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Mnvfbdas Ybeirstnbefbj o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntors Gypostntfd Ybfob

Myubj Go Loob

>. Fbtroeudtfob

Nhtgoujg Girlnb Mnvfbda gne n pro`oube abowhieji fb pgfhosopgy

ns wihh ns fb Tdrfpturnh prfbdfphis nbe fb tgi gfstory o` Dgrfstfnb Eodtrfbis,

gi efe bot nttilpt to ubeirtnai nby pgfhosopgfdnh npohojitfds to ei`ibe gfs

owb eodtrfbnh systilntfzntfob. Gi `oubeie tgi wgohi systil o` gfs tgiohojy

upob, so-dnhhie, prfbdfphis (prfbdfpfn), ri`irrie to iftgir ns prfbdfphis o`

rivihntfob (prfbdfpfn rivihntfobfs) or ns prfbdfphis o` tgiohojy (prfbdfpfn

tgiohojfni).>)

Ugi prfbdfphis o` rivihntfob dobsfst o` tgi prfbdfphi o` mifbj

(prfbdfpful issibef), wgfdg snys tgnt tgi rivinhie efvfbi abowhieji ixfsts

nmsohutihy nbe omkidtfvihy fb si or pir si, nbe tgi prfbdfphi o` abowfbj

(prfbdfpful dojbosdibef), wgfdg snys tgnt ft fs wrfttib fb tgi Tdrfpturi nbe

gnbeie ovir to us ns Joes wore my tgi fhhulfbntfob nbe pirsunsfob o` tgi

Gohy Tpfrft.=) Mnvfbda rijnres tgisi prfbdfphis ns rootie fb tgi Urfbftnrfnb

mifbj o` Joe, ns gi dobdhueis, Ft fs tgi @ntgir wgo, tgroujg tgi Tob nsHojos, flpnrts gflsih` to gfs drinturis fb tgi Tpfrft.4)

Joes rivihntfob fs lystiry, ns nri tgi mifbj nbe idoboly o` tgi

Urfubi Joe. Dgrfst, wgo dnli fbto tgfs worhe, fs Joes lystiry rivinhie

fb n moefhy `orl (Doh. =;=). Fb otgir wores, Joes lystiry rivinhie fs tgi

lystiry o` Dgrfst (Doh. 5;4). Dgrfst Gflsih` fs n lystiry nbe rivihntfob.

Ugnt fs wgy tgi Fbdnrbntfob fs tgi dhflnx, drowb, nbe dolphitfob; Nhh

rivihntfob tibes townre nbe jroups nroube tgi fbdnrbntfob ns tgi gfjgist,

rfdgist, nbe lost pir`idt ndt o` sih`-rivihntfob.5)

>) D`. Eobnhe Lndhioe, Mnvfbdas Srohijolibn; @risg Hfjgt ob Nlstirenl, Ohe Srfbditob,

nbe Dorbihfus Pnb Ufh, Zistlfbstir Ugiohojfdnh Kourbnh07 (=330), =0>-7=.

=) D`. Nmrngnl Auypir, Srfbdfphis o` Tndrie Ugiohojy, tr. K. Giberfa Ei Prfis (Jrnbe

]npfes; Iirelnbs, >673), 45> ``.

4) Girlnb Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, voh. >, Srohijolibn, ie. Kogb Moht, tr. Kogb Prfibe

(Jrnbe ]npfes; Mnair, =334), =3:-=>5, quotntfob `rol =>5.

5) Girlnb Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, voh. 4, Tfb nbe Tnhvntfob fb Dgrfst, ie. Kogb Moht,

tr. Kogb Prfibe (Jrnbe ]npfes; Mnair, =330), =:7. D`. Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds,

4:6-73; Ugi dibtir o` tgntQtgi\ rivihntfob fs tgi pirsob o` Dgrfst. Nbe Dgrfst fs n

gfstorfdnh pirsob1 gfs fbdnrbntfob, gfs su``irfbj nbe eintg, fts risurridtfob nbe nsdibsfob

to ginvib nri bot susdiptfmhi o` ripitftfob. Fbeiie ft fs fbtijrnh to tgi fbdnrbntfob tgntgi ibtir gfstory nbe hfvi fb tgi `orl(s) o` tfli.

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Ugi Fbdnrbntfob fs nb gfstorfdnh ivibt wgib tgi efvfbfty o` Kisus

Dgrfst tgi Liefntor wgo dnli fbto tgi worhe wns ubftie wftg gulnbfty fb

obi pirsob. Ugi Tob, tgi sidobe pirsob o` tgi Urfbfty, ns tgi itirbnh

Zore o` Joe, midnli lnb, wftg Gfs issibdi ubdgnbjie. Fb sudg lystiry

o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob hfis tgi lystiry o` drintfob, rivihntfob nbe pfity.

Mnvfbda nrjuis tgnt, `rol tgfs pofbt o` vfiw, Dgrfstohojy fs nt tgi dibtir o`

nhh tgiohojy.9)

Ugi eodtrfbi o` Dgrfst fs bot tgi stnrtfbj pofbt, mut ft dirtnfbhy fs

tgi dibtrnh pofbt o` tgi wgohi systil o` eojlntfds. Nhh otgir eojlns

iftgir pripnri `or ft or nri fb`irrie `rol ft. Fb ft, ns tgi ginrt o`

eojlntfds, puhsis tgi wgohi o` tgi rihfjfous-itgfdnh hf`i o`

Dgrfstfnbfty. Ft fs tgi lystiry o` joehfbiss (> Ufl. 4;>0). @rol tgfs

lystiry nhh Dgrfstohojy gns to prodiie. F`, gowivir, Dgrfst fs tgi

fbdnrbnti Zore, tgib tgi fbdnrbntfob fs tgi dibtrnh `ndt o` tgi ibtfri

gfstory o` tgi worhe; tgib, too, ft lust gnvi miib pripnrie `rol

mi`ori tgi njis nbe gnvi fts i``idts tgroujgout itirbfty.0)

N`tir tgi oreir wgiri Kogb Dnhvfb gne phndie Dgrfstohojy fb gfs

mooa Ugi Fbstftutis o` tgi Dgrfstfnb ]ihfjfob,:) Mnvfbda trintie Dgrfstohojy

fb sudg sidtfobs ns tgi Dovibnbt o` Jrndi, tgi Sirsob o` Dgrfst, nbe

tgi Zora o` Dgrfst, wgfdg njnfb fs efvfeie fb two sidtfobs, Dgrfsts

gulfhfntfob nbe Dgrfsts ixnhtntfob, fb gfs two lnkor woras; ]i`orlie

Eojlntfds (Jiri`orliirei Eojlntfia) nbe Our ]insobnmhi @nftg (Lnjbnhfn

Eif).7) Ugfs oreir o` tindgfbj (oreo eodibef) gns miib fbgirftie to mooas

ob systilntfd tgiohojy fb sumsiquibt jibirntfobs my @rnbdfs Uurritfb,

Gifbrfdg Gippi, nbe Dgnrhis Goeji.6) Zi dnb sii, `rol tgi oreir, tgi `ndt

9) Ugisi `ohhowfbj tgiohojfnbs, nhtgoujg tgifr vfiws vnry, nri fb njriilibt to `fbe tgi

dibtrnhfty o` Dgrfstohojy fb tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi two bnturis o` Dgrfst. D`. J. D.

Miraouwir, Ugi Sirsob o` Dgrfst (Jrnbe ]npfes; Iirelnbs, >695), =>-901 Eobnhe J.

Mhoisdg, Kisus Dgrfst; Tnvfor nbe Hore (Eowbirs Jrovi, FH; FPS, >66:), >>-=51 Eobnhe

Lndhioe, Ugi Sirsob o` Dgrfst (Eowbirs Jrovi, FH; FPS, >66:), >7>-=341 Dgfrhiy D.

Jutgrfi, Kr., Dgrfstfnb Eodtrfbi (Nthnbtn; Kogb Abox, >670), ==4-==91 Mirbnre H. ]nll, Nb

Ivnbjihfdnh Dgrfstohojy; Idulibfd nbe Gfstorfd (Biw Vora; Ugolns Bihsob Sumhfsgirs,

>679), >9-=:.

0) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:5.

:) Fbstftutfo dgrfstfnbni rihfjfobfs, fb hfmros quntuor bubd prflul efjistn, dirtfsqui efstfbdtn

dnpftfmus, ne nptfssflnl litgoeul;nudtn itfnl tnl lnjbn nddissfobi ut propiloeul

opus bovul gnmirf possft, >996, =,0->:.

7) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.>64-57=1 Girlnb Mnvfbda, Our ]insobnmhi @nftg, tr.

Gibry [yhstrn (Jrnbe ]npfes; Iirelnbs, >690), =03-479.6) @rnbdfs Uurritfb, Fbstftutis o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy, ie. Knlis U. Eibbfsob, tr. Jiorji

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tgnt tgi ]i`orlie Dgrfstohojy eybnlfdnhhy flphfis tgi eodtrfbis o`

rivihntfob nbe sotirfohojy.>3)

Ugfs nrtfdhi wfhh nrjui tgnt soli dgnrndtirfstfds o` tgi ]i`orlie

Dgrfstohojy stnbe out fb Mnvfbdas tgiohojy my tgi gypostntfd ubfob tgiory

o` tgi efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor. Tidtfob = wfhh efsduss

tgi sfjbf`fdnbdi o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob ns tgi gfstorfdnh ivibt o` tgi gypostntfd

ubfob `rol tgi pirspidtfvis o` tgi Urfbfty, drintfob nbe rivihntfob. Tidtfob

4 einhs wftg dobdiptfob my tgi Gohy Tpfrft, tgi lystiry o` tgi gypostntfd

ubfob nbe tgi dollubfdntfob mitwiib efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty. Tidtfob 5

nrjuis tgnt liefntfob nddorefbj to gypostntfd ubfob fs tgi `uh`fhhlibt o` nhh

propgitfd dovibnbts nbe tgi liefntfob o` ubfob tgnt opibs tgi eoor `or

Joes dgfherib to dollubi wftg Gfl, my ixnlfbfbj gow liefntfob fs mifbj

ub`oheie fb Gfs Gulfhfntfob nbe Ixnhtntfob nbe wgnt flphfdntfob ft gns ob

tgi ixpfntfob o` our sfbs. Tidtfob 9 sullnrfzis nbe dobdhueis tgi

efsdussfob ob tgi gypostntfd ubfob tgnt Mnvfbda fs nrjufbj.

=. Ugrii Ihilibts o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob

=.>. Ugi Urfbfty

@frst, Mnvfbda pofbts out tgnt, fb oreir to mi Tdrfpturnh nbe

Dgrfstfnb, wi biie to gohe ob to tgi lystiry o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob, wgfhi wi

wouhe hosi tgi rfdgis o` Tdrfpturi nbe tgi gobor o` Dgrfst wgib wi hosi

sfjgt o` ft.>>) Gi tgfbas tgnt tgi lystiry o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob fs nb ivibt tgnt

tgi itirbnh eidrii o` tgi Urfbftnrfnb Joe gns miib `uh`fhhie gfstorfdnhhy.

Ns sumkidt, ns F, gi efe bot eisdibe `rol Nenl mut wns tgi Tob

o` tgi @ntgir, dgosib `rol itirbfty to mi tgi gine o` n biw

dovibnbt. Bot Nenl mut Joe wns gfs `ntgir. Ns n pirsob gi wns

Lusjrnvi Jfjir (Sgfhhfpsmurj, BK; Srismytirfnb nbe ]i`orlie Sumhfsgfbj, >665), =.>06-933.

Dgnrhis Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy, 4 vohs., rip (Jrnbe ]npfes; Iirelnbs, >669),

=.495-047. Gifbrfdg Gippi, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, Tit out nbe Fhhustrntie `rol tgi

Tourdis, tr. J. U. Ugolsob, riv. ie. (Hobeob; Jiorji Nhhib & Ybwfb, >693), 4:>-936.

>3) D`. Dorbihfus Pnb Ufh, Mnvfbda tgi Ugiohojfnb, Zistlfbstir Ugiohojfdnh Kourbnh

>60>(=5/>), >->:. Ugfs fs wrfttib ns n rivfiw pnpir `or tgi `ohhowfbj wora, ]. G.

Mrillir, Girlnb Mnvfbda nhs Eojlntfdus (Anlpib; K. G. Aoa, >60>).

>>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.435. D`. M. M. Znr`fihe, Ugi Uwo Bnturis nbe ]idibt

Dgrfstohojfdnh Tpiduhntfob, fb Dgrfstohojy nbe Drftfdfsl (Biw Vora; Ox`ore Ybfvirsfty

Sriss, >64=), =96; Ugi eodtrfbi o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob fs tgi gfbji ob wgfdg tgi Dgrfstfnbsystil turbs.

