿klUnP/ t/n cj:yfdf plDn/x]sf x'G5g\ . e"–ue{sf] of]cj:yfaf6 ToxfF pTkGg pRrrfk clws ePkl5

e";txsf] s'g} sdhf]/ :yfgaf6 Hjfnfd'vL k'm6\g]u5{ .o;/L Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 x' Fbf To;j/k/sf] hldgxlNnguO{ e'O Frfnf ] cfpF5 . o:tfvfn] e'O Frfnf ]Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6g x'g] ;Defljt If]qx¿df hfg]u5{ .o;}u/L, k[YjLsf] ;txdf 7"nf–7"nf rnfodfg r§fgsf;txx¿ cyjf e"v08 -6]S6f]lgs Kn]6_ x¿ 5g\ . oLljzfn e"v08x¿ Pscfk;df vlK6Fbf jf 5'l§Fbf k[YjLsf]dflyNnf] ;tx;Dd k'Ug]u/L hf]8bf/ sDkg k}bf x'G5 /o;}nfO{ e'OFrfnf] elgG5 . kf}/fl0fs syg / j}1flgsJofVof a]Unfa]Un} eP tfklg e'OFrfnf] dflg;n] /f]s]/g/f]lsg] tyf slxn] hfG5 eg]/ eljiojf0fL ug{ g;lsg]k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf] eGg] ljifo eg] ;dfg 5 .

o:tf k|nosf/L k|fs[lts k|lqmofx¿sf sf/0f e";txdfcg]s kl/jt{g cfpg] u5{ . g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf kg]{lxdfno >[ª\vnfx¿ o:t} k|lqmofx¿sf sf/0f ;d'b|L;txaf6 p7]/ ag]sf x'g\ eg]/ e"ue{zf:qLx¿ atfpF5g\ .!(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDk klg ef/tLo e"v08 -OG8f]Uofª\ufl6s Kn]6_ ltAatL e"vG8 -l6a]l6og Kn]6_ lt/;+;/0f -;g]{ k|lqmof_ sf sf/0fn] pTkGg ePsf] lyof] .;f] dxfe"sDksf sf/0fn] k"jL{ g]kfnsf lxd>[ª\vnfx¿

plt nfdf] k'g/fj[lQ ;do x'G5 . pbfx/0f :j¿k sl/a* /]S6/:s]nsf] e"sDksf] k'g/fj[lQ ;do sl/a #))b]lv %)) jif{;Dd x'G5 . ctM nfdf] k'g/fj[lt ePsfe"sDkx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug{ nfdf] cjlwsf] e"sDkLocfFs8fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

o:tf e"sDkx¿ dfgj;Eotfsf] ljsf; eO;s]kl5 o;If]qdf sltk6s uP eGg] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{e"sDkLo cfFs8fsf] ljleGg ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .To;sf nflu ljleGg kf}/fl0fs u|Gy, lznfkq / tfd|kqcflbsf] cWoog u/L P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{x'G5 . lnlvt Oltxf;sf] cefjn] ubf{ P]ltxfl;sb:tfj]haf6 w]/} k'/fgf e"sDksf] d"Nofª\sg ug{;lsFb}g . pbfx/0f:j?k, g]kfn lxdfnodf ;aeGbfk'/fgf] pNn]v ePsf] e"sDk ;g\ !@%% df /fhf ceodNnsf] kfnfsf] b]lvG5 . o;df plNnlvt j0f{gx¿klg j}1flgs lgis;{ lgsfNg kof{Kt / ljZj;gLo klgb]lvFb}gg\ . e"sDk gfKg] oGqaf6 ;+slnt cfFs8faf6klg ;fwf/0ftof ;g \ !(^) sf ] bzskl5sfe"sDkx¿sf] dfq dfg Pjd\ s]Gb|laGb' ;"Idtfk"j{slgwf{/0f ug{ ;Dej 5 . b/f/x¿ lqmofzLn eO{ e"sDkhfFbf s'g} g s'g} ef}ule{s c;/ 5f8]/ hfg] x'Fbf

P]ltxfl;s tyf k"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx¿sf] cWoogltgn] 5f8]/ uPsf ef}ule{s c;/x¿sf] vf]h tyfcGj]if0faf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . vf ]hsf ] l;nl;nfdfcGj]if0ffTds pTvgg\ klg ug' {kg] { x'G5 . o;/LcfjZos k/]df pTvgg\ u/L k[YjLsf] ;txsf] :j¿ktyf ef}ule{s ;"rsx¿sf] cGj]if0f u/L P]ltxfl;s tyfk"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{ljwfnfO{ Paleoseismology elgG5 .

e"sDk hfFbfsf] ;dodf 5f8]/ uPsf c;/x¿df hldgwl;g] (Liquefaction), klx/f] hfg] (Landslide), hldgsf];tx lau|g] (Surface Deformation), e"sDk ;Fu;Fu}hldg ;g]{ (Co-seismic Slip) cflb kb{5g\ . logsf]cWoogaf6 ljutdf pTkGg ePsf e"sDkx¿sf] ljleGg;"rs Pj+ tYofª\ssf af/] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .

g]kfndf e"sDk;DaGwL cWoog–cg';Gwfg vfgL tyfe"ue{ ljefusf] /fli6«o e"sDkdfkg s]Gb|, n}grf}/n]k|mfG;sf] DASE ;Fusf] ;+o'Qm ;+nUgtfdf ub}{ cfPsf]5 . o; s]Gb|n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] k"j{b]lv klZrd;DddWokxf8 / r'/]kxf8sf] If]qdf :yfkgf ul/Psf @!j6f ;fOl:ds :6];gx¿ ;+rfng u/L e"sDkx¿sf]lg/Gt/ cWoog ul//x]sf] 5 . ljut !) jif{otf

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


ef/tLo d}bfgL efux¿eGbf nueu % ld6/ dfly p7]sflyP . ljqmd ;Djt\ !#!! b]lv !(() ;Ddsf] ̂ &( jif{dfg]kfnn] !(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDk hlQs} zlQmzfnL !)j6f e'OFrfnf] a]xf]/]sf] Oltxf; 5 . ul0ftLo cf};tsf]l;4fGtcg';f/ ;/b/ ^&=( jif {df Psk6s o:tf]ljgf;sf/L dxfe"sDk uPsf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf o;/LlglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf e'OFrfnf] uOlbg] eP ;fobeljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsGYof] xf]nf . t/, l:ylt o:tf] 5}g .t}klg Oltxf;sf] n]vfhf]vf / xfn;fn} ePsf ljleGgcWoogx¿n] eg] &) b]lv !)) jif{;Dddf Pp6fdxfe"sDk cfpg] alnof] ;Defjgf b]vfPsf] 5 . !(();fnsf] e'OFrfnf] uPsf] cfh &) jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn tyf dWoklZrdfQrn If]qdf eg]s'g} 7"nf] dxfe"sDksf] lnlvt cyjf k|fdfl0fs Oltxf;k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 of] If]q cem} k|nosf/Ldxfe"sDksf] rk]6fdf kg]{ ;Defjgf alnof] x'Fb} uO/x]sf]5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] eg] ef/tLo e"v08 ltAatLe"v08lt/ k|ltjif{ @ ;]lG6ld6/sf b/n] ;+;/0f eO/x]sf]n]g]kfnsf] sf7df8f} F / ef/tsf] b]x/fb'gaLrsf] b"/L

;ª\slnt ;fOl:ds cfFs8f tyf cGo cWoog–cg';Gwfgx¿af6 lxdfnosf] ;fOl:ds rqmsf] df]8]nljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ o; If]qdf uPsfdxfe"sDkx¿ r'l/ofsf] blIf0fL k]mbdf cjl:yt b/f/(Himalayan Frontal Thrust, HFT) df xnrnpTkGg eO{ cyjf cem blIf0fL efudf gofF b/f/sf]lgdf{0f eO{ ;txdf lg:s]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] /fli6«oe"sDkdfkg s]Gb|n] k|mfG; / cd]l/sfsf j}1flgsx¿;FuldnL r'l/of kxf8sf] blIf0fL k]mbsf] cf;kf;dfPaleoseismological cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{;d]t ;'?ul/;s]sf] 5 .

k"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ To:tfe"sDkx¿n] 5f8]/ uPsf c;/x¿ xfn vf]nfn] y'kf/]sf]y]u|f] (Alluvial Deposit) sf] y'k|f] d'gL / kxf8af6 e"–Ifo eO{ kxf8sf] k]mbsf] ;Dd k/]sf] efudf y'kf/]sf]y'k|f] (Colluvial Deposit) df k'l/g uPsf] x'Fbf To:tf7fpFdf pTvgg\ sfo{ u/L tL e"sDkn] 5f8]/ uPsfc;/x¿sf] cWoog ul/G5 . o:tf] pTvgg\ sfo{ ubf{Ps jf PseGbf a9L e"sDksf c;/x¿ k]mnf kfg{;lsG5 . Paleoseismological cWoog r§fg tyfdf6f]sf txx¿aLrsf] lj:yfkg, gofF txnfO{ k'/fgf]

txn] 7f8f] sf6]/ dfly hfg] k|lqmof, tyf e"–;txsf]aflx/L :j?k / ljleGg txx¿ aLrsf] cfGtl/s;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . dflysf] tYox¿af6 tLe"sDkx¿sf] ;fk]lIfs pd]/ yfxf eP klg ltgsf]jf:tljs pd]/ cyf{t\ e"sDk uPsf] slt jif{ klxn] xf]eGg] k|:6 x'Fb}g . tL e"sDkx¿sf] jf:tljs pd]/ yfxfkfpg e"sDkn] c;/ kf/]sf / e"sDkkl5 y'kfl/Psfefudf /x]sf k|fËl/s /]l8of]wdL{ tŒj Carbon-14 sf]cWoogaf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . h;sf nflu lxdgbL,vf]nf xfjf cyjf cGo s'g} ;|f]tn] To; ;dodf NofO{y'kf/]sf] sf7sf] 6'qmf k|of]u ul/G5 .

pTvgg\ sfo{ ug{'k"j{ pTvgg\ ug]{ pko'Qm 7fpFsf]5gf]6 ug{sf nflu ;Defljt If]qsf] 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;f(Topographical Maps), Pl/on kmf]6f]u|fkm (AerialPhotos) / ;]6]nfO6 Od]h (Satellite Images) cflbsf]lj:t[t cWoog u/L :ynut lg/LIf0f;d]t ug{'kb{5 .g]kfn lxdfnosf] ;Gbe{df pTvgg\ ug]{ 7fpFsf] klxrfglgDg rf/ aF'bfaf6 ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .!= k|fs[lts Scarp / Tectonic Scarp sf] klxrfg@= b/f/sf] Foot-wall / Hanging-wall sf] l:ylt#= Tectonic Scarp sf] prfO % ld6/eGbf sd

kl/jt{g x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf olb b'O{ ;ojif{;Dd 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] guPsf] v08df ;+;/0f jf;ª\3if{0fsf sf/0f oL e"v08x¿ @)) x @ = $)));]lG6ld6/ cyjf $ ld6/hlt wl;g] x'G5 . o:t}u/L, kfFr;o jif{;Dd klg s'g} 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] guPsf] v08df eg]!) ld6/hlt wl;g] x'G5, h;sf] kl/0ffd cf7 /]S6/:s]na/fa/sf] e'OFrfnf]df kl/0ft x'g]5 . cyf{t\ o; If]qdfs'g} b'O{ dxfe"sDkaLrsf] ;dofGt/ hlt a9\of], pltcfufdL e'OFrfnf]sf] c;/ cem ljgf;sf/L x'g] x'G5 .o;sf] dtna e'OFrfnf] hlt l9nf] uof], To;sf] kl/0ffdjf dfk plt g} a9\g uO{ To;af6 x'g] ljgf;sf] tLj|tfemg\–emg\ a9\b} hfG5 . kfNkf, a'6jn, e}/xjfh:tf7fpFx¿df clxn];Dd e'OFrfnf] guPsfn] eljiodf klghfFb}g eg]/ 9'Ss x'g' s'g} klg xfntdf a'l4dfgL 7xl/Fb}g .lsgeg] g]kfnsf] s'g} klg e"–efu e'OFrfnf]sf] vt/faf6d'Qm 5}g / g]kfnel/ g} ;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf–7"nfe'OFrfnf] uO{ g} /xg]5g\ . e'OFrfnf] g t /f]Sg ;lsG5, gs'g–s'g ldltdf jf ;dodf sqf e'OFrfnf] cfpF5g\ eg]/ls6fgL;fy eljiojf0fL ug{ g} ;lsg] l:ylt 5 .

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


$= ;fgf vf]N;fx¿af6 df6f], l;N6, afn'jf / u|fe]nx¿hDdf x'g] 7fpF

o:tf] cj:yf ljleGg 6]S6f]lgs jftfj/0f (TectonicEnvironment) df km/s–km/s x'g ;Sb5 .

k|fs[lts Scarp ePsf] 7fpFdf pTvgg\ sfo{ ug{ sl7gx'G5 . lsgeg] o:tf Scarp x¿ ;fwf/0ftof vf]nfn]sf6\b} agfPsf] PstkmL{ lsgf/fdf b]lvG5g\ . h;dfvf]nfn] w]/}cufl8 y'kf/]sf] k'/fgf] df6f], l;N6 / afn'jftx lg/Gt/ vf]nfsf] s6fOn] ubf{ aufP/ n}hfg] xF'bfo:tf 7fpFx¿sf b/f/x¿df ;fk]lIfs lj:yfkg b]lvPtfklg pQm lj:yfkgsf] qmlds ;do kQf nufpg ufx|f]x'G5 . t/ o:tf k|fs[lts Scarp x¿n] To; 7fpFj/k/pTvgg\ sfo{sf nflu pko'Qm 7fpF k]mnf kg{ ;Sg]alnof] ;DefjgfnfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . To;}n] o:tf 7fpFj/k/ % ld6/eGbf sd prfO ePsf TectonicScarps / ;fgf] vf]N;fx¿n] aufP/ NofPsf kbfy{x¿hDdf x'g] 7fpF k]mnf k/]df tL 7fpFx¿ pTvgg\ sfo{sf]nflu pko'Qm dflgG5g\ . Tectonic Scarps sf] prfO% ld6/eGbf a9L ePdf b/f/sf Hanging-wall /Foot-wall sf] ;DaGw cWoog ug{ w]/} ulx/f] vfN8f]vGg'kg]{ x'G5, h'g w]/} vlr{nf] / c;'/lIft x'g ;Sb5 .

vf]N;fn] aufP/ NofPsf] kbfy{x¿ b/f/sf Foot-walldf hDdf x'g] xF'bf Hanging-wall df ePsf s8fr§fgdf eGbf e"sDksf c;/x¿ oL kbfy{x¿df :ki6b]Vg ;lsG5, ;fy} o:tf kbfy{x¿df k|r'/ dfqfdfk|fËl/s tŒj (Carbon bearing substance) kfpg;lsg] ePsf]n] e"sDkx¿sf] pd]/ kQf nufpg;d]t;lhnf] kb{5 .

@)%* ;fnsf] d+l;/ dlxgfdf vfgL tyf e"ue{ljefusf] /fli6«o e"sDkdfkg s]Gb|–n}grf}/, k|mfG;sf]DASE / CNRS / cd]l/sfsf] California StateUniversity sf j}1flgsx¿sf] ;+o'Qm 6f]nLn] dxf]Q/LlhNnfsf] vo/df/f uflj;cGtu{t df/f vf]nfdfpTvgg\ sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{df pQ/–blIf0f / k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf u/L sl/a %) ld6/ nfdf],% ld6/ rf}8f / % ld6/ ulx/fOsf b'O{j6f 6«]Gr vlgPsflyP . h;sf] k|f/lDes glthfaf6 To; If]qdf ljutdfsDtLdf b'O{j6f e"sDkx¿ uPsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ug{;lsG5 . t/ oL e"sDkx¿ slxn] uPsf lyP eGg] tYoCarbon-14 sf] kl/0ffd k|fKt ePkl5 dfq eGg;lsg]5 . ;f] kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{ ljleGg txaf6Carbon-14 sf gd'gfx¿ ;ª\sng u/L k|of]uzfnf

;fwf/0ftof e'OFrfnf] cfkm}Fn] s;}nfO{ dfb}{g t/ o;sf]sf/0faf6 elTsPsf sdhf]/ 3/, k'n cflb dfgjlgld{t;+/rgfx¿sf] eUgfjz]ifn] lsr]/ jf e'OFrfnf]sf] a]nfxtfl;P/ ;fF3'/f] :yfgaf6 w]/}hgf Ps}k6s efUg jflg:sg vf]Hbf lslrP/ dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] ub{5 .ljutsf e'OFrfnf]x¿n] eTsfPsf / To:tf k|nosf/Lk|sf]kx¿df ar]sf ejgx¿sf] lj:t[t cWoog tyfljZn]if0f k|fljlwsx¿n] u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] lgrf]8sf]¿kdf e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds lgdf{0f k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf]5 . pQm k|ljlwsf] k|of ]u u/]/ agfOPsf 3/x¿e'OFrfnf]sf] a]nf ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] ag]sf 3/x¿sf]t'ngfdf w]/} ;'/lIft /xG5g\ / hgwgsf] Iflt klg guGox'g] x'G5 . ;fljss} lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ ;'wfl/Psf]k|ljlwcg';f/ k|of]u u/]/ o:tf e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds3/x¿ agfpg ;lsG5 .

e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds k|ljlwsf] rrf{ ug'{eGbf klxn]e'OFrfnf]n] ejgdf s;/L c;/ ug{ eg]/ hfGg' h?/Lx'G5 . ;fljssf 3/x¿df ePsf sdLsdhf]/L tyfltgLx¿nfO{ e'OFrfnf]sf] ;fg} wSsfaf6 n8fpgsf] sf/0f

yfxf kfpg' plQs} ;fGble{s x'G5 . e'OFrfnf] hfFbfhldgsf] ;tx sDkg x'g] x'Fbf ;aeGbf klxn] 3/sf] huxlNnG5 . hudfly ag]sf] ufx|f] hlt cUnf] 5, TolQ g}sDkgsf] j]u a9\5 / ;aeGbf cUnf] efudf of] j]u klg;aeGbf tLj| x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 7f8f] kf/]/ e'O{+dfufl8Psf] l;wf / !) ld6/ cUnf] kfOknfO{ hldg;tsdf ! ;]lG6ld6/ bfofFafofF ;g]{u/L xNnfPsf] v08dfTo;sf] 6'Kkf]rflxF !) ;l]G6ld6/ bfofFafofF k'UghfG5 .ctM 3/ hlt cUnf] eof], sDkgsf] j]u TolQ g} 7"nf] x'g]x'Fbf cUnf 3/x¿sf] t'ngfdf xf]rf 3/x¿ e'OFrfnf]af6a9L ;'/lIft x 'G5g\ . g ]kfndf ePsf 3/x¿sf ]ljZn ] i f0 f f Tds cWoog ubf { lgDgcg ';f/sf ]sdLsdhf]/Lx¿sf sf/0f e'OFrfnf]sf] df/af6 aRgg;Sg] s'/f kQf nfu]sf] 5, h'g xfd|f 3/df ePsfo:tf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ x6fP/ gofF 3/nfO{ e"sDkk|lt/f]wfTds agfpg ;lsG5 .

• 3/sf] cfsf/k|sf/ tyf rf}8fOsf] t'ngfdfnDafO w]/} g} a9L x'g', sdhf]/ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]k|of]u ul/g' .

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cWoogsf nflu ljb]z k7fOPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf k"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx¿sf] cWoog sfo{sf]l;nl;nfdf k|f= 8f= ljzfngfy pk|]tL / tfsf;Lgfsftfn] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ltdfO{ vf]nf / 6f]snf lrofaufg If]qdf pTvgg\ sfo{ u/L sl/a !,@)) b]lv!,))) jif{ cl3 To; If]qdf e"sDk uPsf] x'g ;Sg]lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g\ . o:t}, cWoog ef/tsf] b]x/fb'gIf]qdf ;]lGyn s'df/ / j]:g':sLsf] l6dn] pTvgg\ sfo{u/L cfheGbf sl/a ^%) jif{otf b'O{j6f e"sDkuPsf] lgisif{ pTvgg\ sfo{af6 cfPsf] cfFs8faf6lbPsf 5g\ .

cfpFbf jif{df vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, DASE France,

/ California State University cd]l/sfsf] ;+o'Qmk|of;df lxdfnosf] kl5Nnf] gofF b/f/ (HFT) sfljleGg v08df pTvgg\ sfo{ u/L P]ltxfl;s / k"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf]5 . k | f/lDes cg'dfgcg';f/ k "j {b ] lv klZrdLl;dfgf;Dd h;sf] kl/j]zdf g]kfn clw/fHodf sl/a@) 7fpFdf 6]«Gr pTvgg\ u/L P]ltxfl;s tyf k"j{–P]ltxfl;s dxfe"sDkx¿sf] ef}ule{s c;/ lgwf{/0f ug{;s] ;do;fk]If e"sDk d"NofÍg ug{df 7"nf] ;3fpk'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 .

-;fef/ M ;dfrf/ klqsf, cÍ–!(, g]kfn ef}ule{s;dfh, j}zfv @)%(_

• df]6f] tyf w]/} jhg ePsf] leQf / 5fgf] agfpg]rng x'g'

• ufx|f]df k|of]u ul/Psf OF6f tyf 9'ª\ufx¿aLr/fd|f] aGwg jf hf]8fOsf] cefj x'g' .

