3560 carbon footprint pdf

BACKGROUND OF THE CARBON FOOTPRINT STUDY

1. Study context2. Objectives of the study3. Functional unit4. Modelling assumptions and cut-off rules

4.1. Manufacturing phase 4.2. Distribution phase 4.3. Use phase 4.4. End of life phase 4.5. Data origin

5. Impact indicator 5.1. Global warming indicator 5.2. Bill of materials (BOM)

CARBON FOOTPRINT STUDY

1. Study contextThis study consists in the analysis and comparison of the carbon footprint of six different thermal receipt printers (three of them are produced by Epson and the three other ones are produced by Epson’s competitors).

This study was issued by Bureau Veritas CODDE according to the ISO 14 04X principles applied only to the carbon footprint aspects and the needs explained by Epson.

This study has been carried out with the EIME software.

The EIME Software, version 4, distributed by Bureau Veritas CODDE since May 2003, is based on databases especially dedicated to electrical and electronic products. These databases have been created with data coming from the French Federation of Electric, Electronic and Communication Industries (FIEEC), based on the Life Cycle Assessments (ISO 1404X standards) of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE).

The database release which has been used for the study of the Epson study is the release 11.0.

The modelling of the product has been issued in EIME with data gathered through the dismantling and inventory of the products.

Note: The study has been carried out according to the current technological knowledge state.

2. Objectives of the studyThe main objective of this study is to analyse and compare the carbon footprint of 6 different thermal receipt printers.

3. Functional unitThe carbon footprint is a relative approach, which is structured around a functional unit. As defined in the ISO 14 040, the functional unit ‘defines the quantification of the identified functions of the product.’ The purpose of a functional unit is to provide a reference to which the inputs and outputs are related. This approach will ensure comparability of LCA results.

As a consequence, the functional unit of a product is based on its main technical characteristics. It will help to compare the environmental impacts of several products and then identify the aspects of the product which need to be modified to improve their environmental profile (reduce their impacts); it will give the working/research priorities to the design teams.

Product Star TSP 100GT

Star TSP 100ECO

Epson TM-T88V

Epson TM-T20

Epson TM-H6000IV

IBM 2CR/2NR

Reference flow 1 unit of printer + 1 unit of packaging + 1499 paper rolls1

1 unit of printer + 1 unit of packaging + 1444 paper rolls



1 unit of printer + 1 unit of packaging + 1499

1 unit of printer + 1 unit of packaging + 1697.5 paper rolls

Quantity of product, packaging and others complementary part in the Functional Unit

527kg 508kg 527kg 493kg 531kg 603kg

Weight of the product 2.163kg 2.131kg 2.164kg 2.059kg 5.028kg 6.005kg

Weight of the final packaging 0.505kg 0.721kg 0.356kg 0.297kg 1.296kg 3.167kg

Quantity and weight of the paper rolls used over the average lifetime

1499 paper rolls 524.5kg



1403 paper rolls 491kg


1697.5 paper rolls 594kg

1 The length of the receipts depends on the printers. Paper consumption has been measured under Epson test conditions using the respective printers connected via USB, printing a specified print pattern with ESCPOS command base (ESC/POS compatible mode for Star models). Paper rolls: 80mmx80m (WxL), 55 g/m² (weight), 0,35kg (weight per roll), 80mm (Paper diameter), 12mm (Paper core).

For the studied printers, the main function is to provide printed receipts to customers. As a consequence, the functional unit chosen for the study is: ‘Print 300 receipts per day during 5 years.’

Based on Epson information, it has been decided to take a 5 year expected life span for the studied printers.

See fig. 1 below.

4. Modelling assumptions and cut-off rulesAccording to the information given by Epson, the six products were modeled in EIME software. The life cycle phases which have been taken into account are: manufacturing, distribution, installation, use and end of life.

The system boundaries are presented in fig. 2 below:

Fig. 2 Presentation of the main parameters included in the study

INPUTS OUTPUTS

Raw material,transport,electricity,water

ManufacturingWasteemission to air,water, ground

Oil,raw material (packaging)

DistributionEmission to air,water, ground

Electricity,other consumables

UseEmission to air,water, ground

Transport, pretreatment recycling,incineration,landf illed

End of lifeEmission to air,water, ground

Electricity,raw material

InstallationEmission to air,water, ground

Fig. 1 Reference flow – data used to calculate the functional unit

4.1. Manufacturing phaseProduct manufacturingThe whole architecture of the printers has been described in EIME according to the data gathered by Epson and to the dismantling of the product.– The main parts of the products (materials, electronic devices

and components, accessories…) have been modelled.