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bot tgi proeudt o` gulnbafbe mut gflsih` dnli to gulnbafbe `rol

wftgout nbe ibtirie fbto fts rnbas.>=)

Fb tgfs rispidt, Mnvfbda `fbes tgi `frst linbfbj o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob fb

tgnt tgi prisupposftfob nbe `oubentfob o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob hfis fb tgi

Urfbftnrfnb mifbj o` Joe.>4) Ugi sumkidt o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob fs tgi sidobe

pirsob o` tgi Urfbfty, Kisus Dgrfst. Ugi itirbnh Tob o` Joe midnli n lnb

to `fbfsg tgi wora o` sumstftutfobnry ntobilibt, nddorefbj to tgi itirbnh

doubsih o` tgi Urfbftnrfnb Joe, pndtul snhutfs. Ugroujg tgi liefntfob o`

tgi Tob, Joe tgi @ntgir midolis tgi @ntgir o` Gfs dgfherib, nbe tgi Gohy

Tpfrft tgifr Dol`ortir.>5)

]ikidtfbj tgi Hutgirnb vfiw o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob, wgfdg snys tgnt tgi

efvfbi bnturi fb tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob midnli gulnb, Mnvfbda neopts tgi

]i`orlie `orluhntfob tgnt tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob wns flliefntihy ubftie

wftg tgi gulnb bnturi, nbe tgi efvfbi bnturi wns Qtgiri`ori\ liefntihy

ubftie wftg ft, wgfdg rijnres tgi sumkidt o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob ns tgi pirsob

o` tgi sidobe pirsob o` tgi Urfbfty. Ugi Fbdnrbntfob fs bot n pnbtgifstfd

ilnbntfob tgnt `orls drinturis wgib issibdi or efvfbfty o` tgi Urfbftnrfnb

Joe spfhhs ovir, `howfbj out, mut n pirsobnh opirntfob (opus pirsobnhi) o`

tgi sidobe pirsob o` tgi Urfbfty. Ugi gypostntfd ubfob mitwiib tgi efvfbi

nbe gulnb bnturis fs liefnti fb tgnt ft fs tgroujg tgi flliefnti

nssulptfob o` tgi gulnb bnturi fbto tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob.>9)

Ugi lystiry o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob hfis fb tgi `ndt tgnt Joe midnli

lnb wftgout nby neeftfob or nby sumtrndtfob, rivinhfbj tgi lystiry o` tgi

Urfbfty. Ugiri obhy fs (issi) obi Joe nbe gypostntfdnhhy tgiri ixfsts

(sumsfstiri) tgrii pirsobs. Ugrii gypostnsis or gypostntfd mifbjs

(sumsfstibtfni) dnb mi efstfbjufsgie fb tgifr propirtfis mut nri nhwnys tgi

snli fb issibdi, bnlihy, fb tgi efvfbfty. Ugiri`ori, tgi Tob fs Joe nbe nt

tgi snli tfli, tgi Liefntor mitwiib Joe nbe lnb. Mnvfbda sinrdgie `or

tgi possfmfhfty o` sudg n lystirfous fbdnrbntfob fb tgi issibdi o` tgi

Urfubi Joe nbe `or fts gfstorfdnh idoboly fb tgi itirbnh pndtul snhutfs.

Ugi Fbdnrbntfob, wgfdg lny mi `oubeie upob tgi issibdi o` Joe, fs owfbj

to Joes owb wfhh. Ft fs bot bidissnry, ns tgi pnbtgifst wouhe sny, bor

dobtfbjibt, ns tgi eifst wouhe sny.>0)

>=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=65.

>4) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:5.

>5) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:0.>9) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:0.

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Ugi Fbdnrbntfob fs n propir wora o` tgi sidobe pirsob o` tgi

Urfbfty, tgi Tob. Mnvfbda dob`frls gfs posftfob `rol tgi stntilibt

proeudie nt tgi sfxtg Tyboe o` Uohieo (NE 047). Obhy Qtgi Tob\ nssulis

gulnb bnturi fb tgi sfbjuhnrfty o` tgi pirsob, bot fb tgi ubfty o` tgi

efvfbi bnturi; fb wgnt fs piduhfnr to tgi Tob, bot wgnt fs dollob to tgi

Urfbfty.>:) Ugi Fbdnrbntfob, gowivir, fs tgi wora kofbthy eobi my tgi

pirsobs o` tgi Urfbfty, ns nri nhh otgir woras o` Joe.>7) Dollibts my

Mnvfbda ob tgi Fbdnrbntfob ns `ohhows, nri fb dolphfnbdi wftg tgi stnbenre

stntilibt o` tgi idobolfd trfbfty; Vit tgoujg sumkidtfvihy nbe ns ft

pirtnfbs to fts ibe, tgi fbdnrbntfob fs piduhfnr obhy to tgi Tob, stfhh wftg

rispidt to fts orfjfb, mijfbbfbj, nbe i``idtfvibiss, ft fs n wora o` tgi wgohi

Urfbfty.>6)

=.=. Drintfob

Tidobe, Mnvfbda stnrts tgi efsdussfob o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob my gfbtfbj

nt tgi possfmfhfty o` tgi drintfob o` gulnb mifbjs `rol tgi itirbnh

mijittfbj o` tgi Tob my tgi @ntgir. Ixpoubefbj tgi eodtrfbi o` drintfob,

Mnvfbda nssirts tgnt tgi fbwnre wora (opus ne fbtrn), ixprissie my

jibirntfob (jibirntfo) nbe prodissfob (prodissfo), ri`hidts tgi outwnre wora

(opus ne ixtrn) o` tgi wora o` drintfob. Snrtfduhnrhy, ft fs tgi drintfbj o`

lnb, nhso dnhhie tgi flnji o` tgi Urfbfty (flnjo trfbftntfs), tgnt mist

riprisibts tgi stnlps o` tgi Urfbfty (vistfjfn trfbftntfs).=3)

Mnvfbda siis tgnt tgi drintfob o` lnb gne miib phnbbie ubeir tgi

prisupposftfob o` Joes fbdnrbntfob, `or Nenl wns nhriney n typi o`

Dgrfst. F` so, fs Mnvfbda ob tgi snli pnji wftg Nberins Osfnbeir, wgo

nrjuis tgnt tgi Fbdnrbntfob wouhe gnvi stfhh miib riqufrie, gnebt tgiri

ivib miib tgi @nhh? Zns tgi Fbdnrbntfob n bidissnry doursi o` ndtfob to

dolphiti tgi flpir`idt gulnbfty supirbnturnhhy?=>)

Tudg quistfobs lny nrfsi wgib wi try to lnai n tfjgt dobbidtfob

>0) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:5-=:9, =::.

>:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:0.

>7) Ugfs ri`irs to tgi prfbdfphi tgnt nhh tgi outwnre woras o` Joe nri dollob nbe

fbefvfsfmhi(opirn ne ixtrn dollubfn it fbefvfsn). Girlnb Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds,

voh. =, Joe nbe Drintfob, ie. Kogb Moht, tr. Kogb Prfibe (Jrnbe ]npfes; Mnair, =335), 4>7.

>6) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:0. Dnhvfb, Fbst. >.>4.>7 (DO =.>39); pntrf prfbdfpful

njibef, rirulqui olbful `obs it sdnturfjo nttrfmuftur1 `fhfo snpfibtfn, dobsfhful, fpsnqui

fb rimus njibefs efspibsntfo1 nt spfrftuf vfrtus it i``fdndfn nssfjbntur ndtfobfs.

=3) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, =.44=-444, 5=3-5=4.=>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=::-=:7.

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mitwiib tgi liefntfob o` snhvntfob nbe drintfob my Dgrfst. Mnvfbda tgfbas

tgnt tgi Fbdnrbntfob ri`hidts tgi drintfob o` lnb nbe nrjuis `or tgi

liefntfob o` Dgrfst, wgo nddolphfsgie ft. Ugiri`ori, my dftfbj Tdrfpturnh

virsis, wgfdg snys tgnt Dgrfst fs tgi `frstmorb ovir nhh drintfob (prwtotoaok

pnsgk atfsiwk) (Doh. >;>9) nbe tgi Mijfbbfbj o` tgi drintfob o` Joe (nvrdg tgk

atfsiwk tou qiou) (]iv. 4;>5), Mnvfbda ubeirhfbis tgi `ndt tgnt Dgrfst fs tgi

Liefntor o` ri-drintfob.==) F` so, eois Mnvfbda ndabowhieji tgnt ri-drintfob

fs nb ivibt tgnt Dgrfst tnais tgi supirbnturnh efvfbi bnturi rijnrehiss o`

sfb?

Mnvfbdas nbswir to sudg n quistfob fs eidfsfvihy bijntfvi.=4) Gi

dhinrhy botis tgi `ndt tgnt Joes lfbe eurfbj tgi drintfob o` Nenl wns to

dnrry out tgi dovibnbt o` woras my lnafbj Dgrfst n rieiilir,=5) wgfhi

ihudfentfbj tgi ]i`orlie prfbdfphi tgnt tgi `fbfti fs bot dnpnmhi o` tgi

fb`fbfti (`fbftul bob ist dnpnx fb`fbftf) nbe rikidtfbj tgi tgiory o` tgi

Dollubfdntfob o` Nttrfmutis o` Hutgirnbs nssirtfbj tgnt gulnbs nri

dnpnmhi o` tgi efvfbi bnturi (golo efvfbni bnturni dnpnx).=9) Mnvfbda snys

tgnt tgi Fbdnrbntfob eipibes ob Joes jooe phinsuri to snvi tgi `nhhib

gulnb rndi, bot n bidissnry ivibt nt tgi tfli o` drintfob.=0)

Mnsfdnhhy stnbefbj ob tgi sfei o` fb`rnhnpsnrfnbfsl nbe efsdussfbj

motg tgi Liefntor fb drintfob nbe fb rieilptfob fb tgi snli mrintg,

Mnvfbda put ilpgnsfs ob tgi `ndt tgnt tgi dgurdg fs tgi liefntor o`

ubfob (liefntor ubfobfs) rijnrehiss o` tgi oreir o` lnbs `nhh. Mnvfbda

n``frls tgnt tgi Fbdnrbntfob gns nhriney miib ibjrnvie fb tgi orfjfbnh

drintfob o` lnb nbe fb tgi snhvntfob o` lnb, bnlihy, fb tgi idoboly o`

ri-drintfob.=:) Ugus, Mnvfbda omsirvis tgnt, kust ns lnb midnli tgi flnji

o` tgi trfubi Joe tgroujg drintfob nbe ristie wftg Joe, wi nri nmhi to

`ihhowsgfp wftg tgi Urfbfty my mifbj ubftie wftg Dgrfst tgroujg ri-drintfob.

Mnvfbda ridaobs tgi Fbdnrbntfob ns drintfob, tgi opus ne fbtrn o` Dgrfst,

nbe ns ri-drintfob, tgi itirbnh eidrii to Gfs opus ne ixtrn. Ugiri`ori,

midnusi o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob, snhvntfob gns bot obhy n pirsobnh mut nhso n

ubfvirsnh sfjbf`fdnbdi. Tudg n posftfob wns nhso gihe my Dnhvfb, wgo wns

==) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, =.5=4.

=4) Ob tgi otgir gnbe tgi `ohhowfbj nutgor wfhh jfvi nb n``frlntfvi nbswir to tgfs. Tfbdi gi

rijnres tgi abowhieji o` drintfob nbe tgi fbdnrbntfob o` Dgrfst ns pridieibt to tgnt o`

Joe tgi Urfbfty. Dohfb I. Jubtob, Dgrfst nbe Drintfob (Jrnbe ]npfes; Iirelnbs, >66=),

:>-:6.

=5) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:7.

=9) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=::.

=0) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:6.=:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.44=-444.

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mnsfdnhhy n suprnhnpsnrfnb.=7) Fb tgfs lnttir, wi dnb sii tgnt Mnvfbda fs

tnafbj tgi posftfob tgnt fbtir`usis motg fb`rnhnpsnrfnbfsl nbe

suprnhnpsnrfnbfsl fb oreir to ibdolpnss tgi idobolfis o` drintfob nbe

snhvntfob.=6) Fb `ndt, ft fs snfe tgnt n spidtrul o` efvirsi opfbfobs ob tgfs

pofbt my ]i`orlie tgiohojfnbs nri eui to ef``iribdis fb ilpgnsfs or fb

vfiwpofbts.43)

=.4. ]ivihntfob

Ugfre, Mnvfbda nees rivihntfob `or prisupposftfob nbe pripnrntfob.

Ugi Hore, wgo tooa tgi `orl o` gulnb `hisg to doli fbto tgfs worhe,

rivinhie Gflsih` ns hf`i nbe hfjgt to piophi, wgfdg wns dob`frlie fb tgi

mijfbbfbj o` tgi Jospih nddorefbj to Kogb (Kogb >;>, 9, 6). Zftgout tgi

Fbdnrbntfob, biftgir tgi rivihntfob o` drintfob bor tgnt o` snhvntfob douhe

stnbe, `or tgi worhe wns drintie my tgi Tob, wgo dnli fbto tgfs worhe

(Kogb >;5).4>)

Ugi fbdnrbntfob hfbas up wftg tgi pridiefbj rivihntfob, motg tgi

jibirnh nbe tgi spidfnh. Ft stnbes nbe `nhhs wftg tgil. @or f` Joe

wns nmhi to rivinh gflsih` fb tgi wny Tdrfpturi tistf`fis wftg rispidt

motg to tgi Jibtfhi worhe nbe to Fsrnih, tgib tgi possfmfhfty o` tgi

fbdnrbntfob fs fbgiribthy fbdhueie fb tgnt rivihntfob1 nbe f` tgi

fbdnrbntfob wiri bot possfmhi, tgib biftgir douhe tgi rivihntfob mi

lnfbtnfbie. ]ivihntfob, n`tir nhh, fs mnsie ob tgi snli fein ns tgi

fbdnrbntfob; ob tgi dollubfdnmfhfty o` Joe, motg fb gfs mifbj to tgi

Tob(jibirntfob) nbe outsfei gfs mifbj to drinturis(drintfob).4=)

@rol tgfs pirspidtfvi, Mnvfbda rihntis tgi Fbdnrbntfob wftg tgi

ibtfri Mfmhfdnh rivihntfob. Ugi ubfob o` tgi efvfbfty nbe tgi gulnbfty tihhs

us tgnt drintfob o` tgi mijfbbfbj wns bot my pnbtgifstfd ilnbdfpntfob mut

`rol botgfbj (ix bfgfho),44) nbe tgnt tgi Liefntor o` snhvntfob fs bot n tgfre

=7) Dnhvfb, Fbst. =.>=.5-0.

=6) K. Lnra Mindg, Fbtroeudtory Issny, fb Girlnb Mnvfbda, Ugi Gohy Tpfrfts Zora fb

Dnhhfbj nbe ]ijibirntfob, tr. Bihsob E. Ahoostirlnb (Jrnbe ]npfes; ]i`orlntfob Girftnji,

=337), xvf-xx.

43) Gippi, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, Tit out nbe Fhhustrntie `rol tgi Tourdis, >44->56.

4>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=73.

4=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=73-=7>.44) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=7=-=70.