• ufx|f], rf]6f, 5fgf cflb Pscfk;sf aLrdf/fd|f];Fu aGwg gx'g' / s'gf tyf hf]gL{x¿sdhf]/ x'g' .

• 3/sf] tNnf] tnfdf k;nsf nflu rf}8f9f]sfx¿ /flvg' .

• ljutdf k|of]u ul/g] u/]sf sf7sf] t];f]{ aGwgtyf 7f8g] vfFaf / blng tyf lgbfndf /flvg]u/]sf r's'nsf] rng x/fpFb} hfg' .

• ‰ofn, 9f]sf, leQ] b/fhh:tf efux¿ ufx|f]dfhtftt} /flvg' .

Pn\ 6L jf o" cfsf/ jf afFs] k/]sf 3/x¿sf] t'ngfdfjuf{sf/ jf cfoftsf/ 3/x¿ ;'/lIft x'G5g\ . rf}8fOsf]tLgu'0ff jf ;f]eGbf nfdf] / tLg tnfeGbf cUnf] 3/gagfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . olb ;f]eGbf cUnf] 3/ agfpgk/]df of]Uo k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ lnP/ dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ug' {k5{ . l:y/ tyf vFlbnf] ;txdf plrt gfk /cfsf/sf] kSsL hu /fv]/ e/sf] jhg ;s];Dd sdug]{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|L tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L 3/ agfpg'kb{5 . plrt gfk, cfsf/ tyf :yfgdf dfq ‰ofn–9f]sf /fVg'k5{ . leQfdf k|of]u x'g] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿Pjd\ s'gf tyf hf]gL{x¿aLr /fd|f ] aGwg x'g]u/L

agfpg'k5{ . ljleGg ;txdf t];f]{ k|anLs/0f k]6L, s'gf,hf]gL{ tyf ‰ofn, 9f]sfx¿sf] bfofFafofF 7f8f] k|anLs/0fclgjfo{¿kdf /fVg'k5{ . 3/sf k|d'v cª\ux¿ hu, ufx|f],rf]6f tyf 5fgfsf] aLrdf /fd|f] aGwg u/]/ agfpg] /rf]6f, 5fgfdf ;s];Dd xn'sf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u/fd|f] x'G5 .

o; lsl;dsf] k|ljlwåf/f 3/ agfpFbf % b]lv & k|ltzta9L vr{ x'G5 . eljiodf cfOkg]{ e'OFrfnf]sf df/af6x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{ olt a9L nufgL u/]/ 3/agfpg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{ dtgxf]nf . e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds k|ljlwsf] ;fy{stf tyfo;sf] ;+lIfKt k|fylds 1fg k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ ;'nex'g clt cfjZos 5 .

alg;s]sf 3/sf] klg e"sDkLo hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf u/Lsdhf]/ ;fljt ePsf 3/x¿nfO{ ;Defljt e'OFrfnf]af6arfpgsf nflu ljz]if dd{t;'wf/ ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|ljlwnfO{ e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0felgG5 . klxn] g} alg;s]sf t/ e"sDkLo lx;fjn]sdhf]/ b]lvPsf 3/x¿nfO{ geTsfO{sg} yk lgdf{0f;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f (Sesmic Ret-rofitting) ug{ ;lsG5 . alg;s]sf] 3/nfO{ k"/} eTsfP/gofF 3/ agfpg cfly{s tyf cGo sf/0fn] ;a}sf nflu;Dej gx'g ;S5 . t/, o:tf 3/df e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsfnflu ‰ofn, 9f ]sfx¿sf] gfk / :yfgdf x]/km ]/cTofjZos yk aGwg tyf k|anLs/0fx¿ /fv]/ ;'/lIftagfpg ;lsG5 . ❊

/fli6« e"sDk ;'/Iff lbj; Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;df ;fy{s agf];\ .

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k|fs[lt k|sf]k

g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, ljljwfo'Qm df};d / sf]dne"–;txsf sf/0f af9Lklx/f ], v8]/L, e'OFrfnf]h:tfk|fs[lts k|sf]ksf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 . To;df klg;dfh clzIff, c1fgtf / ul/aLn] cfqmfGt ePsfn]k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly a9]sf] dfgjLo cltqmd0f / ljgf;n]ubf{ Pstkm{ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Ifltdf j[l4 eO/x]sf]5 eg] csf]{tkm{ /f]usf] dxfdf/L, cfunfuL, ef]sd/Lh:tfk|sf]ksf] Iflt klg al9/x]sf] 5 . o:tf k|sf]kaf6 x'g] IfltGo"g ug{ r]tgf clej[l4n] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ x'Fbfcfd;~rf/sf dfWodn] o;df dxŒjk"0f { sfo{ ug{;Sb5g\ .

/fli6«o e"sDk ;'/Iff lbj;–@)^) sf] cj;/ kf/]/ /fli6«o;dfrf/ ;ldlt, PS;gP8 g]kfn, e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o;dfh tyf Pl;og l8hf:6/ lk|k8g]; ;]G6/n] ;+o'Qm¿kdfcfof]hgf u/]sf] æk|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf cfd;~rf/dfWodsf]e"ldsfÆ ljifos sfo{zfnfsf jQmf tyf sfo{kq k|:tf]tfn]cfd;~rf/dfWodn] hgtfnfO{ k|sf]k;DaGwL k'g:yf{kgf,k"j{tof/L / p4f/sf If]qdf ;r]t u/fpg;Sg] atfP .

sfo{zfnfdf k|sf]kaf6 ljZj, Pl;of / g]kfndf ;g\ !(*@b]lv @))@ sf] cjlwdf ePsf] hgwgsf] Ifltsf] ljj/0fk|:t't ub} { g]kfndf hgwgsf] Iflt cTolws x'g'dfr]tgfsf] cefj g} k|d'v sf/s /x]sf]tkm{ ;ª\s]t ul/Psf]lyof] . af9Lklx/f]sf] k|sf]k x/]s jif{ cfpg] g]kfndfTo;af6 jif]{gL sl/a #)) hgfsf] d[To' x'g] / b;f}F xhf/dflg; k|efljt x'g]u/]sf 5g\ .

hg;fwf/0f;Dd kx' Fr /xg] cfd;~rf/sf dfWodsf]k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ cfd;~rf/sdL{nfO{ k|sf]k;DaGwLtflnd, 1fg, ;"rgf, ;dGjo, n]vgj[lQ cflbsf nflugLltut Joj:yf x'g'kg]{df ;xefuLx¿n] hf]8 lbPsf lyP .

sfo{zfnfdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf ;x;lrj;'zLn l3ld/]n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;dod} Wofgk'¥ofpg;s] o;af6 x'g] Iflt 36fpg ;lsg] s'/fdf hf]8lbFb} o;;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ cfd;~rf/sf] pkof]uug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] . To;}u/L g]kfn 6]lnlehgsfdxfk|aGws b'uf{gfy zdf{n] g]kfndf ljB'tLo tyf 5fkfsf;~rf/dfWodsf] /fd|f] ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'Fbf oL dfWodn]k |sf ]k Joj:yfkg, k"j {tof/L / p4f/sf ;DaGwdfgful/snfO{ ;r]t u/fpg;Sg] wf/0f JoQm ug'{eof] .

sfo{qmddf /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf >L/fdl;+xa:g]tn] k|sf]knfO{ klg ljsf; kqsfl/tfsf] cleGg cª\usf]¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{tkm{ hf]8 lbFb} k|sf]k b}jLzlQmaf6geO{ k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f cfpg]x'Fbf o;af6 x'g] Iflt Go"g ug{ hgtfdf r]tgf Nofpg;~rf/dfWod k|efjsf/L x'g] atfpg'eof] .

e"sDkljb\ OlGhlgo/ dx]z gsdL{n] g]kfn e"sDkLo b[li6n]hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf] hgfpFb} g]kfndf !(() ;fnsf] h:t} !!j6f e'OFrfnf] cfO;s]sf] / km]l/ klg To:t} e'OFrfnf] cfPsf7df8f}Fdf $) xhf/ dflg; dg{;Sg] / 7"nf] cfly{sgf]S;fgL x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] a]n}df ;ts{tf ckgfpg'kg]{s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . k|sf]kaf/] r]tgf clej[l4n] gf]S;fgLGo"g ug{ k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ x'Fbf kqsf/x¿nfO{o;df Wofg lbg gsdL{n] cfu|x;d]t ug'{eof] .

5fkf tyf ljB'tLo cfd;~rf/dfWodsf k|ltlglw, k|sf]kGo"gLs/0fsf If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsfsl/a ^) hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] ;f] sfo{zfnfdf e"sDkk|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfhsf cWoIf lzjaxfb'/ k|wfgfª\u /dxf;lrj cfdf]bdl0f bLlIftn] cfd;~rf/dfWodn] k|sf]ksf]Iflt Go"g ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg]tkm{ Oª\lutub} { sfo{zfnfaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf] sfof{Gjog x'g;s]hgwgsf] Iflt Go"g ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pNn]v ug'{eof] .

To;}u/L Pl;og l8hf:6/ lk|k8g]; ;]G6/sf a'l4 j]/fl;ª\u]tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf dfgaxfb'/ yfkf/ PS;g P8 g]kfnsf Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnLn] lbuf] ljsf; /ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu klg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ckl/xfo{ ePsf]tyf cfxtn] /fxt kfpg' gful/s clwsf/ g} ePsf] x'FbfkLl8tnfO{ tTsfn /fxt pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8lbFb} cfd;~rf/;Fu ;a}n] xft]dfnf] ug'{kg]{ atfpg'eof] .

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k|:t't tYofª\snfO{ x]bf{ Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf k|efjsf/Lpkfox¿ cjnDjg gu/]s} sf/0f Pl;ofdf k|sf]kaf6 x'g]Iflt t'ngfTds ¿kdf cTolws /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|sf]kcj:oDefjL eP klg k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{hgr]tgfn] cxd\ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . cftM o; sfo{df


k[k[k[k[k[

e'O“rfnf] M lgoGq0f ug{ ;ls“b}g aRg] pkfo u/f}“ –kof{j/0f 8]:s

e'O“rfnf] s] xf] <e'O“rfnf] s] xf] <e'O“rfnf] s] xf] <e'O“rfnf] s] xf] <e'O“rfnf] s] xf] <• k[YjLsf] cfGtl/s tyf ef}ule{s cj:yfdf

cfpg] kl/jt{gaf6 l;h{gf x'g] c;Gt'ngsfsf/0f pTkGg x 'g ] ef }u le {s sDkgn ]e";txnfO{ lbg] hf]8bf/ wSsfaf6 e"ld xlNng]lqmofnfO{ e'O“rfnf] elgG5 .

• k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdf /x]sf] tftf] n]bf] kbfy{-DofUdf_ aflx/ lg:sg vf]Hbf jf lg:s“bfk[YjLsf] ;txdf x'g] xnrn tyf sDkg .

tyf cfsl:ds lqmof–k|ltlqmofsf sf/0f ljleGglsl;dsf 36gf tyf b'3{6gf eO/xG5g\ . log} lqmof–k|ltlqmofsf sf/0fn] x'/Latf; rNg', cl;gfkfgL kg'{,clt jiff{ x'g', v8]/L kg'{, af9L cfpg', r6\oª\ kg'{,l;tnx/ rNg', klx/f] hfg' / e'OFrfnf] cfpg'h:tfk|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gf lgoldt eO/xG5g\ . o:tf w/}k|fs[lts k|sf]k k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgfdf x'g] xnrn tyfk|s[ltdf cfkm}F pTkGg c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f x'g] ub{5g\

eg] sltko k|fs[lts k|sf]k dfgjLo sf/0fn] klg x'g]ub{5g\ . dflg;n] k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 g} pTkGg x'g]k|sf]ksf] qf;bL sfnfGt/ b]lv vKg' kl//x]s} 5 .To;df klg hg;ª\Vof j[l4, clgof]lht ljsf;–lgdf{0f,bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cefjdf ul/Psf lg0f{o / cGo sfo{,lg/Gt/ a9\b} uPsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{n] pTkGgkl/l:ylt tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly al9/x]sf] cltqmd0fn]eO/x]sf] jftfj/0fLo ljgf;sf sf/0faf6 sltkok|fs[lts k|sf]k ckm}+n] lgDTofO{ dflg;n] tLgsf] ;fdgful//xg'k/]sf] 5 . xfn;Ddsf] cWoogcg';f/ dfgjLosf/0faf6 geP/ k|fs[lts sf/0faf6} cfpg] e'OFrfnf]cyjf e"–sDk k[YjLsf] w/ftndf ck"/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofpg]eoª\s/ ljgf;sf/L k|fs[lts k|no dflgPsf] 5 . x'g tljZjdf k|fs[lts k|sf]k cfpg] k"j{;"rgf lbg w/}j}1flgs k|ljlwx¿ ljsf; eO;s]sf 5g\ tyflk, ;a}k |sf/sf k | fs [ ltsk|sf]ksf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} /x]sf]5 . df};dsf ;DaGwdfjfo'sf] cj:yf, rfk, ult,tfkqmddf eO/x ]sf ]lgoldt kl/jt{gh:tfljifosf ] cWoog u/]/k"jf{g'dfg nufpg ;lsG5eg] cltj[li6, cgfj[li6

cflb ljifodf klg k"j{cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cfj:yfsf]ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . e"ue{sf] cj:yfsf] cWoogåf/fe'O Frfnf ]sf ] nflu vf; If ]qnfO { s'g xb;Ddsf ];Dj]bgzLn If]q xf] eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] eP klge'OFrfnf] cfpg] ljifodf k"j{cg'dfg ug{ cfh;Dd ePsf]j}1flgs pGgltn] ;kmntf kfPsf] 5}g . e'OFrfnf]cfO;s]kl5 To;sf] pTklQ s]Gb| / Ifdtfsf] dfkg x'g]k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] eP klg of] sqf], s'g 7fpFdf /s'g ;dodf cfpF5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsFb}g . oltdfqxf]Og o; k|sf]kn] af9L–klx/f]n]h:tf] s'g} lgwf{l/t

If]qnfO{ dfq c;/ kfb}{g . ;dy/ t/fO{, dWo tyf pRrkxf8 / lxdfn, pkTosfh:tf ljleGg ef}uf]ls If]qdf/x]sf k|fs[lts ;fwg / dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgfnfO{ o;n]g/fd|/L IftljIft kfg{ ;Sb5 . To;}sf/0f e'OFrfnf]nfO{ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf k|nosf/L / ljgf;sf/L k|fs[ltsk|sf]ksf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .

e'O“rfnf] s] xf] <k|fs[lts k|sf ]kdWo] e'O Frfnf ] Psbd} zlQmzfnL,ljgf;sf/L / qf;bLk"0f{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k xf] . k[YjLsf]ef}ule{s cyjf leqL xnrnsf sf/0f k[YjLsf] ;txxlNng] k|lqmofnfO{ e'OFrfnf] elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffsfb'O{ zAb– e'O{+ = e"ld cyjf hldg / rfn = rNg',xlNng'_ sf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf] e'OFrfnf]n] e"ld sfFKg]k | lqmofnfO { hgfpF5 . e'O Frfnf ]sf ] kl/efiff lb Fb }

RofDa/sf ] @)( cf } F; ] Gr '/ L zAbsf ] i fn ]…hldg xNng' g} e'OFrfnf]xf]Ú eg]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn/fhsLok|1fklti7fgåf/fk|sflzt a[xt\ g]kfnLzAbsf]zdf …e'OFrfnf],e "sDk jf e } Frfnf ]Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf ]6g

k[YjLsf ] ef }uf ] lns agfj6, xfjf, kfgLsf ];+/rgf, h}ljs / ch}ljs j:t'aLrsf] lgoldt

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


e'O{+rfnf];DaGwL unt wf/0ff

• b]jL b]jtf l/;fPsf] sf/0fn]e'O{+rfnf] cfp“5 .

• ljZjdf cTolws kfkhGo sfo{ul/Pdf e'O{+rfnf] cfp“5 .

• k[YjLnfO{ sf“wdf af]Sg] xfQL,z]ifgfu, x\j]ndf5f, a“b]n cflbn]sf“w km]bf{ e'O{+rfnf] cfp“5 .

e'O{+rfnf] s;/L hfG5 <• k[YjLsf] leqL efudf kUn]sf] tftf] n]bf] jf

t/n kbfy{ Hjfnfd'vLsf ¿kdf aflx¿lg:s“bf jf cGo sf/0fn] leqL ;txdfxnrn x'“bf .

• ;d'b|df Hjf/ef6 p7]/ cf;kf;sf] hldgdf7f]lSsO{ hldgdf xnrn cfp“bf .

cflbsf sf/0fn] k[YjLsf]ultdf c;Gt'ng cfO{ ;txxlNng ] sfdÚ eg ]/kl/eflift ul/Psf ] 5 .o;k |sf/ k [YjLsf ] leqLef}ule{s cj:yfdf cfpg]kl/jt {gtyf xnrnaf6l;h{gf x'g] c;Gt'ngsfsf/0f pTkGg x'g] ef}ule{ssDkgn] e";txnfO{ lbg]hf]8bf/ wSsfaf6 hldg tyf e"ld xlNng] lqmofnfO{e'OFrfnf] elgG5 . o;/L e"ld xlNnFbf hldg lr/f kg]{,kmf6\g], dflg;åf/f lgld{t ef}lts ;+/rgf tx;gx; x'g],hldg wl:;g], kxf8L If]qdf klx/f] hfg] / t/fO{ If]qdftyf ;dy/ e"ld efl:;g uO{ tnfp aGg]h:tf c:jfefljscj:yf l;h{g x'G5g\ .

e'O“rfnf] lsg cfp“5 <k[YjLsf] ;tx w]/} tx tyf kftfx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 .k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 hlt tn tyf leqL efult/ uOG5TolQ g} tfk a9\b} hfG5 . j}1flgsx¿sf cg';f/k[YjLsf] sl/a dWo;efult/ x'g] l;;f, kmnfdh:tf j:t'k lg clws tfksf sf/0f klUnP/ emf ]n tyfn]bf]sf]¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf x'G5g\ . u'?Œjfsif{0fn] ubf{To;/L klUnPsf] t/n tyf emf]n kbfy{nfO{ k[YjLsf]dflyNnf] txn] bjfj lbg] jf lyRg] sfd ub{5 . To;f]x'Fbf k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] tx emf]n jf n]bf]df 8'Ag] / leqLtxdf /x]sf] tftf] n]bf] kbfy{n] k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] txlt/bafa lbg] qmd ;'? x'G5 . n]bf] / 7f]; j:t'aLr x'g]cfGtl/s rfksf sf/0f k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] sdhf]/efusf kq tyf r§fgL If]qn] Tof] rfknfO{ yfDg ;Sb}gg\/ lr/fx¿af6 n]bf] aflx/tkm{ lg:sG5 / lr/fg]/ 7"nf]zlQm pTkGg x'G5 . ToxL zlQmsf sf/0f hf]8bf/e"sDkLo nx/x¿ k}bf x'G5g\, h'gk[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txsf] tn jfleqsf] s'g} laGb'af6 k|lt;]s]G8;of}F lsnf]ld6/sf] ultdf k[YjLsf]aflx/L ;txtkm{ lg:sG5g\ . o:tfnx/ cyjf t/ª\un] ubf{ kxf8x¿PSsfl; k'm6\5g\, 9N5g\, hldglr/f k5{, ;fd'lb|s Hjf/ pTkGgx'G5 . o;/L cfpg] e'OFrfnf]sf]lg/Gt/tfn ] k [ YjLsf ] ef } lts;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g klg eO/xg]

ub{5 . e'OFrfnf]n] k|fs[ltstyf dflg;n] agfPsfef}lts ;+/rgf, kf}/fl0fstyf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf cflb;d]t elTsP/, k ' l/P/,efl;P/ ;dfKt x'G5g\ .dflg;, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/,jGohGt' cflb dfl/g] /k|fs[lts ;+/rgfdf g} klgkl/jt{g cfpg] Jofks

;Defjgf /xG5 .

e'O“rfnf] s;/L gflkG5 <k[YjLsf] kUn]sf] leqL efu dflylt/ lg:sFbf kg]{ rfkn]rs]{sf] 7fpFdf 7"nf] zlQm pTkGg x'G5, h;nfO{ zlQms]Gb|-Hypocenter_ elgG5 . zlQms]Gb|sf] 7Ls dfly kg]{e";txdf klxnf] wSsf kbf{ x'g] xnrnsf] s]Gb|nfO{s ]Gb | laGb ' (Epicenter) elgG5 . e'O Frfnf ] hf Fbfs]Gb|laGb'df slt 7"nf] wSsf k¥of] eg]/ gfKgsf nflul;:df]u|fkm (Seismograph) gfds oGq k|of]u x'G5 .l;:df]u|fkmn] gfKg] e'OFrfnf]sf] wSsfnfO{ /]S6/:s]n(Richter Scale) elgG5 .

e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtf / Ifltsf] ;Defjgfe'OFrfnf] k[YjLsf] ef}ule{s agf]6, tNnf] txaf6 dflylt/cfpg] nfef tyf klUnPsf] n]bf] kbfy{sf] ult / To;sf]rfkdf e/ kb{5 . k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdf x'g] tLa|xnrnsf sf/0f e'OFrfnf] cfpg'cufl8 To;sf] k"j{;"rgf tyf To;sf] ult jf Ifdtfsf ljifodf s'g}hfgsf/L kfpFg ;lsFb}g . lgoldt¿kdf x'g] ef}ule{srfnaf6 ;fdfGotof ! b]lv # /]]S6/:s]nsf] e"sDksf]wSsf pTkGg x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]sf o:tf ;fgf wSsfnfO{xfdLn] dx;'; ug{ ;Sb}gf} t/ # /]S6/eGbf dflysf]

e 'O Frfnf ]nfO { xfdLn] dx;';ug{;S5f}F . l;:df]u|fkmdf eg] ;–;fgf wSsfsf ] ;d ]t / ]s8 {eO/x]sf] x'G5 . xfn;Dd ul/PsfcWoog / e 'O Frfnf ]a f6ljZjJofkL¿kdf ePsf Ifltsf]cf Fsng ubf { %/]s6/:s]n;Ddsf] e'OFrfnf]n]hldgnfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf dfqxNnfpg] x'Fbf To;eGbf dflysfe'OFrfnf]n] a9L Iflt k'¥ofpg]

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


e'O“rfnf]n] ug]{ c;/ <• hldg lr/f k5{, kxf8 eTsG5 jf

klx/f] hfG5, ;a} If ]qsf 3/elTsG5g\ .