For each life cycle step, it has been considered:– Raw material manufacturing– Supplying– Energy and water consumption– Air emission– Water emission– Waste production– Waste treatment process

Only a few materials or processes were not taken into account due to a lack of information and the relative weight was too small to be significant in the study.

The total weight of these missing elements represents only a small part of the printer weight.

We consider that more than 95% of the weight has been described.– The manufacturing processes have been taken into account:

injection of the plastic parts, forming of the metallic part, soldering of the electronic components by reflow and wave processes.

– To describe the transport of materials and components from suppliers to manufacturing and assembling plants (in China), we have considered average distances according to their geographical origins. The same hypothesis were made for each printers.– China: Average transport between the raw materials producers

and manufacturing assembly plant: 1,000 km in boat.

The following flows were excluded from the studies framework because of the difficulty of attributing a particular reference flow and of their non significant contribution to the global impact:– The construction and maintenance of infrastructures as well

as their lighting, heating and cleaning– The production and maintenance of the tool manufacturing

and of the systems and transport infrastructure– The employee transportation– The flow of administrative, management, R&D and

marketing departments– The waste treatment process of the scrap generated

during the manufacturing phase

Modes Time repartition

Star TSP 100GT

Star TSP 100ECO

Epson TM-T88V

Epson TM-T20

Epson TM-H6000IV

IBM 2CR/2N R

Operation (Job mode) - receipt

25% 5.1 kWh 6.1 kWh 6.6 kWh 5.9 kWh 4.5 kWh 11.4 kWh

Ready mode 75% 132.2 kWh 33.9 kWh 33.6 kWh 27.6 kWh 36.3 kWh 270.9 kWh

Sleep mode 0% Not available

Off mode 0% NC Switch available No switch NC Switch available NC Switch available NC Switch available No switch

Unplugged mode 0% 0kWh 0kWh 0kWh 0kWh 0kWh 0kWh

Use phase energy consumption, based on Epson data (NC = Not considered)

² Power consumption has been measured under Epson test conditions. 300 receipts per day and 30 cheques (for multifunction printers) per day. Power on for 24 hours and 0 hours power off per day, 365 days per year for 5 years, printers connected through USB IF, OS= Windows XP, Printing method = with Windows driver, Font receipt = Windows font, Font cheque = device font, same printed pattern, Input : AC230V/50Hz, Printing time: 5 Minutes, Not Printing time:15 Minutes. Test results based on averaged power consumption of 3 units.

PackagingMain packaging – the packaging was modelled according to the received packaging which is the normal packaging used for sending the printer to Epson (or competitors) customers. The packaging includes the cardboard transport box, the user manual, the CD if relevant and the different plastic bags.

4.2. Distribution phaseThe hypothesis formulated on the Epson printers is the following one: the products are transported from the manufacturing site in China to a warehouse in Germany by boat, then to the distributors and customers by truck. It is then considered an average transport of:– 19,000 km by boat– 1,000 km by truck (in China and in Europe)

The used transport distance assumptions are extracted from the product category rules of the PEPEco passport program.For competitors printers, it was assumed that the same logistic scheme was applied.

4.3. Use phaseConsidering the use of the printers, the following scenario has been used:– Hypothesis on the average life span (in years): 5 years.

It is assumed to be the same for all printers.

See fig. 3 below.

We considered one European user and the energetic model related to the European electricity provider:European electricity mix:Coal: 18.65%, Lignite: 10.51%, Fuel Oil: 4.18 %, Natural Gas: 20.05%, Nuclear: 30.13 %, Non thermal:12.65% (10.29 hydro+2.13 Wind + 0.23 other), Process Gas: 1.06%, Free Electricity: 2.76% (geothermal,solar, biomass and animal products, industrial waste, municipal waste, non-specified assumed being impact free) (category: “Comm renewable electricity”)

Four of the six printers have a switch to turn the power off. Such devices can help to reduce the electricity consumption of the printers while they are not in use.

Fig. 3 Energy consumption over 5 years²

End of LifeProduct Collect

DepollutionShreddingSourcing

Electronic card and other electronic componentssourced out by depollution

Transport(400 km)

Transport(100 km)

Incinertation

Transport(100 km)

Landf illMaterials flows

Treatment

Transport(100 km)

Recycle

The grey part is not considered in the End of Life impact of the product.The benefit of recycling material is attributed to the product using recycling material.