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mifbj mut n trui-Joe-trui-lnb Dgrfst.45) Ugi Fbdnrbntfob rivinhs tgi `ndt

tgnt Dgrfst Gflsih` fs tgi dobtibt o` Dgrfstfnbfty.49)

Fb nrjufbj nmout tgi prfbdfphi o` rivihntfob, Mnvfbda ubeirhfbis tgi

tgiohojy o` ubfob (tgiohojfn ubfobfs) fb Dgrfst, tgnt tgi nrdgitypnh

rivihntfob (rivihntfo nrdgitypn), tgi fbtirbnh abowhieji o` Joe, wgfdg

midnli nddolloentie to us, wns ridoreie fb Tdrfpturi ns idtypnh

rivihntfob (rivihntfo idtypn) wgib wi ridifvie ft my tgi fbspfrntfob o` tgi

Gohy Tpfrft.40) Fb tgi snli vifb gi ivib rihntis tgi Fbdnrbntfob wftg orjnbfd

fbspfrntfob o` tgi wrftirs o` tgi Tdrfpturis.4:) Gi nhso nrjuis `or tgi

su``fdfibdy o` Tdrfpturi my dobsfeirfbj tgi rieilptfvi wora ubeir tgi

Fbdnrbntfob ns tgi hnst nbe suprili rivihntfob.47)

4. Ugi Gypostntfd Ybfob o` tgi Efvfbfty nbe tgi Gulnbfty fb obi

Sirsob

4.>. Ugi Lystiry o` tgi Ybfob; tgi Dobdiptfob my tgi Gohy Tpfrft

Ugi Fbdnrbntfob fs tgi wora o` tgi trfubi Joe. Ugi @ntgir sibt Gfs

Tob. Ugi Gohy Tpfrft drintie tgi gulnbfty o` tgi Tob. Lnrys flprijbntfob

wns `rol tgi supirbnturnh dobdiptfob my tgi Gohy Tpfrft. Ugnt fs gow tgi

gohy gulnbfty wns ubftie wftg tgi efvfbfty o` tgi Tob. Ugi Fbdnrbntfob fs

nhso tgi wora o` tgi Tob Gflsih`, wgo midnli lnb. Gi wns gflsih` tgi

ndtfbj sumkidt wgo my tgi Gohy Tpfrft pripnrie n moey `or gflsih` fb Lnrys

moey.46) Dgrfst, tgoujg sibt my tgi @ntgir, dnli my gfs owb wfhh nbe eii

e.53)

Mnvfbda trfis to `fbe tgi lystiry o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob fb tgi

propirty tgnt tgi supirbnturnh flprijbntfob my tgi Gohy Tpfrft gns. Ugi

Gohy Tpfrft ndts bot obhy ns tgi fbstrulibtnh dnusi mut nhso ns tgi

i``fdfibt dnusi (dnusn i``fdfibs).5>) Zgib tgi tfli gne `uhhy doli, tgi

45) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=75.

49) D`. Girlnb Mnvfbda, Ugi Sgfhosopgy o` ]ivihntfob (Biw Vora; Hobjlnbs, >636), >:3-=3=.

40) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, >.=>3-=>5.

4:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, >.545-549, 55=-554.

47) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, >.563-56>. Ugi tgrii sfjbf`fdnbdis fbtroeudie giri

fhhulfbnti ovirnrdgfbj prfbdfphis o` Mnvfbdas Dgrfstohojy. Botnmhy, Dgnrhis Goeji eois

bot libtfob tgil nt nhh fb einhfbj wftg tgi pirsob o` Dgrfst. Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy,

=.4:7 ``., 0>3 ``.

46) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=64.

53) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=63.5>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, =.=0>-=05.

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powir o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft, wgo gns woraie `rol drintfob to ri-drintfob,

drintie tgi gohy gulnbfty o` Dgrfst fb tgi moey o` Lnrfn. Gfs gulnbfty,

mifbj drintie my tgi Gohy Tpfrft, dnb mi ubftie to Gfs pirsob. Ugfs spidfnh

ubfob, ibnmhie my tgi wora o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft, `orls tgi pirsob o` tgi

Liefntor wftg motg efvfbi nbe gulnb bnturis. Ugi supirbnturnh

flprijbntfob my tgi Gohy Tpfrft gns ibnmhie ubfob nbe dollubfob mitwiib

Joe nbe lnb fb Dgrfst. Ugi wora o` lnb fb Dgrfst wiri nttrfmutie to

Joes wora, wgfdg dobtfbuie tgroujgout tgi hf`i o` Kisus nbe wfhh dobtfbui

tgi stnti o` ixnhtntfob.5=)

Giri Mnvfbda, ri`hidtfbj tgi ne fbtrn, Urfbftnrfnb idoboly o` tgi

Gohy Tpfrft, fs ixpoubefbj tgi lystiry o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob tgnt gfs gulnbfty

fs ubftie wftg tgi efvfbfty fb tgi Tob ns tgi sumkidt. Ugfs afbe o` posftfob

fs fb tgi snli tgrine wftg gfs ilpgnsfs ob tgi pirsobnh propirty o` tgi

Gohy Tpfrft `rol tgi pirspidtfvi o` ubfob nbe dollubfob my efsdussfbj

nmout tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi Urfbfty ns `ohhows;54)

Zftgout tgi pirsobnhfty nbe eifty o` tgi Tpfrft tgiri dnb mi bo trui

obibiss mitwiib tgi @ntgir nbe tgi Tob. Ugosi wgo eiby tgi eifty

o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft dnbbot lnfbtnfb tgnt o` tgi Tob. Ugi Urfbfty obhy

dolphitis ftsih` fb tgi efvfbi pirsob o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft. Obhy tgroujg

tgnt pirsob eois tgi ubfty o` mifbj fb tgi tgriibiss o` tgi

pirsobs nbe tgi tgriibiss o` pirsobs fb tgi ubfty o` mifbj, doli

fbto mifbj. Ugi ibtfri eojln o` tgi Urfbfty, tgi lystiry o`

Dgrfstfnbfty, tgi ginrt o` rihfjfob, tgi trui nbe jibufbi dollubfob

o` our souhs wftg Joetgiy nhh stnbe or `nhh wftg tgi eifty o` tgi

Gohy Tpfrft.55)

Ugi Fbdnrbntfob oddurrie my tgi powir o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft fb tgi Tob

my tgi wfhh o` tgi @ntgir. Ugi Fbdnrbntfob oddurrie bot obhy fb tgi Tob mut

nhso my tgi Tob. Ft wns tgi wora o` tgi Tob, wgo, ns tgi obi tgnt liefntie

Joe nbe lnb eurfbj drintfob, dnrrfie out tgi liefntfbj wora o`

rieilptfob my midolfbj lnb gflsih`. Ugi gulnbfty o` tgi Tob nssulie

tgi pirsob o` Dgrfst wgib drintie, nbe nt tgi snli tfli, wns ubftie wftg

5=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=6>-=6=.

54) Dobdirbfbj our ubfob wftg Dgrfst jroubeie ob Dgrfsts ubfob wftg us tgroujg tgi

fbdnrbntfob, ]omirt Hitgnl, Ugi Zora o` Dgrfst (Eowbirs Jrovi, FH; FPS, >664), ::-7:,

>75->70.55) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, =.4>=.

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Gfs efvfbfty. Tudg n lystiry fs eui to n viry spidfnh ndtfvfty ob tgi pnrt

o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft.59) Ugi wora o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft fb tgi supirbnturnh

dobdiptfob dnbbot mi siib obhy ns tgi ixtibsfob o` tgi ne ixtrn drintfob.

Ft oddurrie fb tgi lfest o` tgi ne fbtrn idoboly o` tgi Urfbfty. Ugi Gohy

Tpfrft, wgo drintie tgi gulnbfty, fs tgi Tpfrft o` tgi itirbnh Tob. Ugi Gohy

Tpfrft wns worafbj fb tgi Tob eurfbj tgi Fbdnrbntfob, wgfdg fs nhso tgi

wora o` tgi Tob. Ugi pirsob o` tgi Tob ubeirwibt bo nhtirntfob eurfbj

Gfs owb wora.50) Fb sgort, Mnvfbda rines tgi lystiry o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob

`rol tgi idoboly o` tgi Urfbfty.

Dobdiptfob my tgi Gohy Tpfrft wns bot tgi eiipist jroube nbe `fbnh

dnusi o` Kisus sfbhissbiss, ns lnby tgiohojfnbs sny, mut ft wns tgi

obhy wny fb wgfdg gi wgo nhriney ixfstie ns n pirsob nbe wns

nppofbtie gine o` n biw dovibnbt douhe bow nhso fb n gulnb wny

fb tgi `hisgmi nbe rilnfb wgo gi wns; tgi Dgrfst, Tob o` Joe tgi

Lost Gfjg.5:)

4.=. Dgrfsthiss Dgrfstohojy

Mnvfbda ilpgnsfzis tgi `ndt tgnt, f` obi efe bot ndabowhieji tgi

liefntfob o` tgi efvfbi nbe gulnb bnturis o` Kisus Dgrfst, tgiri wouhe mi

bo Dgrfstfnb `nftg. Ugiri fs obhy gulnb Kisus fb tgi Nrfnb Dgrfstohojy, tgi

lornh Dgrfstohojy o` rntfobnhfsl, tgi sylmohfd Dgrfstohojy o` Anbt, tgi feinh

Dgrfstohojy o` Gijih, tgi nistgitfd Dgrfstohojy o` Ei Zitti, nbe tgi

nbtgropohojfdnh Dgrfstohojy o` @iuirmndg.57)

Ugiri rilnfbs obhy tgi nrdgitypi o` gulnbafbe to

Tdghifirlndgir, wgo gflsih` snfe ndabowhiejie tgi efvfbfty o` Dgrfst mut

wgo feibtf`fie ft wftg Joe-dobsdfousbiss. Tdghifirlndgir libtfobie Joes

mifbj fb Dgrfst mut efe bot ndabowhieji tgnt Dgrfst fs Joe. Obhy tgi

efvfbfzfbj o` tgi gulnb (qiwsfk), bot tgi Fbdnrbntfob, rilnfbs giri.56)

59) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=6=.

50) Fb tgfs rispidt Mnvfbdas posftfob sgouhe mi ef``iribtfntie `rol tgnt o` Tpfrft-Dgrfstohojy

tgnt nri eiphoyie fb tgisi woras. ]ojir Gnfjgt T. K. Ugi Dnsi `or Tpfrft Dgrfstohojy

Ugiohojfdnh Ttuefis 94(>66=), =9:-=7:1 ]nhpg Eih Dohhi, Dgrfst nbe tgi Tpfrft;

Tpfrft-Dgrfstohojy fb n Urfbftnrfnb Sirspidtfvi (Ox`ore; Ox`ore Ybfvirsfty, >665)1 Kurjib

Lohtlnbb, Ugi Zny o` Dgrfst (Lfbbinpohfs; @ortriss Sriss, >664).

5:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=65-=69.

57) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=75.

56) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=0=-=04. D`. Myubj-Go Loob, N Drftfdfsl o`Tdghifirlndgirs Lystfdnh nbe Snbtgifstfd Dgrfstohojy, Dgobjsgfb Ugiohojfdnh Kourbnh

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Nhh wistirb tgiohojfis `ohhowfbj Tdghifirlndgir gnvi put lori

ilpgnsfs ob midolfbj rntgir tgnb ob mifbj fb einhfbj wftg tgi pirsob o`

Dgrfst, wftg shfjgt vnrfntfobs ob wgitgir fts sumkidt fs Joe or Joe-lnb.

Ugfs tribe fs dollob to ]ftsdgh, Girrlnbb, An`tnb, nbe Grfbj, wgo

pofbtie to Dgrfsts mifbj nb itgfdnh loeih1 ]otgi, nbe Eorbir, wgo nrjuie

tgnt Dgrfsts efvfbfty jriw nt tgi snli tfli wftg tgi gulnbfty1 nbe tgi

Aibosfs eodtrfbi, wgfdg snys tgnt ft oddurs, fbstine o` hooafbj sflfhnr, wftg

tgi efvfbfty mifbj `orlnhhy prisibt.93)

Tudg n tribe o` tgi tfli jnvi mfrtg to nb ixtrili sidt, so-dnhhie

^uist o` tgi Gfstorfdnh Kisus. Fbeiie, Kisus ob tgfs inrtg to tgil wns

obhy n sob wgo fbtroeudie tgi @ntgir to us. Ns Gnrbnda botis, tgi Jospih

fs bot tgi Tob mut tgi biws o` tgi Tob nmout tgi @ntgir. Ft fs bot Kisus

Gflsih` wgo wi mihfivi. Zgnt fs rihivnbt to us fs bot Kisus Gflsih` mut

`nftg fb Kisus. Nddorefbj to Gnrbnda, tgiri fs bo Kisus mut n rihfjfous

ixpirfibdi nmout Kisus or n vfiw o` Gfl.9>) Fb tgfs rispidt, to Dnrhyhi gi

wns n giro, to Ttrnuss n rihfjfous jibfus, to ]ibnb n hfmirnh ri`orlir nbe

prindgir o` gulnbfty, to Tdgopibgnuir n girnhe o` tgi bijntfob o` tgi wfhh

to hfvi, to Srouegob n sodfnh ri`orlir.9=)

Mnvfbda vfiws tgnt sudg n quist o` tgi gfstorfdnh Kisus, wgfdg

bijhidts tgi pirsob o` Kisus Dgrfst wftg tgi efvfbi nbe gulnb bnturis, wfhh

risuht fb n Dgrfsthiss Dgrfstohojy, `or tgi eodtrfbi o` Dgrfst sgouhe mi

mnsie ob nbe oddur wftgfb tgi moubenrfis o` tgi Dgnhdieob sylmoh.94)

Ugi gfstorfdfty o` Kisus dnb gnvi n Dgrfstfnb linbfbj wgib soujgt n`tir

obhy fb tgi `ndt tgnt gi fs nhso tgi itirbnh Joe. Ugi ubfquibiss o`

Dgrfstfnbfty, efstfbdt `rol tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi Urfbfty, dnbbot mi libtfobie

f` wi bijhidt tgi `ndt tgnt Gi gns midoli tgi snli lnb ns wi nri.

Ugiri`ori, obhy tgi Urfbftnrfnbfstfd Dgrfstohojy fs trui.

Nhtgoujg Mnvfbda efe usi sudg n hnbjunji, gfs stnbefbj ob tgfs fs

`frl ns dnb mi siib mihow;

F` giQDgrfst\ fs jofbj to mi bot tgi sumkidt mut tgi omkidt nbe dibtir

>0/>(=3>>), 05-06.

93) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=04-=00. D`. Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy, =.543-553.

9>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=0:-=07.

9=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=06.

94) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=96. Dobdirbfbj tgi `ndt tgnt ortgoeox Dgrfstohojy fs

mnsie ob tgi Dgnhdieob driie `rol Dnhvfb to Dnhvfbfsts, ]omirt H. ]iylobe, N Biw

Tystilntfd Ugiohojy o` tgi Dgrfstfnb @nftg, 030-0==1 Lndhioe, Ugi Sirsob o` Dgrfst,>7>-=34.

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o` tgi Dgrfstfnb rihfjfob, nbe f` tgfs Dgrfstfnb rihfjfob fs to prisirvi

fts ubfquibiss nbe bot eijibirnti fbto nb feohntrous Kisus duht, ft fs

bot iboujg `or Dgrfst to mi fb Joe(ivbqiok), mut gi lust gflsih` mi

Joe(qiok), tgi obhy mijottib o` tgi @ntgir.95)

Ugi tindgfbj ob tgi pirsob o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor, wgfdg wns

istnmhfsgie my tgi Doubdfh o` Dgnhdieob, prisibts tgi ginrt o` tgi

Urfbftnrfnbfstfd Dgrfstohojy. Dgrfst fs tgi omkidt o` `nftg, bot n sumkidt hfai

us. Gi fs lnb ns Joe. Ugiri`ori, wi lust bot dobsfeir Dgrfst ns n purihy

lnb, wgo fs lnb. Nhh Dgrfstfnb tgiohojfnbs nri tnhafbj nmout Dgrfst, mut

tgosi wgo hnda tgi ubeirstnbefbj o` gfl tgnt gi fs tgi omkidt o` `nftg ns

tgi wny nbe hf`i wfhh obhy siia n`tir n Dgrfsthiss Dgrfstohojy.99)

4.4. Ybfty fb Ybfob

Ugi Doubdfh o` Dgnhdieob pro`issie nmout tgi pirsob o` Dgrfst ns

`ohhows; tgi snli pir`idt fb Joegine, tgi snli pir`idt fb gulnbgooe,

truhy Joe nbe truhy lnb ... obi nbe tgi snli Dgrfst, Tob, Hore,

Obhy-mijottib, lnei abowb fb two bnturis, wftgout dob`usfob (nvsujdutok),

wftgout dgnbji (nvtriptok), wftgout efvfsfob (nvefnfritok), wftgout sipnrntfob

(nvdwrfstok).90) Instirb tgiohojfnbs strissie efvfbfzntfob (qiwsfk), pri`irfbj

out o` two bnturis (ivb euo `usifb) to fb two bnturis (iva euo `usiwb).9:) My

tgifr fb`huibdis, Kogb o` Enlnsdus, nb Instirb tgiohojfnb, nbe otgir

]olnb Dntgohfd tgiohojfnbs gfjghfjgtie pirlintfob (pirfdwrgsfk) o` tgi

efvfbfty fbto tgi gulnbfty nbe efvfbfzntfob (qiwsfk) o` tgi gulnbfty fbto tgi

efvfbfty.97)

Ugi risohutfob o` tgi Dgnhdieob Doubdfh ob obi pirsob (ubn

pirsobn) nbe two bnturis (euni bnturni) flphfis tgi lystiry o` tgi

gypostntfd ubfob,96) wgfdg lust bot mi fbvistfjntie pgfhosopgfdnhhy,03) mut

95) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=:4.

99) D`. M. M. Znr`fihe, Dgrfsthiss Dgrfstfnbfty, fb Dgrfstohojy nbe Drftfdfsl (Biw Vora;

Ox`ore Ybfvirsfty Sriss, >64=), 40:; N Dgrfstfnbfty to wgfdg Dgrfst fs fbef``iribt fs, ns n

liri lnttir o` `ndt, bo Dgrfstfnbfty nt nhh. @or Dgrfstfnbfty, fb tgi dori o` tgi lnttir,

dobsfsts fb kust, Kisus Dgrfst nbe Gfl ns drudf`fie. Dnb gi mi o` tgi moey wgo bo

hobjir gohes to tgi Gine? Zgnt fs, n`tir nhh, tgi `ubenlibtnh ef``iribdi mitwiib

Dgrfstfnbfty nbe otgir posftfvi rihfjfobs? Eois ft bot turb kust ob tgfstgnt tgi `oubeirs

o` tgi otgir rihfjfobs pofbt out tgi wny to Joe wgfhi Dgrfst prisibts Gflsih` ns tgnt

Zny?

90) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=99, 43=.

9:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=99.97) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=90-=9:.

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stntie obhy bijntfvihy (nv, fb)0>) nbe mfmhfdnhhy. Ugi Dgnhdieob Doubdfh

eidhnrie tgnt our fbdnrbntie Hore fs obi pirsob, fb wgfdg dnsi tgi biutrnh

icb bot tgi lnsduhfbi icfk lust mi usie,0=) `or Dgrfst efe bot tnai tgi

sumstnbdi o` tgi Tob mut Gfs sumsfstibdi tooa our bnturi. Fb otgir wores,

tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob, bot tgi efvfbfty o` tgi trfubi Joe, midnli tgi

sumkidt o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob, nbe tgi ]i`orlie trneftfob gns tgroujghy

lnfbtnfbie tgfs vfiw.04)

Ybhfai ]i`orlie tgfbairs, Hutgirnbs nrjui `or tgi ubfob or `usfob

o` tgi efvfbi nbe gulnb bnturis wftgout tgi pirsob mifbj tgi sumkidt.

Hutgirnbs dobsfeir ns gulfhfntfob, bot tgi Fbdnrbntfob ftsih` mut tgi `ndt

tgnt tgi gulnbfty, wgfdg dollubfdntie wftg tgi efvfbfty, efe bot usi ft.

Hutgirnbs efstfbjufsg tgi nssulptfob o` `hisg `rol tgi dobdiptfob fb tgi

wolm. Ugi sumkidt o` tgi `orlir, tgi Fbdnrbntfob, fs tgi Tob Gflsih`, wgfhi

tgnt o` tgi hnttir, tgi ixfbnbftfob, fs Joe-lnb. Hutgirnbs efstfbjufsg tgisi

two bot tilpornhhy mut hojfdnhhy. Ugus, tgi Fbdnrbntfob to tgil fs nb

ivibt tgnt fts sumkidt dgnbjis `rol Joe to Joe-lnb.05) Ft fs n Bistorfnb

lfstnai to nrjui `or tgi doixfstibdi o` Joe nbe lnb, wgfhi fts nb

Iutydgfnb lfstnai to lfx tgil tojitgir.09) Bistorfus riphndis n ubfob

(icbwsfk) wftg n dobkudtfob (subn`ifn),00) nbe Iutydgis `orls n tgfre afbe

mifbj (tirtful jibus) tgroujg lfxturi (lfxfk) or lfbjhfbj (nvbnarnsfk).0:)

96) D`. Ugi Zistlfbstir Dob`issfob o` @nftg, 7.=; To tgnt two wgohi, pir`idt, nbe efstfbdt

bnturis, tgi Joegine nbe tgi lnbgooe, wiri fbsipnrnmhy (fbefssohumfhf) kofbie tojitgir fb

obi pirsob, wftgout dobvirsfob, dolposftfob, or dob`usfob (sfbi dobvirsfobi,

dolposftfobi, nut dob`usfobi). Zgfdg pirsob fs viry Joe nbe viry lnb, yit obi Dgrfst,

tgi obhy liefntor mitwiib Joe nbe lnb. Sgfhfp Tdgn``, ie., Ugi Driies o` Dgrfstibeol

wftg n Gfstory nbe Drftfdnh Botis, Poh. 4, Ugi Ivnbjihfdnh Srotistnbt Driies, riv. (Jrnbe

]npfes; Mnair, >674), 0>6-0=3.

03) Ugi `ohhowfbj nutgor tgi Dgnhdieobs `orluhn ns n proeudt o` Nrfstotihfnb pgfhosopgy.

Kogb LdFbtyri, Ugi Tgnpi o` Dgrfstohojy; Ttuefis fb tgi Eodtrfbi o` tgi Sirsob o` Dgrfst

(Iefbmurjg; U&U Dhnra, >66:), 7:-76.

0>) fbdob`usi, fllutnmfhftir, fbefvfsi, fbsipirnmfhftir. D`. Sgfhfp Tdgn``, ie., Ugi Driies o`Dgrfstibeol wftg n Gfstory nbe Drftfdnh Botis, Poh. =, Ugi Jriia nbe Hntfb Driies wftg

Urnbshntfobs, riv. (Jrnbe ]npfes; Mnair, >674), 04.

0=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=95.

04) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=96. Giri tgi wore sumstnbdi(sumstnbtfn) linbs

hftirnhhy tgi ubeirhyfbj rinhfty. Ob tgi otgir gnbe, tgi wore sumsfstibdi(sumsfstibtfn)

sfjbf`fis tgi pnrtfduhnr mifbj.

05) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=9:-=97.

09) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.43>-434. Ugiri`ori, bot tgi sumkidt mut fts idoboly gns

miib dgnbjie tgroujg tgi Fbdnrbntfob. D`. Gippi, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, Tit out nbe

Fhhustrntie `rol tgi Tourdis, 5>3; Dgrfst fs dobsfeirie giri bot antn qiohojfnb ns tgi

hojok, mut ns tgi qinbqrwpok.

00) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.43>.0:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=95, 434.

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Ns siib nmovi, tgi gypostntfd ubfob o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor fs `frlhy

mnsie ob tgi `ndt tgnt Dgrfst fs tgi snli pir`idt fb gulnbgooe, truhy Joe

nbe truhy lnb. Ugi fbdnrbntie gulnbfty drintie fb tgi wolm o` Lnrfn my

tgi Gohy Tpfrft midnli ubftie wftg tgi efvfbfty my mifbj nssulie ns

sumstnbdi07) fb tgi pirsob wgfhi mifbj drintie, nbe tgiri`ori, tgi gulnbfty

fs obhy n ubfobfzie gulnbfty. Ft fs nhwnys tgi trui nbe pir`idt gulnb

bnturi. Ugiri`ori, wi dnbbot ndabowhieji tgi tgiorfis ob tgi lystiry o`

tgi gypostntfd ubfob my Nrfus, wgo, ubeir tgi fb`huibdi o` tgi Jriia

eunhfsl, nrjuie tgnt tgi bomhi efvfbfty dnbbot nssuli tgi howhy gulnbfty,

nbe, ivib `urtgir, my Npohhfbnrfs, wgo, fb pursuft o` pnbtgifsl, snw tgnt

tgi Hores gulnbfty wns nhriney fbdhueie fb tgi efvfbfty.06)

Ugiy nri issibtfnhhy ob tgi snli pnji wftg soli Jbostfds, wgo

rikidtie tgi trui gulnbfty o` Dgrfst my dobsfeirfbj tgi Hores moey iftgir

ns n ginvibhy moey or n pgnbtol moey.:3) Ugiy eiby tgi drintfob o` tgi

trfubi Joe nbe tgi ubfob nbe dollubfob mitwiib Joe nbe lnb nddorefbj

to tgi rieilptfvi idoboly. Gowivir, f` tgi Tob douhe bot tnai ob

gulnbfty, tgiri wouhe mi bo drintfob o` lnb nbe ri-drintfob o` snhvntfob

midnusi o` ft; @or wgnt fs ubnssulnmhi fs fbdurnmhi.:>) Hfbaie wftg tgfs,

wi dnb sii tgnt tgi tgiohojfdnh eflibsfob fb wgfdg Mnvfbda stntis tgi

gypostntfd ubfob fs rihntie to tgi ibtfri Dgrfstfnb rivihntfob nbe tgi

rieilptfvi gfstory, wgfdg fbdhueis tgi jibirnh nbe spidfnh rivihntfobs nbe

ibdolpnssis drintfob nbe rieilptfob.

Ugi `frst rinsob wgy Mnvfbda ilpgnsfzie tgi dibtrnhfty o`

Dgrfstohojy tgroujg tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob wns to drftfdfzi

tgi dobtilpornry hfmirnh tgiohojy, wgfdg eibfie tgnt Dgrfst fs Joe(qiok) nbe

trfie to riphndi tgi efvfbfty wftg n sumkidtfvi fb`huibdi, libtfobfbj Joe fb

Dgrfst (ivbqiok), nbe to ei`ibe tgi Ortgoeox tgiohojy. Gi ri`utie ]. K.

Dnlpmihh, wgo snfe tgnt gulnbfty fs efvfbfty vfiwie `rol mihow1 efvfbfty fs

gulnbfty vfiwie `rol nmovi, my dhnflfbj biw tgiohojy. Mnvfbda lnei

suri tgnt prototypfdnh gulnbfty nbe idtypfdnh efvfbfty nri bot tgi snli.:=)

07) D`. Ugi Zistlfbstir Dob`issfob o` @nftg, 7.= sfjbf`fis ei`fbftihy tgi dobdiptfob my tgi

Gohy Tpfrft fb tgi wolm o` tgi Pfrjfb Lnry, o` gir sumstnbdi(fb utiro iqui sumstnbtfnLnrfni Pfrjfbfs). Tdgn``, ie., Ugi Ivnbjihfdnh Srotistnbt Driies, 0>6 (mohe ilpgnsis nri

lfbi).

06) D`. Nhoys Jrfhhlifir, T. K., Dgrfst fb Dgrfstfnb Urneftfob, voh. >, @rol tgi Npostohfd Nji

to Dgnhdieob (59>), tr. Kogb Moweib (Nthnbtn; Kogb Abox, >605), =47-=59.

:3) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=69-=67.

:>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=6:-=67. Ugfs fs quotie `rol Kogb o` Enlnsdus.:=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=66.