• ef}lts ;+/rgf elTs“bf dflg;,3/kfn'jf hgfj/ k'l/P/, lylrP/3fOt] x'G5g\ jf dfl/G5g\ .

• k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf gi6 x'G5g\ .• hldg elTsP/, klx/f] uP/ w"jf“

w"nf]n] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf vnnpTkGg x'G5 / jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fa9\b5 .

u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . To;eGbf a9L /]S6/:s]nsf]e'OFrfnf]n] eg] hldg lr/f kg]{, efl;g], klx/f] hfg],kfgLsf] d"n k'6\g] tyf ;'Sg], dfgjåf/f ljsf; ul/Psf;+/rgfx¿ eTsfpFbf ToxLF k'l/P/, lylrP/, lslrP/dflg; cGo hLjsf] Iflt x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]af6 x'g] Iflte'OFrfnf] hfg] k|s[lt, :yfg, cj:yf cflbdf klg e/kb{5 . e'OFrfnf]sf t/ª\ux¿ ;txL ¿kdf (horigental)uPsf 5g\ eg] To;n] 7"nf] Iflt gk'¥ofpg ;S5 / ToxLt/ª\udf aqmfsf/ (verticle) ¿k cfPdf w]/} Ifltk'¥ofpg] x'G5 . t;y{ e'OFrfnf]cfpg'cufl8 o;af6 x'g] Ifltsf]s'g} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsFb}g .

e'OFrfnf]af6 s'g 7fpFdf, sltIflt k'Ub5 eGg] s'/f o;sf]pTklQs]Gb| / km}nfj6 / ef}uf]lnsagfj6h:tf s'/fdf e/ kb{5 .e 'O Frfnf ]sf t/ª \ux¿ o;sf ]s]Gb|laGb'af6 hldgsf] rf/}lt/km}nG5g\ . o;nfO{ /fd|/L a'‰gxfdLn] kf]v/Lsf] dfemdf 9'ª\uf jfs'g } j:t ' kmNbf pTkGg x 'g ]t/ª\unfO{ x ]g {;Sb5f } F . 9'ª \ufv;]sf] :yfgaf6 t/ª\u–nx/ hlt6f9f uof ] TolQ g} ;':t x' Fb }hfG5 . o;k|sf/ e'OFrfnf]sf] s]Gb|laGb' cf;kf; jfglhssf] If]qdf a9L Iflt k'Ub5 eg] hlt 6f9f uof],To;sf] c;/ klg sd x'Fb} hfG5 . t/, e"v08sf] cj:yfn]To:tf] Ifltsf] :t/df kl/jt{g klg NofOlbg;S5 .pbfx/0fsf] nflu @)$% ;fndf pbok'/lt/ s]Gb|laGb'ePsf] e'OFrfnf]af6 ToxfFaf6 k"j{ w/fgdf a9L Ifltk'¥ofPsf] lyof] eg] pbok'/df s]xL ePsf] lyPg / klZrdIf]qsf] Iflt klg Go"glyof] .

g]kfndf e'O“rfnf]sf] hf]lvd slt <g]kfn blIf0fsf] OlG8og / pQ/sf] lta]ltog 6]S6f]lgsKn]6x¿ -e"v08sf tx jf kfk|fx¿_ sf] ;ª\uddf /x]sf]5 . oL b'O{ Kn]6x¿ x/]s jif{ s]xL ;]lG6ld6/sf b/n]Ps csf{lt/ ;l//x]sf 5g\ . oL Kn]6sf] o;/L ;g]{ ultdfobfsbf leGgtf cfpg] ub{5 / e"v08df cgfof; rfkpTkGg eO{ e'OFrfnf] cfpg] ;Defjgf a9\b5 . syd\sbflrttL b'O{ Kn]6x¿ Ps cfk;df 7Ss/ vfP eg] o; If]qdfk|nosf/L e'OFrfnf] hfg]5 . log} sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ e"sDk;+j]bgzLn If]q dflgG5 .

sf7df8f} pkTosf sl/a % xhf/ jif{klxn] 7"nf] tfnsf]¿kdf /x]sf]n] oxfFsf] leqL df6f] g/d / anf}6] 5 .o:tf] g/d df6f]dfly agfOPsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ 3/,sfof{no ejg, Jofkfl/s ejg, d7dlGb/, k'n, ;8scflbn] e'OFrfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsf klg yfDg g;Sg] x'Fbfg]kfnnfO{ ljz]ifu/L sf7df8f } F pkTosfnfO{ clt;+j]bgzLn cyjf ;ª\s6fled'v If]q dflgPsf] 5 .

g]kfnn] ;g\ !@%% b]lv clxn];Dd w]/} ljWj+;fTdse'OFrfnf]sf] kL8f ef]lu;s]sf] 5 .!(() ;fn -;g\ !(#$_ df uPsf]e 'O Frfnf ]sf ] kL8faf ]w ;dfKteO;s]sf ] 5}g . ef/tsf] pQ/ljxf/ / g ]k fndf uPsf ] ;f ]e'OFrfnf]n] 7'nf] hgwgsf] Ifltu/ ]sf ] lyof ] . d ]h/ hg/na|Xdzdz]/ ha/f åf/f lnlvt…g]kfnsf] dxfe"sDk, !(()Ú dfpNn]v ePcg';f/ ;f] e'OFrfnf]af6g]kfndf *,%!( / ef/tdf &,!**hgfn] Hofg u'dPsf ] tYofª\skfOG5 . g]kfndf To; e'OFrfnf]af6@,)&,&$) 3/, d7dlGb/ tyfkf6Lkf}jf Wj:t ePsf lyP . ;f]e'OFrfnf] *=! /]S6/:s]ndf sl/a

@÷# ldg]6 uPsf] dflgPsf] 5 . To;}u/L @)$% ;fndfg]kfnsf] k"jL{ w/fgdf uPsf] e'OFrfnf] klg ljgf;sf/L/x]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf uPsf e'OFrfnf]sf P]ltxfl;stYosf] cWoogsf cfwf/df ljz]if1x¿n] k|To]s &)b]lv !)) jif{sf] cjlwdf dxfe"sDk hfg] s'/f atfPsf5g\ .

e'OFrfnf]sf] Iflt To;sf] cj:yf, :t/ / ;dofjlwn]lgSof]{n ug]{x' Fbf clxn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf !(();fnsf] h:t} e'OFrfnf] cfPdf s] slt Iflt x'g;S5eg]/ 7f ]s 'jf ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t/ klgsf7df8f}Fsf] ef}ule{s agfj6, ;x/Ls/0fsf] cj:yf /w]/}h;f] k'/fgf / clgof]lht ¿kdf lgld{t ;+/rgf ePsfsf/0f lgs} 7"nf] Iflt x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ;lhn};Fu ug{;lsG5 . ljleGg If]qaf6 ePsf cWoogcg';f/ !(();fnsf] h:t} e'OFrfnf] cfPdf sf7df8f}Fsf nueu ^)k|ltzt 3/ tyf ejg / ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsg], ljB't\cfk"lt{ aGb x'g], ;8sdf lr/fx¿ kg]{ / 7"nf] dfgjLo Ifltx'g] k"jf{g'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;f] ePdf sf7df8f}Fsf]

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


e'O“rfnf]af6 w]/} Iflt x'g]-;ª\s6fled'v_ If]qx¿

• hueGbf dfly km } lnPsf,kx f8sf ] 6 ' K k f ] , k m ] b j fle/fnf]df agfOPsf 3/x¿ .

• 7"nf Uof;sf kfOknfOg /pRr ljB'tLo If]q glhssf3/ / a:tLx¿ .

• cTolws hg3gTj ePsf,;f“u'/f, u'h'd'Hh / cUnf tyfsdhf]/ hu ePsf 3/x¿ .

• c;'/lIft tj/af6 lgdf{0ful/Psf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ .

hghLjg xKtf}F, dlxgf}F / jiff}{+;Dd klg c:tJo:t x'g];Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

e'O“rfnf]af6 x'g] Iflt lgoGq0f tyf Go"gLs/0fe'O Frfnf ] lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg];a}eGbf ljgf;sf/L k|fs[lts k|sf]kxf] . o;sf] ljgf;sf/L k|efj k|fo;a} If]qdf kb{5 / o;n] ;fgf] jf7"nf] eGb}g . t/ o;sf] ;Defjgfk|lt;r]t /x]/ Iflt Go"g ug{ cfjZosk"j{tof/L ug' { xfdL ;a}sf nflulxts/ x'g]5 . o;af6 x'g] Ifltsf]:j¿ksf ljifodf hfgsf/L lnP/aRg] / arfpg] k |of; ul/Pdfhgwgsf] IfltnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdfGo"g ug{ ;lsG5 M

e'O“rfnf] cfpg'eGbf cufl8 s] ug]{ <s'g} klg k|fs[lts k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf lbP/cfpFb}g . To;df klg e'OFrfnf] cfpg] /To;n] k'¥ofpg] Ifltsf] k"j{ cg'dfgug{ ;Dej 5}g . ljutdf uPsf e'OFrfnf] / To;af6ePsf Ifltsf] cWoogaf6 o:tf] x'g;S5 eg]/ cg'dfgug]{;Dd dfq xf] . of] k|sf]k s'g} klg ;dodf x'g;Sg]ePsfn] o;af6 aRg cfktsfnLg of]hgf agfO/fVg'pkof]uL x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]af6 aRg / hgwgsf] Iflt Go"gug{ agfOg] cfktsfnLg of]hgfdf d"ntM lgDg s'/fx¿;dfj]z ul/g' x'G5g\ M

s= hgr]tgf clej[l4 / cfktsfnLg of]hgf M• cfˆgf 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o / ufpF, 6f]nl5d]ssf

;b:o tyf ;d'bfonfO{ e'OFrfnf] cfPsf] ;dodfgcfFQLsg ;s];Dd ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g l;sfpg] .

• e''O{+rfnf] uPdf To;kl5 cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿s'g 7fpFdf e]6 ug]{ eg]/ cfktsnLg ;~rf/of]hgfagfpg] . e'O{rfnf] uO;s]kl5 6]lnkmf]g laR5]b ePsf]x'g;S5, aflx/ lxF88'n ug{ s7Lg / 8/nfUbf] x'G5 .o; cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{ kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]saLrldn]/ cfktsfnLg of]hgf agfP/ To;sf] kxn ug'{/fd|f] x'G5 .

• e'OFrfnf] s] xf] / o;af6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 eGg]ljifodf ufpF, 6f]n tyf 5/l5d]sdf 5nkmn ug]{ .cfk;L ;DaGw / ;b\efj sfod /fv]/ ufpF tyf6f]n:t/Lo cfktsfnLg of]hgf agfpg] .

• ufpF tyf 6f]ndf ePsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klxrfgug]{ . l5d]sdf ePsf 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/x¿;Fu klg5nkmn u/L cfktsfnLg a;f]af;sf] ;Defljt

If]qsf] klxrfg ug]{ / ;ª\s6dfk/]sfsf] p4f/, 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ //fxt Joj:yfkgsf nf lucfjZos s'/fx¿df ;fd'bflos5nkmn u/L /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ .• cfk"meGbf 6f9f /x]sf jfsf7df8f } Faf lx/ /x ]sf cfˆgf ]kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf gft]bf/sf];Dks{ 7]ufgf cfk"mn] /fVg] cfˆgf]7f]ufgf klg pgLx¿nfO{ lbg' /fd|f]x'G5 . 7]ufgfdf kmf]g, Od]n cflb:ki6 n]v ]/ cfk "m; Fu ;'/lIft/fVg'kb{5 .• ljBfnodf ljBfno ejgsf]cj:yf, v'nf :yfg cflbsf] cWoogu/L ljBfno e"sDk ;'/Iffsfpkfox¿sf ] klxrfg u/L

cfktsfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / cfˆgf ljBfyL{nfO{To;sf] hfgsf/L lbP/ ;'/lIft /xg] pkfox¿ l;sfpg] .

• a"9fa"9L, ckfª\u / afnaRrfx¿sf] ;'/Iff tyfx]/ljrf/sf nflu ljz]if k|aGw ug]{ .

• cfktsfnLg ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/L lgsfo, :jf:Yorf}sL jf c:ktfn, ;'/Iff lgsfo, /]8qm;, jf?0foGq /:yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ ;fdflhs ;ª\3;+:yfx¿sf] gfd,7]ufgf, kmf]g gDa/ cflb cfk"mn] af]Sg] 8fo/Ldf ;'/lIft/fVg] / ufpF, 6f]n l5d]sLnfO{ klg /fVg nufpg] .

• cfˆgf] ;DklQsf] ljdf u/fpg] / To;sf nflu6f]nl5d]snfO{ klg clek|]l/t ug]{ .

v= cfktsfnLg emf]nfsf] Joj:yf M• cfktsfnLg ;dodf cfjZos kg]{ kfgL, vfg]s'/f,

k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu cf}iflw, dndk§Lsf ;fdfg,cf>osf nflu kfn, nufpg] tyf cf]9\g] cf]5\ofpg]n'uf, s]xL cf}hf/x¿ / Pp6f emf]nfsf] ;+of]hgnfO{cfkt\sfnLg emf]nf elgG5 . o:tf ;fdfg ;s];Ddxn'sf / pkof]uL x'g'kb{5 .

• o:tf ;fdfg ;''/lIft /fVg l6gsf] afs; jf emf]nfklg k|of ]u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfktsfnLg ;fdfg/flvPsf] To:tf] afs;df ;fFrf] nufpg x'Fb}g lsgeg]e'OFrfnf] cfPsf] ;dodf ;fFrf] e]6\g sl7g x'G5 .;'/Iff afs;nfO{ cfk"m / cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:on]

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


e'O{+rfnf]af6 aRg s] ug]{ <• eTsgnfu]sf jf k'/fgf 3/ eTsfP/

e "sDkLo ; '/If fo 'Q m 3/ agfpg ] .3/glhssf ;'s]sf jf 9Ng nfu]sf ¿vsf6]/ x6fpg] .

• cTojf:os ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lgsfo jf;+:yfx¿–/]8qm;, PDa'n]G;, bdsn, :jf:Yo;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lgsfo, ;'/Iff lgsfo/ :yfgLo:t/df ;fd'bflos sfo{ ug] {lgsfosf] hfgsf/L, ;Dks{ kmf]g cflb /fVg] .

• 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf ;d 'bfodfe'O{+rfnf]af6 aRg / cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdfug]{ sfo{sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, cfkt\sfnLgof]hgf agfpg] .

• 3/leq /]l8of], 6r{nfO6, Aof6«L, d}gaQL/ k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdfgx¿ssf] Joj:yfu/L cfk"m / kl/jf/n] ;lhn} e]6\g;Sg]7fp“df /fVg] .

• cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf cfjZos kg]{ xn'sf/ ;'Vvf vfg]s'/f–e'6]sf] ds}, la:s'6,rfprfp, e'hf, u'Gb| 's cflbsf] hf]xf ]ul///fVg] .

• cfkt\sfnLg cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ cfj:os;fwgx¿ –a]Nrf, 8f]/L, km?jf, afN6L,lqkfn, af]/f, v's'/L cflb tTsfn e]l6g]:yfgdf /fVg] / o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ug{;d'bfonfO{ klg ;Nnfx / k|]/0ff lbg] .

;d]t ;lhn} e]6\g;Sg] 7fpFdf /fv]/ / kl/jf/nfO{To;sf af/]df hfgsf/L klg lbg'kb{5 .

• o:tf] cfktsfnLg ;fdu|L ePsf] afs;sf] k|aGwcfˆgf] sfd ug]{ :yfg jf sfof{no / 3/sf] cj:yfcflbnfO{ klg ljrf/ u/]/ ug'{kb{5 . e"sDkLo ;'/Iffcjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;lsPdf o:tf] cfktsfnLg ;fdu|LePsf] # j6f afs; agfpg' /fd|f]] x'G5 . Pp6f afs;3/sf] nflu, Pp6f sfof{nosf] nflu / Pp6f xd]zf;fydf af]Sg] jf ufl8df /fVgsf nflu .

• cfktsfnLg afs;df /flvPsf ;fdfgsf kf]sfx¿sf]aflx/ s'g ;fdfg xf] eg]/ k|:6;Fu n]Vg'k5{ . To;f]u/]df cfktsf ;dodf rflxPsf] ;fdfg lgsfNg;lhnf] x'G5 / ;dosf] art klg x'G5 .

• e'OFrfnf] cfO;s]kl5 3/ tyf a;f]af; ;g'{kg] {x'g;Sb5 . To;sf nflu cTofjZos ;fdfg ;lhn}af]Sg;Sg] u/L ;–;fgf kf]sf agfP/ kfgLn] gleHg]u/L ; '/lIft 7fp Fdf /fVg 'k5 { . o;/L ul/g ]cfktsfnLg ;fdfgsf] tof/Ln] e'OFrfnf] cfO;s]kl5kg]{ ljkb\sf] ;dodf s]xL xb;Dd eP klg /fxt k'Ub5 .

u= ;'/lIft 3/ jf :yfgsf] klxrfg / cGo Joj:yf M• cfˆgf] 3/ ;'/lIft 5 jf 5}g, klxrfg ug]{ . k'/fgf]

cyjf n8\g nfu]sf] 3/ eP eTsfP/ gofF agfpg] jf/fd|/L dd{t ug'{kb{5 . gofF 3/ agfpFbf e"sDkLo ;'/Iffk|ljlwo'Qm 3/ agfpg' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo x'g]5 .

• cfˆgf] 3/leqsf] ;a}eGbf vt/fk"0f{ / ;a}eGbf;'/lIft :yfg jf sf]7f, cfkt\sfnLg ;dodf aflx/lg:sg] j}slNks af6f] klxrfg tyf Joj:yf ug]{ .kfgLsf] wf/f, lah'nL, Uof; cflb aGb ug]{ 7fpF yfxfkfO/fVg ] , cfkt\sfnLg pkrf/ cyjf ;'/Iff;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / o:tf s'/fsf] hfgsf/Lkl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ u/fpg] .

• 3/leq b/fh, 7"nf] jf cUnf] ¥ofs, 6]lnlehgh:tf;fdfg ;fdfGo xnrnaf6 gn8\g] jf gemg]{u/Lalnof];Fu afFw]/ /fVg] .

• k|m]d nufOPsf tl:a/, P]gfh:tf j:t' cf]5\ofgaf66f9f /fVg] .

• lalu|Psf lah'nLsf tf/ dd{t ug]{, aNa tyf 6\o'anfO6gv:g]u/L alnof];Fu hf]8\g], sL6gf;s cf}iflw,HjngzLn kbfy{x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg], ;s];Ddvfgf ksfpg] Uof;sf] l;lnG8/nfO{ efG;f jf3/alx/sf] a/G8f cflbdf 8f]/L jf tf/n] afFw]/ /fVg] .

• cfktsfnLg ;dodf nufpg Pshf]/ h'Qf, hfdePsf] 9f]sf jf ‰ofn vf]Ng kmnfdsf] un -8G8L_

cfˆgf] cf]5\ofgd'lg /fVg] / 6r{nfO6 tTsfn cfk"mn]e]6\g]u/L l;/fgd'lg /fVg] .

e'O“rfnf] cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf s] ug]{ <e'OFrfnf] cfOxfn]df clQg' dfgjLo :jefj g} xf] . t/,xfdLn] cfk"mnfO{ ;Dxfn]/ gcfFQLO{sg jf w}o{;Fuxf]l;of/L ckgfof}F eg] o;sf] df/af6 aRg ;lsG5 .e'OFrfnf] sltv]/ cfpF5 eGg] yfxf gx'g] x'Fbf xfdL3/kl/jf/;Fu} x'G5f}F eGg] 5}g . xfdL sfof{no, ;8s,ahf/ jf 3/ hxfF klg x'g;S5f} F / e'OFrfnf] klgcfpg;S5 . ctM xfdL hxfF x'G5f}F, To;}cg';f/ aRg] pkfo

k|fs[lt k|sf]k


ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 M

3/leq ePdf3/leq ePdf3/leq ePdf3/leq ePdf3/leq ePdf• gcfFlQg], zfGt /xg] / kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ klg zfGt

/fVg ] . afnaflnsf, ue {jtL dlxnf, czQm;b:onfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg k|of; ug]{ .

• 3/sf] ;a}eGbf ;'/lIft 7fpFdf vf;u/L 6]a'n, vf6,9f]sfsf] rf}sf];d'lg a:g] / kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{;Dxfn]/ To:t} ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg] .

