37th john player memorial lecture design of strong, tough & affordable engineering alloys
Post on 21-Dec-2015
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TRANSCRIPT
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37th John Player Memorial Lecture
Design of strong, tough & affordable engineering alloys
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Fe
Ru
Os
Hs
Fe
Ru
Os
Hs
6d 2s
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ferrite
austenite
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DISPLACIVE
RECONSTRUCTIVE
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c
r
s
1
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Surface 1 Surface 2
Srinivasan & Wayman, 1968
50 µm
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50 µm
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UPPER BAINITE(High Temperature)
LOWER BAINITE(Low Temperature)
Carbon supersaturated plate
Carbon diffusion into austenite
Carbon diffusion into austenite and carbide
precipitation in ferrite
Carbide precipitation from austenite
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5004003000
1
2
Temperature / °C
D
eca
rburi
stio
n t
ime /
s
Fe-0.4C wt%
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TAe3Ae1
o
Carbon Concentration
T1
T1
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Ae3'
T'o
x
Carbon in austenite
Tem
pera
ture
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0.20.10.0250
300
350
400
450
500
Carbon in austenite / mole fraction
Temperature / °C
Ae3'TT'o o
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UPPER BAINITE(High Temperature)
LOWER BAINITE(Low Temperature)
Carbon supersaturated plate
Carbon diffusion into austenite
Carbon diffusion into austenite and carbide precipitation in ferrite
Carbide precipitation from austenite
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0.2 µm
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30020010000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Test temperature / °C
Charpy impact / Jwith
carbides
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1 µm
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Carbide-free alloys
Fe 0.4C 2Si 3MnFe 0.2C 2Si 3MnFe 0.4C 2Si 4Ni
wt %
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2001000-100-2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
700.4C-3Mn-2Si
Test temperature / °C
Charpy impact / J
Very poor toughness!
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50 µm
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Carbon
x x T_0
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54321300
400
500
600
Carbon / at.%
Fe-CFe-Ni-Si-C
Fe-Mn-Si-C
T-zero curves
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50 µm
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0.4C-3Mn-2Si0.4C-4Ni -2Si0.2C-3Mn-2Si
Impact Energy
2001000-100-2000
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Test temperature / °C
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120010008006004002000
Pearlite
Martensite
Bainite
kilocycles to Crack Initiation
Yates, Jerath
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Yates, Jerath
100806040200
Pearlite
Martensite
Bainite
RailWheel
Rolling Contact Wear Rate (mg/m of slip)
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Advances in carbide-free bainitic steels
250020001500100020
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Ultimate tensile strength / MPa
Fract
ure
tou
ghness
/ M
Pa √
m
18 wt% Ni maraging steel
QT
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an apple weighs 1 Newton
1 m
= 1 Pa
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1201008060402000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Fibre or Whisker Diameter / µm
Tensile Strength / MPa
"Scifer"
Whisker
1201008060402000
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
Fibre or Whisker Diameter / µm
Tensile Strength / MPa
"Scifer"
Whisker
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Scifer, 5.5 GPa with ductility!
Kobe Steel
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Atom probe image of Scifer,
5.5 GPa steel wire
Bhadeshia and Harada, 1993
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1 Denier: weight in grams, of 9 km of fibre
10 Denier
Scifer is 9 Denier
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200 °C for 20 days 200 °C for 20 days
2.5 GPa2.5 GPa
Caballero, Mateo & Bhadeshia
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Advances in carbide-free bainitic steels
250020001500100020
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Ultimate tensile strength / MPa
Fract
ure
tou
ghness
/ M
Pa √
m
18 wt% Ni maraging steel
QT
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www.msm.cam.ac.uk
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0 50 100 150 200
Pressure / kbar
800
400
0
ε
1200
1600
0 50 100 150 200
Pressure / kbar
800
400
0
ε
1200
1600 Bundy (1965)