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Ugi Fbdnrbntfob eois bot tnha nmout tgi rivihntfob or `orlntfob o`

efvfbfty tgroujg nb ibgnbdilibt o` gulnbfty, wgfdg wfhh feohfzi iftgir

efvfbfty or gulnbfty. Ugi Fbdnrbntfob fs tgi duhlfbntfob o` n litgoe tgnt

tgi drintor dollubfdntis nbe `ihhowsgfps wftg tgi drintfob. Ugi

fbeipibeibdi o` tgi drintor nbe tgi eipibeibdi o` drintfob nri nttrfmutie

to tgi snli pirsobnh sumkidt, bnlihy, to tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob. Ugi Zore

midnli `hisg (Kogb >;>5), tgiri`ori `uhhbiss o` eifty ewihhs fb gfl moefhy

(swlntfawk, Doh. =;6).:4) Ugi two wores, `uhhy nbe moefhy, eo bot ristrfdt

indg otgir, `or tgi sumkidt fs tgi itirbnh sob o` obi Joe.

Ugi lystiry o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob hfis fb tgi `ndt tgnt tgi sumkidt fs

tgi Tob. Ugiri`ori, ft sgies hfjgt ob tgi mifbj nbe idoboly o` tgi trfubi

Joe, ob wgfdg Mnvfbda snys ns `ohhowfbj;

Tdrfpturi nsdrfmis nhh afbes o` nbe viry ef``iribt priefdntis to

Dgrfst mut nhwnys to obi nbe tgi snli sumkidt, tgi obi ubefvfeie

F wgo ewihhs fb gfl spinas out o` gfl. Ft nhso spidf`fdnhhy snys,

bot tgnt tgi Hojos ewiht fb n gulnb mifbj, mut tgnt tgi Hojos

midnli `hisg(Kogb >;>5). N pirsob fs wgnt gi or sgi gns midoli. F`

tgi Tob o` Joe midnli n gulnb mifbj, gi fs gflsih` gulnb. Lnby

tgfbjs dnb mi priefdntie o` n pirsob mut bivir nbotgir pirsob. N

gusmnbe nbe n wf`i nri obi `hisg, mut tgi gusmnbe fs bivir tgi

wf`i or vfdi-virsn. Ugiri`ori, f` tgi gulnb sumkidt fb Dgrfst wns

nbotgir tgnb tgi Hojos, Tdrfpturi douhe bivir gnvi snfe tgnt tgi

Hojos midnli, nbe tgiri`ori fs, `hisg.:5)

Ugi sumkidt gns efvirsi bnturis. Ugi lystiry o` tgi Fbdnrbntfob hfis

fb tgi `ndt tgnt tgi Tob, wgo gns tgi bnturi o` Joe, tooa tgi bnturi o`

lnb. Gulnb mifbjs dnbt nssuli efvfbfty, mut tgi Tob dnb nssuli

gulnbfty. Ft wns nddorefbj to tgi itirbnh eidrii o` tgi trfubi Joe mi`ori

tgi mijfbbfbj o` tgi tfli tgnt tgi Tob tooa gulnbfty. My tgi itirbnh

eidrii, tgi Tob tooa gulnb `orl. Ugi trfubi Joe, wgo gns tgi snli

issibdi, dnbbot bnturnhhy tnai gulnbfty. Efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty dnb obhy

nbe lust mi ubftie wftgfb tgi Tob pirsobnhhy.

Fb Joe, tgiri fs obi bnturi nbe tgrii pirsobs; fb Dgrfst tgiri fs

:4) D`. Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=67-=66.:5) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.43=.

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obi pirsob nbe two bnturis. Ugi ubfty o` tgi tgrii pirsobs fb tgi

efvfbi mifbj fs fb tgi `uhh sibsi bnturnh (bnturnhfs), dobsumstnbtfnh

(subousfwegk), doissibtfnh (doissibtfnhfs)1 tgi ubfty o` tgi two bnturis

fb Dgrfst fs pirsobnh (pirsobnhfs).:9)

Ugi eoor `or gulnb mifbjs to gnvi dollubfob wftg Joe wns lnei

possfmhi tgroujg tgi ubfob o` Dgrfsts gulnbfty nbe efvfbfty fb obi

gypostnsfs. Tudg n lystfdnh ubfob wns lnei possfmhi tgroujg tgi gfstorfdnh

`uh`fhhlibt o` tgi itirbnh rieilptfvi dovibnbt. Ugi `uh`fhhlibt wns lnei

possfmhi wgib Dgrfst dnrrfie out Gfs owb euty ns Liefntor mitwiib Joe

nbe lnb.:0) Ugi Fbdnrbntfob fs n ubfob o` tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob wftg nb

flpirsobnh gulnb bnturi, nbe n ubfob o` bnturis fb tgi pirsob o` tgi

Tob, bot n bnturnh mut pirsobnh ubfob.::) Ft fs bot n ubfob o` pirsobs1 ft

fs n pirsobnh nbe sumstnbtfnh ubfob. Ns wftg tgi efvfbfty o` Dgrfst, Gfs

gulnbfty fs nhso sumstnbtfnh (sumstnbtfnhfs) fb tgnt tgi sumstrntul

(supposftul) my wgfdg n tgfbj fs wgnt fs.:7) Mnvfba giri dob`frls tgnt tgi

gulnb bnturi fs bot n dobdriti mut nb nmstrndt sumstnbdi o` wgfdg tgi

ubfob wftg tgi efvfbi bnturi dobstftutis fb tgi itirbnh pirsob o` Dgrfst.:6)

Ugi gulnbfty fb Dgrfst fs wftg Gfs efvfbfty my mifbj ubftie wftg fts

pirsob. Ugiri`ori, tgi gulnb bnturi fs bot fb ftsih` nb fbeipibeibt sih`

mut `rol tgi stnrt pirsobnh fb tgi Hojos, wgo ns sumkidt hfvie, tgoujgt,

wfhhie, ndtie, su``irie, efie, nbe so ob fb nbe tgroujg ft wftg nhh fts

dobstftuibts, dnpndftfis, nbe ibirjfis. Ugi gulnb bnturi eois bot

dobstftuti n pirsobnhfty o` fts owb mut sumorefbntie to tgi Hojos. Fb

sgort, tgi two bnturis nri ubftie bot ns nvhhok anf nvhhok (obi pirsob nbe

nbotgir), mut ns nvhho anf nvhho (obi tgfbj nbe nbotgir). Ugi lystiry o` tgi

mihfivirs joehfbiss (lustgrfob iuvsimifnk) hfis fb tgi lystiry o` ubfob.73)

Giri Mnvfbda `frlhy sustnfbs Dgnhdieobs posftfob o` ubfty fb ubfob

tgi `ndt tgnt tgi gulnb bnturi, hfai tgi efvfbi bnturi, fs bot pirsob

:9) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.430.

:0) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.435-439.

::) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.439-430.

:7) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.430. D`. Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy, =.47:, 46>.

:6) Ivib tgoujg Mnvfbda eois bot pny spidfnh nttibtfob to sudg tirls ns dobdritul nbe

nmstrndtul, ns ]i`orlie tgiohojfnbs eo, gi sgnris tgi snli vfiw wftg tgil. D`. Sitir

Lnrtyr Pirlfjhf, Efnhojui ob tgi Uwo fb Dgrfst, tr. & ie. Kogb Sntrfda Eobbihhy, T. K.,

Ugi Sitir Lnrtyr Hfmrnry Tirfis Obi (Afrasvfhhi, LO; Tfxtiibtg Dibtury Issnys & Ttuefis,

>669), 93-9>, :5-:91 Gippi, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, Tit out nbe Fhhustrntie `rol tgi

Tourdis, 55>-5591 Uurritfb, Fbstftutis o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy, =.4>0-4>:, 4==.73) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.43:.

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(nvbupostnsfk) mut mihobjs to ft (ivbupostnsfk).7>)

4.5. Dollubfdntfob o` Sropirtfis

Gulnbfty gns bivir miib nb fbeipibeibt sih` or pirsobnhfty, mut

ndts pirsobnhhy nbe sumstnbtfnhhy my mifbj ubftie wftg tgi pirsob o` Dgrfst.

Ugi liefntfob o` Dgrfsts gulnbfty nbe efvfbfty fb obi gypostnsfs dolphfis

wftg tgi i``idts o` tgi ubfob (i``idtn ubfobfs); tgi dollubfdntfob o`

propir qunhftfis (dollubfdntfo fefolntul), tgi dolphitfob o` n wora

(npotihislntul), nbe tgi dgnrfslntn (dgnrfslntul).7=)

Ugi `frst typi o` dollubfob fs n lutunh dollubfob nlobj nhh

nttrfmutis nbe qunhftfis o` efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty mifbj nttrfmutie to tgi

obi pirsob nbe tgi obi sumkidt. @frlhy stnbefbj ob tgfs ]i`orlie vfiw,

Mnvfbda drftfdfzie motg tgi Hutgirnbs, wgo sny tgnt efvfbfty fs efridthy

trnbs`irrie to gulnbfty, nbe tgi ]olnb Dntgohfd Dgurdg, wgo snys,

nhtgoujg rikidtfbj tgi Hutgirnb vfiw, tgnt Joe fb Dgrfst fs gulnbfzie nbe

tgnt tgi gulnb bnturi fs eif`fie midnusi tgi dollubfdntfob mitwiib

efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty fs fbtrfbsfd nbe sumstnbtfnh, dnhhfbj motg sfeis

eoditfd.74)

Nddorefbj to tgi ]i`orlie trneftfob, efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty nri fb

dollubfob wftg indg otgir obhy fb tgi rispidt tgnt tgiy do-ixfst fb tgi

pirsob o` tgi Tob. Ugi nttrfmutis o` tgi two bnturis nri nsdrfmie ns

priefdntis to obi nbe tgi snli sumkidt. Tudg dollubfob fs bot my tgi

bnturis, mut my tgi pirsob. Ugi lystiry dolis `rol tgi pirsob o` tgi

Tob ftsih`. Ns tgi Tob o` Joe, wgo ixfsts fb efvfbfty, Gi fs Joe-lnb, wgo

tooa gulnbfty, nbe bot Joe nbe lnb fb tgi strfdtist sibsi.75) Gi dnb mi

eisdrfmie my hnbjunjis tgnt ixpriss tgi nttrfmutis o` efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty

sfluhtnbioushy.

7>) Nhso fb tgfs dnsi, nhtgoujg Mnvfbda eois bot usi sudg tirls ns ibgypostntfn nbe

nbgypostntfn, ns ]i`orlie tgiohojfnbs eo, gi sgnris tgi snli vfiw wftg tgil. D`.

Gippi, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, Tit out nbe Fhhustrntie `rol tgi Tourdis, 5>0-5>6, 5=:-5=61

Uurritfb, Fbstftutis o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy, =.4=7. Ugfs fssui gns miib rnfsie sfjbf`fdnbthy

wftg ri`iribdi to tgi eodtrfbi o` Hiobtfus o` Myznbtful. Dobdirbfbj gfs vfiw, Girmirt L.

]ihtob, N Ttuey fb Dgrfstohojy; Ugi Sromhil o` tgi ]ihntfob o` tgi Uwo Bnturis fb tgi

Sirsob o` Dgrfst(Hobeob; Todfity `or Srolotfbj Dgrfstfnb Abowhieji, >6>:), ==0-=49.

7=) D`. Gippi, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, Tit out nbe Fhhustrntie `rol tgi Tourdis, 545-55:1

Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy, =.46=-46:1 Uurritfb, Fbstftutis o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy,

=.4=>-44=.

74) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.437-436, 5=0-5=:, 543-54>.

75) D`. Kogb Lurry, Ugi Sirsob o` Dgrfst, fb Dohhidtie Zrftfbjs o` Kogb Lurry (Iefbmurjg;Mnbbir o` Urutg, >6::), =.>47.

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Joes itirbnh Zore, wgo fs Joe, midnli `hisg (Kogb >;>5). Joe o`

jhory wns morb fb tgi snli `hisg ns ours (Gim. >;41 =;>5). Joe tooa tgi

`orl o` n shnvi, lnei mihfivirs dhinb wftg Gfs owb mhooe, nbe moujgt tgi

dgurdg (Sgfh. =;:1 Ndts =3;=71 > Kogb >;:). Ugi drintor, wgo lnei

ivirytgfbj to mi, `frst ixpirfibdie eintg nbe risurridtfob (Doh. >;>4->7). Nhh

tgi `uhhbiss o` tgi Eifty ewihhs fb moefhy `orl (Doh. =;6). Tudg ixprissfobs

usi n sumkidt rihntie to efvfbfty nbe n priefdnti rihntie to gulnbfty. Ugi

rivirsi fs possfmhi1 Gi dnli fbto `hisg mut fs nhso fb tgi mosol o` Joe

(Kogb >1>7), fs fb ginvib (Kogb 4;>4), fs mi`ori Nmrngnl wns morb (Kogb

7;97), fs tgi Hore o` Envfe fb spfti o` mifbj gfs eisdibeibt (Lntt. ==;54),

nbe fs Joe to mi prnfsie `orivir (]ol. 6;9).79)

Ugi sidobe typi o` dollubfob fs tgnt nhh tgi woras o` tgi

Liefntor, eipibefbj ob tgi kofbt doopirntfob o` efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty fb

obi pirsob nbe n eoumhi worafbj (ivbirjifn), gns n efvfbi gulnb

dgnrndtir. O` doursi, tgifr sohi sumkidt fs tgi Tob, wgo fs tgifr i``fdfibt

dnusi.70) Ugfs pnrt wfhh mi efsdussie fb tgi `ohhowfbj sidtfob wgib wi

efsduss tgi gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob o` Dgrfst.