Fig. 4 End of Life path for the printers

Consumables and maintenanceOnly the consumables due to the receipts printing are considered here.These consumables are:– The paper rolls used for receipt printing, based on

Epson information. It was considered that a paper roll is composed of: – Paper (340.5g) – Corrugated cardboard (9g) – PE film (0.5g)

This composition can be different, depending on the printer’s producer but no information was available.The transportation of paper rolls is taken into account. The hypothesis is that the distance is 1000km by truck.

The other consumables not considered are:– The cartridge boxes for the checks printing

4.4. End of life phaseWe assumed that the printers, at the end of their life, are collected following a scenario in compliance with the WEEE Directive 2002/96/EC. That is to say that the products are decontaminated (electronic card, external wires...), and shredded in order to recycle, incinerate or landfill the different materials.

Therefore we have chosen a grinding scenario (to extract the polluted parts).

See fig. 4 below.

According to the recycling potential, incinerating potential and the landfill potential, calculated with EIME software with the Eco’DEEE method², combined with the weight of the 2 Calculation Eco’DEEE method: http://www.codde.fr/page.php?rubrique=27&ssRubrique=31 components which need special end-of-life treatment, a scenario of end-of-life path will provide the relative environmental impact of this treatment.

The End of life process was modelled in EIME software according to the path we define.

NOTE: The grey parts of the below diagram are not taking into account the model. The impacts related to the recycling will be allocated to another new product which will include these recycled elements and that’s why they are outside of the system’s borders. The recycling impact of the materials is taken into account in the manufacturing process.

The impacts related to landfill are not considered in the calculation because of the lack of information to evaluate the real impact of land filling waste of electrical and electronic equipment. However, we considered the impact of the transportation from the special end of life treatment site to the landfill centre.

4.5. Data originData producer– Data about paper and electricity consumption and use scenario

has been provided by Epson– Data about the manufacturing phase has been gathered by Bureau

Veritas CODDE thanks to the dismantling of the products– Data about the end of life and the distribution are based on

homogenous hypothesis for all products

Temporal representativenessThe data collection was launched in December 2010 and is representative of the technology used for the years 2009-2010.

LCI database usedThe following table (fig. 5) resumes the data origin we had used in this study and that are available in EIME data base version 11.0 (upgrade July 2009).

See fig. 5 below.

5. Impact indicatorThe EIME software helps to issue an environmental evaluation of a product over 11 types of major impacts on the environment, such as air toxicity, water toxicity, water eutrophication, non renewable material depletion.

As Epson has made the choice to focus on a simple criterion: the carbon footprint of the products, only the global warming potential (GWP) has been evaluated.

5.1. Global warming indicatorThe greenhouse effects and its consequences.The global warming is a major environmental issue.Originally, the greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon which allows to keep the temperature rather stable at the surface of the Earth. Indeed, without those gases, the average temperature on the planet would be -19°C instead of 14°C. As a consequence, this natural phenomenon allows the development of the life on Earth. Though, the human activities have drastically increased the production of greenhouse gases to a point where the planet cannot absorb it as fast as it is produced, leading to the raise of the concentration of these gases in the atmosphere, thus to the raise of the temperature on the planet.

This increase can lead to weather disturbances, the melting of the ice caps, a raise of the level of the oceans and the disappearing of lands under water.

As a consequence, reducing the carbon footprint of our activities becomes a priority.

Actions and politicsThe consciousness of this problem has been increasing in the last years, from some people to a wide amount of the population. This consciousness has led persons and politics to take decision in order to reduce the greenhouse gases emission.

The first notable global measure was the Kyoto protocol, ratified by almost all countries, which stipulates that the developed countries reduce their emission of 5.2% from 1990 level by 2012.

Inventory data EIME module Source of data Year

Stainless steel Steel (Stainless) Ecobilan Engineering judgement-BUWAL 98 (secondary steel)- ETH 96 (chromium)

1996

Galvanised steel Steel (electrogalvanised) IISI (International Iron and Steel Institute) 2002

Aluminum Aluminum (Al, primary) EAA – European Aluminum Association 2008

ABS ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene, molded by injection)

Plastics Europe – European plastics Trade association 2005

PC PC (Polycarbonate, molded by injection) Plastics Europe – European plastics Trade association 2005

PA66 PA 6-6 (Polyamide resin 6-6, Molded by injection) Plastics Europe – European plastics Trade association 2005

Electronic board PWB (Printed Circuit Board FR4, 4 layers) + Electronics Components + Welding process and finishing