• l;;fsf] ‰ofn / ux|f}F j:t' v:g ;Sg] 7fpFdf ga:g] .

• lgx'/]/ s'g} j:t'n] 6fpsf]nfO{ 5f]Kg] / To:tf s'g}j:t' geP cfˆgf] kfv'/fn] 6fpsf]nfO{ arfpg] k|of;ug]{, cfFvf lrDng] .

• 3/ xlNn/x]sf] ;dodf e¥ofª\af6 glxF8\g], ‰ofnaf6aflx/ gx]g]{, ;s];Dd tTsfn} 3/af6 aflx/ glg:sg] .

• efG;fdf eP Uof;, cfuf] cflb aGb ug]{, cf]5\ofgdfeP tlsofn] 6fpsf] 5f]Kg] jf vf6d'lg l5g]{, sf]7fsf]9f]sf aGb ePdf To;nfO{ tTsfn} vf]Ng] .

• e'OFrfnf] /f]lsPkl5 klg To;sf nx/x¿ k'gM cfpg];Defjgf x'G5 ctM ;a} kl/l:ylt ljrf/ u/]/ dfq3/aflx/ lg:sg] .

!= >L % sf] ;/sf/, u[xdGqfnob}jLk|sf]k Joj:yfkg dxfzfvfl;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}}F .

@= g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L,k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljefukf]:6aS; g+= @!&, tfxfrn, sf7df8f}F .

#= PS;gP8 g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= ̂ @%&, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}F .

$= n'y/g jN8{ km]8/];g g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= ###), lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df8f}F .

%= cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb|,kf]:6aS; g}+= #@@^, sf7df8f}F

=̂ e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= !#&&%, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}F,

&= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3 ljsf; sfo{qmdkf]:6aS; g+= !)*, sf7df8f}F .

*= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7g;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3 ejgkf]:6aS; g+= !)*, k'Nrf]s sf7df8f}F .

(= sf7df8f}“ dxfgu/kflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f ljefu,kf]:6aS; g+= !#%!@, sf7df8f}F .

!)= #$ j8f k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldltledz]guf]nf sf7df8f}F

!!= g]kfn k|x/L k|sf]k lgoGq0f zfvfk|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, gS;fn, sf7f8f}F .

!@= o'gfO6]6 ld;g 6' g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= !@^, sf7df8f}F .

!#= s]o/ g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= !^^!, sf7df8f}F .

!$= k|sf]k Joj:yfkg s]Gb| g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= $)%*, sf7df8f}F .

!%= k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg d~rkf]:6aS; g+= !*&(, sf7df8f}F .

!^= g]kfn :sfp6/fli6«o k|wfg sfof{no –g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= !)#&, n}grf}/, sf7df8f}F .

!&= jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf– g]kfnkf]:6aS; g+= !(&@), wf]law/f/f, sf7df8f}F .

k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf k"j{tof/Lsf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ k|d'v ;+:yfx¿

3/aflx/ ePdf• eTsg nfu]sf jf cUnf] 3/, lah'nLsf] vDaf jf

tf/, 9Ng nfu]sf ¿v cflb vt/fo'Qm 7fpFdf ghfg]/ To:tf 7fpFdf eP ;s];Dd v'nf 7fpFlt/ hfg] .

• ;fF3'/f] uNnL / k'nlt/ ghfg] .• hldgdf 3f]lK6P/ a:g], e'OFrfnf] g/f]lSsP;Dd To;/L

g} a:g] .• kl/l:ylt 7Ls ePkl5 la:tf/} v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] /

;ª\s6df k/]sfsf] p4f/sf nflu cfk"mnfO{ tof/ /fVg] .

rln/x]sf] ;jf/L;fwgdf ePrln/x]sf] ;jf/L;fwgdf ePrln/x]sf] ;jf/L;fwgdf ePrln/x]sf] ;jf/L;fwgdf ePrln/x]sf] ;jf/L;fwgdf eP• ;8s v'nf 5 eg] tTsfn uf8L /f]Sg], a;f]af;

If]q, 7"nf ejg, ¿v, k'n jf lah'nLsf tf/x¿ ePsf]If]qdf eP la:tf/} v'Nnf 7fpFdf k'Ug] k|of; ug]{ .

• e'OFrfnf] cfPsf] ;dodf uf8Lleq eP sDkgg/f]lsP;Dd ufl8leq} a:g] .

e'OFrfnf]af6 aRg cGo w]/} pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5tfklg d"ntM dfly pNn]v ePsf ljlw ckgfPdf Ifltsf]7"nf] df/af6 aRg ;lsG5 / IfltnfO{ klg sd ug{ ;lsG5 .xfdLn] ;r]t eP/ cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:o / l5d]sLnfO{;d]t ;ts{ u/fpg;s] o;sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg / arfpg;xof]u ldNg]5 . ✪

k|fs[lt k|sf]k

;Gbe{ ;fdu|L

!= sf7df8f}Fdf e'OFrfnf]sf] k"j{tof/L, LWF & NSET, 2002@= e"sDk Ps kl/ro, sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f ljefu


–;/f]h yklnof;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL k|0ffnL

;" o{sf] tfkzlQmnfO{ ;f]em} ljB'tLo zlQmdf kl/jt{gu/L pTkfbg ul/g] lah'nLnfO{ ;f}o{ (Solar) lah'nLelgG5 . 3/]n' ;f}o{ lah''nL k|0ffnL ljB't\sf cGo ;|f]tgePsf 7fp“df aQL afNg, /]l8of]–Sof;]6 ahfpg /6]lnlehg x]g{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof #) b]lv$) jf6 Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ k|0ffnLsf] h8fgaf6 Ps 3/sf]nflu & b]lv !) jf6sf tLgj6f aQL afNg / b'O{306f;Dd ZofdZj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/ a9LIfdtfsf] ;f}o{ k|0ffnL h8fg u/]df Ifdtf cg';f/ a9LaQL afNg / /ª\uLg 6]lnlehg klg x]g{ ;lsG5 .

;f}o{ lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] d'Vo pks/0fnfO{;f]nf/ Kofg]n jf ;f]nf/ df]8\o'n elgG5 . ;f]nf/df]8\o'n ;f]nf/ ;]n (Solar Cell) x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf]x'G5 . ;f}o{ df]8\o'n cw{;'rfns l;lnsg (Silicon) af6ag]sf] x'G5 . k[YjLdf kfOg] afn'jf g} cw{;'rfns j:t'xf], h'g ;f}o{ df]8\o'n agfpg k|of]u x'G5 .

;f}o{ lah'nLsf] pTkfbg ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf] Ifdtfdf e/kb{5 . Ps yfg ;f]nf/ Kofg]naf6 ;fdfGotofPp6f 3/df #–$ j6f aQL afNg,/]l8of] Sof;]6 ahfpg, Zofd–Zj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ rflxg] lah'nLpTkfbg x'G5 . o;eGbf a9LIfdtfdf lah'nL pTkfbg ug'{k/]dfjf PseGbf a9L ;f]nf/ Kofg]n:yfkgf ug'{k5{ .

g]kfndf pknAw ;f}o{ lah'nLdf8L= ;L= (Direct Current)ef]N6]h dfq x'G5 . o; k4ltaf6pTkfbg x'g] lah'nLsf] Pp6ftf/df wgfTds (+) / csf ] {tf/df C0ffTds (-) ljB'tLo wf/fsf] k|jfx x'G5 . ;f}o{Kofgn jf df]8\o'naf6 pTkfbg x'g] lah'nL Aof6«Ldf;~ro x'g] / Toxf“af6 k|of]udf cfpg] x'“bf k|ToIfs/]G6 (Direct Current) sf] ¿kdf pTkfbg x'G5 . t/o;nfO{ ljz]if k|ljlwaf6 P= ;L= (Alternating Current)df klg kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;f}o{lah'nL pTkfbgdf P= ;L= ;f}o{ df]8\o'n klg pknAw x'g

yfn]sf 5g\ .

g]kfndf ;f}o{ lah'nLsf] ;Defjgfg]kfn hn;|f]tsf nflu wgL d'n's eP klg k|ljlw /nufgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ kof{Kt lah'nL pTkfbg x'gg;s]sfn] b]zsf sl/a *# k|ltzt gful/s lah'nLsf]; ' ljwfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ . To;df klg ef }uf ] lnsljs6tfsf sf/0f pTkflbt hnljB't\sf] ;j{;'ne ljt/0flgs} sl7g 5 eg] s]Gb|Lo k|;f/0f nfOgaf6 b'u{dufp“df lah'nL ljt/0f ug{ dx“uf] klg x'G5 . oftfoftsf]cefj /x]sf clwsfª\z ufp“df 7"nf hnljB't\ pTkfbgcfof]hgfsf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf Go"g ePsf]n] ljB't\nufot lasf;sf cGo k"jfwf/x¿ tL ufp“;Dd k'Ug;s]sf] 5}g . o;/L lk5l8Psf ufp“sf] ljsf;sf nfluj}slNks pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . u|fdL0f

If]qdf

k|of]u eO/x]sf k/Dk/fut OGwgsf] ;f6f] ;f}o{zlQmaf6pTkflbt pmhf{{ pkof]udf Nofpg;s] ToxfFsf] hghLjg;xh x'g] / pmhf{ vktdf ;d]t art x'g] ePsfn]ljs6 u|fld0f If ]qsf] lasf;sf nflu ;f}o{ 3/]n'lah'nLsf] dxŒj a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

pmhf{{–;|f]tsf] cefj ePsf u|fdL0f If]qsf nflu ;f}o{pmhf{{pko'Qm ePsfn] o; If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf ;/sf/L

3/]n';f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnL

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{


lgsfo, u}/;/sf/L;ª\3;+:yf / lghLIf]qn] ;f}o{ pmhf{{sf]ljsf;sf nflu sfdul//x ]sf 5g \ .cfsfz v'Nnf eO{3fd nflu/xg] x'“bfg ]kfndf ;f }o {pmhf{{sf] k|r"/ ;Defjgf eP klg xfn;Dd !=$ d]ufjf6dfq ;f}o{ pmhf{ pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . pTkflbt ;f}o{pmhf{dWo] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] &)) lsnf]jf6 pmhf{{vkt ul//x]sf] 5 . gjf} “ k~rjifL{o of]hgf;Dddfclw/fHosf ljleÌ lhNnfsf #* xhf/ 3/df ;f}o{ ljB't\ljt/0f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] eP klg g]kfndf 3/]n'pkef]usf nflu xfn;Dd ;/sf/L cg'bfgaf6 sl/a !#xhf/ 3/df dfq ;f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnL :yfkgf ePsf 5g\ .

ljZj hnjfo' ;ª\u7gsf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] Ps ju{ld6/If]qkmndf k|ltlbg $=% lsnf]jf6 k|lt306f ;f}o{zlQmpknAw x'G5 . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ g]kfnsf] s"n If]qkmnaf6^,^@,#)) luufjf6 k|lt306f ;f }o {zlQm pTkfbgx'g;S5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] )=! k|ltztdfq ;f}o{ pmhf{{ pTkfbg ug]{ xf] eg] ^^@ luufjf6k|lt306f zlQm pTkfbg x'G5 . oxf“sf ] ef}uf ]lnsagfj6sf sf/0f jif{df sl/a #)) lbg 3fd nfUg] x'“bfk|r'/ dfqfdf ;f}o{zlQm pTkfbg x'g;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 .

g]kfndf ;f}o{ lah'nLsf] pkof]u Ifdtfg]kfn ;f}o{pmhf{{ ;dfhn] k|sfzdf NofPsf] tYofª\scg';f/d'n'ssf sl/a )=@% k|ltzt kl/jf/ cg'bfg gkfP klg;f}o{3/]n' lah'nL pkof]u ug{;Sg] Ifdtf /fV5g\ eg] sl/a% k|ltzt kl/jf/ ;/sf/L cg'bfg kfPdf ;f}o{ pmhf{{pkef]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . g]kfnsf !) k|ltzt kl/jf/;/sf/L cg'bfgsf ;fy}} ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 ;x'lnotJofhb/df C0f kfPdf ;f}o{pmhf{{ pkef]u ug{ rfxG5g\ .t/ %) k|ltzt kl/jf/ eg] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsfsf/0f rfx]/ klg of] pmhf{{ pkef]u ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . cWoogn]@@ k|ltzt dflg;df ;f}o{pmhf{{sf ljifodf s]xL hfgsf/Lg} gePsf] s'/f;d]t b]vfPsf] 5 .

;/sf/af6 eO/x]sf] cg'bfg Joj:yfg]kfnsf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;f}o{pmhf{{sf] ljsf; ug]{ nIolnP/ ;/sf/n] @)$% ;fnb]lv o;sf nflu cfjZos

pks/0fdf nfug] eG;f/ z'Ns ldgfxf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf sf/0f 3/df lah'nL afNg,Zofd–Zj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ x'g] Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nLk|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ sl/a @( xhf/ ?k}of“ / dWod:t/sf]Ifdtf ePsf] k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug{ sl/a $^ xhf/¿k}of“ nfUb5 . o; /sddf ;/sf/n] ;'ud If]qdf eP?= &,@)) / b'u{d If]qdf ?= !),))) cg'bfg lbg]Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL k|0ffnL :yfkgfubf{ ;'?df s]xL dx“uf] k/] klg o;sf] ;~rfng / dd{tvr{ Hofb} Go"g x'g] x'“bf bL3{sfnLg nfut ;:tf] kb{5 .

>L % sf] ;/sf/ tyf 8flg8fsf] pmhf{{If]q ;xof]usfo{qmdcGtu{t g]kfndf ;a} lsl;dsf gjLs/0fLopmhf{{sf] ljsf;df cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd;~rflnt 5 . o:tf]] cg'bfg sfo{qmddf ;/sf/n] !)k|ltzt / 8flg8fn] () k|ltzt nufgL ug]{ Joj:yf/x]sf] 5 . x'g t xfd|f]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf dfqgeP/ ljsl;t b]zx¿ cd]l/sf, hfkfg, hd{gh:tfd'n'sdf klg ;f}o{pmhf{{sf] ljsf;df cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf/x]sf] 5 . o;/L b]zsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f / jftfj/0f;+/If0fsf nflu klg ;f}o{ pmhf{{sf] ljsf; dxŒjk"0f{ePsfn] ;/sf/L cg'bfg j[l4 u/L ;f}o{ pmhf{ {sf ]ljsf;df oy]i6 ;3fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/, ;/sf/n]j}slNks pmhf{{df lb“b} cfPsf] cg'bfgdf k|To]s jif{36fp“b} hfg' eg] b'vb\ kIf xf] .

g]kfndf xfn ;f}o{pmhf{sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ lghL tyfJofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿ Ps bh{geGbf a9L /x]sf 5g\ . ;/sf/n]u|fdL0f If]qdf ;~rflnt a}ª\ssf zfvf tyf ;xsf/L;+:yfdfkm{t\ ;'ne Jofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fpg]] Joj:yfu/]df dfq klg ;f}o{ pmhf{{ pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf If]qdfsfo{ ug]{ sDkgLx¿ kl/rflnt eO{ cg'bfglagf klg ;f}o{pmhf{{sf] ljsf;sf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nLsf] dxŒj tyf pkof]lutfb]zsf] 7"nf] If]qkmn lxdfnL / kxf8L e"ldn] 9fs]sf sf/0fb'/b/fhsf las6 Onfsfdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ g} tof/x'g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . ;8s oftfoft, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;,:jf:Yo, lzIffsf] cefjsf sf/0f cfly{s ultljlwdflk5l8Psf xfd|f u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:oful/aL xf] . xfdL;“u pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng;xL 9ª\uaf6 x'g g;Sbf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf of]hgfx¿n]klg ;kmntf kfpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . pmhf{ cefjs} sf/0fljsf;af6 lk5l8Psf] u|fdL0f If]qdf ;f}o{ pmhf{{sf] lj:tf/

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ePdf :yfgLo txsf] ljsf;df /fd|f] ;'?jft x'g;Sg] /k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf k|z:t /x]sf]5 . oL ;DefjgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog u/]/ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIfnfe lng ;lsg] w]/} kIfx¿ 5g\ .

s= jftfj/0f tyf :jf:YoM3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgfn] 3/df aQL afNg,6]lnlehg x]g{ / /]l8of] jf Sof;]6 ahfpg cfjZos pmhf{{k|fKt x'G5 . ;fdfGotof ljs6 ufp“x¿df ;f“em jf /fltpHofnf]sf nflu bfp/f, uf]a/sf u'O“7f, d§Lt]n cflbsf]k|of]u x'g]u/]]sf] 5 . o:tf OGwgsf] k|of]uaf6 lg:sg]xflgsf/s Uof;sf / w"jf“sf sf/0f vf;u/L dlxnf /afnaflnsfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kb{5 . 3/]n' ;f}o{lah'nLsf] k|of]u ul/Pdf oL ;d:ofdf w]/} sdL cfp“5 .o;sf cltl/Qm pmhf{ OGwgsf] ;ª\sngdf nfUg] clwsd;do / dfgjLo >d pmhf{nfO{ cGo cfly{s ultljlwdf;l/s u/fpg ;lsG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm 3/]n' ;f}o{lah'nLaf6 lgDgfg';f/ nfe k|fKt x'G5Ms= ;f}o{pmhf{{ k|b"if0f/lxt ePsfn] ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL

k|0ffnLnfO{ jftfj/0fldq k|ljlw klg dflgG5 .v= 3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnL :yfkgf / ;~rfng ug{

cGo s'g} klg OGwgsf] cfjZostf gkg]{ x'“bf h}ljsOGwgsf] k|of]uaf6 x'g]k|b"if0f x6\5 .

u= 3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nLk|0ffnL ljs]lGb|tgjLs/0fLo pmhf{{ xf] .o; k | lj lwsf ]ljsf;n] jghª\un;+/If0f, cfoftLtOGwgsf] k|of]udfs6f }tL / h } ljskbfy {sf ] k |of ]uaf6lg:sg ] xf lgsf/sUof;x¿af6 x'g] jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f / hg:jf:Yodfkg]{ k|lts"n k|efj Go"g x'G5 .

3= of] k|ljw sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8d'Qm x'G5 / :jR5¿kn]zlQm ¿kfGt/0f ub{5 . o;n] xl/tu[x Uof;sf]pTkfbgnfO{ Go"g ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .

ª= b}lgs pkef]u x'g] h}ljs OGwgsf] k|of]u 36\g] x'“bfh}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0fdf ;xof]uL x'G5 .

@= cfly{s tyf ;dfhsf cGo kIfdf nfeMhnljB't\sf] ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt b'u{d If]qsf 3/, nh,xf]6n, /]:6'/]G6, ljBfno, ;fgf c:ktfn jf x]Nykf]:6/ wfld{s :ynx¿df aQL afNg ;lsG5 .o; k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgfaf6 /]l8of], 6]lnlehg /sDKo '6/h:tf ;fwg rnfpg ;lsG5 . 3/dfd§Lt]naf6 afNg] 6'sL jf nfnl6gsf] cfjZostfkb}{g / d§Lt]n, Aof6«L cflb vl/b ul//xg'kb}{{g .o;af6 lbg}lkR5] a]xf]g'kg]{ emGem6 / vr{df s6f}tLx'G5 .o;af6 lgoldt lah 'nL afNg ;lsg ] x ' “ b fljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoog ;dodf j[l4 eP/ z}lIfsultljlwdf ;'wf/ x'G5 .3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnLaf6 sDKo'6/ klg rnfpg;lsg] x'“bf ljB'tLo ;~rf/sf] ljsf; ufp“;Dd eP/b]z ljb]zsf ;"rgfsf] k|jfx ;dod} x'g ;S5 .ufp“df ljB'tLo ;fdfgsf] ahf/ / dd{t;Def/ ug]{Joj;fon] a9fjf kfO{ a]/f]huf/L ;d:of ;dfwfgdf;xof]u k'U5 / cfly{s ultljlwdf j[l4 x'G5 .;f}o{ ljB'tLs/0fn] ufp“sf] ljsf;df pT;fxsf] ;~rf/ ug]{x'“bf ljsf;sf cGo af6fx¿sf] vf]hL tyf klxrfg k|f/Dex'G5 . o;af6 u|fdL0f hgtfsf] ;x/lt/ a;fO“ ;g]{ k|j[lQdf

klg sdL cfp“5 .;fwf/0f tflndk|fKt

:yfgLo JolQmåf/f g}lgoldt dd{t;+ef/ ug{;lsg] x'“bf bIf k|fljlwssf]cfjZostf kb}{g .

of] k|ljlw u|fdL0fJolQm cyjf ;d"xsf]dfucg';f/sf] Ifdtfdf:yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

/fd|f ;fdfg /fv]/lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ;f}o{

3/]n' k|0ffnLsf] /fd|f] /]vb]v u/]df o;n] @% jif{;DdPsgf;n] ljB't\ pTkfbg u5{ . To;kl5 eg] pTkfbgIfdtfdf s]xL x|f; cfpg yfN5 . t/, klg o;sf]cfo' #)–#% jif{;Dd x'G5 .

gsf/fTds kIfM;f}o{ pmhf{{df k|of]u x'g] Aof6«L jftfj/0fLo b[li6sf]0faf6xflgsf/s klg x'g;S5 . o;df k|of]u x'g] Pl;8 /

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l;;fsf] plrt Joj:yfkg gul/PdfTo;af6 k|fs[lts jftfj/0f / :jf:Yodf;d]t k|lts"n k|efj k5{ .o;sf cltl/Qm ;f}o{ pmhf{sf pks/0flgdf{0fsf nflu k|of]u x'g] cf}Bf]lussRrf kbfy{, OGwg cflbaf6 klgjftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kg]{ s'/fo;sf gsf/fTds kIf x'g\ .

o; k|0ffnLsf nflu cfjZos ;fdfg M!=;f]nf/ df]8\o'n jf ;f]nf/ Kofgn : ;f]nf/ ;]n (So-lar cell) af6 ;f}o{ df]8\o'n jf Kofg]n ag]sf] x'G5 . ;f}o{df]8\o'n cw{;'rfns tŒjx¿ lqm:6nfOg l;lnsgaf6ag]sf] x'G5 . t/, lxhf]cfh o;sf] lgdf{0fdf cfd/kmf];l;lnsg, Uof lnod cf; ] {g fO8, sk/–OlG8od–8fO;]n]gfO8 h:tf cw{ ;'rfns kbfy{x¿sf] klg k|of]ux'g yfn]sf] 5 .cw{;'rfnsaf6 ag]sf] o; df]8\o'nn] ;"o{sf] ls/0f jfOn ]S6 « f ] DofUg ] l6s ljls/0f (ElectromagneticRadiation) nfO{ ljB'tLo zlQmdf ¿kfGt/0f ub{5 .;f]nf/ ;]nn] Aof6«Ln] h:t} 8L= ;L= s/]G6 pTkfbg u5{ .jf:tjdf eÌ] xf] eg] ;f}o{ df]8\o'n cw{;'rfnsx¿sf]hS;g xf] . o;n] !))) w/m2 a/fa/sf] ;f}o{zlQmdfsl/a )=^ ef]N6sf] rfk pTkfbg u5{ . ;fwf/0ftof !))mm2 If]qkmnsf] Ps ;]nn] sl/a # PlDko/ hlt s/]G6k|jfx ug{;S5 .