Ugi tgfre typi o` dollubfob einhs wftg tgi spfrftunh jf`ts tgnt

gulnbfty ubftie fb tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob dollubfdntis wftg efvfbfty

gypostntfdnhhy.7:) Ugi dollubfob o` tgi spfrftunh jf`ts fs linbfbjhiss

nddorefbj to tgi Dollubfdntfob o` Nttrfmutis (dollubfdntfo fefolntul),

wgfdg tgi Hutgirnb nbe tgi Aibotfd Dgrfstohojy fb sumsiquibt yinrs gnvi

miib nrjufbj `or.77) Ob tgfs, tgi ]olnb Dntgohfd Dgurdg, eispfti nvofefbj

tgi ixtrili o` tgi Hutgirnb, snys, ubeir tgi fb`huibdi o` pirfdwrgsfk nbe

qiwsfk o` tgi Instirb tgiohojy, tgnt Kisus, ns n pfhjrfl (vfntor) ob tgfs inrtg

nddorefbj to gulnbfty, ridifvie nhh tgi spfrftunh jf`ts nhh nt obdi nbe dnli

to gnvi n mhissie vfsfob (dolprigibsor) midnusi o` wgnt Gi gns ridifvie

`rol Joe. Gfs abowhieji nbe wfseol wns pir`idt `rol tgi Fbdnrbntfob,

wftg bo lori jrowtg. Gi wns `uhh o` tgi mhissie abowhieji (sdfibtfn mintn)

to gnvi tgi mintf`fd vfsfob o` Joe (vfsfo Eif). Ugiri`ori, gfs gulnbfty wns

eif`fie, lnafbj Gfl tgi omkidt o` prnfsi.76)

Drftfdfzfbj tgi ]olnb Dntgohfd vfiw fb eitnfh, Mnvfbda botis tgnt

obhy `rol tgi ]i`orlie vfiw wi dnb gohe n propir opfbfob ob tgi

79) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=67, 437.

70) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.437.

7:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.437.

77) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=9:-=97.

76) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.=90-=9:. 436. Dobdirbfbj tgi ]olnb Dntgohfd Dgurdgsposftfob ob tgfs, Miraouwir, Ugi Sirsob o` Dgrfst, =>4-==4.

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dollubfdntfob o` jf`ts, ubeir tgi prilfsi o` tgi trui nbe jibufbi

gulnbfty. Zgfhi libtfobfbj tgnt tgi gulnbfty tgnt Kisus tooa gne tgi

nmoubefbj worhe o` tgi lfbe ns wihh ns nbjir, snebiss, pfty, nbe

dolpnssfob, wgfdg Nenl efe bot gnvi wgib gi wns fb tgi stnti o`

fbtijrfty (stntus fbtijrftntfs), Mnvfbda ilpgnsfzis tgi `ndt tgnt tgi

Fbdnrbntfob fs n stnti o` gulfhfntfob midnusi ft fs tgi nssulptfob o` n

wina gulnb bnturi.63)

Mnvfbda tnais botfdi tgnt tgi winabiss o` tgi Hore fs bot midnusi

o` sfb mut n wny to ovirdoli sfb. Gohfbiss my efvfbfty fs efstfbdthy ef``iribt

`rol gohfbiss my gulnbfty, mut tgiri fs bo possfmfhfty o` sfbbfbj nbe

`nhhfbj to Gfl, wgo gns bot obhy nb ilpfrfdnh sfbhissbiss mut nhso n

bidissnry sfbhissbiss.6>) Tfbdi Gfs gulnbfty wns ubftie wftg tgi pirsob,

Gi efe gnvi tgi mintf`fd abowhieji (sdfibtfn mintn) mut bot flliefntihy.

Ugi gulnb dobsdfousbiss fb gfl, tgoujg gnvfbj tgi snli sumkidt

ns tgi efvfbi dobsdfousbiss, obhy to n slnhh eijrii abiw tgnt

sumkidt, tgnt F, fbeiie abiw ft ns n wgohi mut bot ixgnustfvihy.

Kust ns migfbe our hflftie dobsdfousbiss tgiri nhso hfis wftgfb us n

worhe o` mifbj, so migfbe tgi gulnb dobsdfousbiss o` Dgrfst tgiri

hny tgi eiptgs o` Joe, wgfdg douhe obhy viry jrneunhhy nbe to n

hflftie eijrii sgfbi tgroujg tgnt gulnb dobsdfousbiss. @rol tgfs,

obi lny bot fb`ir, gowivir, tgnt fb vnrfous eolnfbs Kisus douhe

irr.6=)

Mnvfbda `fbes tgi `ndt tgnt tgi propir jf`ts o` tgi Hores gulnbfty

dollubfdnti wftg efvfbfty. @rol tgfs rispidt, Kisus pir`orlfbj lfrndhis,

`orjfvfbj sfbs, efspntdgfbj tgi Gohy Tpfrft, riwnrefbj itirbnh hf`i, nbe ivib,

ridifvfbj jhory nhh mihobj bot obhy to efvfbfty mut nhso to gulnbfty. Tudg

woras o` Kisus wiri eobi nddorefbj to efvfbfty, mut tgi jf`ts dnb nhso mi

nttrfmutie to tgi pirsob, fb`huibdfbj Gfs gulnbfty pirsobnhhy or

gypostntfdnhhy. Fb tgfs rispidt, nhtgoujg tgi Liefntor lny mi tgi propir

omkidt o` worsgfp, tgi jroube or `oubentfob o` liefntfob hfis fb tgi

efvfbfty.64)

63) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.4>3-4>>.

6>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.4>5. D`. M. M. Znr`fihe, Kisus Nhhijie Dob`issfob o`

Tfb, fb Dgrfstohojy nbe Drftfdfsl (Biw Vora; Ox`ore Ybfvirsfty Sriss, >64=), 6:->59.

6=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.4>=-4>4.64) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.4>:-4>6.

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Hfaiwfsi, fb stntfbj tgi dollubfob o` jf`ts, Mnvfbda strissis tgi

`ndt tgnt tgiy nri wnys o` jrndi to mihfivirs my ilpgnsfzfbj tgi winabiss

o` Dgrfsts gulnbfty, nbe nt tgi snli tfli, tgi obibiss o` tgi pirsob. Ugi

Hores liefntfbj wora o` gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob fs mnsie ob sudg

dollubfob o` spfrftunh jf`ts. Gowivir, `or Mnvfbda, tgfs afbe o`

dollubfdntfob fs bot sipnrntie `rol tgnt o` tgi nttrfmutis, ns wi sii

ei`fbftihy fb tgi `ohhowfbj dob`issfob o` Zistlfbstir.

Dgrfst, fb tgi wora o` liefntfob, ndtitg nddorefbj to motg bnturis1

my indg bnturi eofbj tgnt wgfdg fs propir to ftsih`1 yit, my rinsob

o` tgi ubfty o` tgi pirsob, tgnt wgfdg fs propir to obi bnturi fs

solitflis, fb Tdrfpturi, nttrfmutie to tgi pirsob eibolfbntie my

tgi otgir bnturi.65)

5. Liefntfob fb Gypostntfd Ybfob

5.>. Ugi Liefntfob o` tgi Ybfob; Ugi Tpfrft o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor o`

tgi Biw Dovibnbt

Mnvfbda dobsfeirs nt tgi ginrt o` tgi rieilptfvi gfstory tgi `ndt

tgnt mihfivirs nri lystirfoushy ubftie wftg Dgrfst tgroujg tgi wora o` tgi

gypostntfd ubfob o` gulnbfty nbe efvfbfty nbe tgirimy uhtflntihy rindg

jhorf`fdntfob tgroujg dollubfob nbe dollubfdntfob wftg Joe. @or tgiri

wns tgi pndt o` snhvntfob (pndtul snhutfs) mitwiib tgrii pirsobs o` tgi

Urfbfty mi`ori tgi drintfob o` tgi worhe. Gi snys tgnt tgi `oubentfob `or

tgi dovibnbt o` jrndi, wgfdg gne tgi vfdnrfous sntfs`ndtfob (sntfs`ndtfo

vfdnrfn) o` tgi Tob, bnlihy, tgi omiefibdi o` tgi Tob ns tgi lntirfnh dnusi

nbe tgi `nftg o` snfbts wgo mihfivi fb tgi Tob ns tgi `orlnh or

fbstrulibtnh dnusi, wns hnfe mi`ori tgi drintfob o` tgi worhe.69)

Nenls omiefibdi wns tgi dobeftfob `or tgi `frst dovibnbt, fb wgfdg

Nenl wns tgi riprisibtntfvi o` gulnbafbe. @or tgi biw dovibnbt, wgfdg

fs tgi `uh`fhhlibt o` lnby dovibnbts o` jrndi, njriie upob n`tir tgi @nhh,

Dgrfst fs tgi sumstftuti o` gulnbafbe.60) Ugi biw dovibnbt dobsfsts o`

two ihilibts. Ugi `frst ihilibt fs tgi omiefibdi o` tgi Tob, wgo dnrrfis

65) Ugi Zistlfbstir Dob`issfob o` @nftg, 7.:. Tdgn``, ie., Ugi Ivnbjihfdnh Srotistnbt

Driies, 0==.

69) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.539.60) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.530.

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out tgi wfhh o` tgi @ntgir. Ft lust fbdhuei tgi omiefibdi o` aiipfbj nhh tgi

hnws (omiefibtfn ndtfvn) nbe o` su``irfbj tgi prfdi o` sfb (omiefibtfn

pnssfvn). Ugi otgir ihilibt fs tgi hovi o` tgi @ntgir, wgo flputis tgi

rfjgtiousbiss o` tgi Tob my jrndi. Mnvfbda dnhhs tgfs pndt mitwiib tgi

@ntgir nbe tgi Tob tgi dovibnbt o` rieilptfob.6:)

Ns tgi gine o` tgi dovibnbt fb tgi pirsob o` Gfs owb gulnbfty

nbe efvfbfty, Dgrfst fs bot obhy tgi junrnbtor mut nhso tgi aiy pnrt. Gi

fs tgi liefntor (Gim. :;==1 7;01 >=;=5).67) Dgrfst `uh`fhhie tgi dovibnbt o`

woras townres tgi @ntgir nbe o` tgi dovibnbt o` jrndi townres us. Ugi

biw dovibnbt fs n mittir dovibnbt ns wihh ns nb ivnbjihfdnh dovibnbt,

fbdhuefbj motg omiefibdi nbe flputntfob. Fts supirforfty nbe lystiry fs

tgi lystfdnh Dgrfst (Dgrfstus lystfdus), bnlihy, tgi pirsob o` Dgrfsts

gulnbfty nbe efvfbfty.66)

Dgrfst `uh`fhhie tgi liefntorsgfp o` ubfob fb tgi gypostntfd ubfob. Ns

Gfs o``fdi fs itirbnh, Gfs afbjeol fs nhso itirbnh. Gfs jovirblibt fs

pirsobnhhy, iddhisfnstfdnhhy, nbe ubfvirsnhhy i``idtfvi my tgi ubftfbj wora o`

tgi Gohy Tpfrft.>33) Mnvfbda snw tgnt tgi jovirblibt o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft hfis

fb tgi mihfivirs dollubfob wftg Joe, bnlihy, fb tgi lystfdnh ubfob.>3>)

Tudg n lystirfous ubfob fs lnei obhy my tgi sidrit worafbj o` tgi

Gohy Tpfrft. Ugi snhvf`fd wora o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft fs to dnrry out tgi lystiry

o` tgi ubfob o` Dgrfsts gulnbfty nbe efvfbfty. Mnvfbda eois bot feibtf`y

tgi Gohy Tpfrft, wgo dnli eowb ob Dgrfst, wftg efvfbfty, or wftg fb`usfob

fbto gulnbfty, nbe fbdorporntis ft fb tgi pirsob o` tgi Joe-lnb, efvfbi

nbe gulnb bnturis. Snrtfduhnrhy, tgfs fbdhfbntfob fs ivfeibt wgib

fbtirpritfbj tgi ixnhtie Hore fb ]olnbs >;4 nddorefbj to tgi Tpfrft o`

gohfbiss (antn pbiuln nvjfwsuvgk). Fb rihntfob to tgfs, Mnvfbda nhso libtfobs,

bot obhy tgi `ndt tgnt tgi Hore wns dobdifvie my tgi Gohy Tpfrft nddorefbj

to gulnbfty (Huai >;40), wns `fhhie wftg tgi Gohy Tpfrft (Huai 5;>), nbe

ridifvie Gfl nmubenbthy (Kogb 4;45), mut nhso tgi `ndt tgnt Dgrfst wns

eisfjbntie ns Joes Tob my tgi wora o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft (Ndts >:;4>),

ridifvie tgi jhory o` ohe (Kogb >:;=), fs tgi Hore o` jhory (> Dor. =;7) nbe

midnli tgi powir o` Joe (> Dor. >;=5).>3=)

Mnvfbda botis tgnt tgi Gohy Tpfrft, wgo woraie `rol tgi

6:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.

67) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.==:-==7, 539.

66) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.==9, ==7

>33) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.5:6-57=.

>3>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.435.>3=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.545-549.

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Fbdnrbntfob, gne nb pirsobnh fb`huibdi ovir tgi ibtfri prodiss o` tgi

Hores liefntfob, bot obhy fb tgi su``irfbjs nbe omiefibdi, mut nhso fb tgi

risurridtfob, fb tgi nsdibsfob, nbe ob tgi tgrobi. Ugi `ndt tgnt tgi Hores

moey midnli n spfrftunh moey (swln pbiulntfaob) nbe tgnt Gi Gflsih` fs n

hf`i-jfvfbj Tpfrft (swln pbiulntfaob) (> Dor. >9;59) ns tgi Tpfrft o` hf`i (pbiuln

zwgk) (]ol. 7;>>) fs nhso efsdussie fb tgfs pirspidtfvi. Giri wi dnb sii

tgnt Mnvfbda fs gnbehfbj tgi lystiry o` Dgrfsts gypostntfd ubfob fb tgi

Urfbftnrfnb pirspidtfvi. Ugi rinsob wgy gi rijnres tgi Gohy Tpfrft ns tgi

Dgrfsts spfrft or tgi Hores spfrft;

Ugi Gohy Tpfrft fs tgi Tpfrft o` Dgrfst midnusi gi ewihhs fb Dgrfst

gflsih` nbe midnusi tgroujg gfl Dgrfst dollubfdntis gflsih` to

gfs owb (= Dor. 4;>7). Nbe tgus Dgrfst fs bow gi fb wgol nhh tgi

`uhhbiss o` eifty ewihhs moefhy (Doh. =;61 >;>6). Gi fs tgi vfsfmhi

flnji o` tgi fbvfsfmhi Joe (Doh. >;>9). Ugi efvfbi jhory fs bow

lnbf`ist fb gfs gulnb bnturi nbe rnefntis `rol gfs `ndi (= Dor.