Data collected on site by CODDE 2006

Copper Copper (wires, 0.6 mm) CODDE study based on industrial data 2005

End of life treatment End of life (PWB treatment) End of life (Cable treatment)

CODDE study based on EcoInvent et DEAM data

2005

Electricity Electricity (Europe) DEAM mix, ETH sources for energies 2005

PS PSE (Polystyrene Expandable)PS (Polystyrene, general purpose , GPPS)


Cardboard Cardboard (Corrugated) European database for Corrugated Cardboard Life Cycle Studies FEFCO

2006

PVC PVC (Polyvinyl Chloride, Moulded by Injection)


Paper Paper (Virgin) CODDE study (based on EcoInvent and literature) 2000

HDPE PE (High Density, HDPE, Moulded by injection)


Fig. 5 Origin of the data used for the modelling

On a longer-term basis, another decision, the factor 4, is to reduce the global emission of 50% from the 1990 level by 2050. This reduction is based on the fact that today, we need the equivalent of the capacity of CO2 absorption of two planets. Considering that developing countries will not be able to reduce their emissions, the developed countries will have to reduce them by 75%. The same idea has been made for the 2100 horizon, leading to the factor 9 (considering the increasing of the population).

Characterisation methodsThe carbon footprint of a product is due to the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse emissions (e.g. methane, SF6, etc…) associated with a product along its life cycle.

In this study, the characterisation factors used are extracted from data of the Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC). The method used is called: IPCC 2007 (GWP100).

This indicator allows to evaluate the contribution to the global warming of atmosphere by releasing specific gases. It is expressed in grams of CO2 equivalent. Indeed, the main contributor to the global warming in term of quantity is the CO2, which is used as a reference.

The following table (fig. 6) presents the characterisation factor associated with each contributing substance (in g eq. CO2/g):

See fig. 6 below.

The causes for these emissions are for example the electricity production in power plants, heating with fossil fuels, transport operations due to fuel combustion and other industrial process.

5.2. Bill of materialsThe material content of the product is available as BOM (Bill of materials). It is the sum up of all materials chosen in the EIME database but also all the materials used for the components from the EIME database (transistor, semi-conductors, LCD screen panel).

Contributing substance GWP expressed in g eq. CO2

CFC 11 (CFCl3) 4,600

CFC 113 (CF2ClCFCl2) 6,000

CFC 114 (CF2ClCF2Cl) 9,800

CFC 115 (CF3CF3Cl) 7,200

CFC 12 (CCl2F2) 10,600

CFC 13 (CF3Cl) 14,000

Carbon Dioxide (CO2, fossil) 1

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1,57

Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) 1,800

Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4) 5,700

Chloroform (CHCl3, HC-20) 30

Hexafluoroethane (C2F6, FC116) 11,900

HCFC 123 (CHCl2CF3) 120

HCFC 124 (CHClFCF3) 620

HCFC 141b (CFCl2CH3) 700

HCFC 142b (CF2ClCH3) 2,400

HCFC 21 (CHCl2F) 210

HCFC 22 (CHF2Cl) 1,700

HCFC 225ca (C3HF5Cl2) 180

HCFC 225cb (C3HF5Cl2) 620


HFC 134 (C2H2F4) 1,100

HFC 134a (CF3CH2F) 1,300

HFC 143 (C2H3F3) 330

HFC 143a (CF3CH3) 1,300

HFC 152a (CHF2CH3) 120

HFC 227ea (CF3CF2CHF2) 3,500

HFC 23 (CHF3) 12,000

HFC 236fa (CF3CF2CH2F) 9,400

HFC 245ca (CF3CF2CH3) 640

HFC 32 (CH2F2) 5,500

HFC 41 (CH3F) 97

HFC 4310 mee 1,500

Halon 1201 (CHF2Br) 470

Halon 1211 (CF2ClBr) 1,300

Halon 1301 (CF3Br) 6,900

Methane (CH4) 21

Methyl Bromide (CH3Br) 5

Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl) 16

Methyl Chloroform (CH3CCl3, HC-130) 140

Methylene Chloride (CH2Cl2, HC-130) 10


Perfluorobutane (C4F10) 8,600

Perfluorocyclobutane (C4F8) 10,000

Perfluorohexane (C6F14) 9,000

Perfluoropentane (C5F12) 8,900

Perfluoropropane (C3F8) 8,600

Fig. 6 Characterisation factors for GWP (IPCC 2007 – GWP 100)

3560 carbon footprint pdf

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