;f}o{ df]8\o'naf6 3/fo;L aQL afNg Go"gtd !@ ef]N6sf]Aof6«L rfh{ ug'{k5{, h;sf nflu Pp6f ;f}o{ df]8\o'ndf#) b]lv $) j6f ;]nx¿ /flvPsf] x'G5 . Pp6f ;f}o{df]8\o'ndf #^ j6f ;]n /fVg] xf] eg] sl/a @!=^ef]N6a/fa/sf] rfk pTkÌ eO{ !@ ef]N6sf] Aof6«L rfh{ug{ ;lsG5 . ;f}o{ df]8\o'nsf] lah'nL pTkfbg IfdtfTo;df k|of]u ul/Psf ;]nx¿sf] If]qkmn / h8fgul/Psf] tl/sfdf klg e/kb{5 eg] df]8\o'nn] pTkfbgug]{ lah'nLsf] rfk ;]nsf] ;ª\Vofdf e/k5{ .

;f}o{ df]8\o'nsf] lrqdf h8fg ePsf ;]nx¿df b'O{j6f;]tf wsf{ b]Vg ;lsG5 . of] ;f}o{ df]8\o'nsf] Pp6fdxŒjk"0f{ k|fljlws kIf xf] . ;]nx¿ ;]l/h hf]8fOdf/fVbf s'g} Ps ;]ndf 5fof k/]df To; ;]nn] sfd ug{;Sb}g . o; cj:yfdf df]8\o'nn] lah'nL pTkfbg ug{;Sb}g . To;sf/0f s'g} klg ;]ndf 5fof gk/f];\ eg]/;f}o{ df]8\o'ndf afOkf; 8fof]8 (By Pass Diode)

/flvPsf] x'G5 .

@= rfh{ sG6«f]n/ (Charge Controller)3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnLdf k|of]u x'g] Aof6«Lsf] ;'/Iffsf]nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljB'tLo pks/0fnfO{ rfh{ sG6«f]n/elgG5 . ;f}o{ df]8\o'naf6 3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf pTkfbgx'g] lah'nLnfO{ Aof6«Ldf ;l~rt u/]/ /fVg' ;f}o{ 3/]n'lah'nL k|0ffnLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . To;sf/0fAof6«Ldf ePsf] ;a} lah'nL k|of]u ug]{ / 3fd nfu]sf];dodf Aof6«Lsf] IfdtfeGbf a9L rfh{ ug]{h:tf sfo{ubf{ o; k|0ffnLdf Aof6«Lsf] IfdtfnfO{ Psgf; /fVg jfnfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfpg ;lsb}g . To;f] ul/Pdf Aof6«Ll5§} lau|g] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To;}sf/0f ;f}o{ lah'nLk|0ffnLaf6 pTkfbg ePsf] lah'nL k"/} vkt x'g glbg /Aof6«Lsf] IfdtfeGbf a9L lah'nL rfh{ x'g glbg rfh{sG6«f]n/sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 .

rfh{ sG6«f ]n/df d'Votof rf/ efu x'G5g\ . ;f}o{df]8\o'naf6 pTkflbt lah'nL Aof6«Ldf k7fpg / ;f];ª\slnt ljB't\ Aof6«Laf6 pkof]u x'g] ljleÌ :yfg;Ddk'¥ofpg o;df ePsf] zlQm k|jfx (Power Supply),lgoGq0f ;ls{6 (Control Circuit), rflh{ª ;ls{6 :jLr(Charging Circuit Switch) / ef/ lgoGq0f ;ls{6(Load Control Circuit) cflbsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . zlQmk|jfx OsfO{n] !@ ef]N6 Aof6«Lsf] ljB'tnfO{ { rfh{sG6«f ]n/sf cGo ;ls{6x¿df cfjZos kg]{ ;KnfO{ef]N6]h / /]km/]G; ef]N6]hdf kl/jt{g u/]/ ljB't\k|jfxdf ;xof]u ub{5 .

ljB'tLo k|0ffnLnfO{ lgoldt agfpg sG6«f]n ;ls{6n]Aof6«Lsf] ef]N6]hsf] cfwf/df cfjZostfcg';f/ cGo;ls{6df ;ª\s]t (Signal) k7fp“5 .

rfh{ sG6«f]n/df ePsf] rflh{ª ;ls{6n] ;f}o{ df]8\o'naf6pTkfbg ePsf] lah'nLnfO{ Aof6«L;Dd k'¥ofP/ rfh{ u5{ .Aof6«Ldf ;~ro ePsf] lah'nL Aof6«Lsf] IfdtfeGbf yf]/}ePdf sG6«f]n ;ls{6n] To;sf] ;ª\s]t u/]/ rflh{ª;ls{6df /x]sf] :jLrnfO{ cfkm}+ vf]n]/ ;f}o{ df]8\o'n /Aof6«LaLrsf] ;DaGw sfod ul/lbG5 / Aof6«L rfh{x'G5 . Aof6«Lsf] Ifdtf cg'¿k rfh{ eO;s]kl5 Tof]l:jrnfO{ km]/L cfkm}+ aGb ul/lbG5 .

rflh{ª\ ;ls{6df /x]sf] l:jrsf] cj:yfcg';f/ rfh{sG6«f]n/nfO{ ;]l/h jf ;6{ sG6«f]n/ (Short Controller)df ljefhg ul/Psf] x'G5 . ;6{ sG6«f]n/df l:jrnfO{;f}o{ df]8\o'nsf] ;dfgfGt/ /flvG5 . Aof6«L k"/f rfh{

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{


gx'“bf l:jr aGb x'G5 / df]8\o'nsf] s/]G6 Aof6«L;Ddk'U5 . Aof6«L cfjZostfeGbf a9L rfh{ x'g] cj:yfdfl:jr vf]lnP/ ;f}o{ df]8\o'nnfO{ ;6{ ;ls{6 ul/lbG5 / ;f}o{df]8\o'naf6 pTkflbt lah'nL Aof6«Ldf a9L rfh{ x'g kfp“b}g .

o:t} Aof6«L 7Ls /x]sf] cj:yfdf ef/ lgoGq0f l:jr(Load Control Switch) v'nf x'G5 / Aof6«L tyf nf]8sf]kl/ky k"0f{ eO{ ;a} aQL aNb5g\ . Aof6«Ldf ;l~rt IfdtfcfjZos txeGbf sd ePsf] v08df sG6«f]n ;ls{6n]nf]8 l:jr aGb ul/lbG5 / ;a} aQL cfkm}“ lgE5g\ . of]qmd k|To]s lbg eO/xG5 .

#= Aof6«L (Battery)3/]n' ;f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnLdf :6f]/]h Aof6«L (StorageBattery) sf] k|of]u x'G5 . of] o:tf] ljB'tLo /;fog;+oGq (Electro Chemical Device) xf ] , h;n]/f;folgs pmhf{{nfO{ (Chemical Energy) nfO{ hDdfu/]/ cfjZostfcg';f/ o;nfO{ ljB't\ pmhf{{ (ElectricalEnergy) df kl/jt{g u/]/ k|jfx u/fp“5 . Aof6«LnfO{s'g} aQL jf cGo s'g} ljB'tLo pks/0f -/]l8of], Sof;]6,6L=eL= cflb_ df hf]8]/ k|of]u u/]sf] cj:yfdf Aof6«Lleq /f;folgs k|ltlqmof pTkÌ x'G5 / wgfTds Kn]6(Positive Plate) af6 C0ffTds Kn]6 (NegativePlate) lt/ s/]G6 k|jfx x'g ;'? x'G5 . s]xL vf;k|sf/sf Aof6«Lx¿df o:tf] /f;folgs k|ltlqmof pN6f]lbzfaf6 klg u/fpg ;lsG5 . o; k|lqmofcGtu{tAof6«Lleq ljB't\ k|jfx u/fO{ Aof6«Ldf /f;folgs pmhf{{sf]dfqf a9fpg] / cfk"mnfO{ cfjZos k/]sf] ;dodfTo;nfO{ lah'nLdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] ug{ ldNg]ln8 Pl;8 Aof6«L (Lead Acid Battery) h:tfAof6«LnfO{ ;]s]G8/L ;]n (Secondary Cell) elgG5 .

lbge/ cyjf 3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf ;f]nf/ df]8\o'nn]pTkfbg u/]sf] lah'nL zlQm Aof6«Ldf hDdf x'G5 . o;/LAof6 « Ldf lah'nL hDdf x 'g ] k | lqmofnfO { rflh {ª(Charging) elgG5 . ;f]nf/ df]8\o'naf6 pTkfbgePsf] lah'nLnfO{ Aof6«Ldf hDdf ubf{ Aof6«Lsf] IfdtfeGbfa9L gxf];\ eg]/ rfh{ sG6«f]n/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5+ .o;/L 3fd nfu]sf] ;dodf Aof6«Ldf hDdf ePsf]lah'nLnfO{ ;f“emdf xfdL aQL afNg, /]l8of]–Sof;]6ahfpg, 6L=eL= x]g{ / cGo 3/fo;L k|of]hgdf k|of]uug{ ;S5f}+ . lbge/ Aof6«Ldf hlt lah'nL hDdf ePsf]x'G5 . ;f“emdf xfdLn] k|of]u ubf{ To;eGbf a9L k|of]uug'{ x'“b}g . o;sf] lgoGq0f rfh{ sG6«f]n/n] g} ug]{ eP

klg pkef]u ubf{ cfk"mn] klg Wofg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 .o;/L Aof6«Ln] cfk"mdf ;~ro ePsf] lah'nL k|of]usfnfluk|jfxug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ l8:rflh{ª (Discharging) elgG5 .;fdfGotof Aof6«Ldf hDdf ePsf] lah'nLsf] @) k|ltztvkt dfq ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] u/]df ;fwf/0f Aof6«Ln]klg %–^ jif{ /fd|/L sfd u5{ . t/ l8k–;fOsn Aof6«L(Deep-Cycle Battery) /flvPdf ;~ro ePsf ]lah'nLsf] *) k|ltzt;Dd klg k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tfAof6«Laf6 @) k|ltzt dfq lah'nL vkt u/]df Aof6«Ln]!) jif{;Dd /fd|/L sfd ug{;S5 .

s'g} klg j:t'sf] Pp6f lglZrt cfo' x'G5 . Aof6«Lsf]cfo' klg To:t} xf] . lgoldt ;Def/ / lgb]{zgadf]lhdk|of]u ul/Pdf logsf] cfo' s]xL nlDag ;S5 . xfdLn]k|of]u ug]{ ln8 Pl;8 Aof6«L (Lead Acid Battery) dfIff/(Acid) kfgLsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o:tf] kfgL Aof6«Ldf;do ;dodf km]b}{ Aof6«Lsf] k|of]u lgoldt ul//fVg'k5{ .o:tf Aof6«Lsf] k|of]u Ps dlxgfdf Go"gtd Psk6sul/Psf] x'g'k5{ . Aof6«Lsf] cfo' ;ls“b} uPkl5 Hofb} l56f]rfh{ x'g] / Hofb} l56f] aQL lgEg] u5{ . o;f] ePdf gof“Aof6«L km]g'{k5{ . k'/fgf Aof6«Lx¿ k'gM k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]u/L agfpg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf]n] o;/L Aof6«Lkm]bf{ k'/fgf] Aof6«LnfO{ eg] kmfNg'x'“b}g . o:tf Aof6«Lx¿pTkfbs sDkgLx¿n] vl/b ug]{ x'“bf To;df ePsf] Pl;8kfgL gkf]lvsg /fVg'k5{ .

Aof6«Lsf] :ofxf/ ;Def/Aof6«Ldf aflx/af6 p8]/ cfPsf] w"nf]n] c;/ k'¥ofpg;Sg] x'bf o;sf] :ofxf/;Def/df klg Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . ;do–;dodf ;kmf / ;'Vvf sk8fn] k'5\g] /Aof6«Lsf] l8Aafsf] ;do ;dodf /fd|f] lg/LIf0f u/]/6'6]–k'm6]sf] x]g' {k5{ . l8Aaf k'm6]sf] ePdf To;af6On]S6«f]nfO6 jf Pl;8 r'lxg] ;Defjgf x'G5 / To;f]ePdf Aof6«Ln] sfd ub}{g . o:tf] cj:yfdf gof“ Aof6«LlsÌ'k5{ . Aof6«LnfO{ s]6fs]6Ln] rnfpg g;Sg], 3fdgnfUg] v'nf xfjf nfUg] 7fp“df /fVg'k5{ t/ o;nfO{5f]k]/ /fVg'x'“b}g . Aof6«L rfh{ jf l8:rfh{ ePsf] ;dodfTo;af6 xfO8«f]hg Uof; lg:sg] x'“bf To:tf] ;dodfAof6«Lsf] glhs 6'sL afNg], cGo lsl;dn] cfuf] afNg]tyf r'/f]6 lkpg] sfd ug'{x'“b}g, To;f] u/]df cfuf] nfUg];Defjgf w]/} x'G5 .

Aof6«Lleq Iff/ x'g] ePsfn] o;sf] :ofxf/ ;Def/ ubf{ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ . sfd ubf{ sf/0fjz Iff/xftdf k¥of] eg] t'?Gt} lr;f] kfgLn] xftnfO{ /fd|/L w'g'

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{


/ 3fp nfu]df glhs}sf] :jf:Yo rf}sLdf uP/ pkrf/u/fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . cf“vfdf Iff/ k/]df cGwf] x'g];Defjgf w]/} x'G5 / cg'xf/df k/] cg'xf/ g} lau|g;S5 . t;y{ Aof6 «L;DaGwL s'g } klg sfd ubf {s]6fs]6LnfO{ glhs} a:g lbg'x'“b}g .

cfºgf] / 3/sf] ;'/Iffsf nflu Aof6«L k|of]u, ;/;kmfO{ jfdd{t ;Def/ ubf{ lgDg s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' clgjfo{ x'G5Ms= Aof6«L rfh{ ubf{, On]S6«f]nfO6 jf Pl;8 yKbf, cGo

lsl;dsf] dd{t tyf ;Def/ ubf{ ;'/lIft k~hf,a'6, r:df cflb nufpg' k5{ .

v= Aof6«LnfO{ cfuf], cfuf]sf lemNsf, r'/f]6 / To:t} cfuf]pTkÌ x'g] j:t' tyf s]6fs]6Laf6 cnUu} /fVg' k5{ .

u= Aof6«Ldf nufpg] Pl;8 agfp“bf Pl;8nfO{ kfgLdfla:tf/} ld;fpg'k5{ .

3= Aof6«Ldf Pl;8—kfgL yKbf Knfl:6ssf] ;f]nL k|of]uug'{k5{ .

ª= On]S6«f]nfO6 jf Pl;8sf l56f 5fnfdf jf sk8fdfk/]sf] cj:yfdf t'?Gt} ;kmf ug{ kfgLsf] Joj:yful//fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf n'uf w'g];fa'g, vfg] ;f]8f jf r'gsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;kmf ug'{k5{ .

r= Aof6«Ldf sfd ubf{ 6ld{gn jf sg]S6/x¿df s'g}klg wft'sf xft] cf}hf/n] 5'“bf ;6{ ;ls{6 (ShortCircuit) eP/ lemNsf cfpg'x'“b}g .

Aof6«Lsf] hf“r / /]vb]v ubf{ lgDgs'/fx¿df Wofgk'¥ofpg' cfjZos x'G5Ms= Aof6«Lsf] dflyNnf] efu ;kmf / ;'U3/ /fVg'k5{ .

o;sf g6af]N6 sg]S;gx¿nfO{ k]6«f]lnod h]nL jfEofl;lngn] ;kmf ug'{k5{ . e]G6 jf Knux¿ v'nfx'g'x'“b}g / o;sf] ;txnfO{ …)Ú gDa/sf] vfS;Ln]glau|g] u/L la:tf/} ;kmf ug'{k5{ .

v= nueu #÷# dlxgfdf Aof6«Ldf kfgL yKg'k5{ . kfgL

Aof6«Lsf] tNnf] n]en jf To;eGbf tn k'u]dfTo;sf ;a} lasf]{x¿ vf]n]/ dflyNnf] n]en;DdPl;8–kfgL xfn]/ ;a} lasf]{x¿ /fd|/L aGb ug'{k5{ .

u= Aof6«LnfO{ ^ l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8eGbf sd tfkqmd x'g]7fp“df /fVg'x'“b}g . To;eGbf rL;f] x'g] 7fp“df /fv]sf]v08df Iffl/o kfgL hDg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . w]/} rL;f]ePdf Aof6«LnfO{ tftf] sk8fn] 9fSg' k5{ . Aof6«L 9fSgskf; jf h'6sf ;fdfg k|of]u gug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .dflyNnf] efu v'Nnf /x]sf] sf7sf] afs;df sk8fn]a]/]/ /fv]df rL;f]af6 kg]{ k|efj sd x'G5 .

3= Aof6«Lsf 6ld{gnx¿df aflx/L xfjfkfgLsf sf/0flvof nfUg ;S5 / s]xL ;dokl5 To;sf k]rx¿n]/fd|/L sfd gug{ ;S5g\ . To;f ] x 'g glbg6ld{gnx¿df Eofl;lng jf k]6 «f ] lnod h]nLnufO/xg'k5{ . logdf lvof nfluxfn]df lvofnfO{/fd|/L v's]{/ tftf] kfgLn] ;kmf ug'{k5{ t/ kfgLAof6«Lleq l5g{ lbg'x'“b}g .

ª= Aof6«Lsf] rfh{ / l8:rfh{sf nflu tf/x¿ hf]8]sf7fp“df jf Iff/Lo kfgL xfNg] 7fp“df kfp8/ jfslgsfh:tf] xl/of] w"nf] hd]sf] b]lvPdf n'ufw 'g ] ;f ]8f jf tftf ] kfgLdf sk8f 8 'afP/Aof6«Lleq kfgL gk:g] u/L k'5]/ ;kmf ug'{k5{ .o:tf 7fp“df ;kmf ul/;s]kl5 Eofl;lng tyfk]6«f]lnod h]nL nufpg'k5{ .