4;>71 5;5, 0).>34)

5.=. Eoumhi Ttntis (Ttntus Euphix); Zora fb tgi Gypostntfd Ybfob

Mnvfbda dobsfeirs tgi propir linbfbj o` gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob

o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor to mi nddorefbj to tgi efspibsntfob (ant ofvaobolfnb) o`

pndtul snhutfs mi`ori tgi mijfbbfbj o` tgi worhe `or tgi gypostntfd ubfob.

Gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob eo bot linb n dgnbji fb tgi nttrfmutis or

efjbfty o` efvfbfty or gulnbfty ftsih`.>35) Gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob nri

rihntie to efvirsi loeis fb wgfdg efvfbfty or gulnbfty dollubfdntis fb

tgi snli pirsob, nbe tgiri`ori, nri bot bnturnh mut pirsobnh. Ugi sumkidt

o` gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob fs tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob. Ugiri`ori, nddorefbj

to Mnvfbda, `ohhowfbj nri tgosi tgnt sny tgnt gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob nri

kust n prodiss o` lystf`fdntfob or nb feinh dobdiptfob; Hutgirnbs or tgi

]olnb Dntgohfd Dgurdg, wgfdg trint gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob ns tgi

nmnbeoblibt o` tgi efvfbfty nbe tgi ibgnbdilibt o` tgi gulnbfty1

fllnbibt tgiohojfnbs wftg Tdghifirlndgir ns tgifr gnrmfbjir, wgo trint

tgil ns n prodiss o` Kisus (ivbqiok) midolfbj Joe (qiok) ns n pirsob ob

>34) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.540.>35) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.405.

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wgol Joe gns eisdibeie1 tgiohojfnbs hfai Eorbir nbe ]otgi, wgo nevodnti

projrissfvi fbdnrbntfob, wgfdg snys tgnt gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob nri tgi

prodiss o` fbdnrbntfob my wgfdg efvfbfty fs ilmoefie fb gulnbfty1 nbe

Todfbfnbs, wgo sny tgnt tgiy nri n doursi o` hf`i o` Kisus wgo pir`orlie

efvfbi lfrndhis upob ridifvfbj efvfbi rivihntfob.>39)

Mnvfbda rijnres tgi Fbdnrbntfob tgnt ridifvie gulnbfty fb tgi

pirsob o` tgi Tob ns ilptyfbj (aibwsfk or ixfbnbftfo). Gi tgfbas tgnt tgi

Fbdnrbntfob fs kust tgi mijfbbfbj o` gfs howirfbj (tnpifbwsfk or gulfhfntfo).

Gulfhfntfob fbdhueis tgfs ilptyfbj nbe howirfbj. Fb gulfhfntfob, tgi Tob

wftg tgi snli pirsob put nsfei tgi efvfbi loei o` ixfstibdi (lor`g qiou)

mut tooa tgi gulnb loei o` ixfstibdi, bnlihy, tgi `orl o` n sirvnbt

(lor`g eouhou). Tudg n dgnbji fb tgi loei o` mifbj fs bot my tgi bnturi

mut my tgi pirsob. Ugi Tob nssulie n trui nbe pir`idt gulnbfty.>30)

Hutgirnbs gnvi n vfiw tgnt tgi gulnbfty wgfdg tgi Tob nssulie

wns n gulnbfty dobtnfbfbj efvfbi nttrfmutis, nbe tgnt, tgiri`ori,

gulfhfntfob fs bot nb nssulptfob ftsih` mut fb Gfs gulnbfty wgfdg eois bot

usi tgi efvfbi nttrfmutis. To tgiy efstfbjufsg tgi Fbdnrbntfob `rol tgi

gulfhfntfob dgnrndtirfzie my ilptyfbj nbe howirfbj.>3:)

Fb tgi linbwgfhi, tgi ]olnb Dntgohfd Dgurdg vfiws tgnt tgi

gulnbfty wgfdg tgi Tob nssulie wns trui nbe pir`idt, mut ft douhe mi

jhorf`fie `rol n lolibt my n spidfnh jf`t, nbe tgnt tgi gulfhfntfob o` tgi

Fbdnrbntfob stops nt tgi lolibt o` tgi ubfob dobdiptunhhy nbe Kisus

midolis nb omkidt o` prnfsi midnusi tgi pirsob o` tgi Liefntor midolis

pridfous ivib to tgi gulnbfty.>37)

Mnvfbda tgfbas tgnt tgi gulfhfntfob o` Dgrfst fbdhueis tgi

Fbdnrbntfob fb wgfdg Gfs trui nbe pir`idt gulnbfty fs ubftie wftg tgi

pirsob o` tgi Tob nbe nhh tgi omiefibdi wgfdg Dgrfst gns su``irie nbe

dnrrfie out fb ft. Ugi gulnbfty wgfdg Kisus nssulie dolphfie wftg sivirnh

dobeftfobs n`tir tgi @nhh.>36) Mnptfsl wns n sfjb nbe sinh tgnt Dgrfst, wgo

`fbfsgie ivirytgfbj ubeir tgi ubfob o` Gfs efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty, trfis to

rnfsi us to tgi phndi wgiri wi dnb gnvi dollubfob wftg Joe, my flputfbj

>39) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.530-53:, 5=0-544. D`. D`. M. M. Znr`fihe, Ugi

Gulnbftnrfnb Dgrfst, fb Ugi Sirsob nbe Zora o` Dgrfst, ie. Tnluih J. Drnfj

(Sgfhhfpsmurj, BK; Srismytirfnb nbe ]i`orlie Sumhfsgfbj, >693), >76-=37.

>30) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.53:-537.

>3:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.54>. Dobdirbfbj Hutgirs nbe Hutgirnb vfiws o`

dollubfdntfo fefolntul, Miraouwir, Ugi Sirsob o` Dgrfst, =:=-=7>.

>37) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.5=0-5=:.>36) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.4>3-4>>.

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Gfs rfjgtiousbiss to us.>>3)

Gfs eisdibefbj fbto tgi gihh dnb mi ubeirstooe fb tgfs sibsi. F` ft fs

bot rinh, ft eois bot linb tgi lovilibt o` hodntfob. Ft linbs tgi ixtrili

njoby o` tgi souh su``irie nddorefbj to tgi gulnbfty, bnlihy eintg nbe

murfnh, nbe tgi prodhnlntfob nddorefbj to tgi efvfbfty. Fb lnby dnsis,

ri`orlie tgiohojfnbs wouhe dgoosi obhy obi o` two linbfbjs, mut Mnvfbda

ilpgnsfzie tgnt tgi two mihobj to obi pirsob sfluhtnbioushy.>>>) Irrobious

vfiws o` motg ]olnb Dntgohfds nbe Hutgirnbs ob Kisus eisdibefbj fbto tgi

gihh nri dnusie my tgifr fbdorridt ubeirstnbefbj ob tgi gypostntfd ubfob.

Zgfhi Dntgohfd tgiohojfnbs rijnre tgnt tgi sumkidt wgo wibt eowb to gihh

ns tgi souh, wgfhi Hutgirnbs tgi sumkidt ns n dirtnfb afbe o` mifbj

ibgnbdie tgroujg vfvf`fdntfob (rivfvfsdibtfn, vfvf`fdntfo) prfor to

risurridtfob.>>=)

Fb efsdussfbj ixnhtntfob o` Dgrfst, Mnvfbda obdi njnfb ilpgnsfzis

tgi `ndt tgnt ft wns tgi liefntfob fb tgi gypostntfd ubfob o` Dgrfsts

gulnbfty nbe efvfbfty. Mnvfbda drftfdfzie Osfnbeir, wgo fbsfstie obhy ob tgi

liefntfob nddorefbj to efvfbfty, Ttnbdnro, wgo obhy fbsfstie ob tgi

liefntfob nddorefbj to gulnbfty, nbe motg tgi ]olnb Dntgohfd Dgurdg nbe

tgi Hutgirnbs, wgo snys tgnt tgi two bnturis nri tgi prfbdfphi tgnt

pir`orlie tgi woras o` tgi liefntor, nhtgoujg tgi gulnb bnturi fs tgi

prfbdfphi my wgfdg tgi woras wiri nddolphfsgie my tgi Liefntor.>>4)

Mnvfbda siis tgnt tgi ixnhtntfob o` Dgrfst ixirts fb`huibdi ob motg

efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty.>>5) Gi sgies hfjgt o` efvfbi jhory ob tgi iyis o`

indg gulnb mifbj my pir`orlfbj tgi efvfbi powir nddorefbj to Gfs

efvfbfty, nbe gns tgil to pnrtfdfpnti fb efvfbi jhory nddorefbj to Gfs

gulnbfty obhy to tgi ixtibt ft wns dnpnmhi o` ft, wgfdg nri tgi

dgnrndtirfstfds o` tgi gulnbfty. Ns tgfs wora o` efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty wns

gypostntfdnhhy eobi, Dgrfst, n`tir gnvfbj miib rnfsie `rol tgi eine, midnli

tgi spfrft wgo jfvis hf`i nddorefbj to Gfs efvfbfty fb n spfrftunh moey

nddorefbj to Gfs gulnbfty.>>9) Tupirbnturnh Dgrfstfnbfty dnb midoli n sohi

>>3) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.537.

>>>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.5>9-5>:. D`. Dnhvfb, Fbst. =.>0.7->=1 Uurritfb, Fbstftutis

o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy, 490-40>1 Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy, =.0>0-0=>.

>>=) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.5=:-5=7. Hutgirnbs dnhh tgi risurridtfob ns ixtirbnh

risurridtfob (risurridtfo ixtirbn) nbe efstfbjufsg ft `rol tgi vfvf`fdntfob wgfdg tgiy dnhh

fbtirbnh risurridtfob (risurridtfo fbtirbn). @or tgil, bot tgi risurridtfob mut tgi

vfvf`fdntfob fs tgi mijfbbfbj o` ixnhtntfob. D`. Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.5>5-5>9.

>>4) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.543.

>>5) D`. Uurritfb, Fbstftutis o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy, =.445, 457, 49=, 405, 400, 407, 4:3-4:=1Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy, =.0=6-04>.

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gfstorfdnh rihfjfob `rol tgfs pirspidtfvi o` tgi ubfob o` Dgrfsts gulnbfty

nbe efvfbfty.>>0) Ixnhtntfob eois bot linb to `orl n efvfbfty my tgi

ibgnbdie worafbj o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft.>>:)

Mnvfbda dobsfeirs tgnt tgi vfiws tgnt gi gohes nri fb tgi ]i`orlie

trneftfob, jfvfbj rfsi to tgi nevnbtnji tgnt obi dnb ubeirstnbe tgi ibtfri

doursi o` Dgrfsts gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob fb tgi feibtfdnh pirsob.>>7) Fb

tgfs rispidt gi ixprissis Dgrfsts risurridtfob nbe nsdibsfob fb ndtfvi

loei `or Gfs efvfbfty nbe fb pnssfvi loei `or Gfs gulnbfty.>>6) Gi botis

tgnt Dgrfst dnb mi ivirywgiri nt tgi snli tfli nddorefbj to Gfs efvfbfty,

mut nt n spidf`fd hodntfobor ob tgi rfjgt gnbe o` Joenddorefbj to Gfs

gulnbfty.>=3)

5.4. Pfdnrfous Tntfs`ndtfob (Tntfs`ndtfo Pfdnrfn); Ugi @ruft o` tgi

Gypostntfd Ybfob

Ugi ixnhtntfob o` Dgrfst wns n riwnre `or Gfs gulfhfntfob. Ugi

sumstnbdi o` ixnhtntfob fs tgi liefntorfnh jhory lnbf`istie fb Gfs

risurridtfob, nsdibsfob, rifjb, nbe Gfs sidobe dolfbj nddorefbj to tgi

lirftorfous dobbidtfob mitwiib Dgrfsts gulfhfntfob nbe ixnhtntfob.>=>)

Dgrfsts ixnhtntfob fs nttrfmutie to gfs pirsob, nbe tgiri`ori efsdhosis tgi

spidfnh jrndi o` snhvntfob o` n mihfivir ubftie wftg Joe tgroujg Gfl.

Flputfbj tgi jrndi to snfbts, Dgrfst midolis tgi hf`i-jfvfbj spfrft to tgil.

Ugiri`ori, fb oreir to sii tgi qunhfty o` snhvntfob o` tgi snfbts wgo wfhh mi

fb dollubfob wftg Joe nddorefbj to tgi itirbnh idoboly o` tgi trfubi

Joe, obi gns to sii wgnt afbe o` lirfts tgi wora wgfdg Dgrfst tgi

Liefntor pir`orlie gns.>==)

>>9) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.54=, 545-540.

>>0) D`. M. M. Znr`fihe, Kisus Dgrfst, fb Dgrfstohojy nbe Drftfdfsl (Biw Vora; Ox`ore

Ybfvirsfty Sriss, >64=), >09; Tupirbnturnhfstfd Dgrfstfnbfty fs tgi obhy gfstorfdnh

Dgrfstfnbfty.

>>:) To tgfs `ohhowfbj tgiory dnbbot mi nddiptie. Zoh`gnrt Snbbibmirj, Kisus Joe nbe Lnb,

tr. Hiwfs H. Zfhafbs nbe Eunbi N. Srfimi (Sgfhneihpgfn; Zistlfbstir Sriss, >607), 4=4;

Mut Kisus ns tgfs lnb, ns lnb fb tgfs pnrtfduhnr, ubfqui sftuntfob, wftg tgfs pnrtfduhnr

gfstorfdnh lfssfob nbe tgfs pnrtfduhnr `ntins tgfs lnb Kisus fs bot kust lnb, mut `rol

tgi pirspidtfvi o` gfs risurridtfob `rol tgi eine(antn pbiulnnddorefbj to tgi Tpfrft)

gi fs obi wftg Joe nbe tgus fs gflsih` Joe.

>>7) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.54>. D`. Uurritfb, Fbstftutis o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy,

=.4:6-475.

>>6) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.540-54:, 555-559.

>=3) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.550-55:.

>=>) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.544-545.>==) D`. Goeji, Tystilntfd Ugiohojy, =.5:3-5:4.