3/]n' ;f}o{ k|0ffnLsf pks/0fdWo] Aof6«L ;a}eGbfdxŒjk"0f{ x'g] ub{5 . Aof6«Lsf cGo k|fljlws ljifox¿af/]1fg xfl;n ug{ eg] yk tflnd lng' cfjZos k5{ .

o;sf cltl/Qm ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL k|0ffnLsf nflu ljB't\tf/ / aNax¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o; ;DaGwdf ;]jfk|bfg ug]{ sDkgL tyf ;+:yfx¿af6 cfjZos hfgsf/Lk|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

;]jf tyf lj:t[t hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g] :ynx¿

j}slNks pmhf{{ k|j4{g s]Gb|,wf]aL3f6, kf6g, kmf]g g+= %%@*##%, %%#(@#&

g]kfn ;f}o{ ljB't\ pTkfbg ;+3gS;fn, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $$#@!)#

;f]nf/ On]lS6«l;6L sDkgL k|f=ln=kf]=a=g+= @$( afuahf/, sf7df8f}+ .kmf]g g+= $@@&*&^, $@@%@%#

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{{ s]Gb|afuahf/, sf7df8f}+, kmf]g g+= $@$*@%@

nf]6; OghL{ k|f=ln=kf]=a=g+= (@!(, sf7df8f}+, ef6e6]gL,kmf]g g+= $$!*@)#

;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM➨ Dofg'cn ckm ?/n 6]Sgf]nf]hL, -Ol;df]8af6 k|sflzt_➨ j}slNks pmhf{{ k|j4{g s]Gb|af6 k|sflzt k':tsx¿ .

gjLs/0fLo pmhf{


!= k[i7e"ldl;d;f/ If]qnfO{ s[lif pTkfbgsf] b[li6n] pj{/ e"ld /h}ljs ljljwtfsf] b[li6n] cToGt} wgL If]qsf] ¿kdflnOG5 . l;d;f/n] w]/} lsl;dsf k|f0fLx¿nfO{ af;:yfgk|bfg ub{5 . t/fO{sf] ;dy/ e"–efub]lv lxdfnsf]pRrkxf8L e"–efu;Dd kfOg] ljljw kl/l:yltsLk|0ffnLleq l;d;f/ If ]qx¿ ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .g]kfnsf] t/fO{sf l;d;f/ If]qx¿df dfq} #@ k|hfltsf:tgwf/L hgfj/, $^! k|hfltsf r/fx¿ -h;dWo] !%k|hflt b'n{e >]0fLsf_, ( k|hfltsf s5'jf, @) k|hfltsf;k{ / @* k|hfltsf df5f kfOG5g\ .l;d;f/n ] ljleGg k |hf ltsf jg:klt tyfhLjhGt'x¿nfO{ af;:yfg k|bfg ub{5 . hLjhGt' Pjd\jg:kltsf] ljljwtfsf nflu l;d;f/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfv]Nb5 . e"ldut hn;|f]t / kfgLsf cGo ;|f]tx¿ sfod/fVg, klx/f] /f]syfd ug{ / kf]ifstŒjsf] r'xfj6 /f]Sgl;d;f/sf] cxd\ e"ldsf /xG5 . j}1flgs cg';Gwfgsfnflu klg l;d;f/n] dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t pknAw u/fpFb5 .o:tf] dxŒjsf] l;d;f/ If]qnfO{ of]hgfa4 ¿kdf ;+/If0f,;Da4{g / ljsf;sf ;fy} ;f] If]qsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]uu/L cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ljsf;df 6]jfk'¥ofpg] / l;d;f/df cfl>t :yfgLo ;d'bfosf]hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ ug{ of] gLlt th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf vf;u/L hnkG5Lsf]

af;:yfg;DaGwL l;d;f/ dxf;lGw -/fd;f/ dxf;lGw_,!(&! df x:tfIf/ u/L cfˆgf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] /;f] dxf;lGwsf] wf/f # -!_ n] lglb{i6 u/]cg';f/ kIf/fi6«sf x}l;otn] /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt tof/ ug'{kg]{cfjZostf dx;'; u/L /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t l;d;f/ /cGo l;d;f/ Pjd\ ltgsf hnfwf/ If]qsf] Joj:yfkgdf:yfgLo JolQmx¿nfO{ k|ToIf¿kdf ;lqmo ;xefuLu/fpg] ;DaGwdf ;g\ !((^ df ePsf] kIf/fi6«x¿sf];Dd]ngn] ;d]t kIf/fi6«nfO{ gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ lgb]{zu/]adf]lhd of] gLlt th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$&, g]kfn ;lGw P]g,@)$&, :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;g P]g, @)%%, jg P]g,@)$(, hn;|f]t P]g, @)$(, ljB't\ P]g, @)$(, /fli6«olgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@(, hnr/ ;+/If0fP]g, @)!&, e" tyf hnfwf/ ;+/If0f P]g, @)#(, /jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%# Pjd\ oL P]gx¿;Fu;DalGwt ljleGg lgodfjnLx¿ ljBdfg eP tfklglogLx¿n] l;d;f/sf ] kl/efiff gu/]sf ] , l;d;f/Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf pNn]v gu/]sf] / ;fd'bflos;xeflutfdf l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg gu/]sf] Pjd\l;d;f/sf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|o]usf ;DaGwdf ;d]t Joj:yfgu/]sf] x'gfn] tL ;a} kIfx¿nfO{ b[li6ut u/L k|:t'tgLlt th'{df ul/Psf] 5 .

g]kfndf cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf l;d;f/x¿sf] jf:tljs klxrfg eO;s]sf] 5}g . tyflk, g]kfn l;d;f/dfkfOg] h}ljs ljljwtfsf nflu eg] ljZjd} kl/lrt 5 . ljsf;zLn b]zsf] ljsf;sf nflu o:tf l;d;f/sf]klxrfg, ;+/If0f / lbuf] pkof]un] klg k|d'v e"ldsf v]Nb5 . o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfnn] klg ;g\ !(&! df/fd;f/ dxf;lGwdf x:tfIf/ u/L cfˆgf] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . dxf;lGwn] lgb]{z u/]cg';f/l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu >L % sf] ;/sf/n] xfn} /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt, @)%(nfu" u/]sf] 5 .

l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu ;/sf/n] /fli6«o gLlt th'{df u/]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdfo;sf] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o cj:yf, cfjZostf, dxŒj / o;df /x]sf sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ phfu/ ug{ v'nf5nkmn tyf ax; x'g' cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . em6\6 x]bf{ sl7g b]lvP klg :yfgLo txsf ;d'bfosf]clwsf/sf] /Iff ub}{ l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / phfu/sf nflu ltg} ;d'bfonfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]sfo{ ;/sf/ / ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] bfloTj xf] . ctM xfd|f l;d;f/ If]qx¿sf] a'l4dQfk"j{s pkof]u u/L ;|f]t;+/If0f ug{ ;/sf/åf/f NofOPsf] l;d;f/ gLlt :yfgLo pkef]Qmfb]lv ;a} gful/s ;dfhsf] lxtdf 5 ls5}g / o; gLltsf] jf:tljs sfof{Gjog s;/L x'g] xf] eGg] ljifodf :yfgLo / /fli6«o:t/df ;';"lrt x'g]jf ax; g} ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf ;/sf/af6 NofOPsf] l;d;f/ gLlt h:tfsf] t:t} k|sflzt u/]sf 5f}F .

g]kfnsf] /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt– @)%(

k|fs[lts ;Dkbf


@= l;d;f/sf] kl/efiff;fwf/0ftof l;d;f/ eGgfn] gbL, tfn, hnfzo Pjd\jghª\un tyf cfjfbL If]qdf kfgLn] leh]sf] jf kfgLePsf] :yfg eGg] a'lemG5 . l;d;f/ zAbsf] æl;dÆ n]kfgL g;'Sg] hldg / æ;f/Æ n] kfgL eGg] a'emfpFb5 .g]kfndf ;fwf/0ftof l;d;f/ eGgfn] wfgv]tsf] wfk,kfgL hd]sf] 7fpF jf bx eGg] a'lemG5 . ljZjdf xfn;Ddl;d;f/sf sl/a %) y/Lsf kl/efiffx¿ 5g\ . l;d;f/dfjg:klt, hLjhGt' tyf r/fr'?ª\uLsf] k|r'/tf x'g] ub{5 .g]kfndf l;d;f/;DaGwL !@ y/Lsf zAbx¿ k|of]udfcfpg] u/ ]sf 5g\ . o; kl/k| ]Iodf l;d;f/nfO {lgDgcg';f/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 Mæe"ldut hn;|f]t jf jiff{t\sf sf/0f kfgLsf] kl/df0f/xg] k|fs[lts jf dfgjlgld{t, :yfoL, hd]sf] jf au]sf],:jR5 jf g'lgnf] kfgL ePsf] wflknf] hldg (Swamp),bnbn] hldg (Marsh), gbLaf6 k|efljt hldg (River-ine floodplain), tfn (Lake), kf]v/L (Pond), hne08f/If]q (Water storage areas) / s[lif hldg (Agriculturalland) ;d]tn] l;d;f/nfO{ hgfpFb5 .Æ

#= nIoo; /fli6«o gLltsf] k|d'v nIo :yfgLo hg;xeflutfdfl;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg u/L ;|f]tx¿sf]a'l4dQfk"0f{ tyf lbuf] k|of]u ug'{ xf] . o; gLltn] l;d;f/sf]Joj:yfkg / ;+/If0fsf] kIfnfO{ a[xt\ jftfj/0fLoJoj:yfkgsf] bfo/fleq /fVg] nIo lnPsf] 5 .

$= p2]Zog]kfnsf l;d;f/ / tL l;d;f/If]qdf ePsf] h}ljsljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f u/L a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]usf nflul;d;f/sf] Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;xefuLagfpg' o; gLltsf] k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .

cGo p2]Zox¿$=! g]kfnsf l;d;f/ If]qx¿sf] klxrfg u/L tL If]qx¿

nf]k x'gaf6 arfpg / cj:yf lau|g glbg ltgsf]lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf ljsf; ub}{ To:tf ;|f]tx¿sf]a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u ug{ k|To]s l;d;f/ If]qsf] lj:t[tJoj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ u/L k|fyldstf, ;DefJotf/ cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df sfof{Gjog ub}{ n}hfg] .

$=@ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] l;d;f/;DaGwL 1fg, ;Lk,cEof; / cfljisf/ klxrfg u/L l;d;f/ ;|f]tsf];+/If0f Pjd\ lbuf] pkof]usf nflu tL 1fg, ;Lk,cEof; / kf/Dkl/s cg';GwfgnfO{ a9fjf lbg] .

$=# j}1flgs k|ljlw / 1fgsf cfwf/df cfjZostfcg';f/l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

$=$ l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / a'l4dQfk"0f{k|of]udf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf clej[l4 ug]{ .

$=% l;d;f/ If]q Joj:yfkgsf nflu ePsf cGt/f{li6«o;lGwx¿sf] qmdzM sfof{Gjog ub}{ n}hfg] .

$=^ l;d;f/ If]qaf/] ;j{;fwf/0fdf hfgsf/L lbgk|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ .

%= :yfgLo ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/tl;d;f/ Joj:yfkg gLlt

%=! /fd;f/ -cGt/f{li6«o dxŒjsf] ljz]ifu/L hnkG5Lsf]af;:yfg dxf;lGw, !(&! nfO{ /fd;f/ dxf;lGweGg] ul/G5_ dxf;lGwsf] efjgfcg'¿k jftfj/0fLocv08tf sfod ub} { :yfgLo hg;d'bfosf ];xeflutfdf pgLx¿sf] lxtsf nflu l;d;f/sf];+/If0f / Joj:yfkg sfo{ ug]{ .

%=@ :yfgLo hg;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t l;d;f/Joj:yfkgsf] dfWodåf/f l;d;f/sf ;|f]tx¿dfly;dGoflos cj;/ lbnfpFb} a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]usf]cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofpg] .

%=# :yfgLo JolQm, ;d'bfo Pjd\ lgsfonfO{ ;+nUgu/fpFb} l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg sfo{k|efjsf/L agfpg] .

%=$ jt{dfg / efjL k':tfsf] kmfObfsf nflu k|fs[lts;|f]t ;+/If0f ug{ :yfgLo afl;Gbfsf] lxt x'g]vfnsf ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿;~rfng ug]{ .

%=% l;d;f/df cfl>t ;ª\s6fkGg hLjhGt', hnr/,;fk]lIfs hª\unL hgfj/ tyf cGo hn cfl>tcg'jf+lzs ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f ug]{ .

%=^ jftfj/0fLo c;/ Go"g x'g] u/L l;d;f/ If]qdfjftfj/0fcg's"n ko{6gsf] ljsf; ub} { k|fKtnfenfO{ oyf;Dej l;d;f/sf] Joj:yfkg /:yfgLo hg;d'bfosf] lxtdf kl/rfng ug]{ .

%=& l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu tof/ ul/g]sfo{of]hgfx¿df :yfgLo hg;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

%=* l;d;f/ If]qdf cfl>t ljleGg hfthfltx¿sf] cg'ej,cEof;, ;Lk / 1fgsf] ;+/If0f ub}{ ;f]xL cfwf/dfl;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg ug{ k|>o lbg] .

%=( l;d;f/ Joj:yfkgdf b]vfkg] { ;d:ofx¿sf]klxrfg u/L :yfgLo:t/d} ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf]vf]hL ug{ hg;xdltsf cfwf/df Joj:yfkg

k|fs[lts ;Dkbf


sfo{of]hgf agfO{ nfu" ug]{÷u/fpg] .%=!) l;d;f/ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df ug]{ / Joj:yfkg

;ldltdf :yfgLo hg;d'bfosf ;fy} ;ª\3;+:yfsf]k | ltlglwTj u/fpg cfjZos sfg 'gL Pjd\k|zf;lgs Joj:yf ug]{ .

^= l;d;f/sf] juL{s/0f / Joj:yfkg gLltJoj:yfkgsf] b[li6n] l;d;f/ If]qx¿nfO{ tLg efudfjuL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 Ms= ;+/lIft If]q / dWojtL{ If]qleqsf l;d;f/,v= ;+/lIft If]qaflx/sf ;/sf/L Pjd\ ;fj{hlgs l;d;f/u= lghL If]qleqsf l;d;f/

^=! ;+/lIft If]q -;+/lIft If]q eGgfn] /fli6«o lgs'~h,jGohGt' cf/If, l;sf/ cf/If, ;+/If0fIf]q tyfdWojtL{ If]qnfO{ hgfpF5_ / dWojtL{ If]qleqsfl;d;f/, ;+/lIft If]qaflx/ /x]sf ;/sf/L Pjd\;fj{hlgs l;d;f/ Pjd\ lghL l;d;f/sf] cj:yfs]–s:tf] 5 / t'ngfTds¿kdf /fd|f] ;+/If0f /Joj:yfkg sxfF ePsf] 5 eGg]af/]df lgoldt ¿kdfcWoog u/fpg] .

^=@ /fli6«o lgs'~h / cf/If leq/x]sf l;d;f/sf]Joj:yfkgsf] lhDdf /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt';+/If0f ljefunfO{ lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

^=# ;+/If0f If]qleq /x]sf l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f Pjd\Joj:yfkg sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{lbg] Joj:yf ldnfpg] .

^=$ ljleGg lgsfox¿af6 l;d;f/sf] Joj:yfkg x'Fb}cfPsf]df ;DalGwt lgsfox¿sf] clwsf/ /If]qflwsf/nfO{ ;dGjo u/L l;d;f/ Joj:yfkg sfo{k|efjsf/L agfpg cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf th'{df ug]{ .

^=% ;+/lIft If]qeGbf aflx/ /x]sf ;fj{hlgs l;d;f/If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg sfo{ k|efjsf/LPjd\ r':t agfpg sa'lnot l;d;f/, ;fd'bflosl;d;f/, lghL Joj:yfkg l;d;f/ / ;+o'QmJoj:yfkg l;d;f/h:tf ljleGg gd'gfx¿ lgwf{/0fu/L pko'Qm :yfgdf pko'Qm gd'gf cfslif{t u/Ll;d;f/sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

^=^ dWojtL { If ]qsf ] Joj:yfkdf ;d]t :yfgLo;d'bfosf] ;+nUgtf clej[l4 u/L a'l4dQfk"0f{k|of]unfO{ a9fjf lbg] .

^=& lghL tyf JolQmljz]ifsf] :jfldTj /x]sf] hUufdfePsf l;d;f/nfO{ JolQmut l;d;f/sf ¿kdfdfGotf lbFb} To:tf l;d;f/sf wgLx¿sf] k|fljlws

Pjd\ Joj:yfkg Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{sf nflucfjZos tflnd / k|fljlws ;xof]u k|bfg ug]{ /l;d;f/sf] k|of]u, cfg'j+lzs ;|f]tx¿sf] ;+/If0fPjd\ k|of]u, hLj Pjd\ k|f0fLx¿sf] ;+/If0f, hnfl>tkG5Lx¿sf] ;+/If0f / l;d;f/sf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ / lbuf]k|of]unfO{ lgoldt / Jojl:yt ug]{ .

^=* lghL l;d;f/If]qsf] ;+/If0fnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{l;d;f/sf] e"–pkof]u kl/jt{g ug]{ jf l;d;f/ gi6ug]{ jf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ sfo{ xtf]T;flxt ug]{ .

^=( l;d;f/df cfl>t :yfgLo hg;d'bfonfO {l;d;f/af6 k|fKt x'g] nfesf] Gofof]lrt afF8kmfF8sfnflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ .

^=!) l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f;DaGwL ax'cfoflds gd'gfnfO{k|f]T;fxg ug{ / a9fjf lbg ;+/If0f;DaGwL PsLs[tsfo{of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu" ug]{ .

&= l;d;f/sf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u;DaGwL gLltdfgj hfltsf] lxtsf nflu kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsfk|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] hu]gf{ ug{ l;d;f/sf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ /lbuf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t jf cGol;d;f/ If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgdf a'l4dQfk"0f{k|of]u ug]{ tf}/tl/sf nfu" x'G5 . a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]usf]gLltn] l;d;f/sf ;|f]tx¿sf] ljj]sk"0f{, ;f]rk"0f{ /a'l4dQfk"0f{ pkof]u ug{df hf]8 lbG5 . a'l4dQfk"0f{k|of]usf] o; gLltn] lgDgkIfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft ub{5 M&=! l;d;f/;DaGwL /fli6«o:t/sf] tYofª\s ;"rL tof/ ug]{,&=@ l;d;f/ Joj:yfkg / a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u;DaGwL

cfwf/e"t ;"rgf Pjd\ tYofª\sx¿ ;ª\sng u/Ll;d;f/sf] dxŒj / kmfObfx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{,

&=# dxŒjk"0f{ l;d;f/ If]qx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s,wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts / P]ltxfl;s cj:yfsf cfwf/dfdfGotf lbg] / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug]{,

&=$ l;d;f/sf ;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] pkof]u / o;sf];+/If0fnfO{ a9fjf lbg] lsl;dsf cfof]hgfx¿sfnflu /sd 5'6\ofpg],

&=% l;d;f/sf] b'?kof]u jf cltpkof]u x'g glbO{hLjhGt' / jg:kltsf] ;+/If0f ug]{,

&=^ l;d;f/If ]q jl/kl/ x 'g ] ljsf;–lgdf {0 fsflqmofsnfk / sfo{qmdx¿ :jLs[t ug' {cufl8k |rlnt sfg 'gadf ] lhd jftfj/0fLo k |efjd"Nofª\sg ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ug]{,

&=& l;d;f/If]q jl/kl/sf ljsf;sf lqmofsnfk Pjd\sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt cg'udg u/L jftfj/0fLo

k|fs[lts ;Dkbf


;+/If0f ;'lglZrt ug]{ .

*= r]tgf clej[l4 ;DaGwL gLlt*=! l;d;f/If ]qdf a;f ]af; ul//x]sf ;d'bfodf

;+/If0f;DaGwL r]tgf clej[l4 ug{ cfjZossfoqmd tof/ u/L ;f] sfo{qmdnfO{ :yfgLo;d'bfosf ;fy} Jofkf/L, pBf]uklt, /fhgLlt1 /sfg'g sfof{Gjog ug]{ lgsfo Pjd\ cGo ;/f]sf/lgsfox¿ ;dIf klg n}hfg] .

*=@ :yfgLo ;d'bfon] cfˆgf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug]{l;nl;nfdf l;d;f/sf ;|f]tx¿sf] cTolws bf]xgug{;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ dWogh/ /fvL ;f]sf ]lgoGq0f ug{ r]tgf clej[l4 sfo{qmd ;~rfngug]{÷u/fpg] .

*=# l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf b[li6n] dxŒjk"0f{7xl/Psf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] klxrfg u/L l;d;f/af6x'g] kmfObf, o;sf ljljw sfo{ / dxŒjsf af/]dfpgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L lbO{ hfu?s t'Nofpg] .

*=$ l;d;f/ / l;d;f/sf ;|f]tsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u /;+/If0fsf] ;kmntf :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿sf] ;lqmo;xeflutfdfly lge{/ /xg] x'Fbf :yfgLo afl;Gbfvf;u/L l;d;f/ If ]qjl/kl/ a;f ]af; eO {l;d;f/af6 cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ dfemLh:tfhfltsf k'?if tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ l;d;f/sf;|f]tx¿sf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u ug]{;DaGwdf ;lqmo¿kdf ;xefuL x'g ;r]t u/fpg] / ;Ifd agfpg] .

*=% :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ l;d;f/;DaGwL sfg'gL Pjd\k|zf;lgs tf}/tl/sf Pjd\ l;d;f/sf] kl/l:yltsLok|0ffnLsf] dxŒjsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg / r]tgfhufpg :yfgLo lgsfo, z}lIfs Pjd\ cGo lghL;ª\3;+:yf / ;~rf/dfWodnfO{ ;lqmo e"ldsflgefpg k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

*=^ l;d;f/;DaGwL ;"rgf, tYofª\s, gLlt, sfg'g, gS;ftyf >Job[Zo cflbsf] dfWodaf6 k|rf/k|;f/ ug]{ .

(= ldrfxf k |hfltnfO { /f ]syfd,lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug]{

(=! l;d;f/If]qsf] h}ljs ljljwtf Pjd\ /}yfg] k|hfltnfO{gi6 ug]{, lj:yflkt ug]{ / cltqmd0f ug]{ vfnsfldrfxf k|hfltsf hLjhGt', la?jf, lhjf0f ',j+zf0f'ut¿kdf kl/jlt{t lhjf0f' Pjd\ hLljt¿kdfkl/jlt{t lhjf0f'nfO{ b]zleq k|j]z ug{ glbg, k|j]zePsfnfO{ lgoGq0f, /f]syfd / Joj:yfkg ug]{

lbzfdf 7f]; sbd rfNg cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ .

!)= l;d;f/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;+:yfut gLlt!)=! l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu pQ/bfoL

lgsfox¿ / ltgsf] If]qflwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ Pjd\;fd~h:o ug{sf nflu l;d;f/;DaGwL P]g, lgod/ lgb]{lzsf th'{df ug]{,

!)=@ l;d;f/sf] k|efjsf/L ;+/If0f / a'l4dQfk"0f {k|of]usf nflu l;d;f/ If]qnfO{ lgDgcg';f/Joj:yfkg ug]{÷u/fpg] M!)=@=! ;d'bfoåf/f Jojl:yt l;d;f/,!)=@=@ lghL l;d;f/,!)=@=# sj'lnot l;d;f/,!)=@=$ ;+o'Qm Joj:yfkg l;d;f/,!)=@=% wfld{s l;d;f/, /!)=@=^ /fHoåf/f Jojl:yt l;d;f/ .

!!= l;d;f/ k|lts"n sfo{df /f ]snufpg] gLlt

!!=! l;d;f/ nf]k u/fpg], df:g], Jojwfg l;h{gfug]{h:tf sf/0fx¿ kQf nufO{ ltgsf] lg/fs/0f ug]{ .

!!=@ l;d;f/sf] kfgL sd ug]{ jf ;'sfpg], kfgL au]/cfpg] ;|f]t aGb ug]{ jf cGoq :yfgdf n}hfg], e"–Ifo u/fpg], k/Dk/fut k|of]udf x|f; u/fpg],l;d;f/nfO{ s[lifof]Uo hldgdf kl/jt{g ug]{ jfgub]afnL nufpg], l;d;f/jl/kl/ clgolGqt¿kdf pBf]u–Joj;fo ug]{, pTvgg\ sfo{ ug]{,e"ldut hn;|f]t lgsfNg] / clt rl/r/g ug]{h:tfljleGg sfo{af6 l;d;f/df kg]{ c;/x¿ /f]snufpg] jf ;f] sfo{df xtf]T;flxt ug]{ .

!!=# l;d;f/ If]qdf /f;folgs Pjd\ 3/fo;L kmf]xf]/d}nfkmfNg], cf}Bf]lus lg:sf;g ug]{, ljifflb k|of]u ug]{,ljB'tLo t/ª\u k|of]u ug]{ / lj:kmf]6s kbfy{kmfNg]h:tf sfo{df /f]s nufpg] .

!!=$ >L % sf] ;/sf/n] P]g tyf lgod th'{df u/Ll;d;f/jl/kl/sf] lglZrt If]qdf jftfj/0f k|lts"nsfo{ lg?T;flxt ug]{ .

!!=% lghL l;d;f/If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf :yfgLo hgtfnfO{k|f]T;fxg ug{ ;'ljwfx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!@= dfl;Psf Pjd\ dfl;g] vt/fdfk'u]sf l;d;f/;DaGwL gLlt

!@=! dfl;Psf l;d;f/ kQf nufO{ To:tf l;d;f/nfO{k 'g:yf {kgf ug{sf nflu cfjZos sfo {x¿

k|fs[lts ;Dkbf


sfof{Gjog ug]{÷u/fpg] .!@=@ :yfgLo ;d'bfo / :yfgLo lgsfosf] ;+nUgtf

clej[l4 ub}{ dfl;Psf l;d;f/sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf nfluljz]if sfo{qmdx¿ lgwf{/0f u/L ;~rfng ug]{ .

!@=# dfl;g] vt/fdf k'u]sf l;d;f/sf] klxrfg u/LTo:tf l;d;f/sf] hu]gf{ ug{, ;'wf/ ug{ / ;+/If0fug{ cfjZos sfo{x¿ ug]{÷u/fpg] .

!#= l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsfnflu tTsfn ul/g] sfo{x¿ M

!#=! l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]usfnflu ljz]if P]g, lgod / lgb]{lzsf th'{df ug]{ .

!#=@ /fd;f/;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug{of]Uo l;d;f/x¿sf]klxrfg u/L cfjZos kxn ug]{ .

!#=# g]kfndf ePsf l;d;f/x¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f ;"rL (In-ventory) tof/ ug]{ / k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df qmdzMJoj:yfkg sfo{of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog ub}{ hfg] .

!#=$ l;d;f/sf ] lbuf ] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos;fd'bflos, cfGtl/s tyf afXo cfly{s ;xof]uh'6fpg cfjZos sfo{ ug]{ .

!#=% l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL :yfgLo;Lk, 1fg / k|ljlwnfO{ af}l4s ;DklQ sfg'gcg';f/;+/If0f ug{ kxn ug]{ .

!$= l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsfefjL sfo{x¿

!$=! Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ;+/If0fsf b[li6n] clt dxŒjk"0f{t/ /fd;f/ If ]qsf ¿kdf 3f]if0ff gePsfl;d;f/If]qnfO{ /fli6«o Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o hutdflrgfpg] / /fd;f/df ;"rLs[t ub}{ hfg] .

!$=@ cltljlzi6 Pjd\ ;ª\s6u|:t l;d;f/If]qsf]klxrfg u/L ;+/If0f ug{ k|fyldstf lbg] .

!$=# l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf] gd'gf tof/u/L l;d;f/If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ .

!$=$ u | fdL0 f hghLjg; Fu d ]nvfg ] lsl;dn ]l;d;f/sf ;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ :yfgLo;d'bfox¿nfO{ g} s]Gb|laGb' agfpg] .

!$=% ef}uf]lns lx;fan] l;d;f/ If]qsf] cl:tTj o;}If]qjl/kl/ jf o;sf] pkNnf] e]usf] hnfwf/If]qn] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf]n] To:tf hnfwf/If]qnfO{ sfod /fVg], ;f]sf] bf]xgnfO{ sd ug]{ //f]Sg] lbzfdf cfjZos kxn ug]{ .

!$=^ e"ldut kfgLsf] bf]xgnfO{ lgof]lht ug]{ /

hnk|b"if0f /f]Sg] .!$=& l;d;f/sf ] plrt Joj:yfkgsf nf lu

;dGjofTds ;+:yfsf] ljsf; ug]{ .!$=* l;d;f/ If]qdf /x]sf] h}ljs ljljwtf gi6 x'g

glbg cfjZos sbd rfNg] .!$=( kj{tLo If]qdf /x]sf hns'08, hnfzo / cGo

l;d;f/ If]qx¿sf] Joj:yfkgdf hf]8 lbg] .!$=!) cGt/f{li6«o ;LdfIf]qdf /x]sf l;d;f/x¿sf]

k |efjsf/L ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu;DalGwt d'n's;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;+/If0f tyfJoj:yfkg sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ .

!$=!! ;/sf/L Pjd\ lghL ljBfnosf kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿dfl;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f, lbuf] ljsf; / l;d;f/af6 x'g]nfesf] ljt/0f;DaGwL ljifoj:t' ;dfj]z ug]{ .

!$=!@ l;d;f/;DaGwL r ]tgf clej [ l4sfsfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cgf}krfl/s If]q Pjd\ :yfgLohgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg] .

!$=!# l;d;f/;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ a9L k|efjsf/L agfpgcfjZos >Jo–b[io Pjd\ cGo ;fdu|Lx¿sf]ljsf; / lj:tf/ u/L k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ .

!$=!$ b]zdf ePsf ;Dk"0f{ l;d;f/sf] hfgsf/L pknAwu/fpg;Sg] lsl;dsf] l;d;f/ ;"rgfs]Gb|sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

!$=!% u|fdL0f If]qdf ;Dej eP;Dd ;–;fgf l;d;f/;"rgfs]Gb|x¿sf] :yfkgf u/L tL ;"rgfs]Gb|dfl;d;f/;DaGwL lrq, kf ]:6/, kf7 \oqmd,kf7\ok':ts / cGo >Jo–b[io ;fdu|Lx¿ qmdzMpknAw u/fpg] sfo{sf] yfngL ug]{ .

!$=!^ b]zsf ljleGg efudf l;d;f/;DaGwL uf]i7L,tflnd / 5nkmnh:tf sfo{qmdx¿ cfof]hgf ub}{:yfgLo lgsfo, :yfgLo u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf,hg;fwf/0f / lghL lgsfodf /x ]sflg0f{ostf{x¿nfO{ l;d;f/ ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg /a'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u;DaGwdf 1fg, ;Lk / tflndk|bfg u/L l;d;f/ ;+/If0f ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

!$=!& l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo;d'bfonfO{ cfjZos ;|f]t h'6fpg ;Ifd agfpgsfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .

!$=!* dlxnfx¿åf/f ;~rfng ul/Psf l;d;f/;Fu;DalGwt u}/;sf/L ;ª\3;+:yfx¿nfO{ d2t k'Ug]vfnsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ug]{ / pgLx¿sf]l;d;f/ ;+/If0fdf /xg] e"ldsfnfO{ k|>o lbg] .

!$=!( :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ k|ToIf nfe x'g], pgLx¿sf]

k|fs[lts ;Dkbf


hLjg:t/ psf:g ] lsl;dsf l;d;f/;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfsf;fy sfof{Gjog ug]{ .

!$=@) l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLohgtfnfO{ pT;flxt ug{ cfod"ns sfo{qmdx¿sf]ljsf; u/L ;~rfng ub}{ hfg] .

!$=@! l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / o;sf h}ljs;|f]tx¿sf] lbuf] k|of]u;DaGwL :yfgLo hgtfsf];Lk tyf 1fgnfO{ j}1flgs¿kn] ;'wf/ u/Lcl3a9fpg] / gofF ;Lk / 1fg;DaGwL cfjZossfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; u/L k|of]udf Nofpg] .

!$=@@ cfjlws d"Nofª\sg k|ult ljj/0fsf ;fy}l;d;f/ ;+/If0f / Joj:yfkgsf] k|efj /kl/0ffdaf/] cg'udg ug]{ .

!$=@# l;d;f/ If]q;DaGwL cg';Gwfg sfo{ ug{sf nfluljleGg ;/sf/L Pjd\ u}/;/sf/L /fli6«o Pjd\cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

!$=@$ /fli6 «o:t/sf l;d;f/ If ]qx¿sf ] ; "rgfk|0ffnLnfO{ u'0ffTds Pjd\ kl/df0ffTds¿kdfclej[l4 ub}{ n}hfg] .

!$=@% l;d;f/sf] ;+/If0f / lbuf] ljsf;sf nflucfjZos kg]{ cfly{s ;|f]t Joj:yf ug{ …l;d;f/;+/If0f sf]ifÚ sf] Joj:yf ug]{ .

!$=@^ l;d;f/ ;+/If0f sfo{sf] k|f]T;fxgsf nflu cfly{styf cGo cfjZos ;xof]u h'6fpg] .

!$=@& l;d;f/sf ] ; +/If0f / Joj:yfkg;DaGwLkl/of]hgfdf nufgL ug{ ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L /cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ .

!$=@* cfly{s Pjd\ ljQLo gLltnfO{ l;d;f/ gLlt;Fu;'xfpg] lsl;daf6 ljsf; u/L l;d;f/ If]qaf6s/ tyf /fh:j p7fpg kxn ug]{ .

!$=@( l;d;f/ ;+/If0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkgsf nflubL3{sfnLg¿kdf cfGtl/s ;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{tkm{hf]8 lbg] .

!$=#) :yfgLo hgtf jf pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] l;d;f/sf];+/If0f, Joj:yfkg / lbuf] pkof]u u/]jfktlglZrt ;do;Dd cflh{t cfodf cfos/;'ljwf lbg] / P]gx¿dfkm{t\ d"No clej[l4s/nufotsf cGo s/df cfjZos ;'ljwf /;x'lnot k|bfg ug]{ .

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sf7df8f}F olt lj¿k eO;s]sf] 5, o;sf] ¿k kl/jt{gug{ /fd|} ;Lk ePsf] sflnu9af6 dfq ;Dej x'G5 .c:tJo:t alg;s]sf] / s'g} cfwf/e"t k"jf{wf/sf] e/kbf]{Joj:yf gePsf] dxfgu/ jf:tjdf dg{ nfu]sf] n'/]dfG5]sf] gfd …anaxfb'/Ú ePh:tf] dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;cj:yfdf cfˆgf] df}lnstfnfO{ hf]ufpFb} Jojl:yt ;x/sf]lgvf/ lbg] hdsf]{ ug'{ eg] ck/fw kSs} xf]Og . ;a}n]a'‰g}k5{, df}/L sf9\g]n] xft rf6\of] eg]/ lrRofpg];Fudf}/Ln] ldt nufpFb}g .

s] gu/lktfn] ;f]r]h:t} sfd xf]nfg\ t < df}/L sf9\guPsfx¿n] dx g} ge]6L xft} dfq rf6\g yfn] eg] s:tf]b[io b]lvPnf < rqmkysf] ;f}Gbo{, kmf]x/sf] df]x/, vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf, /Tgkfs{sf] :jKgLn sNkgf dfq xf]Og,sf7df8f}Fsf clxn]sf sl/a # nfv uf8L / ca yk x'g];fwgn] x'Olsg rflxg] 7fpFsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' sdr'gf}tLk"0f{ 5}g . uf8L yf]qf eP t s] eP < oxfFsf ;8srflxF s'g gofF / lrKnf 5g\ < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkm klgdxfgu/n] vf]Hg}kg]{ x'G5 . kljq gbLx¿df alu/x]sf] 9nx6fP/ gofF hLjg lbg] sfo{ / oL g} gbL ldr]/ a;]sfclwsfª\z e"–s'Daf;LnfO{ klg tx nufpg' 5 .

gu/lktf nfvf}F xft, nfvf}F lbdfu / ;f]rsf] ;ª\ul7t¿kx'g'k5{ . t/ z]ifgfusf em}F nfvf}F lha|f d]/f x'g\ eg]/lrRofpg] dfq xf]] eg] /fhwfgLsf] b'ef{Uosf] ;dfkgx'g;Sb}g, o;n] jf:tjd} csf]{ b'ef{Uo hGdfpF5 . eTsfpg]sfd dfq ePsf] clxn]sf] cj:yfdf s]zj lju|xsfkof{oafrL dfq x'g]5g\ . . lju|x;Fu} lgdf{0fsf] yfngLgul/g] xf] eg] …P Û s]zj x]/fF} t s;/L d]/f] 3/eTsfpF5;\ ÛÚ eg]/ jf:tjd} gful/s cfkm}F p7\g klg;S5g\ x} . a]n}df r]tgf eof Û – kof{j/0f 8]:s


■ jh'{ tfnsf] ;+/If0f / df5f dfg]{ k|ltof]lutfk"jL{ g]kfnsf] ;'g;/L lhNnfsf] blIf0fL ;LdfjtL{ If]qdf/x]sf] lrd8L uflj;l:yt P]ltxfl;s lah'{jf tfnsf] ;+/If0fug{ :yfgLoaf;L cfkm}Fn] sDd/ s;]sf 5g\ . of] tfnl;d;f/sf b[li6sf]0fn] ;d]t dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] / ko{6sLoIf]qsf ¿kdf klg ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;Defjgf /x]sfn]To;sf nflu u'?of]hgf;d]t tof/ u/L tfnsf] ;+/If0fk|f/De ePsf] 5 .

wfld{s dfGotf;d]t af]s]sf] ;f] tfn åfk/o'ub]lv g}cl:tTjdf /x]sf] dflgG5 . g]kfnsf] k|frLg wd{, ;+:s[lt,dfgj ljsf; / ;Eotfsf] hLjGt gd'gfsf ¿kdf /x]sf]pQm tfn lrd8L uflj;sf] j8f g+= # / $ sf] sl/a !$)la3f If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 . lj= ;+= @)@^ ;fndf cfPsf]af9Lsf sf/0f tfnsf] kgLsf] lgsf;df cj/f]w cfPkl5;f] tfn If]qdf cltqmd0f a9]sf] lyof] . k"jL{ g]kfnsf];a}eGbf 7"nf] dflgg] o; tfnsf] wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts /P]ltxfl;s dxŒjnfO{ lgofNbf of] ljZj l;d;f/ ;"rLdf;"rLs[t;d]t x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPsf] 5 . u|fdL0fko{6gsf nflu o; If]qsf] ljsf; x'g;s]df o; tfnk|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ;f+:s[lts dxŒjn] ;d]t phfu/ x'g]cj;/ kfpg] b]lvG5 .

ah| efifdf jh'{sf] cy{ …lgif]wÚ x'G5 . o; tfndf dfgjLoultljlwaf6 kmf]xf]/ ug{ tyf cGoqsf] kmf]xf]/d}nf ToxfFkmfNg lgif]w ePsf sf/0f ;f] tfnsf] gfd jh'{jf tfn/x]sf] atfOG5 . o;/L ;f] tfnsf] gfds/0fsf] s'/fnfO{dfGotf lbg] xf] eg] ;f] tfn If]qcf;kf;df ah|efifLsf]a;f]af; /x]sf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljZd} b'n{e dflgPsf …jfdlgofÚ hftsf] df5f / ;'guf]xf]/f]kfOg' o; tfnsf] 7"nf] ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5 . o; dxŒjk"0f{k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s / cfly{sb[li6sf]0fn] ;'Gb/ agP/ ko{6sLo If]qsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{@)%* ;fnb]lv lrd8Ldf lqmofzLn …;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ljsf;tyf ;+/If0f ;+/If0f ;ldltÚ gfds ;+:yfn] ah'{jf tfnsf] ;+/If0ftyf ljsf;sf nflu sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

:d/0fLo 5, kmf]8{ kmfpG8];g gfds ;+:yfsf] %) nfvcfly{s ;xof]u kl/rfng u/L tfnsf] k|f/lDes ;j]{If0f,bL3{sfnLg u'?of]hgf tof/ ug]{ sfo{ k|f/De ePsf] /hgr]tgf clej[l4sf sfo{;d]t k|f/De ePsf] 5 .

o;}aLr, :yfgLo afl;GbfnfO{ l;d;f/ If]q / h}ljs ljljwtf;+/If0fdf clek|]l/t ug]{ p2]Zon] c;nzf;g /]l8of] >|f]tfSna / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ ljsf; tyf ;+/If0f ;+/If0f ;ldlt

lrd8Låf/f ;f] tfndf df5f dfg]{ gf}nf] k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgfePsf] 5 . lrd8L / /fduGh l;g'jf/L uflj;df xftn]df5f dfg]{ k/Dk/f ePsf /}yfg] dflg;nfO{ nlIft u/Lcfof]hgf ul/Psf] ;f] k|ltof]lutfdf !@ hgfn] efu lnPsf]o; k|sf/sf] k|ltof]lutf lhNnfdf g} klxnf] dflgPsf] 5 .

■ o;/L g} gfl;g] xf] eg] s] af“sL /xnf <k[YjLaf6 ljleGg k|hfltsf hLjsf] nf]k x'g]qmd tLj|¿kdfal9/x]sf] 5 . lg/Gt/ ablnFbf] jftfj/0f k|f0fL tyfjg:kltsf nflu k|lts"n eP/ ltgsf] cl:tTj g} nf]k x'g]k|lqmofdf Jofks j[l4 ePsf]] 5 . o;/L 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdfk|f0fL tyf jg:klt nf]k x'g' / pgLx¿sf] cl:tTj;ª\s6fkGg x'g'df eg] dfgjLo lqmofsnfk g} lhDd]jf//x]sf] 5 . dflg;sf] ef}lts ljsf;sf] dxŒjfsfª\Iff /ul/aLsf sf/0f /x]sf c1fgtf / nfk/jfxLn] ubf{ k[YjLaf6w]/} hLjx¿ nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ . of] qmd cem tLj| x'Fb}uPsf] 5 .

xfn ljZjdf cl:tTjdf /x ]sf h}ljs ljljwtf;+/If0fcGtu{t ;"rLs[t hLjx¿dWo] !@,@%( k|hflt nf]kx'g] cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ . ljZj ;+/If0f ;ª\3åf/f k|sflzt…/]8ln:6 @))#Ú cg';f/ tL nf]kf]Gd'v hLjdWo] g]kfnsfdfq !#! k|hflt k/]sf 5g\ . o;/L g]kfnaf6 nf]k x'g];ª\s6fkGg hLjx¿df !) k|hfltsf jg:klt, @ k|hfltsfsL/f, df5fsf] ! k|hflt, r/fsf] $* k|hflt, :tgwf/L hgfj/%& k|hflt tyf 3;|g] hgfj/sf !# k|hflt /x]sf 5g\ .g]kfndf kfOg] hLjx¿sf] e/kbf]{ cWoog eOg;s]sf]cj:yfdf o:tf nf]kf]Gd'v hLjsf] ;ª\Vof of]eGbf w]/}x'g;Sg] ;DefjgfnfO{ klg gsfg{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . o;kl/k|]Iodf b]zdf kfOg] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] j:t'k/scWoog u/L ;"rLs[t ug]{ sfo{df ljnDa eO;s]sf] 5 .

clxn]sf] cj:yfdf h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ljgf; k|fs[lts¿kdf eGbf xhf/u'0ff tLj| ultdf eO/x]sf] 5 . xfn r/ftyf jGohGt' ljgf;df OG8f]g]l;of, a|flhn, rLg, ef/ttyf k]?sf] cj:yf uDeL/ /x]sf] atfOPsf] 5 . jg:kltsf]ljgf;df OSj]8/, dn]l;of, Og8f]g]l;of, a|flhn tyf>Lnª\sfsf] l:ylt ;a}eGbf uDeL/ /x]sf] s'/f;d]t ;f]k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltj]bgcg';f/ &^@k|sf/sf hLj nf]k eO;s]sf 5g\ eg] %* k|hfltsf] cl:tTjs[lqd af;:yfgdf dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] 5 .