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Fb rihntfob to tgfs, Mnvfbda ilpgnsfzis tgi `ndt tgnt tgi liefntfob

o` Dgrfst fb`huibdis bot obhy tgi pnssfvi omiefibdi (omiefibtfn pnssfvn) nbe

tgi ndtfvi omiefibdi (omiefibtfn ndtfvn). @or `orjfvibiss o` sfb (piddntul),

obi biies to pny tgi pubfsglibt (poibn) tgnt `ft tgi jufht (rintus) nbe

lust riqufri tgi sntfs`ndtfob o` Joe-lnb, `or tgi `orjfvibiss o` sfb fs

bot possfmhi wftgout dovibnbtnh flputntfob o` rfjgtiousbiss tgroujg tgi

liefntfob o` Dgrfsts efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty.>=4) Tudg nb idoboly wns

eidriie mi`ori tgi mijfbbfbj o` tgi worhe.>=5) Ugi rinsob wgy Dgrfsts

eintg midolis tgi dobsullntfob o` gfs omiefibdi fs midnusi Gi midnli

lnb ns tgi Tob o` itirbnh Joe.>=9)

Dgrfsts omiefibdi fs tgi prfdi o` vfdnrfous sntfs`ndtfob (sntfs`ndtfo

vfdnrfn),>=0) wgfdg bot obhy `orjfvis sfbs nbe fbfquftfis mut nhso flputis tgi

rfjgtiousbiss o` itirbnh hf`i so tgnt snfbts dnb gnvi bob possi piddnri

(tgi bot-mifbj-nmhi to sfb) nbe bob possi lorf (tgi bot-mifbj-nmhi to

efi) fb `nftg. Tudg rfjgtiousbiss fs possfmhi midnusi Dgrfst `uh`fhhie motg

tgi omiefibdi o` su``irfbj pnfbs nbe o` aiipfbj tgi hnws. Ugi omiefibdi o`

ndtfbj fs bot efstfbjufsgie `rol tgi omiefibdi o` su``irfbj, `or tgiri wouhe

mi bo omiefibdi o` su``irfbj wftgout tgi omiefibdi o` ndtfbj nbe Dgrfst,

wgo pripnrie Gflsih` wftgout mhilfsgis nbe spots, efie ns n pripnrie

hnlm.>=:) Ugiri`ori, ndtfbj omiefibdi fs bot nb ixdiss mut n suftnmhi lirft.

Zi gnvi to `fbe tgi prfdi o` tgi wora o` vfdnrfous rieilptfob fb tgi

pirsob o` Dgrfst. Ugi dnusi o` rieilptfob dnbbot mi bulmirie my n

qunbtftntfvi dnhduhntfob.>=7)

Ugiri`ori, Mnvfbda dhnfls tgnt Dgrfsts ibtfri hf`i nbe wora, `rol

gfs dobdiptfob to gfs eintg, wns sumstftutfobnry fb bnturi. Dgrfsts

vfdnrfous rieilptfob eois bot stop nt pnyfbj tgi prfdi `or sfb, mut fbdhueis

tgi omiefibdi o` aiipfbj nhh tgi hnw, wgfdg fs tgi dobeftfob `or tgi

dovibnbt o` woras. Ndtfbj omiefibdi fs obi wftg su``irfbj omiefibdi, `or

tgiy nhtojitgir `uh`fhh Joes wfhh fb obi pirsob nbe nt tgi snli tfli, nhh tgi

rfjgtiousbiss o` snhvntfob, wgfdg phinsis Joe.>=6)

My sudg liefntfob o` Dgrfsts gulnbfty nbe efvfbfty, mihfivirs dnb

gnvi pindi wftg Joe tgroujg tgi lystirfous ubfob wftg Gfl. Dgrfst gns

>=4) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.459.

>=5) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.405-400.

>=9) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.479.

>=0) D`. Uurritfb, Fbstftutis o` Ihibdtfd Ugiohojy, 5=0-544.

>=:) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.465-460.

>=7) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.53=.

>=6) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.4:7-473.

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`uh`fhhie tgi liefntfob o` ubfob. Ns n sndrf`fdi (fcrnslok, fcrnstgrfob), Gi

midnli tgi ridobdfhfntfob (antnhhnjg) mitwiib Joe nbe us. Ugi sumkidt tgnt

jfvis o``irfbj (fcrnsaisqnf) fs tgi Tob, mut tgi obi wgo lnais us nt pindi

wftg Gfl (antnhhnssifb) fs Joe. Ntobilibt (Pirsgbubj) fs riqufrie `or us to

gnvi pindi wftg Joe (Pirsgbubj). Mut sfbdi Joe gns lnei Gfs Tob to mi

tgi sndrf`fdi o` tgi ntobilibt, nhtgoujg Joe fs tgi obi wgo lnais us nt

pindi wftg Gfl, tgi Hore o` pindi fs tgi Tob, `or tgi Tob liefntis

mitwiib tgi @ntgir nbe us nddorefbj to tgi dovibnbt nlobj tgrii trfubi

Sirsobs. Ugiri`ori, wgib wi eiby tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob, tgi

eodtrfbi o` sumstftutfobnry ntobilibt wfhh mi fb vnfb nbe nhh tgi jnfbs `or

rieilptfob prisibtie fb tgi Mfmhi wfhh doli to botgfbj.>43)

9. Dobdhusfob

Fb tgfs pnpir, wi gnvi dobsfeirie tgi `ndt tgnt tgi rinsob wgy

Mnvfbda phndie tgi dibtrnhfty o` gfs tgiohojy fb Dgrfstohojy wns to `ohhow

tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor. My tgi wny ft

fs ivfeibt tgnt Mnvfbdas tgiohojy fs n proeudt o` gfs tfli. Njnfbst tgi

hfmirnh tgiohojy o` gfs eny, gi trfie to ei`ibe two eodtrfbis; obi fs tgi `ndt

tgnt Tdrfpturi fs Joes wore nbe tgi otgir tgi `ndt tgnt wi dnb mi snvie

obhy my tgi wora o` Dgrfst. To gi posftfobie gfs tgiohojy ipfstilohojfdnhhy

fb tgi prfbdfphi o` rivihntfob soujgt n`tir my tgi ]i`orlie tgiohojfnbs

n`tir Dnhvfb, nbe ilpgnsfzie tgnt snhvntfob fs possfmhi obhy my tgi lirft o`

tgi woras eobi fb tgi gypostntfd ubfob o` gulnbfty nbe tgi efvfbfty o` Joe

tgi Liefntor, wgo dnli fbto tgi worhe.

Ybhfai Uurritfb, Gippi or Dgnrhis Goeji, Mnvfbda eois bot eivoti

gflsih` to nrtfduhntfbj sopgfstfdntie tgiohojfdnh knrjob fb trintfbj tgi

eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob. @or ixnlphi, Mnvfbda eois bot pny spidfnh

nttibtfob to sudg hnbjunjis ns ibgypostntfn, nbgypostntfn, nmstrntul, or

dobdritul, fb rihntfob to tgi mifbj o` Gfs efvfbfty nbe gulnbfty fb obi

pirsob. Biftgir eois Mnvfbda try to eisdrfmi tgi ubfob o` tgi efvfbi nbe

gulnb bnturis my usfbj n litnpgor o` tgi rihntfob mitwiib tgi souh nbe

tgi `hisg fb gulnb moey.>4>) Gi rntgir trfis to ei`ibe tgi eodtrfbi o`

Dgrfstohojy, `ohhowfbj tgi ortgoeox rivihntory prfbdfphi. Ugi obhy tgfbj fs

tgnt my nbnhyzfbj fb eiptg efvirsi eodtrfbis eivihopie sfbdi tgi Inrhy

>43) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.55:-59=.

>4>) Ob tgi dobtrnry, Dgnrhis Goeji `riquibthy usis tgfs litnpgorfdnh nbnhojy. TystilntfdUgiohojy, =.4:7, 473, 476, 463, 46=, 465, 46:, 536 itd.

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Dgurdg gi efsdussis tgifr lirfts nbe eilirfts, nbe trfis to suddfbdthy

sullnrfzi gfs owb posftfob ns n dobdhusfob. Ugfs nspidt dnb mi snfe to mi

tgi ubfquibiss o` gfs tgiohojy. Gfs tgiohojy lny soube pgfhosopgfdnh or

itgfdnh, mut wgnt gi uhtflntihy pursuis fs n Mfmhfdnh tgiohojy.>4=)

Mnvfbda rijnreie tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob ns tgi hoop

tgnt dobbidts tgi ibtfri tgiohojy. Zi dnb sullnrfzi wgnt wi gnvi miib

tnhafbj nmout wftg n `iw sibtibdis ns `ohhows;

@frst, Mnvfbda stntis tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob `rol tgi

Urfbftnrfnb pirspidtfvi. Lost o` nhh, gi ilpgnsfzis tgi `ndt tgnt tgi

dovibnbt istnmhfsgie gfstorfdnhhy nddorefbj to tgi itirbnh doubsih (pndtul

snhutfs) o` tgi Urfbfty mi`ori tgi mijfbbfbj o` tgi worhe wns `uh`fhhie my tgi

Fbdnrbntfob nbe tgi wora o` Dgrfst. Mnvfbda `fbes tgi bidissfty o` Dgrfsts

woras nddorefbj to tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob ns Joe-lnb (qinbqrwpok) fb tgi

idoboly o` tgi Urfbfty.

Tidobe, Mnvfbda ilpgnsfzis tgi `ndt tgnt tgi lystiry o` tgi

Fbdnrbntfob eois bot rilnfb fb tgi dobdiptfob mut rindgis tgi Liefntors

ibtfri hf`i `rol Gfs gulfhfntfob to Gfs ixnhtntfob, nttrfmutfbj ft to tgi wora

o` tgi Gohy Tpfrft. Hfaiwfsi, gi dhosihy dobbidts tgi dollubfdntfob o`

woras wftg tgi dollubfdntfob o` jf`ts fb einhfbj wftg tgi dollubfdntfob

o` Dgrfsts nttrfmutis.

Ugfre, Mnvfbda ilpgnsfzis tgi `ndt tgnt nddorefbj to tgi eodtrfbi o`

tgi gypostntfd ubfob, Dgrfsts rieilptfvi wora opibie tgi eoor `or our

dollubfob wftg Joe tgroujg tgi lystirfous ubfob wftg Gfl. Gi siias tgfs

`rol tgi lystiry o` tgi Urfbftnrfnb ubfob. Gi efsdussis tgi gypostntfd

lystiry o` tgi Joe-lnb `rol tgi rihntfobsgfp mitwiib tgi @ntgir nbe tgi

Tob, nbe nhso tgi lystiry o` ubftfbj wftg Joe. Ugi lystiry dnb mi obhy

possfmhi my tgi pirsob o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor Gflsih`.

@ourtg, ob tgfs nddoubt Mnvfbda phndis tgi vfdnrfous sntfs`ndtfob

(sntfn`ndtfo vfdnrfn) fb tgi pirsob o` tgi Liefntor. Dgrfsts gulnbfty fs ivib

rfdgir tgnb tgnt o` Nenl prfor to tgi @nhh, so fs tgi jrndi o`

sumstftutfobnry ntobilibt. Gi dnli fbto tgi worhe to rilovi our sfbs,

`orjfvi us, nbe lnai pindi mitwiib Joe nbe us. Totirfohojy trints tgi

oreir or tgi idoboly o` npphyfbj tgi rfjgtiousbiss o` sudg sumstftutfobnry

ntobilibt to mihfivirs.>44)

@f`tg, ovirnhh, Mnvfbda, fb trintfbj tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd

>4=) D`. Kogb Moht, Dgrfst nbe tgi Hnw fb tgi Itgfds o` Girlnb Mnvfbda, Dnhvfb Ugiohojfdnh

Kourbnh=7 (>664), 59-:4.>44) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.935-930, 9==-9=7.

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ubfob, ilpgnsfzis tgi `ndt tgnt Dgrfst tgi Liefntor fs nb itirbnh Joe (qiok).

Ugi lystiry o` tgfs eodtrfbi hfis fb tgi pirsob o` tgi Tob ftsih`. Ugiri`ori,

gi nhtojitgir rikidts tgi hfmirnhfsl, wgfdg pursuis fbtirbnhfsl or itgfdnhfsl

tgnt rikidts tgi efvfbfty o` Kisus Dgrfst, wgo dnli fbto tgi worhe, nbe

nrjuis tgnt obhy Joe ixfsts fb Dgrfst (ivbqiok).

Ugi pnrnjrnpg mihow jfvis n jooe nddoubt `or tgi efstfbdtfvi lnras

tgnt tgi eodtrfbi o` tgi gypostntfd ubfob o` Dgrfst tgi Liefntor, wgfdg

Mnvfbda pursuis.

Ft fs obi sfbjhi wora tgnt tgi @ntgir nssfjbie to gfl nbe tgnt gi

`fbfsgie fb gfs eintg (Kogb 5;451 >:;51 >6;43). Gfs lfbfstry wns

dolphitie fb tgi jfvfbj o` gfs hf`i ns n rnbsol `or lnby (Lntt.

=3;=7). Ivib Snuh, wgo powir`uhhy ilpgnsfzis tgi dross o` Dgrfst,

rijnres gfs eintg, bot ns tgi wgohi, mut ns tgi dobsullntfob o`

gfs omiefibdi. Gi wns morb ubeir tgi hnw(Jnh. 5;5), fb tgi hfaibiss

o` sfb`uh `hisg (]ol. 7;4), efe bot hfvi to phinsi gflsih` (]ol. >9;4)1

nt gfs fbdnrbntfob gi nhriney ilptfie gflsih` nbe nssulie tgi `orl

o` n sirvnbt1 gi dobtfbunhhy gulmhie gflsih` nbe midnli omiefibt

ivib to eintg (Sgfh. =;:-71 = Dor. 7;6). To ft fs obi sfbjhi lfbfstry

nbe obi omiefibdi, wgfdg jfvis hf`i-jfvfbj kustf`fdntfob (efanfwsfk

zwgk) to lnby (]ol. 9;>7->6).>45)

(Tohf Eio Jhorfn fb Nitirbul)!

>45) Mnvfbda, ]i`orlie Eojlntfds, 4.4:7.