■ k]6«f]nkDkdf clhª\u/nfxfg gu/kflnsfl:yt d'/f/sf k]6«f]nkDkcufl8 b'n{ejGohGt' clhª\u/ kfOg' cfZro{hgs s'/f eof] . & lkm6nfdf] / !) OGr df]6f] Pp6f clhª\u/ s]xL uPsf] sflt{s

;dfrf/ ;Gbe{


dlxgfdf ;f] :yfgdf km]nf k/]sf] lyof] .

ef/tLo ahf/df sl/a Ps nfv ef/tlo ¿k}ofF;Dddft:s/L x'g;Sg] ;f] clhª\u/ t:s/åf/f NofOFbf pDs]sf] jfs]xL ;docufl8 k/]sf] kfgLn] aufP/ NofPsf] cg'dfg ul/Pklg To; If]qdf s;/L cfof] eGg] s'/f yfxf x'g ;s]g .

/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' P]g, @)!( cg';f/ clhª\u/sf]rf]/Ll;sf/L ug]{nfO{ $) b]lv &% xhf/ ¿k}ofF hl/jfgf

tyf kfFrb]lv !) jif{;Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g;Sg] k|fjwfgeP klg To:tf] rf]/L ug{ k|of; ug]{ s'g} JolQm km]nf k/]g .;f] clhª\u/ lhNnf jg sfof{nodfkm{t tTsfn} sf]zL6Kk'jGohGt' cf/Ifdf k7fOPsf] lyof] .

■ 6«nLa; geOx'Gg;fF3'/f ;8s / k|To]s lbg lelqg] gofF ;jf/L;fwgsf sf/0fsf7df8f}Fsf] k|b"if0fn] ;Ldf gf£g yfln;s]sf] 5 . laxfg\;4] /x]sf] ;8ssf] s'g} efu a]n'sf elTs;s]sf] x'g]lgDgu'0f:t/sf ;8sn] 9fs]sf] /fhwfgLdf ;a}eGbf a9Lk|b"if0f kmf]xf]/d}nf / ;jf/L;fwfgaf6 x'g] u/]sf] 5 . lxdfnl;d]G6sf sf/0f sf7df8f}Fsf] jfo'df sl0fsLo w"nf]sf dfqfa9]sf] 7flgP klg u'0f:t/xLg k]6«f]nsf sf/0f jfo'df ldl;g]l;;fn] hg:jf:Yodf g/fd|f] c;/ kfl//x]sf]tkm{ ;DalGwtIf]qsf] Wofg ghfg' cfZro{hgs ljifo ag]sf] 5 .

ljutdf ;/sf/L If ]qsf ;ª\3;+:yfx¿df a9]sf ]/fhgLtLs/0fn] 6f6 kN6]sf] g]kfnsf] klxnf] k|b"if0f/lxt6«nLj; k'gM ;~rfngdf cfPkl5 jftfj/0f d}qLoftfoftsf] lg/Gt/ ;~rfngsf] ck]Iff ul/P klg :yfgLo;/sf/sf] Jofkfl/s /0fgLltsf sf/0f k'gM aGb x'g] cj:yfl;h{gf ePsf] 5 . b}lgs Ps xhf/ ¿k}ofF gf]S;fg x'g] s'/fatfpFb} o;sf] ;~rfngaf6 sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf,eQmk'/ pkdxfgu/kflnsf / dWok'/ lydL gu/kflnsfn]6«nLa; ;~rfng gug]{ s'/f cfPsf] 5 .

:d/0fLo 5, %) j6f 6«nLj; rnfpFbf l8h]naf6 ;~rfngx'g] #$ j6f 7"nf / ## j6f ldgLa; lj:yflkt eO{ ltgaf6jflif{s pT;h{g x'g] $,*(& 6g sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8sf]pT;h{g Go"g x'g] s'/f cWoogn] b]vfPsf] 5 . o;sfcltl/Qm tL ;jf/L;fwg rnfpg cfoft ug'{kg]{ OGwgsfnflu xhf/f}F ljb]zL d'b|f;d]t vr{ x'G5 .

sf7df8f}Fsf] rqmky / s]xL d"n;8sx¿df ljB'tLozlQmaf6 ;~rfng x'g] 6«nLa; ;~rfng x'g;s]df jt{dfg;dosf] jfo'k|b"if0fsf] :t/df ;'wf/ cfpg]5 . ljut !)jif{sf] cjlwdf cfoft ul/Psf ;jf/L;fwgsf] @!! k|ltztj[l4 eP/ clxn] sf7df8f}Fsf ;8s k}bn lxF8bf uGtJodfl56f] k'lug] cj:yf l;h{gf eO;s]sf] 5 t/ s]xL 6]Dkf]lj:yflkt ug]{ gfddf ;/sf/ cem} dfOqmf]a; cfoftdfeg;f/ 5'6 lbg] ;f]rdf /x]sf] 5 . k]6«f]naf6 rNg] 6]Dkf]lj:yfkg ubf{ ljB'tLo ;jf/L;fwg ;~rfng ug{tkm{ Wofgglbg' st} sld;gsf] rSs/ t x}g eg]/ ;f]Rg'kg]{ cj:yfcfPsf] 5 . cGoyf ;/sf/n] a9\bf] k|b"if0f lgoGq0f ug{ /hg:jf:Yosf] /Iffsf nflu s8f lg0f{o lng' cfjZos x'G5 .sf7df8f}Fsf ;8s / o;df u'8\g] ;jf/L;fwgsf] clwstdultsf] lx;fa /fVg] xf] eg] klg ;kmf6]Dkf]sf] lj:tf/ /Ifdtf ljsf;df ;/sf/n] Wofg lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . hn;|f]tsf]wgL b]zdf ljB'tLo ;jf/L ;fwg;~rfng ug{ ul/g] Aof6«Lrfh{sf nflu ljB't\ vkt gx'g] ;dodf ljz]if 5'6 lbg]Joj:yf ul/Pdf o:tf jftfj/0fd}qL ;jf/Lsf] ;~rfngdfk|f]T;fxg ldNg]5 .

;/sf/n] v'nf cfly{s gLlts} sf/0f Jofkf/Lsf] dfucg';f/g} cGo ;jf/L;fwg cfoft ug{ lbg' cfjZos 5}g .hg:jf:Yo / jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf t'ngfdf Jofkfl/s nfenfO{k|fyldstf lbg] xf] eg] ;/sf/ cfkm}F hgtfdfly Jofkf/ug{ pBt 5 eGg] s'/f k|dfl0ft x'g]5 .

■ lu2 lsg x/fP <d/]sf] kz' tyf hgfj/sf] l;gf] vfP/ hLjg lgjf{x ug]{b'n{e k|hfltsf lu2 cfhsn w]/} b]lvg 5f]8]sf 5g\ .o;sf] sf/0f kz' tyf dflg;df z/L/ ;'lGgPsf] / b'vfOsd ug{ k|of]u ul/g] …8fOSnf]km]gfs ;f]l8odÚ gfds/;fogsf] cTolws k|of]unfO{ dflgPsf] 5

…b k]/]lu|g kmG8Ú gfds gfds ;+:yfsf jftfj/0fj}1flgsn] ;g\ @))) df kfls:tfgdf u/]sf] lu2;DaGwLcWoog k|ltj]bgdf 8fOSnf]km]gfs k|of]u ePsf kz' tyfdfG5]sf] l;gf] vfPsf sf/0f lu2x¿sf] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf]ljgf; ePsf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf] 5 .

k|fKt ;dfrf/cg';f/ kfls:tfgdf ul/Psf] ;f] cWoog

;dfrf/ ;Gbe{


k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs ePkl5 g]kfn kG5L ;+/If0f ;ª\3n] b'n{elu2sf] j+z ;+/If0f ug]{ xf] eg] 8fOSnf]km]gfssf] k|of]utTsfn aGb nufpg dfu ub}{ /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt';+/If0f ljefudf Wofgfsif{0f kq a'emfPsf] 5 .

blIf0f Pl;od} klxnf]kN6 8fOSnf]km]gfssf] k|of]u ;g\ !(*(df ef/taf6 k|f/De ePsf] lyof] .;f]xL jif{b]lv g]kfndf k|of]u eO/x]sf]sl6{sf]:6]/jfO8nnfO{ lj:yfkg u/L8fOSnf]km]gfssf] k|of]u ;'? ePsf]lyof] . o; cf}iflwnfO{ cf}iflw Joj:yfljefun] ;d]t laqmLljt/0fsf nflucg'dlt lbPkl5 o;sf] k|of]udf j[l4ePsf] dflgG5 .

;f ] cf }i f lwsf ] k |of ]usf sf/0fjftfj/0fLo c;Gt'ng eP/ h}ljsljljwtf / kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n k|efj kb}{ uPsf]x'Fbf ;/sf/n] o; cf}iflwsf] k|of]udf k|ltaGw ug]{ jfdfGotfk|fKt lrlsT;ssf] cg'dltdf dfq lsga]r ug{ kfpg]Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .

kfls:tfgdf ;g\ !((% b]lv k|of ]u ;'? ePsf ]8fOSnf]km]gfsdfly o'/f]k]nL b]zn] eg] jftfj/0fLo ljgf;sf]sf/0f dfg]/ k|ltaGw nufO;s]sf] 5 . 1ftJo 5,8fOSnf]km]gfs ;'O nufOlbFbf lu2 7x/} x'g] tyf k|of]u ePsf]z/L/df To;sf] k|efj nfdf] ;do;Dd /xg] ePsfn] ;f]cf}iflw k|of]u ePsf kz'sf] l;gf] vfg] s'g} klg k|hfltsflu2sf lduf}{nf s]xL lbgleq} sfd gnfUg] eP/ dg]{ ub{5 .

g]kfndf lu2sf] nf]k x'g'df dfgjLo sf/0fn] ltgsf]af;:yfgsf] ljgf;nfO{ dfq lnOPsf] lyof] / vf;u/Ll;dn tyf sbdsf 7"nf tyf k'/fgf ¿v ;dfKt ePsf]sf/0f b]vfO{ o;sf] ;+/If0fs} nflu tL hftsf ¿vsf6\g k|ltaGw nufOPsf] lyof] . t/, To;f] geP/dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf nflu k|of]u x'g] cf}iflw / /;fogx¿sf]k|of]u klg lu2 nf]k x'g] sf/0f ag]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf Ou/ lu4sf] ;ª\Vof aL; jif{cl3;Dd sl/a $)xhf/ kfOg] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df xfn # xhf/df 36]sf]cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 eg] :n]G8/ hftsf] lu4sf] ;ª\Vof ;f]xLcjlwdf @ xhf/af6 36]/ # ;osf] ;ª\Vofdf ;Lldt /x]sf]cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfndf nfd/ ufo/, XjfO6 /DK8,:n]G8/ ljN8, OlhlK;og, lg/;, /]8 x]8]8, lxdfnog lu|kmg/ o'/]l;og lu|kmg;d]t cf7 k|hfltsf lu2 kfOg]df sf]zL6Kk'jGohGt' cf/Ifdf dfq & k|hfltsf lu4 kfOg] atfOG5 .

:d/0fLo 5, g]kfndf b'n{e dflgPsf 8ª\u/ lu2 -XjfO6

/DK8 eNr/_ / ;fgf] v}/f] lu2 -:n]G8/ eNr/_ Jofj;flos¿kdf kfNg / cg';Gwfg ug{ ;/sf/n] g]kfn kG5L ;+/If0f;ª\3nfO{ cg'dlt lbPsf] 5 .

■ xft] ljZn]if0faf6 df};d k"jf{g'dfgPSsfO;f}F ztfAbLdf klg g]kfndf df};dsf] k"jf{g'dfgxft] ljZn]if0faf6 x'g]u/]sf] ;'Gbf cfZro{ nfUg'kg]{ s'g}sf/0f 5}g . df};dsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{sf nflu cfjZoskg]{ pks/0f / ul0ftLo k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf x'g g;s]sfsf/0f clxn] df};d tyf hnjfo' lj1fg ljefun]df };dsf] k"jf {g 'dfg xft] ljZn]if0f k|ljlwaf6 g}ug'{kl//x]sf] 5 .

xft] ljZn]if0faf6 cfPsf] df};dsf] rf}aL;3G6] ljj/0fn]df};dsf ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . ul0ftLo df};dk|0ffnL nfu" ePdf slDtdf tLg lbg;Ddsf] df};dLljj/0f tof/ ug { ;lsG5 . jt {dfg ;dodfl;tnx/af6 t/fO{ If]qdf dflg;sf] d[To' eO/x]sf]n]df };dsf ] k "jf {g 'dfgsf nflu ul0ftLo k|0ffnLsf ]cfjZostf dx;'; x'g yfn]sf] 5 . tLg lbg;Ddsf]df};dL k"jf{g'dfgsf] ljj/0f k|fKt x'g;s] df};dsf]k|efj d"Nofª\sg / Iflt Go"gLs/0f;DaGwL sfo{ ug{;lsg] atfOPsf] 5 . o; k|0ffnLcGtu{t e"–pku|xaf6k|fKt tl:a/ ;'k/sDKo'6/dfkm{t\ ljZn]if0f ul/g] ePsf]x'Fbf w]/} e/kbf]{ x'G5 .

jt{dfg ;dodf ljefun] cd]l/sL / hfkfgL e"–pku|xaf6 df};d;DaGwL tl:a/ k|fKt ug]{ u/]sf] 5 .cd]l/sL e"–pku|xaf6 lbgsf] b'O{k6s / hfkfgL e"–pku|xaf6 k|To]s 3G6fdf o:tf tl:a/ k|fKt x'g] eP klge"–pku|x / g]kfnsf] cjl:ylt sf]N6f] kg]{ x'Fbf k|fKttl:a/ :ki6 b]lvFb}gg\ . To;df klg o:tf tl:a/sf] xft]ljZn]if0faf6 ul/g] df};dsf] eljiojf0fL slQsf] e/kbf]{xf]nf, ;xh} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

kfgLsf s0fo'Qm jfo' sxfF, slt 5 eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/Llng ;lsg] /f8f/ klg ljefu;Fu 5}g . o:t} k||fljlwssdLsf sf/0f ljefun] xfn;Dd klg s[lif df};d;]jfpknAw u/fpg g;Sbf d'n'ssf] s[lif cy{tGqdf ;d]tgsf/fTds c;/ kl//x]sf] 5 . s'g ;dodf sxfF, sltkfgL k5{, l;tnx/ / x':;' nfUg;S5 eGg] hfgsf/L s[ifsn];dod} kfP pTkfbsTjdf cfpg] x|f; s6f}tL x'g;S5 .

;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt lgsfon] df};d k"jf{g'dfgnfO{ k|fylds;"rLdf /fv]df hfkfgL ;/sf/n] emG8} $)–%) s/f]8 ?k}ofFkg]{ k|ljlw ;xof]u:j¿k pknAw u/fpg] k|:tfj cpFbf klg;/sf/ df}g /xg' eg] cfZro{hgs 5 . ❇

;dfrf/ ;Gbe{


xfd|f] k|of; – kf7ssf] ;/f]sf/kof{j/0f dfl;s g]kfnsf ;x/L / u|fdL0f b'j} If]qsf cfˆgf lk|o kf7sdfkm{t\ jftfj/0fsf ljljw kIfdf r]tgf clej[l4ug{, ljgf;sf/L k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf/] ;r]t u/fpFb} ltgaf6 x'g] Iflt jf c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ tyf b]zsf] lbuf] ljsf;sfnflu gjLs/0fLo pmhf{, kof{j/0fLo ko{6g, h}ljs ljljwtf, l;d;f/ tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] lbuf]Joj:yfkg / pkef]u;lxt hg:jf:Yosf] ;d]t jsfnt ug]{ k|lta4tftkm{ cled'v k|sfzg xf] . o; k|sfzgnfO{u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf …jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfnÚ -Osf]–g]kfn_ n] cfˆgf] jftfj/0f lzIff sfo{qmdcGtu{tk|sfzg ul//x]sf] 5 . o; k|sfzgnfO{ ;+:yf / cfˆgf] 3f]lift nIo xfl;n ug{ kf7sx¿s} ;xof]u / dfof–ddtf tyfk|]/0ff cfjZos x'G5 . o; k|sfzgnfO{ jftfj/0f lzIffsf nflu :t/Lo / k|]/s agfpg xfdL xfd|f ;a} kf7ssf] /folnP/ eljiodf ug'{kg]{ ;'wf/sf sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{ k|oTgdf 5f}F . t;y{ xfdL xfd|f lk|o kf7saf6 b]xfosf k|Zgsf]hjfkm k|fKt ug{ rfxG5f}F . s[kof of] kmf/fd e/]/ k7fpg'eO{ o; k|sfzgnfO{ k|ltkmnd'vL agfpg ;xof]u ug'{xf];\ .k|Zg;Fu} lbOPsf j}slNks pQ/ cufl8sf] s'g} Ps sf]7fdf -✔✔✔✔✔ _ lrXg nufpg' xf]nf .

!= tkfO{+nfO{ kof{j/0f s:tf] nfU5 < cToGt pkof]uL 7Ls 7Ls} pkof]uL 5}g

@= kof{j/0fdf 5flkg] kf]:6/ s:tf] 5 < cToGt pkof]uL 7Ls 7Ls} pkof]uL 5}g

#= tkfO{+n] kof{j/0f lgoldt k9\g'ePsf] 5 < lgoldt s'g}s'g} cª\s of] cª\s dfq

$= kof{j/0fsf] lgoldt kf7s aGg rfxg'x'G5 < rfxG5' slxn]sfxLF rfxGg

%= tkfO{+ kof{j/0fsf] u|fxs aGg rfxg'x'G5 < rfxG5' rfxGg s;/L aGg] <

^= tkfO{+ kof{j/0f lgMz'Ns k|fKt ug{ rfxg'x'G5 < rfxG5' rfxGg s;/L kfpg] <

*= kof{j/0fsf] o; cª\s;DaGwL k|ltlqmof tyf yk ;'emfj s]xL 5g\ <

;'emfj nfdf] ePdf 5'§} sfuh o;} kmf/fd;fy ;+nUg ug{ ;lsg]5 .

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;+nUg sfof{no M================================================================================================

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;xof]u:j¿k jflif{s ;b:otf z'Ns -ljt/0f z'Ns;d]t_

;:+yfut ;b:otf ?= %))÷–z}lIfs ;+:yfx¿sf nflu ¿= ?= #))÷–JolQmut ?= !%)÷–ljBfyL{sf nflu ljz]if ;x'lnot ?= &%÷–-ljBfyL{n] jflif{s ;b:otf kmf/fd;fy kl/rokqsf] k|ltlnlk ;+nUg ug'{kg]{5_

;xsfo{sf nflu cg'/f]wjftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] gfkmf sdfpg] clek|fogePsf] u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] . o; ;+:yfn] jftfj/0f lzIff sfo{qmd -jflzsf_ cGtu{t kof{j/0f dfl;ssf]k|sfzg u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf ljBfno / ufp“ ljsf; ;ldltx¿;Dd ljt/0f ul//x]sf] tkfO{+x¿nfO{ cjutePs} s'/f xf] .

o; k|sfzgn] jftfj/0fk|b"if0f, ljleGg k|sf/sf k|sf]k, k|fs[lts ;|f]t, kof{j/0fLo ko{6g, h}ljs ljljwtf,pmhf{h:tf ljljw ljifodf r]tgf clej[l4 ub}{ ;dfhsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu pTk|]/ssf] sfo{ ug]{ p2]ZolnPsf] 5 . o; cleofgnfO{ ;kmn / k|ltkmnd'vL agfpg cfk;L ;xof]usf] cfj:ostf kg]{ x'“bf tkfO{+;“u;xsfo{sf nflu cg'/f]w ub}{5f}“ .

tkfO{“n] o; cleofgdf kof{j/0fsf] jflif{s ;b:o ag]/ jf c¿nfO{ klg ;b:o aGg k|]l/t u/]/, o;dfk|sfzgfy{ n]v, /rgf tyf cGo ;fdu|L pknAw u/fP/, k|sfzgnfO{ cem lzIffk|b / pkof]uL agfpg ;'emfj;Nnfx lbP/, z'esfdgf tyf Jofkfl/s tyf Jofj;flos lj1fkg pknAw u/fP/ ;xefuL x'g ;Sg'x'g]5 .

gf]6 M 7]ufgf kl/jt{g ePdf oyfzL3| hfgsf/L lbg'xf]nf .tTsfn ;b:o aGg] kf7snfO{ Psk|lt h}ljs ljljwtf ljz]iffª\s pkxf/:j¿k pknAw u/fOg]5 .

;b:otf kmf/fd / z'Ns sxf“ k7fpg] <kof{j/0f dfl;ssf nflu

jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfnsf7df8f}“ dxfgu/kflnsf– #!, wf]aLwf/f,kf]:6aS; g+= !(&@), sf7df8f}“, g]kfnkmf]gM $$$%#@), k\mofS;M $@^%$%%

kof{j/0f dfl;su|fxs g+=M___

gfdM________________________________________________________________________

k"/f 7]ufgfM_________________________________________________________________

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kmf]gM _____________________Od]nM____________________________________________

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u|fxssf] ;xLM____________________

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;b:otf z'Ns ?= sf] A/C Payee r]s÷8«fˆ6 ;+nUg 5 .

jflif{s u|fxs kmf/d✁✁ ✁

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38 issue of paryawaran

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